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International audience; Objectives: COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences have put into great difficulty health professionals, and the general population, fostering the emergence of various psychological and psychiatric disorders. Medical and psychological emergency units' mission is the medical and psychological emergency care of people impacted during a traumatic event. Given their expertise in crisis management, they set up an important medical and psychological support system adapted to the health crisis' characteristics. The unusual modalities of intervention, the specific clinic that these professionals faced in this context of great tension may have unsettled workers and generate a psychological impact. This study aims to assess the existence of such repercussions among medical and psychological emergency unit professionals involved in this new system.Method: In all, 313 medical and psychological emergency unit professionals agreed to participate at the online survey. They filled surveys and visual analog scales assessing the difficulties encountered in the system, as well as their level of satisfaction, post-traumatic stress, burnout, level of anxiety and depression and coping strategies put in place.Results: Results show few significant emotional difficulties. However higher scores are found among women, among professionals who felt a negative impact on their personal lives, as well as for those who thought they had been infected with COVID-19. The establishment of coping strategies such as active coping, planning, expressing feelings, positive reinterpretation and acceptance helped to decrease the level of emotional complexities and brought more compassionate satisfaction. We note that participants with more medical and psychological emergency unit experience tend to show less emotional hardship and more compassionate satisfaction. It appears that older as well as younger professionals have lower burnout scores, as do workers who conducted more interviews for the same person. Likewise, participants who were satisfied of the system organization and of the support - a majority in this study - report less emotional challenges and more compassionate satisfaction.Conclusion: Psychological impact in this new system among medical and psychological emergency unit professionals is overall low. It appears that some coping strategies, perceived usefulness, satisfaction with the organization and the received support are associated with a lower level of emotional difficulties. A supportive framework and an operative organization of the medical and psychological emergency unit system in times of crisis has a protective effect on the participants.

National audience; OBJECTIVES: Functional neurological disorders have witnessed intense research activity in the fields of structural and functional neuroimaging for more than twenty years. Thus, we propose a synthesis of recent research findings and etiological hypotheses that have been proposed so far. This work should help clinicians to better understand the nature of the mechanisms involved, but also help patients to increase their knowledge about the biological features underlying their functional symptoms. METHODS: We carried out a narrative review of international publications dealing with neuroimaging and biology of functional neurological disorders, from 1997 to 2023. RESULTS: Several brain networks underlie functional neurological symptoms. These networks play a role in the management of cognitive resources, in attentional control, emotion regulation, in agency and in the processing of interoceptive signals. The mechanisms of the stress response are also associated with the symptoms. The biopsychosocial model helps to better understand predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors involved. The functional neurological phenotype results from the interaction between: i) a specific pre-existing vulnerability resulting from biological background and epigenetic modifications, and ii) exposure to stress factors, according to the stress-diathesis model. This interaction causes emotional disturbances including hypervigilance, lack of integration of sensations and affects, and emotional dysregulation. These characteristics in turn impact the cognitive, motor and affective control processes related with the functional neurological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A better knowledge of the biopsychosocial determinants of brain network dysfunctions is necessary. Understanding them would help developing targeted treatments, but is also critical for patients care.

Introduction. – The Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) is one of the most frequently used tools on the international level for assessing sexual addiction. This study aimed to translate the English version of the SAST, and adapt and test the psychometric properties of its French version (the SAST-Fr) by establishing its factor structure, internal consistency and convergent validity.Methods. – Three hundred ninety eight voluntary participants were recruited online through specialized forums. Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the SAST-Fr and the diagnostic criteria of sexual addiction proposed by Goodman. We tested the psychometric properties of SAST-Fr through an exploratory factorial analysis, especially its internal consistency, using the Kuder-Richardson alpha (KR-20) given that the items were dichotomous. We also performed correlation analyses of Bravais-Pearson on numerical variables. Finally, we studied the predictive validity of Goodman’s score in predicting SAST-Fr criteria using a ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) analysis., Introduction. – Le SAST (Sexual Addiction Screening Test) est l’un des outils les plus fréquemment utilisés sur un plan international pour évaluer l’addiction sexuelle. L’objectif de cette étude est de traduire la version anglophone du SAST, d’adapter et d’analyser les qualités psychométriques de sa version francophone (le SAST-Fr) et la validité convergente de cette dernière.Méthodes. – Notre étude a porté sur 398 sujets recrutés sur internet grâce à des forums spécialisés. Nous avons proposé à ces derniers un questionnaire incluant des données sociodémographiques, le SASTFr et les critères d’addiction sexuelle selon Goodman. Nous avons testé les qualités psychométriques du SAST-Fr à travers une analyse factorielle exploratoire, notamment sa consistance interne à l’aide du coefficient Kuder-Richardson (KR-20). Nous avons effectué des analyses de corrélations de Bravais Pearson sur les variables numériques. Enfin, nous avons étudié la validité prédictive du score de Goodman dans la prédiction des critères du SAST-Fr, à travers une analyse ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics). Résultats. – L’âge moyen des participants était de 29,08 ans (f 11,30) incluant 54 % de femmes (n = 215). L’analyse statistique montre que le SAST-Fr possède une structure mono-factorielle expliquant 31 % de la variance, une excellente consistance interne (KR-20 = 0,90). Les scores aux items du SAST-Fr sont fortement corrélés à ceux des critères de Goodman (r = 0,79 ; p < 0,001).Conclusion. – Nos résultats indiquent que le SAST-Fr possède des propriétés psychométriques proches de la version originale anglophone. Il est un outil fiable et valide, qui facilite le repérage des symptômes de l’addiction sexuelle.

International audience; Background: The purpose of this study is to assess the psychometric properties of the French version of the Positivity scale (P scale), a self-report measure of positivity, which is the tendency to view and address life and experience with a positive outlook. Positivity is seen as a latent factor underlying multiple cognitive concepts such as self-esteem, life satisfaction, and optimism. Methods: We recruited 666 volunteers (540 women and 126 men). They completed the P scale online, as well as self-report measures of psychological well-being, self-esteem, satisfaction with life, general health, and personality dimensions. The study sample was randomly split into two subgroups , one used for exploratory factor analysis and the other for confirmatory factor analysis. Results: We found conflictual results related to the uni-dimensionality of the French version of the P scale. We found good internal consistency and high concurrent validity. Conclusion: The French version of the P scale demonstrated good psychometric qualities and is a reliable tool that can now be used by French researchers and clinicians to assess positivity.

Background Fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, and Sjögren’s syndrome are chronic rheumatic diseases with very different clinical characteristics, but which share symptoms such as pain and fatigue. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of the disease on psychological adaptation in fibromyalgia compared with other rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, and Sjögren’s syndrome). Methods In a multicenter study, 165 women with rheumatic diseases (48 with fibromyalgia, 47 with rheumatoid arthritis, 47 with spondyloarthritis, 23 with Sjögren’s syndrome) completed the General Health Questionnaire–28 (emotional distress), Fatigue Severity Scale (fatigue), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (impact of the disease), Coping Strategies Questionnaire (coping), and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (comorbidity with DSM IV axis-I disorders). We used the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi2 test to compare comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders and to compare the impact of the disease on patients’ mental well-being and daily life and adjustment (coping strategies). Results Anxiety and depressive disorders were more common in fibromyalgia patients; they had higher scores on impact of the disease, physical symptoms, pain, and fatigue than rheumatoid arthritis patients and reported more fatigue than patients with spondyloarthritis. Overall, they used more maladaptive coping strategies (less use of distancing from pain than patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis, less use of ignoring pain sensations, and more use of catastrophizing than those with rheumatoid arthritis). No differences were found between fibromyalgia and Sjögren’s syndrome on impact and adjustment. Conclusions Compared with other rheumatic diseases, fibromyalgia has a greater impact on daily life; patients have more difficulty adjusting to the disease and generally use poorer strategies to cope with pain.

There is an ongoing debate about the importance and the extent to which psychological and psychopathological factors, adverse childhood experiences, and socio-demographic characteristics are associated with the development of certain types of rheumatic disease. With the aim of contributing to knowledge on the subject, the present study uses machine learning modeling to determine the importance of 20 psychological and social variables in predicting two classes of rheumatic disease: inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMD) (rheumatoid arthritis = RA, spondyloarthritis = SA, and Sjögren's syndrome = SS) versus non-inflammatory RMD, namely fibromyalgia = FM). A total of 165 French women with FM, RA, SA, and SS completed an inventory of personality traits, a psychopathology diagnosis questionnaire, and a fatigue/pain questionnaire. They also answered questions about adverse childhood experiences and socio-demographic characteristics. Random forest and logistic regression machine learning algorithms were used for data analysis. The main findings suggest that mistreatment during childhood ((MDA = 10.22), the agreeableness personality trait (MDA = 3.39), and somatic disorder (MDA = 3.25) are the main psychological and social predictors of the type of rheumatic disease diagnosed. The first two predictors (OR = 18.92 and OR = 6.11) are also more strongly associated with FM than with RA-SA-SS. Overall, adverse childhood experiences seem relatively more important than personality traits, psychopathological or demographic variables. The results of this study suggest that traumatic childhood experiences may lead to psychopathological disorders in adulthood, which in turn might underlie, at least in part, the development of FM. Since there are no imaging or biological markers of FM, the present findings contribute to the scientific literature offering information to help patients with FM understand their pathology. They may also provide physicians with more diagnostic information.

Resume L’adhesion aux mythes du viol (AMV) tend a rendre les femmes responsables des viols ou agressions sexuelles qu’elles peuvent subir et a disculper les auteurs de ces violences. L’objectif de l’etude est d’explorer les qualites psychometriques de la version francaise de l’« Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression Scale » (AMMSA) et d’etudier les relations entre l’AMV, les styles d’attachement au partenaire et la violence conjugale chez des jeunes adultes et des auteurs de violence conjugale. Les participants (n = 275) etaient repartis en 243 etudiants en psychologie et en psychiatrie (âge moyen de 26,94 ans ± 4,06, etendue de 19 ans a 38 ans, avec 21 % d’homme ; n = 50) et 32 d’hommes pris en charge par un centre d’accueil therapeutique pour auteurs de violence conjugale (âge moyen de 40,84 ans ± 11,06, etendue de 22 ans a 61 ans). L’AMV etait mesuree par l’AMMSA et le style d’attachement par l’« Experiences in Close Relationships scale » (ECR) avec deux dimensions : l’anxiete liee a l’attachement au partenaire et l’evitement de l’intimite dans le couple. Les resultats ont permis de retrouver un seul facteur a l’AMMSA (valeur propre de 9,04, expliquant plus de 30 % de la variance totale) qui saturait (> 0,30) 29 des 30 items, avec une coherence interne de 0,91. Les auteurs de violence conjugale ont rapporte des scores d’AMV plus importants et egalement une plus grande insecurite au partenaire (anxiete uniquement). Cette etude met en evidence les bonnes qualites psychometriques de l’AMMSA.

Intrusive traumatic recollections suggest an inability in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to control and notably to inhibit memories for trauma-related information. Supported by inhibitory deficits found on experimental settings in PTSD, memory functioning and memory biases in the disorder were usually explained through inhibitory and control deficits in the processing of trauma-related information. The present study aimed to directly assess this hypothesis by investigating memory control abilities for emotional information in PTSD. For this purpose, 34 patients diagnosed with PTSD were compared to 37 non-PTSD controls on an item-cued directed forgetting paradigm for emotional words combined with a Remember/Know recognition procedure. Results revealed enhanced amounts of Remember recognitions for trauma-related words in PTSD. Moreover, we replicated findings of memory control impairments in the disorder. However, such impairments only occurred for non-trauma-related words. Accordingly, it appeared that PTSD patients presented preserved memory control abilities for trauma-related words, at the expenses of other emotional valences. Surprisingly, PTSD patients presented a preserved ability to control and notably to inhibit their memory functioning for trauma-related material. In addition to potential theoretical and clinical relevance, these results are discussed in the light of resource reallocation hypotheses and vigilant-avoidant theories of information processing in PTSD.

Background Multiple psychological consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak and quarantine have been described. However, there is a lack of global conceptualization. We argue that the stressful aspects of the situation, the multiple environmental consequences of the outbreak, and the diversity of symptoms observed in such a situation, suggest that Adjustment disorder (AD) is a promising way to conceptualize the psychological consequences of the outbreak and quarantine. The first aim of the study was to validate the French version of the ADNM. The second aim was to set out adjustment difficulties resulting from COVID-19 outbreak and quarantine. Method We recruited 1010 (840 women, 170 men) who consented online to participate. They filled out the French ADNM, visual analogic scales, HADS, IES, and the COPE, to evaluate coping strategies. Results We confirmed the factor structure of the ADNM and we found good psychometric properties. We found that 61.3% of participants presented an adjustment disorder related to COVID-19 outbreak. We found multiple risk factors and protective factors to AD due to quarantine and outbreak. We also identified the coping strategies negatively and positively associated with AD. Conclusion Adjustment disorder is a relevant concept to understand psychological manifestations caused by quarantine and outbreak. The French ANDM has good psychometric properties to evaluate such manifestations. The association between coping strategies and AD symptoms suggest that CBT may be the best intervention to help people suffering from AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-021-00683-7.

Introduction Dissociation is a contraindication for cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for PTSD and has been observed to impair CBT efficacy. Therefore, there is a need to identify the determinants of dissociation through functional analysis, as well as strategies to cope with dissociation. Identifying such determinants would allow clinicians to treat dissociation and would therefore increase CBT efficacy for patients suffering from dissociation and PTSD. Method We recruited 15 patients suffering from dissociative subtype of PTSD. We used self-report scales to measure post-traumatic symptoms, dissociative symptoms and emotion regulation abilities. We used a visual analog scale to measure the ability to control dissociation. A trained clinician then carried out semi-structured interviews to explore the determinants of dissociation. Results We identified different manifestations, positive and negative beliefs, and triggers of dissociation, and strategies to block it. A functional analysis of dissociation was developed based on these data. Conclusion Cognitive restructuring techniques could be used to change beliefs about dissociation. Different strategies to block dissociation has been identified in this study, such as concentration, emotion regulation, and reality anchor techniques.

International audience; Introduction. – The Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) is one of the most frequently used tools on the international level for assessing sexual addiction. This study aimed to translate the English version of the SAST, and adapt and test the psychometric properties of its French version (the SAST-Fr) by establishing its factor structure, internal consistency and convergent validity.Methods. – Three hundred ninety eight voluntary participants were recruited online through specialized forums. Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the SAST-Fr and the diagnostic criteria of sexual addiction proposed by Goodman. We tested the psychometric properties of SAST-Fr through an exploratory factorial analysis, especially its internal consistency, using the Kuder-Richardson alpha (KR-20) given that the items were dichotomous. We also performed correlation analyses of Bravais-Pearson on numerical variables. Finally, we studied the predictive validity of Goodman’s score in predicting SAST-Fr criteria using a ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) analysis.; Introduction. – Le SAST (Sexual Addiction Screening Test) est l’un des outils les plus fréquemment utilisés sur un plan international pour évaluer l’addiction sexuelle. L’objectif de cette étude est de traduire la version anglophone du SAST, d’adapter et d’analyser les qualités psychométriques de sa version francophone (le SAST-Fr) et la validité convergente de cette dernière.Méthodes. – Notre étude a porté sur 398 sujets recrutés sur internet grâce à des forums spécialisés. Nous avons proposé à ces derniers un questionnaire incluant des données sociodémographiques, le SASTFr et les critères d’addiction sexuelle selon Goodman. Nous avons testé les qualités psychométriques du SAST-Fr à travers une analyse factorielle exploratoire, notamment sa consistance interne à l’aide du coefficient Kuder-Richardson (KR-20). Nous avons effectué des analyses de corrélations de Bravais Pearson sur les variables numériques. Enfin, nous avons étudié la validité prédictive du score de Goodman dans la prédiction des critères du SAST-Fr, à travers une analyse ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics). Résultats. – L’âge moyen des participants était de 29,08 ans (f 11,30) incluant 54 % de femmes (n = 215). L’analyse statistique montre que le SAST-Fr possède une structure mono-factorielle expliquant 31 % de la variance, une excellente consistance interne (KR-20 = 0,90). Les scores aux items du SAST-Fr sont fortement corrélés à ceux des critères de Goodman (r = 0,79 ; p < 0,001).Conclusion. – Nos résultats indiquent que le SAST-Fr possède des propriétés psychométriques proches de la version originale anglophone. Il est un outil fiable et valide, qui facilite le repérage des symptômes de l’addiction sexuelle.

International audience; Purpose: Recent etiopathogenic models place emotional dysregulation at the core of psychogenic nonepileptic seizure (PNES). Our purpose was to assess physiological, cognitive, and behavioral emotional responses of PNES patients.Methods: This study compared three types of emotional responses to visual emotional stimuli between 34 female PNES group and 34 matched healthy controls: physiological response measured by skin conductance response (SCR) (rate, amplitude and latency) and heart rate deceleration; cognitive response measured by valence and arousal elicited by the images; and behavioural response measured by latency of ratings. The groups were characterized on psychiatric comorbidities, traumatic history, alexithymia, and dissociation.Results: Compared to controls, PNES group displayed lower SCR for all images (p = 0.038), shorter amplitude of heart rate deceleration (p = 0.024) and faster arousal rating for all images (p = 0.019), but no difference on cognitive rating of images. Within-groups analyses showed only in PNES subjects increased rate (+19.35%, p = 0.046) SCR for negative stimuli with strong arousal compared to negative with low arousal. PNES physiological response (SCR and heart rate deceleration) was negatively correlated to dissociation tendency (r=-0.48, p = 0.0083) and alexithymia (r=-0.44, p = 0.012)). For cognitive response, no correlation was found.Conclusion: These results are in favour of a lower physiological emotional response but with an over-reactivity at behavioral level contrasting with similar cognitive assessment. For strong aversive stimuli, PNES might present a trend to overreact at physiological and behavioural levels. Our results suggest that dissociation and difficulty in describing feelings are associated with an altered physiological response in PNES women only.

Objectives The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) was designed to assess food addiction using a shorter version than the YFAS 2.0. We lack data about the psychometric properties of the mYFAS 2.0 in patients with obesity, as well as studies comparing the psychometric properties of the mYFAS 2.0 versus the full YFAS 2.0. This study aimed to validate the French-language mYFAS 2.0 in a non-clinical population (study 1, n = 250), to determine the yet unknown psychometric properties of this scale in patients with obesity (study 2, n = 345), and to compare the full YFAS 2.0 and the mYFAS 2.0 in terms of food addiction (FA) prevalence and symptoms detection in both populations. Method Study 1 included 250 non-clinical individuals (non-underweight and non-obese persons screened negative for eating disorders). Study 2 included 345 bariatric surgery candidates recruited in three centers (Quebec, Canada; Reims and Tours, France). The mYFAS 2.0 structure was investigated using confirmatory factorial analyses with tetrachoric correlations. Convergent validity was tested using the full YFAS 2.0, the Binge Eating Scale (both studies), the revised 18-item Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (study 1), the Beck Depression Inventory (study 2), and the body mass index (BMI; both studies). Results The mYFAS 2.0 was unidimensional, and had adequate (study 1: KR-20 = .78) and acceptable (study 2: KR-20 = .73) internal consistency. In study 1, the mYFAS 2.0 had good convergent validity with the YFAS 2.0, BMI, binge eating, cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating; in study 2, the mYFAS 2.0 had good convergent validity with the YFAS 2.0, binge eating, depression, but not BMI. Participants endorsed fewer symptoms with the mYFAS 2.0 than with the YFAS 2.0; FA prevalences were similar between questionnaires in the non-clinical, but not in the clinical sample. A FA 'diagnosis' and risk of binge eating disorder were associated but did not completely overlap. Conclusions The mYFAS 2.0 has close psychometric properties to the YFAS 2.0 in non-clinical and clinical samples. However, the use of the mYFAS 2.0 in bariatric surgery candidates might lead to a significant underestimation of FA prevalence and number of FA symptoms.

International audience; Brain changes associated with the personality trait of neuroticism have been partly elucidated. While subcortical brain volume changes, especially a larger amygdala, appear consistent in high neuroticism, functional changes, such as cerebral blood flow (CBF) differences, have shown conflicting results, possibly because of the limitations in methods of CBF measurement. In our study, we investigated changes in amygdala volume and CBF-related function associated with neuroticism in healthy and depressed subjects using both conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of brain volume and the innovative technique of ultrasound Tissue Pulsatility Imaging (TPI), which has a high level of detection in measuring brain tissue pulsatility (BTP). Middle-aged females with depression (n = 25) and without depression (n = 25) underwent clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound assessment (TPI). Neuroticism was positively associated with left amygdala volume and mean BTP in individuals without depression, in both simple and multiple regressions that included potential confounding factors such as age and body mass index. No association was found in the depressed group. We confirmed the role of the left amygdala in the brain physiology of neuroticism in nondepressed individuals. Moreover, we identified a novel mechanism associated with high neuroticism, namely BTP, that may reflect greater CBF and account for the increased risk of cerebrovascular disease in individuals with high neuroticism. Because neuroticism is considered a risk factor for depression, our paper provides potential objective biomarkers for the identification of subjects at risk for depression.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent among patients hospitalized for an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Hospitalization can improve PTSD and AUD outcomes in some but not all patients, but we lack data on the baseline predictors of PTSD non-remission. This study aimed to determine the baseline risk factors for non-remitted PTSD in patients hospitalized for an AUD. Of 298 AUD inpatients recruited in a rehabilitation center (Le Courbat, France), we included 91 AUD inpatients with a co-occurring PTSD and a longitudinal assessment at baseline (T1) and before discharge (T2: 8 weeks later). Patients were assessed for PTSD diagnosis/severity (PCL-5=PTSD Checklist for DSM-5), different types of trauma including childhood trauma (LEC-5=Life Events Checklist for DSM-5/CTQ-SF=Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Short-Form), and AUD diagnosis/severity (clinical interview/AUDIT=Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). Rate of PTSD remission between T1 and T2 was 74.1%. Non-remitted PTSD at T2 was associated with a history of childhood trauma (physical, emotional or sexual abuse, physical negligence), but not with other types of trauma experienced, nor baseline PTSD or AUD severity. Among patients hospitalized for an AUD with co-occurring PTSD, PTSD remission was more strongly related to the existence of childhood trauma than to AUD or PTSD severity at admission. These patients should be systematically screened for childhood trauma in order to tailor evidence-based interventions.

BackgroundThere is unreliable, and negligible information on the mental health and trauma-exposure of asylum-seekers and displaced refugees in the Iraqi Kurdistan region.ObjectivesTo evaluate how responsible the ethno-religious origins are, for the prevalence of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in displaced Iraqi asylum-seekers and refugees residing in the Iraqi Kurdistan region.MethodsStructured interviews with a cross-sectional sample of 150 individuals, comprised of three self-identified ethno-religious groups (50 participants in each): Christians, Muslims, and Yazidis.Results100% prevalence of trauma exposure and 48.7% of current PTSD among refugees, 70% PTSD rate of Yazidi participants, which is significantly higher (p < 0.01) compared to 44% of Muslim participants and 32% of Christian participants. These findings were corroborated using the self-rated PTSD, DSM-5 Checklist, with more severe PTSD symptom scores (p < 0.001) obtained among Yazidis (43.1; 19.7), compared to Muslims (31.3; 20.1) and Christians (29.3; 17.8). Self-rated depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) were also higher (p < 0.007) among Yazidis (12.3; 8.2) and Muslims (11.7; 5.9), compared to Christians (8.1; 7).

International audience; ObjectiveOur primary objective was to validate the French version of the BFI-10, an ultra-short ten-item version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John et al., 1991), which allows for a reasonably accurate assessment of personality in circumstances in which more in-depth assessment is not possible. In order to reach a thorough evaluation of the external validity, we also aimed to examine the bandwidth of the BFI-10 scales with reference to the study by De Young, Quilty and Peterson (2007) who distinguished between two aspects in each of the Big Five: Assertiveness and Enthusiasm for Extraversion; Compassion and Politeness for Agreeability; Orderliness and Productiveness for Conscientiousness; Withdrawal and Volatility for Negative Emotionality, and finally Openness to Aesthetics and Openness to Ideas for Open-Mindedness. Our concern with regard to bandwidth was to examine whether the BFI-10 scales have strong enough correlations with both aspects of each domain.MethodsParticipants. Data from four samples were analysed: Sample 1 comprised 2499 undergraduate students (1654 women) who completed the full BFI in university classes; Sample 2 comprised 13,306 participants (8471 women) who filled out the BFI-10 ten items online via Internet; Sample 3 comprised 143 undergraduate students (115 women) who completed the full BFI twice with a two-week interval; Sample 4 comprised 360 undergraduate students (183 women) who filled out the BFI and NEO PI-R. Instruments. The French version of the Big Five Inventory is a 45-item inventory, which measures the five broader domains of personality. The ultrashort Ten-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-10) was developed simultaneously in German and English by Rammstedt and John (2007); it comprises five two-item scales measuring the big five domains. The Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory Revised (NEO PI-R; Costa et McCrae, 1992) is a 240-item questionnaire which assesses the big five domains and 30 lower-order facets, i.e. six facets per domain. Statistical analyses. Factor structure and reliability of the five two-item scales were first investigated on samples 1 and 3. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted on samples 1 and 2, and discriminant validity was assessed via comparison with the NEO PI-R (sample 4). In order to examine the bandwidth of the BFI-10 two-item scales, we studied their correlation not only with the NEO PI-R domains but also with the 30 facets.ResultsThe CFAs showed the good fit of the five-factor structure, with RMSEA = .077 (.072), CFI = .974 (.956), and SRMR = .029 (.027) in samples 1 and 2 respectively. Multigroup CFA conducted in groups 1 and 2 showed invariance across gender of factor loadings and item intercepts. Test-retest reliability was satisfactory with rs ranging from .68 (Open-Mindedness) to .86 (Extraversion and Negative Emotionality). The comparison of the two-item scales with the NEO PI-R scales showed high correlations not only with the NEO domain scales, but also with several facets: Four BFI-10 two-item scales (Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Negative Emotionality, and Open-Mindedness) were highly correlated with at least three of the six NEO facet scales in each domain. For Agreeableness, the magnitude of correlations was smaller, but the pattern of correlations was the same. All BFI-10 scales had at least moderate correlations with both aspects of each domain, with the exception of Negative Emotionality, which measured the NEO Withdrawal aspect better than Volatility.ConclusionThe French version of the BFI-10 demonstrated the expected five-factor structure, satisfactory reliability, and broad bandwidth. It could be a valuable tool for the assessment of personality in circumstances in which it is not possible to use a longer and more in-depth instrument, especially when personality is not the main focus of research but one of the variables to be controlled.; L’objectif de cette étude est de valider une adaptation française de la forme très courte du Big Five Inventory (BFI) qui comporte 10 items (BFI-10). Notre but était d’examiner en profondeur, en plus de la structure factorielle et de la fiabilité, la validité de cet instrument, afin de déterminer s’il mesure de manière adéquate les domaines de la personnalité ou seulement certains de leurs aspects. Nous avons recruté 4 échantillons différents (respectivement n = 2499, 13 306, 143 et 360 participants) pour étudier la structure factorielle, la fidélité test-retest et la validité externe du BFI-10. Les instruments utilisés étaient le BFI (échantillons 1, 3 et 4), le BFI-10 (échantillon 2) et le NEO PI-R (échantillon 4). Nous avons étudié la structure factorielle du BFI-10, la fidélité test-retest et la validité externe avec les échelles du NEO PI-R. Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires ont confirmé la pertinence de la structure en cinq facteurs, avec des indices d’ajustement satisfaisants, ainsi que l’invariance selon le sexe des coefficients de saturation et des intercepts, ce qui rend valide la comparaison des scores des femmes et des hommes. La comparaison avec le NEO PI-R montre que les échelles du BFI-10 fournissent une estimation suffisamment large des domaines. Les femmes ont des scores de Névrosisme plus élevés que les hommes (d = 0,55), alors que les différences aux autres échelles sont négligeables. Le BFI-10 présente des qualités psychométriques intéressantes qui permettent une évaluation raisonnablement fiable et valide de la personnalité dans des circonstances où l’emploi d’instruments plus longs n’est pas envisageable.

International audience; Background: Changes in olfactory recognition memory may constitute sensory markers in depression. Significant differences may exist between unipolar and bipolar depression. Our study compares olfactory memory between control, unipolar, and bipolar patients in depressed and euthymic states in order to identify potential markers of depression. Methods: 176 participants were recruited in 5 groups: depressed bipolar (DB), euthymic bipolar (EB), depressed unipolar (DU), euthymic unipolar (EU), and controls (HC). The participants had a standardized clinical and olfactory assessment (olfactory memory, evaluation of pleasantness, intensity, familiarity, and emotional aspect of smells). Results: DU, DB, and EU patients had a deficit in olfactory memory compared to HC. DB patients had lower capacity to recognize new odors. DB and DU patients had more limited detection of unfamiliar odors than HC. DB patients rated odors as less pleasant compared to the other groups. All groups had lower hedonic ratings than HC. DB patients had lower emotional ratings than EU patients. Conclusions: Olfactory memory is impaired in depressive states, thus constituting a state marker of depression. Impairments in olfactory memory persist after remission of bipolar depression, thus constituting a possible trait marker of bipolarity. Hedonic rating differentiates unipolar from bipolar depression. This is the first study that identifies a sensory marker differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression.

Child pornography involves the realisation of deviant fantasies with very specific characteristics with regard to its content and use and therefore the legal action needed to deal with it. The internet has facilitated its dissemination and access and complicates the issue but we need to be able to identify and track people who use illegal pornography. This paper is based on a review of the literature and presents some criminological characteristics of child pornography on the internet.

International audience

Resume Introduction Les determinants individuels du decrochage ont fait l’objet d’importants developpements dans la litterature recente. Notre objectif est de faire le point sur les connaissances scientifiques disponibles en ce domaine. Methode L’article present est une revue de litterature realisee a partir de PsycInfo et basee sur un total de 50 articles publies entre 2010 et 2017. Resultats Les performances scolaires et les conduites a risque precoces restent les meilleurs determinants du decrochage. Anxiete, depression et troubles externalises peuvent jouer un role direct ou indirect dans la prediction du decrochage. Le manque de soutien psycho-affectif favorise fortement l’intention de decrocher. Discussion Les biais methodologiques nuancent l’importance du genre, des resultats scolaires, et du redoublement. Le developpement des connaissances sur les relations entre differents determinants, les profils d’eleves a risque et les temporalites a risque doivent permettre de mieux comprendre les trajectoires de decrochage et les processus a l’œuvre au sein de differents contextes scolaires.

Les Cercles de Soutien et de Responsabilité (CSR), nés il y a 24 ans à Hamilton au Canada pour répondre à l'inquiétude du public provoquée par le retour des délinquants sexuels dans la société après leur libération, se développent partout dans le monde. Ils proposent l’accompagnement de l’agresseur dans sa réinsertion sociale. Efficaces dans les pays étrangers, ces dispositifs se développent lentement en France. L’objectif de cet article est de tenter d’expliquer les freins à l’implantation des CSR en France au regard des difficultés rencontrées lors des expériences françaises passées et actuelles, mais aussi des différences interculturelles entre la France et le Canada.

Resume Introduction Les representations sociales concernant les auteurs de violences sexuelles (AVS) sont habituellement pejoratives. L’objectif de cette etude est l’elaboration d’une echelle d’evaluation de ces representations, la comparaison des attitudes des professionnels a la population generale, la prise en compte des antecedents de violences sexuelles subies, des traits de personnalite et de la detresse emotionnelle eventuelle des repondants. Methode L’echantillon comptait 405 personnes (âge moyen : 25,51 ; ecart-type : 9,70), dont 58 % de femmes. Parmi eux, 36 % travaillaient dans le soin, dont 7 % dans un CRIAVS ou une unite de prise en charge des AVS. Le materiel comportait : un questionnaire de 27 items sur les representations sociales negatives concernant les AVS ; l’echelle d’Attitudes Towards Sex offenders (ATS 21), le Big Five Inventory (BFI-10 items) et le General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12 items). Resultats L’analyse factorielle a partir des reponses aux items de representations sociales negatives des AVS a mis en evidence deux facteurs qui expliquaient plus de 45 % de variance : Rejet des auteurs de violences sexuelles et Personnes malades, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach de 0,94 et 0,67. Il existait aussi de fortes correlations avec l’ATS. Les resultats ont montre des representations plus pejoratives chez les plus jeunes et ceux qui ont le niveau d’etudes le plus bas, chez les hommes par rapport aux femmes, les personnes vivant en milieu rural par rapport au milieu urbain ou peri-urbain. Les personnes travaillant dans le soin et surtout dans un CRIAVS avaient des representations plus favorables. Il existait un lien entre ces attitudes negatives et le Nevrosisme, ainsi qu’avec la morbidite psychique. Discussion Il s’agit d’une premiere etape d’elaboration d’une echelle des representations sociales negatives concernant les auteurs de violences sexuelles.

International audience; Sexual offenders (SA) constitute a heterogeneous population, with complex issues. The consequences of their action are however always traumatic. It is therefore essential to understand their functioning. A growing number of clinicians and researchers have been interested in the neuropsychology of sexual offenders. Their studies showed that SA suffered from an overall executive dysfunction. It specifically concerns the left frontal lobe. The SA social cognition skills were also examined (empathic abilities, recognition of emotions, etc.), asking numerous questions. Our paper proposes a picture of the literature on sexual offenders’ neuropsychology. Emphasis is placed on their executive and sociocognitive functioning, with a view to point out the issues still to be explored.; Intérêt public—Les auteurs de violences sexuelles constituent une population hétérogène aux profils neuropsychologiques variés. Cette revue de littérature pointe chez eux l’existence d’un déficit d’inhibition cognitive ainsi qu’un déficit en cognition sociale (empathie, théorie de l’esprit et reconnaissance des émotions). Ces déficits paraissent néanmoins peu spécifiques de ce type d’agression. Ils doivent faire l’objet d’études complémentaires pour qu’on puisse mieux comprendre le fonctionnement neuropsychologique des auteurs de violences sexuelles.

The "food addiction" phenotype identifies a subpopulation of individuals experiencing substance-dependence symptoms toward specific foods. In the current debate on whether the "food addiction" phenotype should be considered as an addictive disorder, assessment of the personality traits associated with this phenotype would provide arguments for or against the "food addiction" phenotype and its inclusion in the "substance-related and addictive disorder" category.To assess the personality characteristics associated with the "food addiction" phenotype in obesity surgery candidates (i.e., big five personality dimensions, alexithymia and impulsivity).We assessed food addiction (Yale Food Addiction Scale), personality dimensions (Big Fig Inventory), impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11Prevalence of current food addiction was 16.5%. Patients with (vs. without) food addiction had lower conscientiousness (p = .047), higher neuroticism and lower extraversion (p

Telemedicine has been successfully used for many years in North America for the purpose of conducting forensic assessments. France, however, has not yet implemented this potentially useful tool. French forensic psychiatry could get inspired by this success in order to improve the practice of court ordered psychiatric assessments. In this article, we address the benefits and limitations of videoconferencing in the field of forensic psychiatry. Using these new means of telecommunications could help solve some of the issues encountered in France. (article in French)

Background Dissociation can be defined as a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, and perception of the environment. Previous studies have reported the negative correlation between mindfulness and dissociation. Some authors have also suggested that mindfulness-based interventions may be relevant psychotherapeutic tools to treat dissociative symptoms. According to Bishop et al.’s model of mindfulness, two processes are involved in mindfulness-based interventions: self-regulation of attention, and acceptance of internal experiences. The aim of this study was to identify which of these mechanisms mediate the link between mindfulness and dissociation in a non-clinical sample. Method We recruited 312 healthy volunteers (269 women, mean age 29.5 ± 12.8, mean years of higher education 3.37±2.48) who completed online questionnaires to assess history of childhood trauma, dissociative experiences, emotion regulation abilities, cognitive difficulties, attention control, and mindfulness abilities. Results We found significant negative correlations between mindfulness and dissociation, and positive correlations between dissociation, attention and emotional acceptance. We also found significant correlations between mindfulness, attention and emotional acceptance. The causal steps approach revealed a reduction of the variance of dissociation explained by mindfulness when attention and emotional acceptance were added. The bootstrapping analysis confirmed the mediating role of attention and emotional acceptance in the link between mindfulness and dissociation. Discussion The results suggest that the link between dissociation and mindfulness may be mediated by attention and emotional acceptance. This is consistent with the model proposed by Bishop et al. (2004). Specific exercises targeting attentional control and emotional acceptance are indicated to treat dissociative symptoms.

International audience; •Addictions, which are characterized by the inability to control a behavior despite existence of physical or psychological consequences, have biological, psychological and social determinants.•Although the possibility of developing an addiction to some psychoactive substances (e.g. alcohol, tobacco, cannabis) and to gambling (i.e., gambling disorder) is now well-demonstrated, the possibility to develop a non-drug addiction (i.e., behavioral addiction) to certain behaviors which provide pleasure (e.g. eating, having sex, buying things) is still in debate.•The concept of food addiction, which refers to people who exhibit substance dependence criteria in relation to some high-fat and high-sugar foods, was recently proposed by applying substance dependence DSM criteria to eating behavior.•To assess food addiction, the Yale Food Addiction Scale is now the only self-administered questionnaire (diagnosis and estimate of the number of symptoms of food addiction).•Prevalence for food addiction is higher in overweight and obese patients, and in patients with certain psychopathological characteristics (i.e., depression, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, high impulsivity), in patients who are single and in patients with neurobiological alterations in the reward system. However, it is still unclear whether food addiction is necessary associated with subsequent increase in body weight and/or obesity.•An increasing number of studies demonstrated that drug addiction and food addiction shares some similar clinical, neurobiological and psychopathological and sociocultural risk factors. To test the pertinence to include food addiction as an addiction, it would be interesting to conduct future studies in patients who may experience harms related to their food addiction, including not only patients with obesity, but also patients with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, stroke, or coronary heart disease.•Food addiction is a clinical and multidimensional concept which requires integrated care with psychotherapy, pharmacological and social lines of approach. This concept has also practical implications in terms of prevention and public health (e.g., prevention, brief interventions, possible law enforcement regarding some kinds of food which could present some addictive properties).; •Les addictions, qui se caractérisent par une impossibilité à contrôler un comportement malgré la connaissance de ses conséquences négatives, ont des déterminants biologiques, psychologiques et sociaux.•S’il est désormais bien démontré qu’il est possible de développer une addiction vis-à-vis de certaines substances psychoactives (i.e., alcool, tabac, cannabis) et de la pratique des jeux de hasard et d’argent (i.e., jeu pathologique) la possibilité de développer une addiction sans drogue (ou addiction comportementale) vis-à-vis d’autres comportements sources de plaisir (i.e., alimentation, conduites sexuelles, achats) est encore débattue. •Le concept d’addiction à l’alimentation, qui fait référence à une relation de dépendance d’un individu vis-à-vis de certains aliments riches en graisse ou en sucre, a été récemment proposé en appliquant au comportement alimentaire les critères DSM de dépendance à une substance.•Pour mesurer l’addiction à l’alimentation, la Yale Food Addiction Scale est actuellement l’auto-questionnaire de référence (diagnostic d’addiction à l’alimentation et évaluation du nombre de symptômes d’addiction à l’alimentation). •L’addiction à l’alimentation est plus fréquente chez les patients obèses, chez les patients présentant certaines caractéristiques psychopathologiques (dépression, trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité, forte impulsivité), célibataires ou encore, qui présentent certaines altérations neurobiologiques du système de la récompense. Il n’est par contre pas démontré à l’heure actuelle que ce trouble soit systématiquement responsable d’une prise de poids et/ou d’une obésité. •Un nombre croissant de travaux soulignent les proximités cliniques, neurobiologiques et en termes de facteurs de risque (biologiques, psychopathologiques, socio-culturels) entre l’addiction à l’alimentation et les autres addictions. Afin de tester la pertinence de considérer l’addiction à l’alimentation comme une addiction à part entière, il serait intéressant de réaliser des études auprès de patients pouvant présenter d’autres dommages que l’obésité : patients souffrant de syndrome métabolique, diabète de type 2, hypertension, dyslipidémie, athérosclérose, accident vasculaire cérébral ou cardiopathie ischémique.•L’addiction à l’alimentation est un concept clinique multidimensionnel qui requiert une prise en charge intégrative impliquant des axes psychothérapeutiques, pharmacologiques et sociaux. L’intérêt de ce concept réside également dans ses implications en termes de prévention et de santé publique, via par exemple la possibilité de mesures de prévention précoces ciblées sur les patients vulnérables (information et interventions précoces, voire réglementation).

Objective: The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is the only questionnaire that assesses food addiction (FA) based on substance dependence criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Following recent updating of addiction criteria, a new DSM-5 version (YFAS 2.0) has been developed. Our study tested the psychometric properties of the French YFAS 2.0 in a nonclinical population. Method: We assessed 330 nonclinical participants for FA (French YFAS 2.0), eating behaviour, and eating disorder (Binge Eating Scale, Emotional Overeating Questionnaire, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18, Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised, Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale). We tested the scale’s factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis based on 11 diagnostic criteria), internal consistency, and construct and incremental validity. Results: Prevalence of FA was 8.2%. Our results supported a 1-factor structure similar to the US version. In both its diagnostic and symptom count versions, the YFAS 2.0 had good internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson alpha was 0.83) and was associated with body mass index (BMI), binge eating, uncontrolled and emotional eating, binge eating disorder, and cognitive restraint. FA predicted BMI above and beyond binge eating frequency. Females had a higher prevalence of FA than males but not more FA symptoms. Conclusions: We validated a psychometrically sound French version of the YFAS 2.0 in a nonclinical population, in both its symptom count and diagnostic versions. Future studies should investigate psychometric properties of this questionnaire in clinical populations potentially at risk for FA (that is, patients with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, or other metabolic syndrome risk factors).

An interventional research study in public health was carried out with populations originating from sub-Saharan Africa living in France. With the aim of acting on health inequalities through health education, the researchers focused notably on the links between intercultural relationships and the improvement of health promotion actions.

International audience

Resume Plusieurs etudes ont fait etat d’une surrepresentation des troubles psychiatriques chez les sujets atteints d’un syndrome de Klinefelter, avec des complications medicolegales. Dans ce travail, nous presentons le cas de Jules, 23 ans, porteur d’un syndrome de Klinefelter, beneficiant d’un traitement androgenique substitutif, inculpe pour viol sur mineur et expertise dans ce cadre. Nous nous interrogeons sur le role de sa pathologie genetique et du traitement hormonal dans son passage a l’acte transgressif a caractere sexuel. Apres revue de la litterature, il parait impossible de conclure avec certitude du role determinant de l’un ou de l’autre separement dans ce passage a l’acte sexuel criminel. En effet, bien que le taux de criminalite presente par les sujets syndrome de Klinefelter soit superieur a celui de la population generale, la majorite d’entre eux n’ont jamais eu affaire a la justice, et ces sujets ne semblent pas commettre plus d’actes a caractere sexuel que les autres criminels non porteurs d’un syndrome de Klinefelter. Quant au traitement hormonal, il semble qu’il faille considerer la testosterone comme un facilitateur du declenchement d’une reponse agressive plutot que comme un inducteur primaire. Pour conclure, l’apparition des passages a l’acte violents concomitants du diagnostic de syndrome de Klinefelter et de l’introduction du traitement hormonal, laisse suggerer une implication, meme minime, dans l’acte criminel, et doit nous inciter a l’extreme prudence et a une concertation pluridisciplinaire (psychiatre, endocrinologue) avant de reconsiderer la poursuite de son traitement dans un contexte medicolegal singulier. Enfin, nous discuterons d’autres facteurs qui peuvent expliquer et avoir participe, par leur accumulation, a son geste.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR; International audience

International audience

L'Encephale - Sous presse. Epreuves corrigees par l'auteur. Disponible en ligne depuis le jeudi 11 octobre 2018

Resume Introduction Les instituts therapeutiques, educatifs et pedagogiques (ITEP) accueillent des jeunes presentant des troubles du comportement. Nous nous sommes interesses aux antecedents de maltraitance sexuelle chez ces jeunes, dont le climat incestuel. Notre objectif etait de mieux definir le climat incestuel et les caracteristiques associees. Methode L’echantillon etait constitue des 202 jeunes accueillis en ITEP en Indre-et-Loire (region Centre-Val de Loire). Les 12 elements evocateurs d’un climat incestuel ont ete definis a partir du concept d’incestuel de Racamier et apres des reunions preparatoires de consensus avec des pedopsychiatres et medecins de l’education nationale. Le questionnaire global explorait 4 autres registres de la vie des jeunes : maltraitances suspectees et/ou etablies ; symptomes cliniques faisant suspecter la maltraitance sexuelle ; facteurs environnementaux ; mesures educatives. La cotation des donnees recueillies a ete realisee par une equipe pluri-professionnelle de l’ITEP. Resultats La prevalence de la maltraitance sexuelle averee etait de 5,94 % (n = 12) et la suspicion de maltraitance sexuelle 16,49 % (n = 32) ; 49,01 % (n = 99) des jeunes des ITEP presentaient au moins un des criteres de climat incestuel, 33,17 % (n = 67) au moins 2 criteres. On retrouvait chez ces derniers plus de maltraitance sexuelle averee ou suspectee. Ils presentaient plus souvent des troubles du sommeil, de l’humeur, des antecedents de tentatives de suicide, un rapport inadapte a la sexualite. Conclusion Le climat incestuel fait partie des maltraitances sexuelles et cette etude permet d’objectiver des criteres permettant de le definir. Ce travail exploratoire necessitera d’etre confirme par d’autres etudes, mais il est essentiel dans la mesure ou il permet d’apprehender les jeunes avec troubles du comportement et souffrance non verbalisee.

Background and aims Cybersex is increasingly associated with concerns about compulsive use. The aim of this study was to assess the roles of motives and sexual desire in the compulsive use of cybersex. Methods The sample consisted of 306 cybersex users (150 men and 156 women). The participants were assessed using the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) adapted for cybersex, the Cybersex Motives Questionnaire (enhancement, coping, and social motives), and the Sexual Desire Inventory-2 (dyadic and solitary sexual desire). Results For both genders, coping motive was associated with CIUS score. For women, an additional association with social motives was found whereas an association with sexual desire was found for men. Conclusion The study showed gender differences in the contributors to sex-related CIUS scores.

Les personnes accueillies dans une communauté d’Emmaüs représentent une population très hétérogène au sein de laquelle il peut y avoir des auteurs d’infractions à caractère sexuel (AICS). Ces communautés offrent théoriquement à toutes personnes la possibilité de les rejoindre pourvu qu’en échange elles puissent travailler pour faire vivre la collectivité. La compétence n’est pas nécessairement requise, car le travail est adapté aux possibilités de chacun. Cela peut permettre aussi bien à une personne souffrant de troubles psychiques chroniques comme la schizophrénie d’y trouver sa place (si sa maladie est suffisamment stabilisée pour supporter un minimum de contrainte liées à la vie collective), qu’à un AICS en situation post-pénale et en situation d’exclusion sociale. Les AICS ont besoin d’avoir des lieux de vie qui peuvent les accueillir qui ne sont pas si nombreux, surtout en cas de violences intrafamiliales. Ils vont cumuler des difficultés multiples : faibles ressources financières, faible niveau d’étude et de formation, auxquelles seront associées des difficultés de réinsertion sociale. Celles-ci peuvent représenter autant de facteurs de risque de récidive de l’acte délictueux ou criminel pour lequel ils ont été condamnés ou pour tout autre forme de violence. Mais si l’accueil dans une communauté de vie représente une forme de « protection » par la dimension contenante qu’elle offre, les interactions sociales qu’elle permet, il n’est pas une garantie contre la reprise d’une carrière délinquante ou criminelle. Les communautés d’Emmaüs permettent l’intégration dans une communauté de vie et un retour au sein de la société pour que les personnes accueillies puissent un jour mener à bien ou non leur projet de réinsertion sociale.

Resume Introduction/objectif Il n’existe pas a l’heure actuelle d’auto-questionnaire francais mesurant le craving alimentaire. L’objectif de ce travail etait de tester les proprietes psychometriques de la version francaise du Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r) en population non clinique (structure factorielle, consistance interne et validite de construit). Methode Dans cette etude transversale, realisee entre janvier 2017 et mars 2017 aupres d’une population non clinique de 372 sujets, nous avons evalue le craving alimentaire (FCQ-T-r obtenue apres traduction anglais-francais, retro-traduction et adaptation de la version finale), l’addiction a l’alimentation (Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 : YFAS 2.0), l’alimentation emotionnelle, l’externalite alimentaire et la restriction cognitive (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire). Resultats La version francaise du FCQ-T-r possedait une structure monofactorielle (expliquant 58 % de la variance) et une excellente consistance interne (α = 0,95). Le score total FCQ-T-r etait associe aux variables suivantes : sexe feminin (p Conclusion La version francaise du FCQ-T-r possede une structure monofactorielle qui autorise l’utilisation d’un score total. Sa passation rapide (15 items) en fait un questionnaire utile en pratique clinique pour evaluer le craving et suivre son evolution chez les patient(e)s souffrant de difficultes de regulation de la prise alimentaire.

International audience; IntroductionExposure to traumatic events is common in police work, and its psychological impact on officers may take the form of severe PTSD symptomatology. Personality traits such as hardiness could be protective against mental health outcomes and help withstand stress and trauma.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the relationships between hardiness, internalizing disorders, and PTSD symptoms in a sample of French police officers.MethodParticipants were French police officers (n = 100, mean age = 32.98 years, SD = 9.85) who completed self-report measures of PTSD and psychiatric morbidity, together with an index of cumulative exposure to traumatic incidents in an occupational context.ResultsCorrelational analysis and partial correlations showed a specific relationship between hardiness and the PTSD symptom clusters of reexperiencing and avoidance, but not hyperarousal. The correlational analysis investigating relationships between hardiness and mental health outcomes yielded high negative correlations for control and commitment, but no significant finding for challenge. The results of the regression analysis indicate that only the reexperiencing and avoidance clusters were significantly mediated by control, and to a lesser extent, by commitment.ConclusionResults reveal that hardiness has a potential buffer and protective effect on PTSD symptoms among police officers.; IntroductionL’exposition à des événements traumatiques est fréquente dans le travail de la police et son impact psychologique sur les agents peut prendre la forme d’une symptomatologie sévère de TSPT. Les traits de personnalité tels que l’endurance pourraient être protecteurs en matière de santé mentale et aider à faire face aux stress et aux traumatismes.ObjectifCette étude visait à examiner les relations entre endurance, troubles internalisés et symptômes de TSPT dans un échantillon de policiers français.MéthodeLes participants étaient des policiers français (n = 100, age moyen = 32,98 ans, SD = 9,85) qui ont complété des mesures en auto-évaluation du TSPT et de la morbidité psychiatrique, de l’endurance, ainsi qu’un indice d’exposition à des incidents traumatiques dans un contexte professionnel.RésultatsL’analyse des corrélations a montré une relation spécifique entre l’endurance et les symptômes de répétition (intrusion) et d’évitement du TSPT, mais pas avec l’hyperactivité neurovégétative. L’étude des corrélations entre endurance et mesures de morbidité psychiatrique montre des corrélations négatives élevées pour le contrôle et l’engagement, mais aucune corrélation significative pour la dimension challenge. Les résultats de l’analyse de régression indiquent que seuls les symptômes de répétition et d’évitement ont été significativement médiés par le contrôle et, dans une moindre mesure, par l’engagement.ConclusionLes résultats révèlent que l’endurance a un effet protecteur sur les symptômes de TSPT chez les policiers.

Resume Le concept d’addiction a l’alimentation fait l’hypothese qu’il est possible de developper une addiction vis-a-vis de certains aliments (i.e., aliments riches en sucre, en graisse ou en sel, notamment les aliments industriels), avec des symptomes similaires aux autres addictions : craving et perte de controle vis-a-vis de ces aliments, existence de dommages et poursuite du comportement malgre les dommages. L’objectif de cet article etait de presenter une revue du concept d’addiction a l’alimentation : pertinence du modele addictif pour certaines formes de compulsions alimentaires, origines, modalites de mesure (questionnaires « Yale Food Addiction Scale original » et « Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 », bases sur l’extrapolation des criteres DSM-IV-TR et DSM-5 de troubles addictifs au domaine de l’alimentation) et presentation d’implications pour certains patients dont les patients en transplantation hepatique, en chirurgie bariatrique et ceux souffrant d’un TDAH (Trouble Deficit de l’Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivite) associe a une obesite.

Non-selective and irreversible MAOI have become as third or fourth-line strategy for the management of treatment-resistant depression. Non-selective and irreversible MAOI requires careful monitoring of drug interactions and dietary restrictions. Nutritional supplements such as omega-3 have been found to produce beneficial effects in the management of treatment-resistant depression when administered in combination with the ongoing antidepressant treatment. The glutamate antagonist ketamine has been found to produce beneficial effects in the management of treatment-resistant depression while administered alone. Dopamine and/or norepinephrine agonists, such as methylphenidate, modafinil or pramipexole, have been found to produce beneficial effects in the management of treatment-resistant depression when administered in combination with the ongoing antidepressant treatment.

The most largely used definition of the treatment-resistant depression relies on the failure of two successive trials of antidepressant treatment at an adequate dose and duration. The absence of response to previous antidepressant treatments should be assessed using specific and appropriate clinical instruments enabling a correct staging of the therapeutic resistance. A wide range of socio-demographic and clinical factors (i.e. psychiatric/somatic comorbidities) are classically associated with the therapeutic resistance. The aim of the treatment of major depression is to achieve a complete clinical remission. The presence of residual symptoms increases the risk for the subsequent occurrence of relapses and recurrences, hence facilitating the development of therapeutic resistance. The treatment-resistant depression has a deleterious impact on the social, familial or professional functioning, thereby leading to an impaired quality of life with serious socioeconomic consequences and costs.

Bariatric surgery is indicated in obese patients with a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m² or ≥ 35 kg/m² with serious comorbidities, in second intention in patients who failed to achieve significant weight loss after a well managed medical, nutritional and psychotherapeutic treatment for 6 to 12 months, and in patients who are aware of the consequences of bariatric surgery and who agree with a long term medical and surgical follow-up. Such a treatment requires a preoperative multidisciplinary assessment and management, which includes a mandatory consultation with a psychiatrist or a psychologist that should be member of the multidisciplinary staff and participate in these staff. -Although one of this consultation’s aim is to screen for the few patients who for which surgery is contraindicated, in most cases, the main aim of this assessment is to screen for and manage psychiatric and psychopathologic disorders that could be temporary contraindication, because these disorders could lead to poorer postoperative outcome when untreated. By explaining to the patient how these disorders could affect postoperative outcome and which benefits he could retrieve from their management, the patient will increase his motivation for change and he will be more likely to seek professional help for these disorders. In all cases, a systematic examination of the patient’s personality and his/her ability to understand the postoperative instructions is essential before surgery because clinicians should check that the patient is able to be adherent to post-operative instructions. In addition to clinical interview, use of self-administered questionnaires before the consultation might help to determine which psychiatric or psychopathologic factors should be more closely screened during the consultation. - Psychiatric disorders and addictions are highly prevalent in this population (e.g., mood and anxiety disorders, binge eating disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, addictions, personality disorders, pathological personality traits and dimensions), and when untreated, they can lead to poorer postoperative outcome (postoperative occurrence of psychiatric disorders, poorer quality of life, and sometimes to poorer weight loss or excessive weight rebound when the disorder is present during the postoperative period). A complementary training in addiction medicine is helpful given the higher risk for addictions in this population. - Given that this evaluation is often the first meeting with a psychiatrist, an empathic and motivational approach is helpful to improve the patient’s ability to request for a future psychiatric consultation during the follow-up.- Some conditions are required for a high quality assessment: the objectives and expectations of the consultation should be systematically explained to the patient prior to the consultation by the physician who enquires for the assessment; its needs time; the psychiatrist should systematically be member of the multidisciplinary staff and should take part in regular multisciplinary staff meetings; patients should be seen alone to assess his/her readiness to change. - After the consultation, a contact with the physician who enquires for the assessment should be systematic (e.g., use of a medical letter that sum up the main conclusions of the consultation; participation in regular multisciplinary staff meetings)., La chirurgie de l’obésité est indiquée chez les sujets ayant un IMC ≥ 40 kg/m² ou ≥ 35 kg/m² avec comorbidités somatiques, en deuxième intention après échec d’un traitement médical, nutritionnel, diététique et psychothérapeutique bien conduit pendant 6 à 12 mois, chez des patients bien informés, ayant compris et acceptés la nécessité d’un suivi médical et chirurgical à long terme. Ce traitement nécessite une évaluation et une prise en charge préopératoires pluridisciplinaires, avec notamment une évaluation obligatoire par un psychiatre ou un psychologue qui doit être membre de l’équipe pluridisciplinaire et qui doit participer aux réunions de l’équipe. -Si un des objectifs de cette évaluation est de repérer les patients pour lesquels il existe une contre-indication psychiatrique absolue, dans la plupart des cas, il convient surtout d’identifier et de prendre en charge précocement les troubles psychiatriques et psychopathologiques pouvant constituer des contre-indications temporaires, car ils peuvent être des facteurs de risque de moins bonne évolution postopératoire s’ils ne sont pas pris en charge. En expliquant au patient l’impact potentiellement délétère de certains troubles sur l’évolution postopératoire et en lui expliquant le bénéfice qu’il pourra retirer de leur prise en charge, le patient pourra développer une plus grande motivation pour les soins et il pourra solliciter plus facilement les professionnels de santé. Dans tous les cas, il est important d’effectuer également un examen de la personnalité du patient et de ses capacités de compréhension avant de prendre la décision chirurgicale, car il est nécessaire de s’assurer avant l’intervention que le patient soit capable d’être observant sur le long cours vis-à-vis des consignes de suivi postopératoire. En complément de l’évaluation clinique de ces troubles, la passation d’auto-questionnaires avant la consultation peut être utile pour orienter l’entretien clinique vers les dimensions à explorer plus en détails.-Les troubles psychiatriques et les addictions sont fréquents dans cette population (troubles dépressifs, troubles anxieux, hyperphagie boulimique, Trouble Déficitaire de l’Attention avec Hyperactivité, addictions, troubles de la personnalité, dimensions et traits de personnalité pathologiques), et ils peuvent être associés à une moins bonne évolution postopératoire (survenue de troubles psychiatriques, altération de la qualité de vie mais aussi parfois moindre perte de poids ou reprise excessive de poids à long terme en cas de trouble postopératoire). Une formation complémentaire en addictologie est utile du fait de la vulnérabilité de ces patients aux addictions. -Cette consultation étant souvent l’occasion pour le patient d’une première rencontre avec un psychiatre, une approche empathique et motivationnelle est utile ; de plus, ce type d’approche permet de favoriser le recours ultérieur à cette consultation.-Plusieurs conditions permettent d’effectuer un bilan de qualité : les objectifs et attentes de l’évaluation doivent avoir été explicités au patient avant la consultation par le médecin demandeur (afin que le patient puisse bien comprendre quels bénéfices éventuels il pourrait retirer d’une prise en charge psychiatrique ou addictologique) ; cette consultation nécessite du temps ; le psychiatre doit être membre de l’équipe pluridisciplinaire et être présent au cours des réunions multidisciplinaires pour échanger avec les autres membres de l’équipe ; le patient doit pouvoir être reçu seul en consultation pour évaluer sa motivation intrinsèque à l’opération.-Après la consultation, les contacts sont systématiques avec le médecin demandeur, à la fois via un courrier détaillant les conclusions de l’évaluation et via la participation aux réunions de concertation pluridisciplinaires.

International audience; The current cross-sectional study investigates the prevalence of the food addiction (FA) phenotype and its association with psychiatric disorders in bariatric surgery candidates. It also investigates the eating behavior characteristics associated with FA and the association between FA and loss of control over specific foods high in sugar, salt and/or fat. We included 128 bariatric surgery candidates and we assessed FA (YFAS 2.0), mood and anxiety disorders, suicidality, eating disorders (current bulimia nervosa and current anorexia nervosa), alcohol and tobacco use disorders (MINI 5.0.0, beck depression inventory, AUDIT, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence) and eating behavior (DEBQ). Prevalence of FA in our sample was 25%. FA was significantly associated with higher prevalence of current mood and anxiety disorders and past mood disorders, higher current suicidality but not with eating disorders and alcohol use disorder. FA was significantly associated with higher emotional eating, and with loss of control over consumption of foods high in fat, sugar and/or salt, but not of fruits, vegetables or grain products. Our results provide arguments for considering psychiatric disorders and suicidality in FA and for considering FA as an addictive disorder in obese patients, with many risk factors in common with other addictions.

International audience; Background: New technologies may profoundly change our way of understanding psychiatric disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Imaging and biomarkers, along with technological and medical informatics developments, might provide an answer regarding at-risk patient’s identification. Recent advances in the concept of ‘digital phenotype’, which refers to the capture of characteristics of a psychiatric disorder by computerized measurement tools, is one paradigmatic example.Objective: The impact of the new technologies on health professionals practice in PTSD care remains to be determined. The recent evolutions could disrupt the clinical practices and practitioners in their beliefs, ethics and representations, going as far as questioning their professional culture. In the present paper, we conducted an extensive search to highlight the articles which reflect the potential of these new technologies.Method: We conducted an overview by querying PubMed database with the terms [PTSD] [Posttraumatic stress disorder] AND [Computer] OR [Computerized] OR [Mobile] OR [Automatic] OR [Automated] OR [Machine learning] OR [Sensor] OR [Heart rate variability] OR [HRV] OR [actigraphy] OR [actimetry] OR [digital] OR [motion] OR [temperature] OR [virtual reality].Results: We summarized the synthesized literature in two categories: prediction and assessment (including diagnostic, screening and monitoring). Two independent reviewers screened, extracted data and quality appraised the sources. Results were synthesized narratively.Conclusions: This overview shows that many studies are underway allowing researchers to start building a PTSD digital phenotype using passive data obtained by biometric sensors. Active data obtained from Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) could allow clinicians to assess PTSD patients. The place of connected objects, Artificial Intelligence and remote monitoring of patients with psychiatric pathology remains to be defined. These tools must be explained and adapted to the different profiles of physicians and patients. The involvement of patients, caregivers and health professionals is essential to the design and evaluation of these new tools.; Contexto: Las nuevas tecnologías podrían cambiar de manera profunda nuestra forma de entender los trastornos psiquiátricos incluyendo el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Técnicas de imagen y biomarcadores, junto con desarrollos en informáticas médicas y tecnológicas, pueden proveer una respuesta en relación con la identificación de pacientes en riesgo. Avances recientes en el concepto de ‘genotipo digital’, que se refiere a la ‘captura’ de las características de un trastorno psiquiátrico mediante instrumentos de medición computarizada, es un ejemplo paradigmático de todo ello.Objetivo: El impacto de las nuevas tecnologías en la practica de los profesionales de la salud en el ámbito del tratamiento del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), está aún por determinar. Las evoluciones recientes pueden trastornar o interrumpir tanto las prácticas clínicas como a los profesionales que las ejercen. También a sus conceptos éticos y a sus representaciones hasta el punto de poder poner en cuestión su cultura profesional. En este trabajo, hemos realizado una búsqueda intensa con el fin de poner de manifiesto los trabajos que mejor reflejan el potencial de estas nuevas tecnologías.Método: Hemos realizado una búsqueda panorámica en la base de datos PubMed basándonos en títulos hasta Junio de 2017 que contenían los términos ‘[PTSD] [Posttraumatic stress disorder] AND [Computer] OR [Computerized] OR [Mobile] OR [Automatic] OR [Automated] OR [Machine learning] OR [Sensor] OR [Heart rate variability] OR [HRV] OR [actigraphy] OR [actimetry] OR [digital] OR [motion] OR [temperature] OR [virtual reality]’.Resultados: hemos resumido la literatura sintetizada en dos categorías: predicción y evaluación (incluyendo dignóstico, discriminación y monitorización). Dos investigadores independientes realizaron el triaje, extrajeron los datos y determinaron la calidad de las fuentes. Los resultados se refieren y sintetizan narrativamente.Conclusiones: este estudio muestra que muchos estudios están en marcha permitiendo empezar a construir un fenotipo digital de TEPT, usando datos pasivos obtenidos por sensores biométricos. Datos activos obtenidos a través de una Evaluación Momentánea Ecológica (EME), puede permitir evaluar a pacientes con TEPT para hacernos una idea de su severidad. El lugar que deben ocupar objetos conectados, inteligencia artificial y monitorización remota debe ser aún definido. Para poder ser utilizados, estos instrumentos deben ser por tanto explicados y adaptados a los diferentes perfiles de médicos y pacientes. La participación de los pacientes, cuidadores y de otros profesionales de la salud es esencial cara a diseñar y evaluar estos nuevos instrumentos.; 背景: 新技术巨大地改变了我们对精神疾病的理解方式，包括对创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。脑成像和生物标记，与技术和医学信息的发展一起，也许提供了一个识别有风险的病人的途径。最近关于‘数码表型’（指使用电脑化测量工具来‘捕捉’精神疾病特征）的进展，就是一个典型的例子。目标: 新技术对健康专家在治疗 PTSD 的实践上的影响还有待商榷。最新的进展可能干扰了临床实践，以及临床医生本身的信念、道德和表现，乃至对他们的职业文化提出了质疑。在本文中，我们进行了一个宽泛的检索，以便着重标记出那些能更好反映这些新技术的潜力的文章。方法: 我们在PubMed数据库里使用‘[PTSD] [Posttraumatic stress disorder] AND [Computer] OR [Computerized] OR [Mobile] OR [Automatic] OR [Automated] OR [Machine learning] OR [Sensor] OR [Heart rate variability] OR [HRV] OR [actigraphy] OR [actimetry] OR [digital] OR [motion] OR [temperature] OR [virtual reality] ’作为标题检索词，限制截止时间为2017年7月。结果: 我们把合成的文献总结成两类：预测和评估（包括诊断、筛选和调控）。两个独立的评审对来源进行筛选、数据抽取和质量评价。对结果进行了综合性叙述。结论: 这份总结显示出许多进行中的研究，使用生物感受器的被动数据来建立一个 PTSD数码表型。使用生态瞬时评估（EMA）的主动数据可能可以用来评估 PTSD 病人的严重程度。连接对象、人工智能和远程调控的定位仍需定义。这些工具因此需要根据医生和病人的不同情况进行解释和调整。重要的是，让病人、照顾者和其他健康专家参与其中来对这些工具进行设计和评估。

International audience; Background: New technologies may profoundly change our way of understanding psychiatric disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Imaging and biomarkers, along with technological and medical informatics developments, might provide an answer regarding at-risk patient’s identification. Recent advances in the concept of ‘digital phenotype’, which refers to the capture of characteristics of a psychiatric disorder by computerized measurement tools, is one paradigmatic example.Objective: The impact of the new technologies on health professionals practice in PTSD care remains to be determined. The recent evolutions could disrupt the clinical practices and practitioners in their beliefs, ethics and representations, going as far as questioning their professional culture. In the present paper, we conducted an extensive search to highlight the articles which reflect the potential of these new technologies.Method: We conducted an overview by querying PubMed database with the terms [PTSD] [Posttraumatic stress disorder] AND [Computer] OR [Computerized] OR [Mobile] OR [Automatic] OR [Automated] OR [Machine learning] OR [Sensor] OR [Heart rate variability] OR [HRV] OR [actigraphy] OR [actimetry] OR [digital] OR [motion] OR [temperature] OR [virtual reality].Results: We summarized the synthesized literature in two categories: prediction and assessment (including diagnostic, screening and monitoring). Two independent reviewers screened, extracted data and quality appraised the sources. Results were synthesized narratively.Conclusions: This overview shows that many studies are underway allowing researchers to start building a PTSD digital phenotype using passive data obtained by biometric sensors. Active data obtained from Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) could allow clinicians to assess PTSD patients. The place of connected objects, Artificial Intelligence and remote monitoring of patients with psychiatric pathology remains to be defined. These tools must be explained and adapted to the different profiles of physicians and patients. The involvement of patients, caregivers and health professionals is essential to the design and evaluation of these new tools.; Contexto: Las nuevas tecnologías podrían cambiar de manera profunda nuestra forma de entender los trastornos psiquiátricos incluyendo el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Técnicas de imagen y biomarcadores, junto con desarrollos en informáticas médicas y tecnológicas, pueden proveer una respuesta en relación con la identificación de pacientes en riesgo. Avances recientes en el concepto de ‘genotipo digital’, que se refiere a la ‘captura’ de las características de un trastorno psiquiátrico mediante instrumentos de medición computarizada, es un ejemplo paradigmático de todo ello.Objetivo: El impacto de las nuevas tecnologías en la practica de los profesionales de la salud en el ámbito del tratamiento del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), está aún por determinar. Las evoluciones recientes pueden trastornar o interrumpir tanto las prácticas clínicas como a los profesionales que las ejercen. También a sus conceptos éticos y a sus representaciones hasta el punto de poder poner en cuestión su cultura profesional. En este trabajo, hemos realizado una búsqueda intensa con el fin de poner de manifiesto los trabajos que mejor reflejan el potencial de estas nuevas tecnologías.Método: Hemos realizado una búsqueda panorámica en la base de datos PubMed basándonos en títulos hasta Junio de 2017 que contenían los términos ‘[PTSD] [Posttraumatic stress disorder] AND [Computer] OR [Computerized] OR [Mobile] OR [Automatic] OR [Automated] OR [Machine learning] OR [Sensor] OR [Heart rate variability] OR [HRV] OR [actigraphy] OR [actimetry] OR [digital] OR [motion] OR [temperature] OR [virtual reality]’.Resultados: hemos resumido la literatura sintetizada en dos categorías: predicción y evaluación (incluyendo dignóstico, discriminación y monitorización). Dos investigadores independientes realizaron el triaje, extrajeron los datos y determinaron la calidad de las fuentes. Los resultados se refieren y sintetizan narrativamente.Conclusiones: este estudio muestra que muchos estudios están en marcha permitiendo empezar a construir un fenotipo digital de TEPT, usando datos pasivos obtenidos por sensores biométricos. Datos activos obtenidos a través de una Evaluación Momentánea Ecológica (EME), puede permitir evaluar a pacientes con TEPT para hacernos una idea de su severidad. El lugar que deben ocupar objetos conectados, inteligencia artificial y monitorización remota debe ser aún definido. Para poder ser utilizados, estos instrumentos deben ser por tanto explicados y adaptados a los diferentes perfiles de médicos y pacientes. La participación de los pacientes, cuidadores y de otros profesionales de la salud es esencial cara a diseñar y evaluar estos nuevos instrumentos.; 背景: 新技术巨大地改变了我们对精神疾病的理解方式，包括对创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。脑成像和生物标记，与技术和医学信息的发展一起，也许提供了一个识别有风险的病人的途径。最近关于‘数码表型’（指使用电脑化测量工具来‘捕捉’精神疾病特征）的进展，就是一个典型的例子。目标: 新技术对健康专家在治疗 PTSD 的实践上的影响还有待商榷。最新的进展可能干扰了临床实践，以及临床医生本身的信念、道德和表现，乃至对他们的职业文化提出了质疑。在本文中，我们进行了一个宽泛的检索，以便着重标记出那些能更好反映这些新技术的潜力的文章。方法: 我们在PubMed数据库里使用‘[PTSD] [Posttraumatic stress disorder] AND [Computer] OR [Computerized] OR [Mobile] OR [Automatic] OR [Automated] OR [Machine learning] OR [Sensor] OR [Heart rate variability] OR [HRV] OR [actigraphy] OR [actimetry] OR [digital] OR [motion] OR [temperature] OR [virtual reality] ’作为标题检索词，限制截止时间为2017年7月。结果: 我们把合成的文献总结成两类：预测和评估（包括诊断、筛选和调控）。两个独立的评审对来源进行筛选、数据抽取和质量评价。对结果进行了综合性叙述。结论: 这份总结显示出许多进行中的研究，使用生物感受器的被动数据来建立一个 PTSD数码表型。使用生态瞬时评估（EMA）的主动数据可能可以用来评估 PTSD 病人的严重程度。连接对象、人工智能和远程调控的定位仍需定义。这些工具因此需要根据医生和病人的不同情况进行解释和调整。重要的是，让病人、照顾者和其他健康专家参与其中来对这些工具进行设计和评估。

This study tested a modified version of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), in driving under the influence of alcohol that incorporated past behavior and perceived invulnerability in a sample of young French adults. Participants (n = 368, Mean Age = 23.29, SD = 3.69, Age Range 18–35) completed self-report measures of sense of invulnerability, subjective norms attitude, perceived control, intention to drive and drink, and past behavior. This extended model was able to explain 52% of the variance of behavioral intention. In accordance with the TPB, the intention to drink and drive was predicted by Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), Subjective Norms, Past behavior and Attitudes. The effect of perceived invulnerability on the three determinants of TPB was significant. Psychological invulnerability had a direct influence on Attitudes, Danger Invulnerability on PBC and Interpersonal Invulnerability on Attitude and PCB. The current study provides support for the importance of the sense of invulnerability to traffic risk-taking in young adults.

International audience; IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is rare among police officers, but the symptoms of PTSD are not. Personality traits can be a contributing factor of stress disorders. Based on the big five personality traits, three personality profiles can be identified: resilient, overcontrolled and undercontrolled. Resilient people are characterized by high emotional stability (low neuroticism), high social skills and self-confidence. Overcontrollers have higher scores on neuroticism and they tend to internalize their negative emotions. Undercontrollers are characterized by low conscientiousness (impulsivity), a tendency toward social withdrawal and low self-esteem.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the role of personality traits and profiles in the emergence of PTSD symptoms among French police officers.MethodParticipants were French national police officers (n = 100, M = 32.9 years, SD = 9.8, 19–57) who completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale (PCLS) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI).ResultsResults revealed the three expected personality profiles: resilients (n = 31), overcontrollers (n = 43) and undercontrollers (n = 19). The resilients presented with the fewest PTSD symptoms and the undercontrollers with the most (particularly reexperiencing). The latter also scored the highest on neuroticism and the lowest on extraversion and agreeableness. Police officers with an undercontrolled profile were also the oldest or those who had served the longest in the police force. Neuroticism and length of service were the two predictors of PTSD symptoms for reexperiencing and avoidance.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the contribution of each personality trait and length of service to PTSD symptoms in French police officers.; IntroductionLe trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) est rare parmi les policiers, mais les symptômes ne le sont pas. Les traits de personnalité peuvent être un facteur médiateur des troubles liés au stress. Ils permettent habituellement d’identifier trois profils de personnalité : les « résilients » caractérisés par une forte stabilité émotionnelle, des compétences sociales et une confiance en soi élevées ; les « surcontrôlés » qui ont des scores élevés de névrosisme et une tendance à internaliser leurs émotions négatives et des « sous-contrôlés » avec un faible caractère consciencieux (impulsivité), une tendance à l’isolement social et une faible estime de soi.ObjectifL’objectif de cette étude était d’examiner le rôle de la personnalité dans l’apparition de symptômes du TSPT chez les policiers français.MéthodeLes participants étaient des policiers français (n = 100, M = 32,9 ans, ET = 9,8, 19–57) qui ont complété l’échelle de l’état de stress post-traumatique (PCLS) et l’inventaire des cinq grands facteurs de personnalité (BFI).RésultatsLes résultats ont retrouvé les trois profils de personnalité attendus : « résilients » (n = 31), « surcontrôlés » (n = 43) et « sous-contrôlés » (n = 19). Les premiers présentaient le moins de symptômes de TSPT et les derniers le plus (en particulier la répétition ou intrusion). Ils avaient également les scores les plus élevés de névrosisme et les plus bas d’extraversion et d’agréabilité. Ces policiers étaient aussi les plus âgés ou ceux qui avaient servi le plus longtemps dans la police. Le névrosisme et la durée du service étaient les deux facteurs prédictifs des symptômes de TSPT pour la répétition et l’évitement.ConclusionCette étude met en évidence la contribution de chaque trait de personnalité et durée de service pour les symptômes de TSPT chez les policiers français.