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Resumen: Introducción. El estigma se ha asociado negativamente al control metabólico y la calidad de vida de pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2. El cuestionario Diabetes Stigma Assesment Scale 2 (DSAS 2) fue diseñado para medir específicamente el estigma asociado en personas con este tipo de diabetes. Sin embargo, las propiedades psicométricas de su versión en español aún no han sido analizadas. Objetivo. Analizar la validez y confiabilidad de la versión en español del DSAS 2 en población colombiana. Materiales y métodos. Se solicitó a 501 pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2 en Barranquilla contestar la versión en español del DSAS 2, un cuestionario con indicadores sociodemográficos y clínicos, así como instrumentos de medición de la depresión, la autoeficacia y el estrés. Se hizo un análisis factorial (exploratorio y confirmatorio) para determinar la estructura interna del DSAS 2 en español y se usó el coeficiente alfa (α) para evaluar su confiabilidad. Además, se analizó la relación entre los puntajes del DSAS 2 y las otras variables estudiadas. Resultados. La estructura de tres factores (trato diferente-juicio, culpa y vergüenza) se ajustó adecuadamente a los datos (raíz del error cuadrático medio (RMSEA)=0,081, índice de ajuste comparativo (CIF)=0,959, índice de Tucker-Lewis (TLI)=0,95) y su confiabilidad fue buena (α=0,76). Se observaron correlaciones significativas del puntaje del DSAS 2 en español con la autoeficacia (rs=-0,37; p

Summary Background Handgrip strength (HGS) is an indicator of overall strength; therefore, individual HGS measurements should be interpreted using geographic region and ethnic group references. Aims The aim of this study was to develop new normative values for absolute and relative HGS in the Colombian population after stratification by sex, age, and body mass using the large National Representative Nutrition Survey 2015. Methods This cross-sectional study included 3803 subjects aged 6–64 years. Absolute HGS was measured using a hand dynamometer with an adjustable grip, and normalized HGS was calculated by dividing the HGS by body mass. Smoothed centile tables for the P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P97 centiles were calculated using Cole's lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method. This study used a cutoff at 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the sex-specific peak mean value across the life course to define weak, absolute and relative HGS. Results In men, HGS peaked at 26–33 years of age (~43.0 kg in P50), especially in the upper centiles, and fell away quickly. The pattern was different in females, where this value peaked at ages 25–33 (~26.0 kg in P50). We found a curvilinear pattern for HGS that declined with age in both sexes. There was significant variation in the slope for HGS in men and women around the age of 25 and 35 years, respectively. Conclusion The normative values presented here are a valuable source of information for the clinical assessment of HGS and for comparison with studies from other countries.

El 2 de diciembre de 2020, el Congreso de la República de Colombia aprobó la Ley 2064 de 2020, “Por medio de la cual se declara de interés general la estrategia para la inmunización de la población colombiana contra la Covid-19 y la lucha contra cualquier pandemia y se dictan otras disposiciones”, la referida norma, promulgada el 9 de diciembre del 2020, tiene por objeto, declarar de interés general la estrategia para la inmunización de la población colombiana contra la Covid - 19 (art.1), advirtiendo las dificultades que se le podían presentar al ejecutivo en la gestión de una crisis sanitaria, económica y social sin precedentes, particularmente en aquellos asuntos relacionados con la inmunización de la población, resolviendo deliberadamente en el contenido de sus disposiciones, sacrificar los principios fundantes del Estado constitucional y Social de Derecho. On December 2, 2020, the Congress of the Republic of Colombia approved Law 2064 of 2020, "Whereby the strategy for the immunization of the Colombian population against Covid-19 and the fight against any pandemic is declared of general interest and other provisions are issued", the referred norm promulgated on December 9, 2020, has the purpose, to declare of general interest the strategy for the immunization of the Colombian population against Covid -19 (art. 1), warning of the difficulties that could arise for the executive in the management of an unprecedented health, economic and social crisis, particularly in those matters related to the immunization of the population, deliberately resolving in the content of its provisions to sacrifice the founding principles of the constitutional and social rule of law. Especialista en Derecho Administrativo http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Especialización

espanolObjetivo: Estimar el impacto potencial de la disminucion teorica del indice de masa corporal, sobre la incidencia y la fraccion atribuible poblacional de canceres hepatico, colorrectal y de mama, en el contexto colombiano, 2016-2050. Metodologia: Se efectuo un estudio de macrosimulacion, bajo tres escenarios de distribuciones futuras del indice de masa corporal: el primero o de “Referencia” (sin intervenir el factor de riesgo), y dos de intervencion: el segundo, consistente en la reduccion gradual, acumulada en los primeros diez anos, del 10 % de la diferencia entre los valores medios esperados e ideales del indice de masa corporal, y sostenerla hasta el 2050; y el tercero, correspondiente a lograr “Toda la poblacion con indice de masa corporal ideal” a partir del 2017. Resultados: Se estimo, bajo el tercer escenario, que las proporciones de canceres que podrian evitarse oscilarian, en las mujeres, entre 8,0 % (cancer colorrectal) y 16,7 % (cancer hepatico), y en los hombres, entre 10,4 % (cancer colorrectal) y 12,2 % (cancer hepatico). Bajo el segundo escenario, los casos evitables proyectados corresponderian aproximadamente a 4009 canceres de mama (en mujeres), 2086 canceres colorrectales y 728 canceres hepaticos; y bajo el tercer escenario, a 48 410 canceres de mama, 25 089 canceres colorrectales y 8648 canceres hepaticos. Conclusion: Intervenir para disminuir el exceso de peso en la poblacion colombiana contribuiria especialmente a evitar, en ambos sexos, el cancer hepatico, y en las mujeres, los casos nuevos de cancer de mama portuguesObjetivo: Estimar o impacto da reducao teorica do indice de massa corporal, em incidencia e a fracao atribuivel da populacao de cânceres de figado, colorretal e de mama, no contexto colombiano, 2016-2050. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo de macro-simulacao, sob tres cenarios de distribuicoes futuras do indice de massa corporal: o primeiro ou de “Referencia” (sem intervir o fator de risco) e duas de intervencao: a segunda, consistindo na reducao gradual, acumulou nos primeiros dez anos, do 10 % da diferenca entre os valores medios esperados e ideais do indice de massa corporal e sustentando-o ate 2050; e a terceira, correspondendo ao alcancar “Toda a populacao com Indice de Massa Corporal ideal” a partir do 2017. Resultados: Estimou-se que as proporcoes de cânceres que poderiam ser evitadas no terceiro cenario variariam em mulheres entre 8,0 % (câncer colorretal) e 16,7 % (câncer de figado) e em homens entre 10,4 % (câncer colorretal) e 12,2 % (câncer de figado). Os casos evitaveis projetados sob a segundo cenario corresponderiam a aproximadamente 4009 cânceres de mama (em mulheres), 2086 cânceres colorretais e 728 cânceres de figado e, sob a terceiro cenario, a 48 410 cânceres de mama, 25 089 cânceres colorretais e 8648 cânceres de figado. Conclusao: Intervir para reduzir o excesso de peso na populacao colombiana, contribuiria especialmente para evitar o câncer de figado em ambos os sexos e novos casos de câncer de mama (em mulheres). EnglishObjective: To estimate the effect of a theoretical decrease impact of the body mass index on the incidence and the population attributable fraction of liver, colorectal and breast cancers in Colombian, 2016-2050.. Methodology: A macro-simulation study was performed under three scenarios of future distributions of the body mass index: the first or of “Reference” (without intervening on the risk factor) and two interventions scenarios: the second consisting of a gradual reduction, accumulated over the first ten years, of 10 % of the difference between the expected and ideal mean values of the body mass index and sustaining these until 2050; and the third corresponding to achieve “Complete population with ideal Body Mass Index” as of 2017. Results: It was estimated that the proportions of cancers that could be avoided under the third scenario, would range in women between 8,0 % (colorectal cancer) and 16,7 % (liver cancer) and in men between 10,4 % (colorectal cancer) and 12,2 % (liver cancer). The avoidable cases projected under the second scenario would correspond to approximately 4009 breast cancers (in women), 2086 colorectal cancers and 728 liver cancers, and under the third scenario to 48 410 breast cancers, 25 089 colorectal cancers and 8648 cancers liver. Conclusion: Intervening to reduce excess weight in the Colombian population, would especially contribute to avoid liver cancer in both sexes and the new cases of breast cancer (in women).

Objective To report the ocular manifestations in patients with leukaemia. Methods This is a retrospective, descriptive and observational study in patients with ocular manifestations of leukaemia. Results A total of 14 eyes were evaluated corresponding to 8 patients (5 women and 3 men) with ocular manifestations of leukaemia. The mean age at diagnosis was 43 years (31–76 years). Six eyes corresponded to patients with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML), four eyes to Acute Lymphoid Leukaemia (ALL), two eyes to Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML), and the remaining two belonged to patients with Hairy Cell Leukaemia (HCL). The primary ocular findings were choroidal invasion in 12 eyes (85.7%), retinal infiltration in 4 eyes (28.6%), and neuro-ophthalmic disorders in 4 eyes (28.6%). The mean visual acuity improved from 0.689 to 0.449 (logMAR) (P = .012) after the systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy. Of the eight patients, four died from systemic complications of the underlying disease. Conclusions This is the first report of multiple ocular manifestations secondary to leukaemia in a Colombian population. It is important to keep in mind that this disease is included within the masquerade syndromes and that the ophthalmological findings that, while subtle, can also be devastating and be signs of a life-threatening disease.

espanolIntroduccion.Los usuarios de Internet, especialmente adolescentes, pueden experimentar riesgos en linea que pueden afectar su salud mental.Este estudio examino la asociacion entre los riesgos en linea y el apoyo familiar, que ha sido conceptualizadocomo una variable que puede disminuir los riesgos en el uso del Internet entre adolescentes. Metodo.Se aplico una version adaptada a poblacion colombiana de la encuesta Kids onLine. La muestra incluyo 96 participantes entre 11 y 18 anos(F=58.3%),41.6% pertenecian a bajos ingresos familiares y 58.4% pertenecian a ingresos medios, del municipio de Bello, Colombia. (Edad promedio=13.99; DE=2.034).Resultados.Los resultadosconfirmaron la hipotesis de que aquellos adolescentes que perciben apoyo familiar, definido como el conjunto de acciones de acompanamiento, escucha activa, consejos y confianza entre los miembros de la famila, presentan menores riesgos en linea. Discusion y Conclusion: Aunque los resultados de esta investigacion muestran una relacion inversa entre apoyo familiar y riesgos en Internet, no hay una correlacion estadisticamente significativa, que podria explicarse por el hecho de que aunque la familia tiene un rol impor-tante sobre la prevencion de las conductas de riesgo en linea de los adolescentes, esta tambien es limitada, especialmente con adolescentes mayores, quienes pasan mas tiempo con amigos y pueden verse motivados por ellos a involucrarse en actividades riesgosas en general. En este sentido, la figura de apoyo familiar, que involucra a la familia como un todo que trasciende la mediacion centrada en los padres, tiene importantes implicaciones en la comprension y pre-vencion de los riesgos en linea, entanto la union entre los miembros de la familia, basada en una interaccion y comunicacion adecuadas, puede ayudar a mediar en los riesgos y a proveer apoyo a los adolescentes. EnglishIntroduction. Internet users, especially adolescents, may experience online risks that can affect their mental health. This study examined the association between online risks and family support as this has been conceptualized as variable that can prevent the risks in the Internet use among adolescents. Method. We applied an adapted version to Colombian population of the Kids on Line survey. The sample included 96 participants between 11 and 18 years old (F=58.3%), 41.6% of the respondents had low family incomes and 58.4% had middle family incomes from Bello, Colombia, 58.3% were girls (Mean Age=13.99; SD = 2.034). Results. The results confirmed the hypothesis that those adolescents who perceive family support, defined as a set of actions of acompainment, active listening, counseling and trust between family members, present less online risks. Discussion and Conclusion. Although the results of this research show an inverse relationship between family support and risks on the Internet, there is no a statistically significant correlation. This could be explained because although the family has an important role over the prevention of adolescent risk behaviors online, this is also limited, specially with older teenagers, who spend more time with friends and may be encouraged by their friends to involve themselves in general risky behaviors. In this sense, the family support that involves the family as a whole and that transcends the mediation centered on the parental figures has important implications in the understanding and prevention of the online risks, as positive links between family members, based on an adequeate interaction and communication, may help to mediate the risks and provide support to teenagers.

De acuerdo al modelo patológico multifactorial, la morfología dental ha sido asociada como uno de los factores etiológicos de la caries al favorecer el acumulo de restos alimenticios y la retención de biopelícula. Uno de los rasgos morfológicos dentales más frecuentes de la población colombiana es el punto P del protostílido, el cual se constituye en una fosa que se expresa en el surco de desarrollo vestibulomesial de los molares inferiores, región que le sigue a la superficie oclusal como uno de los sitios en donde se desarrollan con más frecuencia lesiones cariosas. Sin embargo, el desconocimiento de este rasgo morfológico por la mayoría de los odontólogos hace que el sistema morfológico del protostílido sea mal diagnosticado, lo que conlleva en muchos casos al sobretratamiento de dicha fosa con terapéuticas invasivas, las cuales, podrían ser evitadas con un conocimiento adecuado de la morfología dental y con un manejo preventivo o con técnicas no invasivas. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión de tema es reconocer la expresión del punto P del protostílido y realizar una aproximación a las implicaciones clínicas del mismo y las posibilidades diagnósticas y terapéuticas conservadores que ofrece la odontología para controlar el acumulo de restos alimenticios y la retención de biopelícula.

Objective To evaluate the mandibular buccal shelf (MBS) in terms of the angulation and bone depth and thickness according to sex, age, and sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns in a Colombian population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Accordingly, the optimal site for miniscrew insertion in this area was determined. Methods This descriptive, retrospective study included 64 hemi-arches of 34 patients. On CBCT images, the angulation, buccal bone depth (4 and 6 mm from the cementoenamel junction [CEJ] of MBS), and buccal bone thickness (6 and 11 mm from the CEJ of MBS) were measured at the mesial and distal roots of the mandibular first and second molars. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the angulation, depth, and thickness of MBS between male and female patients. The values for the bone around the distal root of the mandibular second molar were significantly greater than the other values. The osseous characteristics were significantly better in participants aged 16–24 years. Class III patients exhibited the best osseous characteristics, with the bone depth at 6 mm being significantly different from that in Class I and Class II patients. Although values tended to be greater in patients with low angles, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions MBS provides an optimal bone surface for miniscrew insertion, with better osseous characteristics at the distal root of the mandibular second molar, 4 mm from CEJ. Adolescent patients, Class III patients, and patients with a low angle exhibit the most favorable osseous characteristics in the MBS area.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo, describir y caracterizar la estructura y tipología familiar de los funcionarios que hacen parte de la Policía Nacional. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, con alcance descriptivo. En el estudio se analizaron los datos de 152.186 funcionarios, los cuales fueron extraídos del Sistema de Información para la Administración del Talento Humano “SIATH”. Los resultados indican una diversificación de tipologías familiares, dentro de las cuales se evidencia mayor prevalencia de familias nucleares biparentales y familias unipersonales. Así mismo se evidenció una alta tasa de familias monoparentales en comparación con el resultado obtenido en la población colombiana según la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud ENDS 2015.

RESUMEN: Se reporta un trabajo realizado con 176 estudiantes, 30 profesores y 16 padres de familia de tres instituciones educativas oficiales de una población colombiana que fue sede de los diálogos de paz que pusieron fin al conflicto con un grupo guerrillero. Se estudiaron tópicos relacionados con la implementación de la cátedra de la paz y se analizó el grado de acuerdo entre ellos respecto a estos tópicos. Para el procesamiento de la información se hizo un análisis de correspondencias múltiples con el Chi cuadrado de Pearson como coeficiente de prueba, y además, se hicieron grupos focales con miembros de cada estamento. Los resultados muestran que el proceso de implementación de la cátedra de la paz en las instituciones educativas, ha sido lento, con algunas dificultades, con retraso en su implementación de más de dos años, y falta de capacitación y acompañamiento, por parte de las entidades territoriales, a las comunidades de las instituciones educativas. Pero a pesar de las dificultades dentro del contexto escolar se fomenta la cultura del diálogo para resolver los conflictos que se presentan, y con los profesores como mediadores en el proceso. La actividad escolar se da en un clima de respeto y apoyo mutuo entre directivos, docentes, estudiantes y padres de familia.

Objective To identify the clinical characteristics of patients with gout, and the prescription patterns of anti-gout medications in Colombia. Methods Cross-sectional study, that analyzed the data from 310 medical records of patients treated in the last quarter of 2016, and who received an anti-gout medication. Sociodemographic, clinical, pharmacological, comorbidities, and paraclinical variables were identified. For each anti-gout drug used, it was determined whether the use was in accordance with Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved recommendations. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results Patients from 14 different cities in Colombia were evaluated, with a male predominance of 70.3% (n = 218) and a median age of 64 years (RIC: 26–94 years). The most frequently used anti-gout medication was allopurinol (n = 255; 82.3%), followed by colchicine (n = 54; 17.4%). The main diagnoses found as an indication were: hyperuricaemia (n = 181, 58.4%), gout (n = 34; 11.0%), and gouty arthritis (n = 28; 9.0%). Almost three-quarters (74.5%; n = 231) of the prescriptions had an approved use according to the FDA, especially allopurinol in the management of gout and hyperuricaemia, while colchicine was found to be used in unapproved indications (n = 44, 81.4%). The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension (68.4%) and dyslipidaemia (55.8%). Conclusions Patients with gout and on pharmacological treatment have a high frequency of cardiovascular comorbidities. They were being treated with allopurinol for long-term prevention, while a smaller proportion received colchicine, which is often used for indications not approved by regulatory agencies.

espanolEl objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y categorizar las imagenes con mayor nivel de aciertos en tres niveles de intensidad emocional percibida (alto, medio y bajo) de la prueba pofa (Ekman, 1976) en poblacion colombiana, para ser aplicado en poblacion con alteraciones neurologicas. Se evaluaron 110 imagenes en 36 participantes, sin alteraciones neurologicas o psicologicas de consideracion. Los resultados indican que la alegria fue la emocion mas reconocida y el miedo la que genero mayor confusion. Se conformo una bateria de 42 imagenes, seis por cada emocion y catorce por cada intensidad emocional, este grupo de reactivos arrojo un coeficiente de confiabilidad aceptable. Las emociones negativas, como el miedo, resultan mucho mas dificiles de reconocer que las positivas, asi mismo la intensidad emocional aporta mas elementos para el reconocimiento a las emociones positivas que a las negativas. EnglishThe objective of the present study was to identify and categorize the images with the highest level of correctness in three levels of perceived emotional intensity (high, medium, and low) of the pofa test (Ekman, 1976) in a Colombian population, to be applied in a population with alterations. neurological. 110 images were evaluated in 36 participants, without significant neurological or psychological alterations. The results indicate that joy was the most recognized emotion and fear the one that generated the most confusion. A battery of 42 images was made up, six for each emotion and fourteen for each emotional intensity. This group of items yielded an acceptable reliability coefficient. Negative emotions, such as fear, are much more difficult to recognize than positive ones, likewise emotional intensity contributes more elements for the recognition of positive emotions than negative ones.

Objetivo: este trabajo busca comprobar la relación entre ingreso y felicidad en Colombia, haciendo especial énfasis en la linealidad de esta relación conocida en la literatura como la “paradoja de Easterlin”. Metodología: con base en los datos de la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida 2017 se constató si la población colombiana se adapta a la paradoja; es decir, si el ingreso monetario influye positivamente en el bienestar subjetivo revelado. Resultados: el modelo ordinal propuesto evidencia que el ingreso es una variable determinante de la felicidad, pero es secundaria frente a otras como la percepción del bienestar en salud, seguridad y trabajo. Estos resultados están en línea con los planteados en la paradoja y plantean desafíos de los planes de desarrollo donde un contexto integral de bienestar es el que logra incrementar la calidad de vida de los habitantes. Conclusiones: la felicidad revelada por los individuos es de tipo subjetivo, por lo tanto, puede estar influida por aspectos coyunturales al momento de la encuesta.

Introducción: el uso de la teledermatología como herramienta diagnóstica está introduciéndose en la práctica diaria del dermatólogo. Múltiples factores explican el gran potencial que la teledermatología tiene en un país como el nuestro. Al momento, existen pocos estudios publicados acerca del tema y ninguno de ellos describe la aplicación y el impacto que generan los programas de teledermatología en nuestro medio. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional-retrospectivo, realizado en el programa de Teledermatología de la Universidad de Caldas entre 2002 y 2012. Se describieron las características sociodemográficas, la frecuencia de enfermedades, la concordancia entre los diagnósticos emitidos por el médico general y el dermatólogo, la capacidad resolutiva, los motivos de derivación a la consulta presencial y los problemas para emitir un diagnóstico. Resultados: se analizaron 4333 teleconsultas y 4713 diagnósticos. Los grupos de enfermedades más frecuentes en la teleconsulta fueron las enfermedades inflamatorias (49%), seguidos por las neoplasias benignas (19%). La concordancia diagnóstica fue del 52,4%. La capacidad resolutiva fue del 68,5%. El motivo de derivación más frecuente fue la confirmación diagnóstica. El 2,2% de los casos presentó dificultades en la teleconsulta. El principal motivo fueron los problemas con las imágenes fotográficas. Conclusión: las características sociodemográficas y las enfermedades consultadas presentan una distribución similar a la de otros estudios. La capacidad resolutiva es alta y evita más de la mitad de las derivaciones a la consulta presencial. En pocos casos se tuvieron inconvenientes para realizar la teleconsulta. El grado de concordancia con el diagnóstico del médico general es adecuado.

Laura M Torrado-García, Ruth A Martínez-Vega, Bladimiro Rincon-Orozco Microbiology School, Universidad Industrial De Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, ColombiaCorrespondence: Bladimiro Rincon-Orozco Email blrincon@uis.edu.coIntroduction: Human papillomavirus molecular detection prevents cervical cancer (CC). To widen its use, cervical-vaginal self-collection devices are proposed. Our aim was to determine the acceptability of self-sampled cervical-vaginal protocol and the reproducibility of results using HPV detection brushes in a low-income Colombian population between 35 and 65 years old.Methods: Cross-sectional study including women classified as medium to high-risk for developing CC by using a short-standardized survey. After receiving instructions, women self-collected a cervical-vaginal sample. Subsequently, a perception survey was conducted.Results: Four hundred and twenty-three women performed self-collected sampling. The median age was 46.5 years (IQR 40– 52), 56.5% were housewives, and 55.1% had finished elementary school. About 99% of the population (n=419) considered that they understood the instructions, 19.4% (n=82) reported having concerns about the self-collected sample, 9.2% (n=39) distrusted the results because of the self-collection, 7.3% (n=31) felt uncomfortable with the procedure, and 9.7% (n=41) reported some pain. The majority would recommend the procedure to others (99%), 88.5% of the sampled population preferred the self-collected method, 4% preferred conventional cytology, and 7.3% were not sure. The reasons behind favoring the self-collected procedure included privacy (n= 149, 40.1%), comfort (n=110, 29.7%), easiness (n=52, 14%), reliability (n=46, 12.4%), and less painful (n=110, 29.7%). The percentage of HPV detection agreement between the self-collected and the healthcare professional-collected procedures was 98.99% (Cohen’s Kappa=0.9774).Conclusion: Women living in low-income households in Bucaramanga, Colombia preferred the self-sampling procedure because it was easy to use, convenient, and private, resulting in 98% acceptability, and positioning it as an excellent tool for CC prevention.Keywords: cervical smear, uterine cervical neoplasms, female, self-collected HPV

Objective It is proposed to carry out a process of translation and adaptation of the “Questionnaire for Research on Keratoconus Results” (KORQ) into Spanish and its validation in a Spanish-speaking population, such as Colombia. This is intended to provide a tool for measuring and monitoring the commitment to quality of life of patients with this corneal ectasia. Material and methods A prospective analytical study was carried out, in which 200 subjects diagnosed with keratoconus completed a translated version of the KORQ questionnaire. The internal validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach’s Alpha, while its construction was evaluated by an Exploratory Factor Analysis, including a Parallel Horn Analysis for the selection of the number of underlying factors. Subsequently, 50 patients were re-selected to complete the questionnaire one week later. The repeatability of the questionnaire was measured by the Spearman test. Results The KORQ questionnaire in its Spanish version showed some internal validity in both sections. Both sections of the questionnaire showed an essentially unidimensional behaviour. The test-retest repeatability of the test was excellent (Spearman rho > 0.95). Conclusions The translated version of the KORQ is valid in Colombian population.

espanolEn este articulo se presenta el proceso de estimacion de dimensiones antropometricas de las manos, para el diseno de guantes cosidos en cuero. Debido a que en los estudios antropometricos de la poblacion colombiana, no existe informacion detallada sobre las manos, fue necesario emplear el metodo de relaciones de escala (RE) para estimar 22 dimensiones antropometricas. Posteriormente, se realizo una medicion antropometrica en una muestra de 41 participantes (44% mujeres – 56% hombres), para comparar la similitud entre las dimensiones medidas y las estimadas, encontrando coeficientes de correlacion entre 0.9396 y 0.9995 para los hombres, y entre 0.9587 y 0.9988 para las mujeres. Se encontro que las dimensiones estimadas cuentan con la precision necesaria para emplear esta informacion en el diseno de productos en los que exista un contacto directo con el ser humano, obteniendose con menor costo y de forma mas rapida, que con un estudio convencional EnglishThis paper shows the estimation process of the hand’s anthropometric dimensions, for designing leather sewn gloves. Since there is not detailed information about hands in the anthropometric studies of the Colombian population, it was necessary here to use the ratio scaling method (RS) to estimate, 22 anthropometric dimensions. Subsequently, an anthropometric measurement was performed in a sample of 41 participants (18 female – 23 male), in order to compare the similarity between the measured and the estimated dimensions founding a correlation coefficient between 0.9396 and 0.9995, for male, and between 0.9587 and 0.9988, for female. It was found that the estimated dimensions have the required precision to use this information in the products design that involve a direct contact with human beings, which means that the measures can be obtained with a lower cost and in a faster way than with conventional anthropometric studies

Objectives: In this study we sought to determine: (1) adherence to each one of the dietary patterns (DPs) identified in Colombia by the National Nutrition Surveys (ENSIN) in 2010 and 2015; (2) trends in adherence to these patterns between 2010 and 2015; and (3) differences in adherence between the 2 surveys according to some of the biological and socioeconomic variables. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with secondary analysis of data from the ENSIN-2010 and ENSIN-2015 surveys that enrolled 37,667 persons. Diet was assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Based on a factor analysis, 3 dietary patterns were identified: traditional/starch pattern (TSP), fruit-vegetable/dairy pattern (FVDP), and snack pattern (SP). We used multiple linear regression to estimate adjusted differences in adherence to patterns between ENSIN-2010 and ENSIN-2015. Results: For both years, adults had the lowest adherence to the 3 DPs. Between 2010 and 2015, the TSP pattern decreased for children, the FVDP remained the same for all age groups, and SP decreased for all age groups. Conclusion: These findings can aid in designing, monitoring, and evaluating food education intervention strategies with a differential approach and an emphasis on the traditional Colombian dietary pattern, according to the life cycle stage.

espanolEl sedentarismo es un factor de riesgo cardiovascular de gran importancia, por lo que conociendo el nivel de consumo de oxigeno maximo (VO2max), se pueden realizar mejoras en los niveles de actividad fisica y del ejercicio. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la relacion que existe entre la ergoespirometria y Queen’s College Step Test en hombres sanos y fisicamente activos de los programas deportivos de una universidad de Bogota – Colombia, debido a que el Queen’s College Step Test no ha sido validado en poblacion colombiana.Los participantes fueron 52 hombres (Rango edad 17-35 anos) a quienes se les realizaron cada una de las pruebas; se analizaron los resultados aplicando el coeficiente de correlacion de Spearman, el cual fue debil con un r=0.312; generando una correlacion poco significativa y una recomendacion desfavorable en esta poblacion. EnglishA sedentary lifestyle is a major cardiovascular risk factor, so knowing the level of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max); you can make improvements in physical activity levels and exercise. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between ergospirometry and Queen’s College Step Test in healthy and physically active men of the sports programs of a university in Bogota - Colombia, because the Queen’s College Step Test has not been validated in Colombian population. Participants were 52 men (range, age 17-35 years) who underwent each of the tests; the results were analyzed by applying the Pearson correlation coefficient, which was low with r = 0.278; generating a little significant correlation and an unfavorable recommendation in this population.

Background and objective The minimal erythema dose (MED), an essential measurement in studies of skin photosensitivity, requires establishing MED values for specific populations, given genetic variation. Different ways to assess erythema are also relevant. We aimed to determine MED values in a sample of Colombian patients and correlations between MED and Fitzpatrick skin type. We also studied concordance correlation between MEDs and two alternative ways to assess erythema. Patients and methods Cross-sectional study of 113 individuals in Bogota, Colombia. We used a solar simulator to measure UV-A radiation and combined UV-A and UV-B (UVA + UVB) radiation, for MED calculation. Narrowband UV-B (NBUVB) radiation was measured in a phototherapy cabin. Erythema was assessed visually and with a Mexameter MX 18 device. Results The median MEDs of UVA + UVB radiation were 22 mJ/cm2 for Fitzpatrick skin types I and II, and 33 and 43 mJ/cm2, respectively, for skin types III and IV. The MEDs of UV-A radiation were 22, 42, 86, and 100 J/cm2 for skin types I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The MEDs of NBUVB radiation were 390, 550, 770, and 885 mJ/cm2 for the 4 skin types. The correlation between MEDs and skin types ranged from 0.5 to 0.69. Lin's concordance correlation coefficients between visual and Mexameter assessments of erythema were greater than 0.8 in all cases. Conclusion This study allowed us to understand MED values for UV-A, UVA + UVB, and NBUVB according to different skin types in the Colombian population. Concordance correlation coefficients between the different methods of erythema assessment were very good. Correlations between MEDs and skin types were moderate to good.

Introduction Suicidal ideation and attempts are strongly predictive of suicide deaths. Furthermore, suicide attempts exert a financial burden of millions of dollars on society. Objective To establish the factors associated with more than one suicide attempt in the Colombian population that was reported in 2016. Methods A cross-sectional study of 18,763 reports entered in the database of the National Public Health Surveillance of the National Institute of Health of Colombia during 2016 was performed. Results 11,738 (62.6%) of the total number of reports were female, the mean age was 25.0 (95% C I, 24.9–25.2) years, 46% of all cases were individuals between 10- and 20-years-old; 5734 (30.6%) reported 2 or more suicide attempts and the prevalence of a mental disorder and persistent suicidal ideation were 48.5% and 16.4%, respectively. The factor most strongly associated with more than one suicide attempt, after adjusting for logistic regression, was persistent suicide ideation with crude OR = 5.5 (95% CI, 5.0–5.9), and ORa = 4.0 (95% CI, 3.6–4.3). Conclusions Patients with persistent suicidal ideation were 4 times more likely to have 2 or more suicide attempts. Other factors such as the use of a sharp weapon as a mechanism to perform the attempt and the history of bipolar affective disorder and/or depression were also associated with more than one suicide attempt.

Background Maternal malnutrition and infant feeding mode impact short and long term infant and child morbidity and mortality. The period of lactation may provide an opportunity to modulate the risk of disease later in life. Our aim was to estimate the effect of maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant feeding mode, particularly breastfeeding practices, on the anthropometric status of children under 2 years in Colombia. Methods A secondary analysis was performed using the data from ENSIN 2010. Term infants under 2y, singleton, with a mother older than 18y, were included in the analysis. Outcomes were wasting (WLZ +2SD) and stunting (LAZ Results Mothers of overweight infants had higher BMI (Mean dif = 1.47 kg/m2; 95% CI = 2.1, 0.8) than those with normal weight infants. Stunting and wasting were not predicted by maternal anthropometry or infant feeding mode. Fewer maternal years of education were associated with wasting (OR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.86, 0.97; p = 0.003) and stunting (OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.89, 0.94; p p = 0.001); higher birth weight was associated with overweight (OR = 1.001; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.001; p p Conclusions Maternal BMI is a modifiable target for public health policy to promote healthy infant growth. Infant nutritional status is affected by direct and indirect factors that need to be addressed in further studies.

Tradicionalmente la papa ha sido y será uno de los alimentos predilectos por la población colombiana, no solo destaca lo importante del clima frío, por la altura y cercanía a los páramos, sino que el sector agrícola no puede pasar desapercibido por el resto de la cadena de producción. Además, los saberes empíricos y tradicionales, así como, las herramientas modernas que se utilizan hoy en día sobre los cultivos afectan a la comunidad, ya sea de manera directa en la rentabilidad del mismo o sobre los ingresos al municipio o los miles de familias que dependen del tubérculo. Así como, Las dinámicas y procesos que se desarrollan en los cultivos de papa en las veredas Chegua, Charquira y Sucre del municipio Carmen de Carupa, Cundinamarca sobre la adaptación y transferencia de la tecnología. Esta investigación posee un análisis sobre la relación campesino-gobierno y agricultorGobierno, se enmarca en la posibilidad de entender el trabajo de los que cultivan papa, logrando una visión aproximada a las formas básicas de uso e interacción con la tierra y la tecnología. La metodología utilizada fue la observación, pero las precisiones vienen caracterizadas por la demografía y estudio de la población que se dedica a cultivar papa, se expondrá de manera que la relación espacio-actor se relaciones con la eficiencia y eficacia de las políticas, programas y talleres para ejecutar una óptima transferencia y adaptación a nuevas mecánicas agrícolas o agroindustriales, la investigación tuvo un tiempo de realización de meses. Traditionally the potato has been and will be one of the favorite foods of the Colombian population, not only highlights the importance of cold weather, for the height and proximity to the moors, but the agricultural sector can’t go unnoticed by the rest of the production chain. In addition, empirical and traditional knowledge, as well as modern tools used today on the crops affect the community, either directly on the profitability of it or on the income to the municipality or the thousands of families who depend on the tuber. As well as, the dynamics and processes that are developed in the potato crops in the villages Chegua, Charquira and 6 Sucre of the municipality Carmen de Carupa, Cundinamarca on the adaptation and transference to the technology. This research has an analysis on the peasant-government and farmer-government relationship, and is framed in the possibility of understanding the work of those who grow potatoes, achieving an approximate vision of the basic forms of use and interaction with land and technology. The methodology used was the observation, but the details are characterized by the demography and study of the population that is dedicated to growing potatoes, will be exposed so that the space-actor relationship is related to the efficiency and effectiveness of policies, programs and workshops to implement an optimal transfer and adaptation to new agricultural or agro-industrial mechanics, research had a time of 14 months Sociólogo Pregrado

(1) Background: The need to offer brief scales with items that can be answered with few response options is increasingly important in order to be able to access a broad range of the population. The three-item version of Diener’s Satisfaction with Life Scale has recently been proposed. The objective of this study is to study the psychometric properties of the three-item version of this Scale with five response options, as well as the measurement invariance by gender, in a Colombian sample; (2) Methods: A confirmatory factor model of the three items of the scale together with the Flourishing Scale has been tested, and the measurement invariance by gender of the model has been studied. The results offer a very satisfactory fit of the model, showing good evidence of construct and criterion validity, good indicators of reliability and measurement invariance by gender; (4) Conclusions: The three-item version of the Life Satisfaction Scale, previously adapted to the Colombian population with five response options, is presented as a valid and reliable measurement tool. In future studies, it would be convenient to study the test–retest reliability, as well as its psychometric properties in different samples and at a cross-cultural level.

Inherited bleeding disorders (IBDs) are the most frequent congenital diseases in the Colombian population, three of them are hemophilia A (HA), hemophilia B (HB), and von Willebrand Disease (VWD). Currently, diagnosis relies on multiple clinical laboratory assays to assign a phenotype. Due to the lack of accessibility to these tests, patients can receive an incomplete diagnosis. In these cases, genetic studies reinforce the clinical diagnosis. The present study characterized the molecular genetic basis of 11 HA, three HB, and five VWD patients by sequencing the F8, F9, or the VWF gene. Twelve variations were found in HA patients, four in HB patients, and 19 in WVD patients. From these variations a total of 25 novel variations were found. Disease-causing variations were used as positive controls for validation of the high-resolution melting (HRM) variant-scanning technique. This approach is a low-cost genetic diagnostic method proposed to be incorporated in developing countries. For the data analysis, we developed an accessible open-source code in Python that improves HRM data analysis with better sensitivity of 95% and without bias when using different HRM equipment and software. Analysis of amplicons with a length greater than 300 bp can be performed by implementing an analysis by denaturation domains.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in late 2019, has become a global public health problem, resulting in large numbers of infections and deaths. One of the greatest challenges in dealing with the disease is to identify those people who are most at risk of becoming infected, seriously ill and dying from the virus so that they can be isolated in a targeted manner to reduce mortality rates. This article proposes using machine learning, specifically neural networks, and random forests, to build two complementary models that identify the probability that a person has of dying because of COVID-19. The models are trained with the demographic information and medical history of two population groups: 43,000 people who died from COVID-19 in Colombia during 2020, and a random sample of 43,000 people who became ill with COVID-19 during the same period but later recovered. After training the neural network classification model, evaluation metrics were applied that yielded an 88% accuracy value. However, transparency is a major requirement for the explicability of the COVID-19 prognosis. Therefore, a complementary random forest model was trained that identified the most significant predictors of mortality by COVID-19.

Digital, Background: As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, the fear of infection increases and, with it, the stigmadiscrimination, which makes it an additional problem of the epidemic. However, studies about stigma associated with coronavirus are scarce worldwide. Aims: To determine the association between stigmatisation and fear of COVID-19 in the general population of Colombia. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 1,687 adults between 18 and 76 years old (M=36.3; SD=12.5), 41.1% health workers, filled out an online questionnaire on Stigma-Discrimination and the COVID-5 Fear Scale, adapted by the research team. Results: The proportion of high fear of COVID-19 was 34.1%; When comparing the affirmative answers to the questionnaire on stigma-discrimination towards COVID-19, it was found that the difference was significantly higher in the general population compared to health workers in most of the questions evaluated, which indicates a high level of stigmatisation in that group. An association between high fear of COVID-19 and stigma was evidenced in 63.6% of the questions in the questionnaire. Conclusion: Stigma-discrimination towards COVID-19 is frequent in the Colombian population and is associated with high levels of fear towards said disease, mainly people who are not health workers., Ciencias médicas y de la Salud

Background: Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a hereditary condition that affects the structure of tooth enamel and causes sensitivity, predisposition to cavities, and psychological problems. In Colombia, its frequency, magnitude, distribution, and behavior are unknown, so it is necessary to carry out prevalence studies to implement preventive actions. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of AI in patients who have attended the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana clinics in Bogotá. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional observational study was carried out, whose sample included 1,394 medical records of patients who attended between January 2015 and December 2017. Results: The prevalence of AI was 0.6 %, corresponding to 8 people affected, 4 men and 4 women between the ages of 9 and 10 years. The most frequent phenotype was hypoplastic in 7 patients (87.5 %) and one person had a hypocalcified phenotype (12.5 %). Taurodontism was the most frequent anomaly in the 8 patients (100 %). Seven of the eight patients (87.5 %) had a family history of AI. All the individuals had a lower-middle socioeconomic level and came from urban areas. Conclusions: This study is the first approximation to determine the prevalence of AI in a group of the Colombian population. Although the prevalence was low, it is comparable with the findings of other studies.

espanolLos celos, la desesperanza y la ideacion suicida son emociones que disminuyen la calidad de vida de quienes los padecen y a quienes afectan. En el imaginario social, prevalece la idea de que tales problemas se exacerban en las parejas constituidas por personas con orientacion sexual diversa, razon por la cual se analizo la relacion entre estas variables, en un grupo constituido por heterosexuales (79 %) y no heterosexuales (21 %). La muestra fue intencional, los participantes fueron 288 colombianos, mayores de 18 anos. La estrategia metodologica utilizada fue predictiva transversal. Los instrumentos empleados fueron el CECLA que evalua clases de celos en poblacion colombiana y el Inventario de Desesperanza e Ideacion Suicida (IDIS). Respecto a la relacion entre la orientacion sexual y la ideacion suicida, los resultados mostraron diferencias entre los heterosexuales y los otros dos grupos (homosexuales y bisexuales) F = 10.49, p EnglishJealousy, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation are emotions that diminish the quality of life of those who suffer and are affected from them. As in the social imaginary prevails the idea that such problems are exacerbated in couples consisting of people with diverse sexual orientation, the relationship between these variables in a group composed of heterosexuals (79%) and non-heterosexuals (21%) was analyzed. The sample was composed of 288 Colombian participants over 18 years old. The methodological strategy used was transversal predictive. The instruments used were the CECLA, that evaluates jealousy classes in the Colombian population, and the hopelessness and suicide ideation inventory (IDIS). Regarding the relationship between sexual orientation and suicidal ideation, the results showed differences between heterosexuals and the other two groups (homosexual and bisexual) F = 10.49, p

Resumen Introduccion El trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB) es el trastorno mental reportado con mayor comorbilidad con el trastorno de abuso de sustancias (TAUS). Especificamente se han encontrado trastornos asociados con el consumo de alcohol (TACDA) en mas de la mitad de los pacientes con TAB. Material y metodos Se realizo un analisis secundario en una muestra poblacional de adultos en Colombia, con el objetivo de identificar la presencia de comorbilidad y los factores relacionados con el uso de alcohol en personas con TAB. El diagnostico de TAB de los participantes se realizo a traves del Entrevista Diagnostica Internacional Compuesta (CIDI-CAPI) y el patron de consumo de alcohol en el ultimo ano se determino con la escala AUDIT C . Resultados Se encontro que todos los pacientes con diagnostico de TAB tenian algun patron desadaptativo de consumo de alcohol. Entre las mujeres con TAB de esta muestra, se encontro un mayor riesgo de consumo de tipo dependencia, tambien mayor riesgo de consumo de nicotina y marihuana; entre quienes viven en centros urbanos, una mayor frecuencia de ideas suicidas y menor riesgo entre aquellos en una relacion de pareja estable. Discusion Se identificaron factores asociados novedosos respecto a publicaciones previas y otros ya descritos en estudios similares. Conclusiones Estos hallazgos indican la necesidad de evaluar, en el abordaje de los pacientes con TAB, el tipo de consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias, dada su relevancia en el manejo y el pronostico de esta poblacion.

The ER89 (Block & Kremen, 1996) is a self-report scale measuring ego-resiliency in community contexts. The present study examined the psychometric properties of a brief version of the ER 89 (ER89-R: Alessandri, Vecchio, Steca, Caprara, & Caprara, 2007) in a Colombian high-vulnerable population. Participants were 947 young and adults (427 males, 520 females), ranging in age from 16 to 66 years (M = 32.4, SD = 11.6), living in fourteen town halls and beneficiaries of four programs for individuals in situations of extreme poverty or victims of violence. CFA supported the presence of the ER second-order factor and two first-order factors, named Optimal regulation (OR) and Openness to life experiences (OL). In addition, results showed full configural invariance of the scales across three age groups (16-25 years, 26-40 years and over 40 years) and partial strict invariance by gender. The construct validity of the ER89-R was further examined by zero-order correlations and multiple regression analyses: significant and positive association of ER, OR and OL with some relevant indicators of adjustment (self-esteem, optimism, and coping strategies) were found. Important implications for intervention programs aimed at people in disadvantaged contexts are discussed.

Objective: Drug therapeutic failures (TFs) are included in pharmacovigilance reporting, as some authors consider them a type of adverse drug reaction. Given their high frequency in Colombia, we studied their importance as a cause of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Clinical records of patients who arrived at the emergency service of a third-care level university hospital were reviewed. Information was collected by a resident in clinical toxicology, and each case was validated and analyzed by a research team using the algorithm proposed by Vaca Gonzalez and Schumock and Thornton criteria for preventability to evaluate the existence of possible medication errors. Findings: In total, 697 clinical records were evaluated and 18 patients presented TFs (2.6%, 95% confidence interval 1.5%–4.1%) as the cause of admission to the ICU. The most frequent TFs were seizures (56%) and hypertension (28%). The most commonly associated medications were valproic acid (28%) and losartan (28%). Ten cases (56%) were associated with drug misuse and the same number of cases was preventable, according to Schumock and Thornton criteria. Conclusion: This is the first study assessing TFs as a cause of admission to the ICU in the Colombian population. The frequency of TFs in our study was similar to that described in the literature; being the most common cause the inappropriate drug use, particularly for drugs with complex kinetics, such as antiepileptic drugs.

RESUMEN: La arteria estriada medial distal hace parte de la circulación encefálica, nace de la arteria cerebral anterior generalmente a nivel de la arteria comunicante anterior, aunque según distintos estudios su origen varía, siendo así difícil de determinar con exactitud. Su importancia clínica radica en la prevalencia de aneurismas encontrados en esta arteria, que posteriormente podrían causar complicaciones debido a la región que irrigan, siendo estas las secuelas somático-vitales y neuropsicológicas, además de su inadecuado abordaje quirúrgico sin prever las alteraciones que puedan ser ocasionados; a causa de lo anterior es de vital importancia que los profesionales de la salud tengan previo conocimiento de la anatomía y la prevalencia de esta arteria en la población. Se realizó un estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo en donde se analizó la arteria estriada medial distal en 70 encéfalos, piezas de los anfiteatros de Medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A. (Bogotá), la Universidad Científica del Sur UCSUR (Lima); fijados en formol al 10 %, se realizaron mediciones morfométricas mediante calibrador digital y se tomó el registro fotográfico con una cámara Canon. Posteriormente se ejecutó el análisis estadístico mediante el programa IBM SPSS Stadistics 24. Se encontró una prevalencia del 88,6 % de al menos una arteria estriada medial distal en población colombiana y un 97,1 % de la población peruana. Se identificó un diámetro externo promedio de 0,64 mm en población colombiana y de 0,68 mm en población peruana. Se observó una longitud promedio de 2,5 cm en ambas poblaciones. Se evidenció el mayor lugar de origen en la porción A2 de la ACA con un 37,1 % de población colombiana y un 51,4 % de población peruana. Se debe conocer adecuadamente la anatomía y las correspondientes variaciones anatómicas de esta arteria para así poder realizar un adecuado abordaje neurológico y neuroquirúrgico.

Los recientes estudios en priming perceptivo se han centrado en identificar las diferencias entre población con y sin Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) confirmando la hipótesis que el TEPT representa un trastorno de la memoria. En este trabajo, se pretende abordar el priming en personas que han estado expuestas a diversas experiencias traumáticas relacionadas con el desplazamiento forzado. Para ello, se diseñaron tres categorías de palabras “trauma” (i.e., de amenaza, emocional y judicial) y una categoría de palabras “neutra”, las cuales compartían su raíz de tres letras. Participaron 44 colombianos refugiados y solicitantes de asilo que residen en Ecuador con presencia o ausencia de TEPT. Los resultados confirman que las personas con TEPT presentan mayor priming perceptivo en las categorías de amenaza y emociones y los solicitantes de asilo en la categoría judicial. Se discuten las implicaciones para los estudios que abordan el impacto de violencia política, In line with the hypothesis that PTSD is a memory disorder, re-cent studies on perceptual priming have focused on identifying the differ-ences between population with and without Post-Traumatic Stress Disor-der (PTSD). This study addresses priming in people who have been ex-posed to traumatic experiences of forced displacement. To that end, three categories of the word “trauma” (i.e., of threat, emotional and judicial) and a category of “neutral” words, which shared their three-letter root were chosen. The participants were 44 Colombian refugees and asylum seekers living in Ecuador with or without PTSD. The results of our study point that people with PTSD have higher perceptual priming in the threat and emotional categories, and asylum seekers show higher priming in the judi-cial category. The implications for studies that address the impact of polit-ical violence are discussed, This research was supported by the Ibero-American University Graduate Association (AUIP) and the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge of the Junta de Andalucía, as sponsors of the AUIP postdoctoral mobility program awarded to Carlos Reyes-Valenzuela.

espanolEn este documento se analizan los de esfuerzos realizado al femur humano, por medio de una simulacion de elementos finitos en Solidworks; para realizar el diseno del femur en este estudio se utilizaron las medidas promedio de la poblacion de malasia que es similar a las medidas de la poblacion promedio Colombiana (Tabla 1) y para las pruebas se simulo en el programa un material con las mismas caracteristicas mecanicas del hueso cortical humano, permitiendo una visualizacion mas aproximada de esfuerzos y deformaciones a los que se ve expuesto el femur en estado habitual y asi identificar las zonas criticas en las cuales la probabilidad de fractura o desgaste es mayor, los resultados de este analisis no aplican para mujeres en estado de embarazo ni personas con enfermedades osteo-artriticas, este analisis es importante para identificar cuales son las zonas que pueden presentar mayor desgaste teniendo en cuenta que los huesos pierden su propiedad de auto- recuperacion con el paso de los anos aumentando la probabilidad de presentar fractura, teniendo clara esta informacion se puede hacer mayor profundizacion en estudios de protesis y tratamientos medicos enfocados al femur. En este analisis se puede identificar como el femur masculino tiene mayor resistencia a la tension y a la deformacion que el femur femenino y como la cabeza femoral es la zona mas critica del femur tanto femenino como masculino. EnglishThis document analyzes the efforts made to the human femur through a simulation of finite elements in Solidworks, in order to carry out the design of the femur in this study, the average height of the population of Malaysia were used, which is similar to that of the average Colombian population (Table 1.) and for the tests, a material with the same mechanical characteristics was simulated in the program of the human cortical bone, permitting a more approximate visualization of stresses and deformations to which the femur is exposed in the usual state and thus, identify the critical areas in which the probability of fracture or wear is greater, the results of this analysis do not apply For women in a state of pregnancy or people with osteoarthritic diseases. This analysis is important to identify which are the areas that present greater deterioration, considering that the bones lose their property of self-recovery over the years increasing the probability of presenting a fracture, having this information clear the prosthetic studies and medical treatments focused on the femur can be deepened. In this analysis, it can be identified that the male femur has greater resistance to tension and deformation than the female femur and how the femoral head is the most critical area of both the female and male femur.