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The investments, for any country, represent the important source of economic growth. Investments are made in all fields of activity, in all branches of the national economy, but also in the development of the housing stock, i.e. in construction. From this point of view, in this article, the authors aim to highlight how the realization of net investments and constructions in Romania evolved at the end of 2023. In this sense, the (provisional) data recorded at the end of last year will be compared, compared with the quarterly evolution in the year 2023, the achievements of 2023 compared to 2022 and even other previous years. From this point of view, recent data were used, published by the National Institute of Statistics through press releases no. 56 and 57 of March 12, 2024. The analysis carried out starts from the concrete data recorded, with two directions. On the one hand, the evolution of activity in these two sectors of activity, that of total investments in the national economy and that of investments in housing construction. In the analysis carried out, it was aimed that the data be successively compared by quarter, in order to determine the trend of these total investments in the national economy. It is very important to emphasize that investments play an important role in ensuring macro-stability and registering an upward course. The establishment of investments made in several fields of activity, such as in new constructions, machinery including means of transport, other expenses that were made within the national economy, was considered. Regarding the results recorded by Romania in the field of housing construction, we performed an analysis based on comparative data, between the year 2023 and the year 2022, between the 4th quarter of 2023 and the 4th quarter of 2022, as well as the trend of the evolution of these investments in new housing constructions. In carrying out the study, we used a series of statistical-econometric methods, among which we mention the structure indicators, the data being suggestively presented through tables and graphic representations. This article is meant to highlight that progress has been made in the area of net investment compared to 2022 and previous years. It should be noted that these past three years, 2021 - 2023, were years in which overlapping crises had an effect (pandemic crisis, economic-financial crisis, energy and food crisis), all taking place simultaneously, with effects from the most harmful for the evolution of the national economy in all fields of activity, as well as for the maintenance of macrostability. There is an improvement in net investments in all fields of activity, as a result of own sources, community sources, foreign direct investments. In terms of the new housing stock made through investment, it has decreased as the prices of raw materials and labor have increased due to high inflation, as well as the increase in the price of new housing, which is becoming increasingly difficult to afford to those interested in purchasing their own home. This is actually a paradox, in the sense that the need for housing is still high enough, but the possibility of procurement is decreasing more and more. Another aspect we mentioned in this article is that in the field of construction, Romania faces a labor shortage. This is because salaries and some facilities granted until now have decreased and the labor force from abroad, especially from Asian countries, has decreased and will continue to decrease as a result of Romania’s status as a Schengen member in the air environment. In this article, we have used graphical, tabular and other statistical representations to clearly highlight the developments that have taken place in these areas of activity.

In advanced economies there is a tendency to move to digitization and cashless financialeconomic activities. In this sense, the number of cryptocurrencies that contributed more to this trend increased. In this article the authors aim to highlight the functions of money in the modern economy taking into account these trends and developments. In this sense, Bitcoin and other digital currencies can cause a change in the functions of money. In the article we sought to demonstrate the extent to which digital currencies can be considered money, using a complex methodology, logical and interpretive analyses, starting from the comparative study of the situation of coins and the existing situation in the monetary mass of the money that exists in circulation.

In this paper we tried to outline the definitional framework of FDI, starting from the definition and way of achieving FDI, until the presentation of some concise notions from the specialized literature with the aim of establishing what are the determinants of FDI and what are the positive and negative effects on which they generate in the host economies. We paid attention to the game framework in which FDI manifests itself and carried out a critical analysis on the attractiveness of the legislative framework in Romania for foreign investors. The analysis goes beyond national borders and extends to Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary, as we consider that the states in the region, members of the EU and with a similar transition history, represent formidable rivals for Romania in the race to attract FDI.

In this article, the authors sought to determine what the future of money will be compared to the money supply currently in circulation, but also to the digital system that will be introduced in the economy. The preference for money, especially for fiat money, starting in 2000 and accentuated from 2002, reaching by the end of 2021 a market capitalization of cryptocurrencies that is, from known data, 1.4 trillion euros. Total market capitalization slowed in the latter peak of 2018, with activity outstripping the euro position in the traditional foreign exchange market. Volatility is an important driver of price. Given the absence of a sovereign guarantee, the bank is willing to engage in more speculative activity. This implies that the introduction of backup generation would reduce volatility. Furthermore, a regulatory system aimed at protecting the currency and preventing speculative attacks would increase the reliability and efficiency of this alternative money. Given the cross-border nature and use of cryptocurrency, the regulatory architecture would require international coordination, both in terms of compliance and oversight duties as advocated by the International Monetary Fund. In international specialized studies, a number of benefits that Block-chain technology brings are considered. Most prominent is its decentralized nature which makes it less prone to corruption and more sustainable. Another important benefit is that Block-chain transactions are less expensive and faster than those normally transacted in fiat currencies (current currencies). There are recent developments in Block-chain that indicate that it can play a very important role in future payment systems. One of the last major benefits of blockchain is that payments are validated. Bitcoin and other digital currencies may change the function of money, however. From a macroeconomic point of view cryptocurrencies represent a risk for monetary and financial stability. From a microeconomic perspective, they involve a risk for investors who could risk all their money, namely, due to extremely fast exchanges from day to day, digital instruments devalue or become less valuable. Stablecoins can be seen as an intermediate solution between privately issued cryptocurrencies and central bank digital currency. Given the volatility of cryptocurrencies, as well as the rest of CPTC, stablecoins have come to the fore as a potential third title that aspires to bring stability to the volatile cryptocurrency market. Money plays a fundamental role in the money supply. Before discussing the evolution of money and the role of digitization of cash and cryptocurrencies, we must first go back to the basics and define money in terms of its role and functions in an economy. The very large literature offers a number of aspects but nevertheless there is common ground that economic schools would agree on and that is the function of money in modern economies. In this sense, it is understood that money can change its form and transactional nature without fundamentally changing its function or role in the economy. There is broad agreement that the functions of money can be divided into three layers, primary, secondary and tertiary, where each layer reflects the descending degree of direct functionality, but also the increasing degree of generality and transactionality of the role it plays. Primary functions refer to them as a medium of exchange and measure of value. Secondary functions reflect their role in the standard store of value for payments. The tertiary layer reflects its contingent functions such as credit base, liquidity of national wealth, distribution of income and measure or maximization of utility. The most common function attributed to money is that of money as a medium of exchange because it facilitates the trading of goods and services between various people. Based on the study of a wide bibliography, the authors concluded that money also serves as a common measure of value. The values of various commodities are expressed in terms of money. This is, as a number of economists call it, the accepted and standardized universe. Keynesian economists have established that the function of money as a store of value is one of the most important. In this sense, money becomes an asset and thus currency, or cash, becomes the most liquid form of asset, i.e. money can be very cheap and immediately exchanged for goods and services, and their value is established at least for at least a short period of time. The money can be viewed and considered, by standardization, a deferred payment. This is the basis of credit trading. Money is the basis of the distribution of production in consumption among the various factors, but primarily the basis of the distribution of production for investment and consumption. The role of money does not seem to be changed with the introduction of virtual money, it still performs the same fundamental functions and remains closely linked to the market for goods and services. The forces that determine the equilibrium level of money and employment continue if the bringing together of these forces in a single or virtual market does not fundamentally alter their functions. Macroeconomic aggregates in the euro area play an essential role. Since 1970, these aggregates have also referred to nominal money in the usual way, but also to the possibility of narrowing the sphere of liquid money, simultaneously with the appearance of other forms of money. According to the official statistics of the Central European Bank, monetary aggregates are M1, i.e. the sum of currencies in circulation plus demand deposits; M2, which is equal to M1 plus term deposits with a maturity of up to 2 years, plus repayable deposits of up to 3 years; and M3, which is equal to M2 plus repurchase agreements, plus shares of money market funds, plus debt securities with maturities of up to 2 years. While the share of M2 in M3 has decreased over time, in parallel the share of M1 has increased since the beginning of 2000, aspects presented graphically for easier understanding. In the study carried out, the authors used a series of existing data at the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, a series of other sources as well as the materials of some specialists in the field, which were mentioned in the Literature Review. The growth rates of the structure of monetary aggregates represent a precise trend of the perpetuation of cryptocurrencies, the emergence of digital currencies and the system of macroeconomic monetary aggregates. Internationally, it can be seen that in 2020-2021 the cryptocurrency market followed the same course as the euro currency. At the same time, as the total market capitalization increases it has slowed down somewhat, and after 2018 the course has resumed further. In the study carried out we used existing data at the European Union, data published by specialists and we used the logic, interpretation, association and interpretation of macroeconomic monetary aggregates, to achieve our proposed objective regarding the future of money and the money supply.

Today, the world economy is facing a series of crises that are constantly acting, producing special negative effects. More recently, the energy crisis has appeared on this general background of crisis that I mentioned but also as a result of reduced resources, control over the exploitation of these resources but especially due to the Russian-Ukrainian war (Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict). In this generally unfavorable context, the world economy is facing major problems. Inflation has reached unsuspected levels, unemployment is rising, the employment rate is declining, incomes are declining, the incomes of the population are falling sharply, causing a general reduction in the standard of living, of the living standard of the population. All these are analysed, constituting the main objective of this article in which we propose to identify the evolution trend of the Romanian economy in the general context, of the European Union and more globally, in the next period. We cannot talk about a forecast that would consist in determining the evolution parameters, so that we can foreshadow, with a high probability, the perspective of the evolution of the Romanian economy in a general, European and world context.

In this article the authors aim to emphasize the effect that improving technology has in ensuring the conditions of economic growth. It is known that in Clark-Douglas’ production function we encounter the three factors, namely capital, labor and resources. Of course, economic growth can be achieved by improving labor productivity, increasing the efficiency of the use of capital and using resource efficiency. However, among all countries that have approximately equal conditions, growth is somewhat differentiated. This is primarily due to the quality of the technology used. In the current conditions, we can no longer talk about the industrial revolution but about the development of industry on a modern basis, as a result of research, innovation and inventions. The version launched by the Solow model expresses views on the role that technology plays in the economic growth of an area of activity, of a country or, if we want to think about the European Union, of this economic community as a whole. Addressing these issues one by one, it follows that indeed the technology, explained in theoretical and even concrete terms, has a particular effect on economic growth. The authors used an appropriate technology, namely the interpretation of the data and indicators that the National Institute of Statistics, Eurostat or the European Union provide. The analysis is also a logical one in the sense that, by the way in which this data is expressed, it is ensured that the possibility of using technology in increasing economic growth is ensured.

In this article the authors aim to highlight the negative effect that the consumer price index, or inflation, has on people’s incomes. In this context, the data provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Eurostat are used to highlight the fact that in 2022, from January until now, inflation has a galloping evolution, causing the reduction of the real incomes available to the population. Regardless of the index used, i.e. the consumer price index (CPI) or the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP), the same thing is obvious. The reduction of economic activities, the impossibility of financing major investments and many others, have led to an alarming rate of inflation. This has a negative impact on the concrete results that the national economy is recording but, ultimately, on the incomes of the population, seriously affecting the standard of living. In the context of the pandemic crisis, correlated with the economic-financial crisis and deepened by and gradually the food crisis, the population feels this difficulty, there being great difficulties, which will spill over and amplify during the winter period. At the same time, the incomes of the population, especially the salary income, are stagnating. The increases are minuscule, and the real wage incomes are reduced from one period of time to the next. The same is true of pensioners, who are most affected by this multiple crisis that the national economy is experiencing. The methodology used is the logical one of comparing and interpreting correlated the evolution of inflation and the average gross and net wage in the economy. Also, the index method as well as the graphical or tabular representations are used, which highlight these aspects.

The socio-economic evolution of all the states of the world is currently influenced by the "concentration" of crises that affect inthe eaging socio-economic situation. Thus, the pandemic crisis triggered the financial and economic crisis, then the energy crisis, the food crisis and, finally, the European security crisis appeared due to the armed conflict (război) Ukraine – the Russian Federation. In this article, the authors aim to highlight how these crises that we have mentioned, concentrated, have an effect that can become disastrous for the entire population of Europe and, why not, more broadly, of mankind. In order to achieve this goal, we used the methodology that is based on statistical indicators (dynamics indicators, structural indicators, indicators of macroeconomic evolution as well as of the standard of living), logical analysis, the use of statistical-econometric models that highlight how the socio-economic life is influenced by these crises that we have to bear. To highlight the fact that if, based on forecasts, these crises with an effect on the economy continue, some countries, if not the entire economy, may enter into recession. In presenting these aspects, based on the mentioned methodology, we also used graphical representations, synthetic tables, all obtained from the data vases of the National Institute of Statistics, Eurostat, the OECD or other sources, such as the European Union or international statistical bodies.

Primary energy sources are realized through Romania's internal production as well as through imports. The current evolution of the world economy, European and, of course, in Romania, has determinedthe es of the heating of energy prices. In this context, the authors aim to analyse, on the basis of data provided by the National Institute of Statistics, Eurostat and the European Union, the price situation on the oil, natural gas and other renewable sources that exist, such as hydroelectric, wind, solar, nuclear and imported electricity. In the current context, the complex crisis that the economy of the world's states is going through (the health crisis, the economic and financial crisis, the crisis of energy sources, the food crisis, the crisis determined by the unclear state of world security) determines a much more careful thinking. The crises that I have mentioned have imposed restrictive measures on the part of countries with resources in the fields of oil, natural gas, coal, which affect in the short, medium and long term the economic development of all the countries of the world. Using these data with care, using the statistical indicators that characterize these developments (indicators of primary energy resources, indicators of the dynamics of primary energy resources capitalization, structure of primary energy resources, etc.), together with logical analysis, the authors try to highlight the current state in the field of primary energy resources and to suggest possibilities of evolution in the next period. This situation is completed with some analyses that the authors have carried out using some statistical-econometric models that give numerical content to the analysis to which we have referred.

The capital market is a reality today. The capital market has an important role to play in regularizing the surplus revenues available to the economic society. In this context, a number of portfolios may be placed on the capital market by investors, individuals or legal entities. The placement must take into account a number of aspects such as: the defined and reasoned market portfolio, the market and the factors acting on the market at a given time, the measurement of the performance of the placement of the portfolios on the capital market. In this article, the authors have studied and analyzed the methods of investigation that investors in the capital market must carry out before carrying out this operation. Asset portfolios are, in theory, within the reach of anyone, but a profitable investment must be based on a study that is well-developed enough to be able to capitalize on market developments influenced by a number of factors and subject to market risk in a future period. One by one, these aspects were analyzed, presented in the form of theories, statistical-econometric relations of calculation and graphical representations, which express more efficiently the way in which the portfolio in question is a real bearer of a performance and will result with a level of profitability thought by the investor. As a methodology, we used first of all a series of statistical quantities that characterize the evolution of the capital market, indicators that refer to the profitability (return) of asset portfolios, adequate graphical representations as well as comparative, structural analysis, leading to the proposed return (expected) by the asset portfolio investor.

An open-ended mutual fund is an institution designed to provide both diversification and professional management at a relatively low cost. The directors consider issuing new shares or withdrawing old shares at any time, depending on the evolution of the capital market. In this context, in the article we started from identifying the possibilities to consider mutual portfolios as diversified ones, being included, as a rule, over 100 different titles. This is due more to the size of the fund than to the desire to minimize risk. In these circumstances, given that most funds diversify extensively, volatility should provide a good arrangement for variability to ensure a fairly high return on capital market placement. The purpose of this article was to clarify the issues related to these mutual funds, so that the analysis focuses on determining what is the prospect of achieving a reasonable return from the point of view of the holder of the invested portfolios. The methodology used was, by taking brief but important examples, what the situations are and how the mutual portfolios placed on the market behave. We used the graphical representations, but also a method of analysis by using the Dow-Jones portfolio, consisting of 23 funds with low rates. We also used the logical method of interpreting and comparing the results obtained in different circumstances, indicating through some models what should be the analytical capacity of investors of asset portfolios on the capital market.

The evolution of the Romanian economy in the current situation is particularly difficult. The effects of the health and financial-economic crisis are reflected in the normal activity in the national economic branches. The measures taken by the authorities to control and control the effects of infection of the population have, in turn, some negative effects on the concrete results that are achieved in the economy. Thus, tourism and HoReCa have been virtually inactivated, which has an immediate effect on economic growth. In industry, construction and other branches of the national economy, some restrictions have also been imposed which have had the effect of reducing the production of goods and services. All together it creates a difficulty in maintaining macrostability. Romania’s national economy has declined in the last quarter. If this decrease is maintained in the first quarter of 2022, according to the economic criteria for assessing the economic cycle, it turns out that the country is entering a recession. March inflation is already forecast to reach 10%. In these conditions, in this article we set out to analyse the evolution of the Gross Domestic Product, with the main objective of highlighting the fact that in the current price crisis, the international crisis (Ukraine-Russia armed conflict) and the effects of the crisis economic and financial issues may cause the countries, but we are referring to Romania, to continue to decrease in the next quarter. In this article we used the data published by the National Institute of Statistics, Eurostat, we applied some data processing using statistical-econometric methods, we performed comparability studies in time and space, precisely in order to accurately highlight the economic situation and the trend of the evolution of the economy in the next period. A series of graphs, a series of data and tables were used that convincingly highlight the evolution of the Gross Domestic Product, i.e. the evolution of economic growth.

The financial-monetary analysis of a country's economy, of a company's economy must be based on a series of indicators that are suggestive and comprehensive in terms of the content of that analysis. Cash issuance and money supply are aggregates determined by the level targeted by a central bank based on the balance sheet. In this article, one by one, we investigated these aspects, aiming to make, as far as possible, a brief analysis of the elements that must be taken into account in conducting a financial-monetary analysis. From this point of view, we presented the balance sheet of the central bank, we expressed the aggregate balance sheet of commercial banks in close agreement with the banks and we also insisted on the multiple linear regression model used in economic analysis, very useful in financialmonetary analysis. The main purpose was to make some clarifications in relation to the models that can be used, by adaptation, in the financial-economic analysis. Methodologically, we provided, through the study of the profile literature, the possibilities to conclude and establish some models so that an adequate financial-monetary analysis can be realized and finalized. We used the logical analysis, interpreted the existing indicators on the market and identified some achievements in the scientific field at the international level in connection with the macro-prudential activity at the macroeconomic level and, even more, at the global level. We have connected this analysis with the pandemic situation we are currently going through.

ct The placing of the portfolios on the capital market is an interesting operation, but also complicated. The investor wants to ensure that the placement of his assets on the capital market at a certain time must result in a return, if possible, as high as possible. In this sense, the problem of analyzing and tracking the moments in which this placement is made is particularly important. The investor’s decisions are important, not only for them, but also for how they can influence and determine certain market developments. Internationally, the capital markets are somewhat interdependent as there are no total restrictions on placing asset portfolios on any capital market. In this article, we aimed to highlight the way in which it is necessary to achieve an efficient management in the dynamics of placing portfolios on the capital market. From this point of view, we used a methodology through which we first set out the opinions of some great specialists domestically and internationally, in connection with this problem of dynamic portfolio management. We used data series, logical interpretations, specific indicators to extract a certain essence in terms of dynamic portfolio management. The dynamic portfolio is a permanent concern of mutual fund managers, to materialize the strategy of obtaining short-term satisfactory earnings, on the one hand, and to achieve a strategy that produces high long-term returns

The current period, subject to the pandemic and economic and financial crisis, requires an increased focus on price analysis, in both ways, the calculation of inflation based on the consumer price index, but also the calculation of the harmonized index of consumer prices. The latter is an indicator of inflation used by the Member States of the European Union. The economic and financial crisis is hitting hard in the economy of all countries. Therefore, in some circumstances the error is made to express an insufficiently analysed correlation, of the correlation between the increase of inflation on the one hand and the increase of the Gross Domestic Product on the other hand. In terms of current prices, this indicator is based on reality, but from the point of view of the real indicator, Deflated Gross Domestic Product, the situation is not exactly like that. Therefore, in this article we have sought, based on the data we have, to identify and suggest elements that are important in terms of price developments in the national economy of Romania. As a methodology, we focused, using the data provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Eurostat, to use this data to calculate a series of indicators and parameters, which suggest the trend of inflation and, consequently, the effect that this inflation will have an impact on economic growth. We also used a number of elements of inductive and deductive analysis to highlight those elements that make sense in this approach that we have taken in order to determine the influence that the loss of control of consumer prices is an element particularly serious in terms of economic growth.

The analysis based on data recorded on May 31, 2021 shows that both imports and exports increased compared to previous periods, only that the balance deficit remained quite high, becoming higher by over 1.477 billion euros. In May alone, we have a deficit of 1.2778 billion euros. From this point of view, imports create some difficulties on the domestic market, both due to putting Romanian producers in delicate situations, but especially from the point of view of the circulation of European Union products which are certainly competitive (qualitatively and price) compared to Romanian production. In fact, the National Recovery and Resilience Program had to provide several aspects that would contribute to the allocation of resources in this European Union program aimed at agriculture and the agri-food industry in Romania. However, the situation is becoming more and more delicate and we find that Romanian producers cannot sell on the domestic market, but to discuss the situation of exporting. Analysed through the prism of intra and extra-community trade, we find that both Romanian imports and exports are mostly located on imported products, which are even more expensive and harder to procure by Romanian citizens. The article is based on a study that uses the statistical methodology of comparability, data based on the index method, dynamic series and highlights, based on certain indicators, how Romania's international trade in goods and services has evolved in the first five months of 2021. The view on this period is not encouraging, in the sense that although imports and exports will increase, the share of imports in absolute terms will be higher and there is no possibility to curb this prospect. The main objective of this article is to highlight the fact that the activity of international trade in goods and services continues to bring losses in the realization of the Gross Domestic Product quarterly and total, annually.

The risks appear, they can be known, measures can be taken to reduce the influence, the effects but they cannot be completely eradicated. Therefore, in the article we proposed a study as complex as possible to identify those statistical-econometric methods that underlie the study and analysis of risks. After all, in the article we talk about a diversification scheme of the activity precisely so that its effect is to reduce the risks. The statistical-econometric methods used are part of the methodology we used in this analysis, along with other statistical methods, such as grouping, data processing and interpretation, index method, analysis of the evolution of risk dynamics, effects produced in previous periods but also the causes that determine the occurrence of risks and which, if not met with precise measures, can lead to an increase in the losses suffered by the national economy. A correct statement is that all agents are concerned with identifying risks using a study either empirically, based on data, graphical representations, data series, or by using some statistical-econometric methods and models that result in the calculation of parameters in on the basis of which the possible losses can be extended so that measures can be taken throughout the course of the economic phenomenon. Also as a method we used stochastic analysis in risk analysis, precisely so that, on a statisticalmathematical basis, we can identify these risks, quantify their evolutionary perspectives and, finally, be able to take some measures to limit those risks

The prices being studied on the market must be tested in such a way as to identify the risks that exist, to identify the influencing factors and according to them to be able to assess whether the diversification of some prices on the market is real or is a momentary situation. The expected return of macro factors is not restricted by the null hypothesis and in this respect it is shown that this null hypothesis indicates to the investor the conditions to be taken into account in analysing the prices at which they place portfolios on the stock market, capital market or not. The factors can be grouped and they must be tested from a statistical point of view, to see if the parameters we have calculated can be a decision criterion in making the decision to place by purchase, to place by sale or to buy shares or other assets constituted in other types of portfolios. The models usually used are regression models that ensure the estimation and inference on the market, so to draw a definite conclusion on how it can be appreciated that prices are realistic, are those that have the level pursued by the investor in the sense of increase or decrease. Always, an analysis using the regression model is supplemented with a spectral analysis model to find the seasonal variation that could occur in the capital market. The purpose of this article is to test prices influenced by several factors and to identify a rate and a time when these prices are not fully risky.

During this period, the macroeconomic activity, in all the fields with differentiated degree of influence, is in the process of trying to resettle the economic activity in conditions of pandemic and financial-economic crisis. In the main branches of the industry the activity is not at the level of the capacity of the Romanian national economy, context in which there are reductions of production in the case of industry to internal and external orders, and in the case of agriculture In this context, analysing the situation of salaries, economic activity, the evolution of the number of employees, there are slight improvements without the security of operation at the maximum level of macroeconomic capacity. The analysis suggests that there are still difficulties in stimulating the workforce by increasing gross and net wages, trying to avoid unreported work (gray market) or concluding important contracts, especially for export production. The data are important in that they will suggest the trend of evolution of the national economy. Table series structured data are presented, as well as graphs that suggest the perspective of Romania’s macroeconomic evolution.

In 2021, the issue of supporting the Member States for the European Union to ensure the transition to a normal economy as soon as possible, deeply affected by the health and economic and financial crisis. However, it is necessary to launch major objectives at Community level that give consistency to economic recovery. The approach in this article is also in this context. The Member States of the European Union aim individually and at the same time in a complex way to achieve superior results, in order to ensure sustainable economic growth, which would be the main factor in improving living conditions. In this sense, that of the economic growth of the European Union and of all the Member States, it is important to initiate economic objectives with the participation of as many Member States as possible. At the same time, the individual development of each stratum is important so as to ensure harmonized growth in order to pursue the second objective, which is to bring the level of economic growth closer to all Member States. Member States’ individual investments, as well as those harmonized in the context of economic objectives, are the steps by which this challenge could be achieved, could be met. There are enough contradictions in the European Union, in the sense that some states that have entered the last tranche or the last stage in the European Union, have yet to set a series of individual objectives to ensure the elimination of dysfunctions and consequently, creating a harmonization of economic developments. The question is whether the European Union is an appropriate framework, so that actors and partners can look with confidence and confidence to achieve major goals. The example of Brexit is one that brings a new possibility of insecurity, in the sense that the United Kingdom leaves a gap in terms of individual participation in the Community budget. Under these conditions, it is likely that the annual and multiannual budget will be slightly smaller and the lack of Great Britain in the entourage of the Member States will be able to be covered only by a sustained activity on multiple levels by the Community countries. There are a number of objectives in the European Union’s strategy that must be pursued in full accordance with the national strategies of the Member States. Only a harmonized policy can ensure a development closer to the aspirations and wishes of the Member States. The European Union is also manifested in a series of contradictions that exist between some Member States, which arise between what each Member State pursues and the global policy promoted by the European Union. In this regard, in this article we will seek to identify those points that may be positive aspects of harmonization of efforts or that are discordant and should be eliminated in order to reach a possibility of correlating the intentions and measures taken, so that it can be achieve some of the challenges facing the European Union. It should also be noted that between the United States and the European Union in economic, trade, tourism there are some different positions that can have an effect on the development of the European Union and its Member States within it.

This study aimed to analyse how the pandemic and economic and financial crisis influenced the concrete results, an aspect materialized by the level of Gross Domestic Product, given that it depends on net exports. Databases of the National Institute of Statistics and a series of statistical-econometric methods and models were used that highlight the correlated evolution of the Gross Domestic Product and international trade. The methods used and the results obtained are presented in the specific points of the article. In this sense, we make only a few clarifications to reveal the importance of the study. International trade represents for each state, an opportunity to capitalize on the surplus results obtained domestically in terms of production of goods and services to export, but also to supplement the resources and conditions to carry out the activity harmoniously domestic production of goods and services, this being done through imports. Obviously, international trade (import-export) activity has an effect on the final results that each country achieves. Thus, the indicator called net exports results from the difference between exports and imports, which may have a negative or positive value, i.e. be deficient or in surplus. In the case of Romania, this value is negative from one period of time to another, due primarily to the fact that it imports more than it exports. As a consequence, the contribution of international trade to the realization of the Gross Domestic Product is negative, i.e. it leads to a reduction of the concrete results obtained in a period of time, usually one year. Of course imports that are much higher, for example in September there was a deficit of 1,541,000,000 euros requires a reduction in the concrete results obtained by Romania. Under the impact of the pandemic crisis, exports fell more sharply than imports and therefore led to an increase in the deficit, and therefore the macroeconomic results. This is because a series of productive activities have diminished, others have been closed and as such domestic production, in excess of Romania's domestic needs, has diminished from one period of time to another

The main objective of this study is to highlight the way in which the earnings evolved in 2020 in the conditions of the current health and financial-economic crisis. We used databases of the National Institute of Statistics and we used the appropriate statistical-econometric methods. Thus, the dynamic indices and series method was used and a regression model was constructed, based on which future evolutions were estimated. The results obtained reveal the prospect of reducing the total income and especially wages of the population, which causes deterioration in living standards. Below are some significant aspects in this area. Romania's economic and financial situation had an upward evolution until December 2019, even March 2020, after which, as a result of the effects of the pandemic crisis, and in the field of earnings on the economy, the negative aspects appeared. On the whole national economy, it is found that the number of employees is reduced by the suspension of contracts or by the entry into technical unemployment of a significant number of people. Romania is still at the bottom of the ranking of European Union member states in terms of minimum wage income and even average, gross and net wage income. In the future, the trend is for these revenues to decrease and especially to appear impossible to increase them due to the lower activity of companies in the business environment and the poor collection that is being achieved at the moment.

The Member States of the European Union aim individually and at the same time in a complex way to achieve superior results, in order to ensure sustainable economic growth, which would be the main factor in improving living conditions. In this sense, that of the economic growth of the European Union and of all the Member States, it is important to initiate economic objectives with the participation of as many Member States as possible. At the same time, the individual development of each stratum is important so as to ensure harmonized growth in order to pursue the second objective, which is to bring the level of economic growth closer to all Member States. Member States’ individual investments, as well as those harmonized in the context of economic objectives, are the steps by which this challenge could be achieved, could be met. There are enough contradictions in the European Union, in the sense that some states that have entered the last tranche or the last stage in the European Union, have yet to set a series of individual objectives to ensure the elimination of dysfunctions and consequently, creating a harmonization of economic developments. The question is whether the European Union is an appropriate framework, so that actors and partners can look with confidence and confidence to achieve major goals. The example of Brexit is one that brings a new possibility of insecurity, in the sense that the United Kingdom leaves a gap in terms of individual participation in the Community budget. Under these conditions, it is likely that the annual and multiannual budget will be slightly smaller and the lack of Great Britain in the entourage of the Member States will be able to be covered only by a sustained activity on multiple levels by the Community countries. We have in mind the destructive effects that the economy of the member states will have, globally and individually, in the conditions of triggering and propagating the pandemic and economicfinancial crisis. There are a number of objectives in the European Union’s strategy that must be pursued in full accordance with the national strategies of the Member States. Only a harmonized policy can ensure a development closer to the aspirations and wishes of the Member States. The European Union is also manifested in a series of contradictions that exist between some Member States, which arise between what each Member State pursues and the global policy promoted by the European Union. In this regard, in this article we will seek to identify those points that may be positive aspects of harmonization of efforts or that are discordant and should be eliminated in order to reach a possibility of correlating the intentions and measures taken, so that it can be achieve some of the challenges facing the European Union. It should also be noted that between the United States and the European Union in economic, trade, tourism there are some different positions that can have an effect on the development of the European Union and its Member States within it.

The natural movement of the population refers in principle to births, deaths, divorces and marriages. The reduction in the number of births or the maintenance at a lower level was carried out under the rule of the pandemic crisis, when the couples were reserved in trying to have an increased number of offspring. In the same vein, the reduction in the number of births is due to the fact that the birth rate is influenced by human fertility, a context in which it has been declining and probably under the effect of the health and economic and financial crisis, which has been associated and continues at a fast pace, will impose such a situation. Mortality was also maintained in reasonable terms despite the fact that there were a number of effects of the pandemic crisis, the total number decreased. A structure of deaths by age groups shows that the most affected were those in the groups over 60-70 and even 80 years.

The authors, based on the study, wanted to highlight the evolution of tourism in our country. The data used in the calculation are for the first semester of 2020, as well as from June 2020. The data are interpreted in the dynamic evolution from one month to another, but also, by comparative study, with the same period from 2019 or June of the previous year. Due to the economic and financial crisis, based on the study, based on data published by the National Institute of Statistics and Eurostat regarding Romania, there is clearly an enormous loss in tourism in our country, in the HoReCa system, as well as in other fields. activity, as a result of the effects of the health crisis (COVID 19), which has recently been correlated with the effects of the economic and financial crisis. Based on the study, using statistical indicators specific to the tourism activity, it was revealed that in all these statistical quantities there are particularly large decreases. If until now tourism contributes, however with a not very large size, to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product, it is obvious that in 2020, the share that tourism will have in the formation of the result indicator Gross Domestic Product will be even lower. From the study carried out, certain conclusions can be drawn on how to act in order to successfully recover the tourism activity as a whole.

In this article, the authors aimed to establish the concrete econometric ways in which market risk can be determined and based on the calculated parameters can be estimated. This study starts from the concrete situation of the occurrence of market risk which is obvious in the conditions in which they appear disturbed from one period of time to another. Through the data available to them, the authors identified and highlighted the advantages of the quantification method, in fact the only method to establish in concrete terms a system of equations on the basis of which to obtain the parameters, which can then be used in estimating market developments in the context of risk. The article comprises a series of calculation relations, some data being introduced in these relations and established, then in equations to underlie the calculations performed. The article has a more theoretical character because it starts from the specialized literature and ensures the implementation of a generally valid method of quantification.

Gross Domestic Product is the most complex indicator of the results of a country’s economy. The Gross Domestic Product expresses the concrete results obtained in the national economy and depending on its evolution, there are also possibilities for increasing consumption, domestic investment and last but not least the possibility of diversification of the national economy. The analysis of the evolution of the Gross Domestic Product was performed starting from the resources and uses that this indicator had in achieving these results. At the same time, the analysis is performed based on the raw data series, but also on the seasonally adjusted data series. In order to highlight the evolution of the Gross Domestic Product, analyzes were performed for periods of time starting with the year 2000, in order to capture the effects of the economicfinancial crisis, but then also for shorter periods of time, 2017-2019 or 2018-2020. All this was done in order to highlight the evolution over time, but also to shed light on the danger that exists in terms of the negative effect of the health crisis, coronavirus, which will certainly have negative effects. Probably if in the second quarter of 2020 we have a decrease in Gross Domestic Product of 12.3%, compared to the first quarter of 2020, it is not excluded that during the third and fourth semesters of 2020 we will also record non-compliant, inconclusive results, which may result in a double-digit reduction in Gross Domestic Product at the end of the year compared to the previous year 2019. The analysis aimed precisely at highlighting these trends and the way in which the structural analysis on different groups of factors (resources, uses and other macroeconomic indicators, inflation, unemployment, foreign direct investment, domestic investment, etc.), have on the national economy. All should have a beginning to restructure strategies to halt the macroeconomic decline and bring it into a position of stabilization and then resumption of growth.

The credit institutions shall apply the measurement approach to a lesser extent to determine capital adequacy. The Basel Accords pay attention to this very aspect of capital sizing in order to be able to finance economic activities, but especially to reduce the effect of the risks caused by capital inadequacy. This study can be performed using statistical-econometric models, based on which to estimate the establishment of the necessary capital. If capital is not adequate (brought to the size of market demand), a number of risks arise that disrupt credit-based financing. Although many credit institutions have chosen the simplest method for determining the capital requirement for operational risk, efforts must be made to use the “standard approach”, thus ensuring the premises for the transition to the “advanced approach”, considered the effective form of operational risk monitoring.

The theory of optimal contracts refers to the market state, in which the bidders, the participants in the execution of transactions, have a certain number of certain information higher or lower. Normally, anyone who concludes a contract, regardless of its nature and we refer to the business environment, seeks to place himself on an optimal solution, i.e. one that according to the Latin principle “aurea mediocritas” gives him a chance to average, but protects him the realization of a contract subject to many risks. Normally, the conclusion of any contract is based on an interest, which starting from the principle of the free market, based on the ratio between supply and demand, may end up in the situation of concluding one or another of the contracts. In the literature the problem of optimal contracts is not so new, only that there is less information and materials published by specialists on this topic. In principle, in the capital market, those operating in the capital market must consider the possibility of concluding a contract on optimal terms. Nowadays, when we are in the Big Data era, in which databases are enormous, it is essential that companies or agencies that mediate business know very clearly the information that underlies the transaction to be concluded. As always, there is a clear enough difference between the level of information held by one or another of the customers. In this article we started the theoretical problem in very synthetic terms, because it is known and we tried to substantiate a model that could be the basis for renting optimal contracts. It should be noted that it started from the utility function, in the sense of von Neumann-Morgenstern, as well as the Lagrange function and last but not least from the Kuhn-Tucker multiplier, often used in microeconomic analyzes based on consistent models. In this article we started from the estimation of the multiplier between two equations to obtain an optimal result. The optimal contract for an agent, best placed, is a solution given by a system of two equations that lead to Pareto optimality, or if you will to Pareto efficiency. On the other hand, the optimal contract in the situation of asymmetric information for the interested agent is the optimal Pareto or Pareto-optimal. In this situation, in this article we took a numerical case, from whose analysis it is clear how the study should be based in the perspective of substantiating the decisions to conclude an optimal contract. Finally, the mathematical model is concretely formulated, imposing some participation restrictions or compatibility restrictions that must always be taken into account by the one who enters the market and wants to conclude an optimal contract. It follows that the model can be simplified, in order to remove some restrictions or to establish that some of them can be satisfied by using the Kuhn-Tucker multiplier. Thus, if a second agent or another market participant signs the contract, he assumes some risks. There are a lot of solutions in the market study, however, and then it must be borne in mind that these contracts are satisfactory if we take into account the conditions of the mathematical model we talked about. In this article we started from the theoretical elements, analyzing them in the mathematicaleconomic sense, in order to reach the relationship that the conditions for concluding an optimal contract imply.

Gross Domestic Product is the most complex indicator of the results of a country. According to the methodology of the national accounts system, it is calculated quarterly and annually. The quarterly calculation of the Gross Domestic Product plays an important role both in establishing the situation at one time of the national economy's outcome, but also in obtaining accurate information about how the national economy has evolved and how it will evolve in the future. The analysis of the Quarterly Gross Domestic Product in 2019 showed an increase compared to the same quarter of the previous year 2018, as compared to the previous quarter. It has been found that overall in the third quarter the activity is a bit slower, i.e. the results are weaker, this probably taking into account the seasonal character of some activities marked during the summer holidays and many others. The analysis of the evolution of the Quarterly Gross Domestic Product was made on the basis of raw data series, but also on the basis of seasonally adjusted data series according to the number of days worked. The results are somewhat close and show an increase of the Gross Domestic Product in the last three years, reaching the end of 2019 to register a provisional increase of the Gross Domestic Product by 4.1%, compared to December or 2018. The analysis also expanded on how resources and uses contributed to the formation and growth of the Gross Domestic Product in each quarter and then annually. Some components of the resources and uses that had a negative effect were highlighted during the analysis, by increasing the price index on the results obtained within the national economy. The analysis reveals a particular model of interpretation and quarterly study, which needs to be carried out in order to identify the stage in which the evolution of the economic activity is and the effect that the measures taken by the authorities in the national development programs have.

In this article, the authors present the results of research undertaken in relation to the situation regarding renewable and non-renewable energy reserves in the European Union, as well as the way in which this energy is consumed. The general view presented regarding energy resources around the world is that oil, natural gas and coal are being exhausted at an alarming rate and if we continue to exploit these oil resources at our current pace, we will see a massive depletion in energy resources over the next 41 years. The authors also focus on representing the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption, demonstrating that it has shown a slight decrease in the European Union. The resources and consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy were analyzed in close interdependence with these indicators under study, such as final energy consumption, renewable energy and total energy production, in order to give a correct interpretation of how these resources are used. At the same time, starting from the fact that the world economy is currently facing a cluster of crises (pandemic, financial-economic, energy, general resources), it was deemed important to highlight the fact that the total production of energy demonstrated an oscillating trend during this period.

The dynamic models used in the micro or macro-economic analyzes appeared as a necessity to correlate the statistical variables divided into the resultant variables and the factorial variables, in order to be able to estimate, by the parameters calculated using statistical-econometric methods and to be able to deduce the correlative influence between those two categories of variables. Macroeconomic models are static or equilibrium, meaning that the static model refers to the data up to the moment, and the equilibrium model is a special case, especially of a dynamic system. The situation of tomorrow is established by investigating how the result variables considered under the influence of factors (statistical variables considered) evolved. Based on the agreed static or dynamic models, the differential equations are established (this starts from the term of the use of derivatives), so as to justify the way in which the relations between the two variables are expressed and their evolution over time. Dynamic models are used at the macroeconomic level to determine the National Income, as the net result indicator that is distributed, redistributed and used to meet the needs of those interested. Dynamic models must be considered as a system in which differential equations refer to two successive periods that can be represented graphically. After all, the dynamic models used in the analyzes must start from the fact that a study was carried out previously based on the statistical data series and then on their graphical representation. A number of elements are considered important in agreeing on dynamic macroeconomic models, such as the evolution of the anticipated price cycle that changes the value, but not the content, most of the times, the structural content of the macroeconomic aggregates.

The currency risk management is a very important aspect, especially in the case of companies that also carry out import-export activities. The currency risk is the one that can bring a series of elements that can be positive in terms of the results of the trading company or negative. Thus, for example, we can discuss the exchange rate on imports, which as it increases determines a price instability on the importer’s market or on export, which as it decreases is favorable for the exporter. In the management of currency risk, volatility, exchange ratio, optimization of the ratio and the specific risks of the commercial bank must be taken into account. The risk management is an issue of utmost importance and it is carried out in several stages, pursuing precise objectives of control and adequacy of currency problems, so as to minimize and eliminate currency risks. This is a problem that is still stressful for Romania, in the context where it is a country that is not part of the Euro-monetary Union and then all intra and extra-EU transactions are made on the basis of the exchange ratio. And the calculation of the macroeconomic indicators of results being performed according to Eurostat requirements and in foreign currency, determines a certain evolution of the most representative indicator of results, namely the gross domestic product. The quantification of currency risk is another matter, which has been emphasized and established which are the issues that commercial banks, economic agents must comply with the regulations and norms of the national bank, the regulator on the banking market.

The education must be considered an important component of any nation. Open and innovative education and training must include the elements of the digital era. Teachers should be a strong supporter in generating training and education. The Bologna program uses transferable credits, which ensure the continuation of education, inventiveness and innovation. In appreciating the quality of primary education, we use the average level of children per teacher. On average, 14 children are recruited in a Member State of the European Union, and in Romania there are about 19 children in a primary school teacher and 17 kindergarten children. The secondary school ensures the continuing education of children, following vocational programs. Tertiary education is carried out by universities or higher education institutions. Expenditure on education must be a priority for each country. Health and education are the two elements of physical and intellectual health of a country’s population. In interpreting this indicator, we take into account the value in absolute figures of GDP, and more realistic, GDP per capita.

Romania has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 2007. Accession has taken place following intense preparation, the documents agreed and signed being an undeniable test. It would have been normal for Romania’s economy to be equally prepared to be able to integrate quickly and to get closer to the required standards. Unfortunately, there are a number of delays, delays or difficulties in completing the full integration / standardization process with the requirements of the European Union. The study, underlying this article, presents, in summary, the state of the Romanian economy, in terms of the strategic objectives, the prospects for realization, the obvious and estimated consequences. It is also interesting to present the current situation and the significant trends of the evolution of the national economy in order to reveal the measures to be implemented in order for Romania to become an equal partner in concrete terms with the possibility to impose some aspects of national interest, such as accessing distributed Community funds. The study takes into account a number of 29 indicators registered by Romania compared to the average of the European Union and other Member States. The main analyzes made are the main priorities that Romania should take into account in the economic and social development. Space is given and a presentation of the need to pay increased attention to economic research as a driver for development.

The evolution of the Romanian population is one that has to attract interest, especially from the point of view of the decrease in the birth rate, which will further determine the reduction from year to year of the population, both resident and domicile in Romania. Against the background of the increase of the death-birth rate, i.e. the ratio of deceased to newborn in favor of the deceased, the age pyramid will be changed in the sense that, at the base, the younger generations will be reduced to the middle and especially towards the peak of the pyramid being net contingents over previous periods. In this context, we can speak with certainty about a phenomenon of aging of the population, i.e., of increasing the number of older people on the background of the decrease of the birth rate. In this article, the authors study the evolution of the population over time, presenting tables and graphs that highlight this aging phenomenon. In summary, we can say that birth rates are decreasing, mortality increases, marriage decreases, divorcement increases, and emigration of a part of the population, especially from younger generations and with more special training. Birthplaces are highlighted, in the context of the couples breaking up or not, in order to have an image that the generation of young children does not have an immediate or long-lasting perspective. There are many births outside marriages, especially in rural areas and less in urban areas. The age at which the marriages are made is advanced, and on this complex background we come to the conclusion of a certain aging process of the Romanian population. At the same time, we also appreciate that the population resident or domiciled in Romania will also gradually decrease. There are predictions that, in 2050, the population of Romania, if this trend of the main demographic indicators is maintained, will reach about 17 million inhabitants.

An important problem for each country is that of providing serious education in the field of education. This does not exclude the provision of health conditions that will lay the foundation of a profound and complex education. In fact, the Latin word Mens sana in sano body is to build the healthy future physically and intellectually. In this article, we intend to analyze the concrete situation, based on the results of the year, we call it educational, 2017-2018, to identify progress, some shortcomings and especially the short, medium and long term perspective of evolution in this domain. Education is the essential element for improving social behavior, understanding the evolution of the population in line with the complex (globalized) evolutionary trends of mankind. The educational process is one that, without much comment and argumentation, means the enrichment of individuals and generations with complex knowledge about universal evolution, evolution in specialized fields, and, last but not least, the perspective of individual evolution. Within this article, the authors proposed that on the basis of the study on the distribution of the school population by region and on the whole of the country, in the legally established, biologically existing, stages of the preparation and evolution of the population in Romania. In the alternative, elements concerning the distribution of the population by region, the educational level achieved, the availability of teaching staff, the results of the complex training program are just a few of the aspects that the authors propose to carry out and, consequently, bending over of these aspects, allowed some opinions and concretised some conclusions on how this process took place in the newly concluded 2017-2018 school/university year. The article is accompanied by a series of graphs and tables, containing clear data which in the context support the conclusions issued by the authors.

The quality of life (welfare) in the economic sense is the value of Gross Domestic Product per capita. The value of deflated Gross Domestic Product is what a nation does in a given timeframe, usually one year. The indicator that best describes the quality of life (welfare) is the Gross Domestic Product per capita, highlighting the concrete result obtained within a national economy, taking into account the two factors that are conducive to economic growth. (Number of employees and labor productivity), but the macroeconomic outcome must ensure an average living standard for the entire population. In this context, the system of national accounts used by the Member States of the European Union and by other states as a form of evidence and macroeconomic analysis contains all the elements necessary for such a study. We find that in the period considered, regardless of the method of calculating GDP, we obtain a precise quantitative quantity that, compared to previous developments, suggests how the quality of life of the population has evolved. In international comparisons, the per capita gross domestic product indicator is used. In analyzing the quality of life, we have to go from the structure of the population (number of employees, other categories expressed by statistical indicators. In statistics, we use the indices of human development, which express some aspects and according to economic growth, express the trend of the quality of life (welfare). A first indicator used is the human development index (HDI) or the human development indicator. This is a representative measure in that it expresses the average achievements of a country in a three-dimensional space, namely the average life expectancy indicator, the education index and the level Of the domestic gross domestic product per capita. These three indicators make sense to the living standard for the considered country. HDI starts from determining one indicator for each of the three dimensions that I mentioned. The indicator is equal to the current value minus the minimum value above the maximum value minus the minimum value where the minimum and maximum values ​​are given by a table set by the authors of this indicator. For example, the minimum life expectancy at birth is 25 years and the maximum is 85. The enrollment rate in the school has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum of 100, and the national per capita product starts from a calculated minimum. Per capita income reflects all other dimensions of human development that have been explicitly introduced in the first two. The calculation relation is: HDI = average life expectancy + school occupancy rate + gross domestic product per capita, reported at 3

The active population is in three hypostases, occupied population, labor, population above the working age limit, i.e. retired people and the unemployed. An important category is pensioners. This is because, even if they receive a contributory pension, they have to get their rights from the national budget, and thus they can also represent a state of financial impossibility to meet. In the analysis of pensioners, the authors use a series of data, graphs, which they compare and conclude that, at least in Romania, there are some difficulties that put pressure on the status of pensioners. In the study, the authors referred to the evolution of the number of retirees that is sufficiently high compared to the active labor force and, if other categories not involved in the workforce are taken into account, there is a greater difficulty for the population are doing their job, and who through the results of their work have to secure funds, all that is needed for an increased number of the population. The study of the social security pension and pensions in general is another element in correlation with the new pension law that must ensure a precise and constant algorithm in this area that appears to be the most important for the third-age population. European Union directives also refer to the fact that the third-generation population has to be further used, especially in areas where it is highly specialized and can deliver tangible results in certain areas of social and economic life. The analysis is carried out monthly, quarterly, and annually, taking into account the fact that the slightly decreasing workforce due to lower population continues reaching the legal age of being able to work and the number of pensioners who are part of the higher contiguous which increase the number of pensioners in Romania. The situation is also specific because the natural movement of the population is also analyzed on a structural fund, discussing the pyramid of the ages, we can discuss about an elderly population in Romania.

The year 2017 ended with positive results in terms of the working age population (15-64 years). Of the total population, a significant number, almost two-thirds, was in this category, occupied by the population, according to the methodology and terminology used by the official statistics. At the same time, the authors conduct a study on how the unemployment rate evolved, so that the two indicators analyzed in correlation highlight the way in which the economic strategy aims at better employment of the population, simultaneously with the reduction of the unemployment rate. The authors pointed out that some measures had a decisive role to play in improving employment. The two indicators which we have mentioned are analyzed and correlated with the existence of vacancies in the economy, resulting in the fact that from time to time the number of vacancies increased. In the study, there is a greater possibility of using existing jobs, but it is concluded and concluded that measures must be taken to increase the number of jobs in the economy to ensure better employment of the population.

In this article, the authors analyse, based on the study, the correlation between research, innovation and development. Research in the field of economics is the aptitude of the Romanian Academy, which, from ancient times until now, has dealt with research under the most diverse forms of the technological level of the country. As far as economic research is concerned, it is very clear that in this field, many personalities have put their mark on the study and research of economic relations, the development of economic models, thinking and dare to publish large-scale works that have found place in libraries and research base of later researchers. The Romanian education is anchored in the study, research and learning that is a continuous process within the Romanian economic system. With regard to the international context, it emerges that Romanian researchers have had and still have an active presence, being members of various R & D institutions, as well as in the current development but especially the perspective of the scientific research in the field economic.

In this article, the authors sought to analyse a longer period, since 1948 (when the process of nationalization of industry, banking, insurance, mining and transportation) took place until today. In this context, the authors try to suggest through the study of the figures, the data and the legislative framework, step by step, how it evolved and why the Romanian industry is currently at the stage it is. There are references to the conditions that led to the process of nationalization of the industry and of other private properties in the national economy, concluding that in 1989 the Romanian economy was fully staged and the industry was developed according to other criteria than the economic efficiency. Thus, one of the criteria was the uniform distribution throughout the country of industrial objectives to ensure the use of labour force.

In this article, the authors focus on the study of health as a fundamental element in having a population and, as a consequence, a work force capable of performing efficient activities. A comparative analysis of the current situation, from this point of view, in the European Union and the Member States, is highlighted, highlighting the shortcomings that occur. This article refers to the cost of maintaining health and the financial potential of each Member State. The focus is on the conditions in hospitals, the coverage of needs through the existing network, the facilities and, last but not least, the quality of the medical staff involved in the health field. From the comparative study undertaken, it follows that Romania still has a lot to do in order to reach a suitable, truly European standard. Measures are needed to determine the medical staff to accept their stay in the country. Data from the Eurostat source is used to highlight the arguments made by the authors.

The issue of employment is a problem in the European Union as in every Member State. Unemployment may rise or fall depending on the economic and social strategy of each country, but also on job qualification and supply. Within the European Union, there is a strategic program that provides for the full reduction of unemployment, massive investment to provide jobs for the absorption of some of the unemployment, and the preparation, diversification and upgrading of the quality of the workforce. The main objective of the European Union is to find a strategy that will lead to the absorption of unemployment in the member countries so that besides economic growth, better living conditions will be ensured for all employees. In this article, the authors have proposed to make a trip, to present the European Union’s strategy with significant data showing the concern of the member countries so that the reduction of unemployment is ensured. The free movement of persons in the European Union is a factor that ensures welfare increases due to wage uniformization. The analysis is also related to unemployment among male and female sexes, showing that it is higher among women. An analysis of the generations of the occupied or unoccupied population in the European Union is another element that is interesting and important and is carefully dealt with by the authors in this article. It is highlighted for each country the unemployment situation, and there is also a preoccupation to make a comparative study that will ultimately ensure the closure of the unemployed population. Free movement of people acts in a twofold sense, namely, countries with less economic potential and investment opportunities to create lesser jobs and countries that have a strong economy, an economy that can offer a significant number of jobs. In the first category of countries we meet with Romania has the advantage of feeling less the effects of the unoccupied population in the sense that they are looking for jobs in other countries. One non-retortionary question would be what would happen to Romania if the population, people working in Spain, Italy and other countries would still remain in Romania. In the other countries, based on the qualification of the unemployed labor force and the jobs offered, a paradox follows: some countries, Spain, Portugal, the UK, even Germany, although they have more than moderate unemployment, accept labor from Eastern European countries. The authors conclude on the prospect of implementing a uniform strategy to ensure that all EU Member States can absorb labor.

This paper treats the dynamics of human resources in the Romanian economy. The author focus on important topics regarding the analysis of human resources. After a general overview on the high level indicators, the study focuses on the education degree of the population, the working time usage, the age distribution, employment in secondary activities, the indicators of inactive population. Also, the discouraged population is studied, on the basis of specific indicators. The regional aspects are treated in the valuation of the active population. The authors make use of suggestive charts and tables to present the result indicators which form the output of their research. The figures and the correlations between them are commented in detail.

In this paper, the authors refer to the unemployment and inflation evolution in Romania. The main topics approached in the paper follow the evolutionary trend of the unemployment, the unemployment structure and evolution in territorial profile. The second part of the paper is an analysis on the inflation phenomenon that affects the economy of Romania, and the authors have chosen to apply an econometric model to describe the influence of the inflation has on the Gross Domestic Product. The relevant datasets are presented in the paper, together with appropriate discussion and analysis based on them.

Vocational education and training is a vital goal in both economic and social contexts. The opportunities that the European Union and its Member States offer to their citizens for living conditions, studies and jobs are major contributions, which together with the understanding and realization of a social culture of every citizen is a priority. Each year, more than one million citizens, of all ages, benefit from vocational education and training in national programs. Cooperation between Member States has taken a momentum in 2010 when programs have been established integrating a range of young people and people of other ages into the path of intellecttual development, education and training in line with the program adopted in 2009 by the European Council and Targeting measures by 2020. There is a set of measures under 4 strategic objecttives that address education and which include long-term learning and mobility. The second is to improve the quality and efficiency of education and training, then to promote social equality, the cohesion and active involvement of citizens in social and economic life, and last but not least, creation and innovation, which must be respected at all levels Training of the population.

Analysis of economic growth operates with a number of aggregate macroeconomic concepts such as population growth, production growth, unemployment, changes in the number of labour, etc., all these being the elements that are used in the analysis of economic development. The authors wanted to present in this article some economic considerations which constitute the base of economic growth forecast. Economic growth can be analysed static, at a certain time, dynamic by comparing the indicators, characterizing economic growth over a period of time but more importantly is forecasting economic growth. In this respect are elucidated the main concepts of the theory of economic growth and summarized the theoretical background on which forecast economic growth can be achieved.

In this article, the authors propose to analyze the European Union’s Strategy for Improving Living Conditions on a total, as well as in each country part of the Community. The European Commission considers the need to ensure respect for fundamental human rights, aiming to implement a program to ensure economic well-being and social cohesion. This article will devote a space of social inclusion that can be expressed by monetary or non-monetary indicators that highlight the danger of poverty risk that is different from one country to another. A number of countries have made significant progress in improving living conditions, with others experiencing even more negative aspects. To highlight these elements, the authors analyzed income levels and their distribution across Member States, ranking hierarchically on the basis of these indicators a number of countries where immediate action is needed to ensure a level playing field. The study highlights the inequality of revenue distribution, suggesting the need for important measures, especially in those countries where there are lagging behind. Concretely, an analysis is made of the existence of adequate incomes as a fundamental requirement for housing in all EU countries. And here are hierarchies that highlight the situation of each state. In the final part, the authors focus on the social protection that needs to be ensured by each country. On this background, an analysis of Romania’s situation was carried out resulting in vigorous measures being taken under the heading of Living Conditions of the Population.

In this article the authors present the main aspects of a country’s macroeconomic system. It shows that it is a complex structured economic sectors (pure sectors). Also it makes reference to the free market, placing the problem of identifying the interaction of market forces. Inside the national economy there is an intermediate consumption that is showing the amount consumed by branch "c" from all other branches. Input fields are used in this respect in order to show that at a macroeconomic level the model is complex, on the basis of the model calculation and analysis of economic is performed. On the basis of coefficients the existence and intensity of links between branches of national economy is determined. It is important to establish the how aggregation of branches is taking place. The number of branches and the concentration degree are subordinate requirements of study links and proportions that are performed in an economic activity. Aggregation of activities in order to establish the branches used for creating input-output tables is made according to several criteria such as: product identification, common destination of the finished product, similarity raw materials consumed or technological processes and likeness of quantitative structure cost price of production. The branches for the balance should be homogeneous and represent a grouping of homogeneous production units.