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Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 71% of deaths worldwide and individual behaviours such as sedentariness play an important role on their development and management. However, the detrimental effect of daily sitting on multiple NCDs has rarely been studied. This study sought (i) to investigate the association between sitting time and main NCDs and multimorbidity in the population of Catalonia and (ii) to explore the effect of physical activity as a modifier of the associations between sitting time and health outcomes. Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2016 National Health Survey of Catalonia were analyzed, and multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for socio-demographics and individual risk factors (tobacco and alcohol consumption, diet, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, body mass index) was used to estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between sitting time and NCDs. Results A total of 3320 people ≥15 years old were included in the study. Sitting more than 5 h/day was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (OR 1.90, 95% CI: 1.21–2.97), respiratory disease (OR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.13–2.30) and multimorbidity (OR 2.80, 95% CI: 1.53–5.15). Sitting more than 3 h/day was also associated with a higher risk of multimorbidity (OR 2.26, 95% CI: 1.23–4.16). Physical activity did not modify the associations between sitting time and any of the outcomes. Conclusions Daily sitting time might be an independent risk factor for some NCDs, such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and multimorbidity, independently of the level risk of physical inactivity.

This investigation has been supported by CIBERDEM (Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad-ISCIII), Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad-ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (research Grants PI18/01165, PI17/02136, PI14/00710, PI14/01104, PI14/00970, PI14/00874, PIE14/00031) and cofunding by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) “A way to build Europe”. LifeScan España (Madrid, Spain) kindly donated the glucometers and test strips for capillary glucose measurements. Cristina Maldonado-Araque is a researcher in the ‘Rio Hortega’ program (CM19/00186) financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Gemma Rojo-Martinez belongs to the Nicolás Monardes research program of the Consejería de Salud (C-0060-2012; Junta de Andalucía, Spain)., García-Escobar E., Valdés S., Soriguer F., Vendrell J., Urrutia-Etxebarria I.M., Maldonado-Araque C., Ortega E., Ocón P., Montanya E., Menéndez E., Lago-Sampedro A., González-Frutos T., Gomis R., Goday A., García-Serrano S., Galán-García J.L., Castell C., Bordiú E., Badía R., Aguilera-Venegas G., Girbés J., Gaztambide S., Delgado E., Chaves F.J., Castaño L., Calle-Pascual A., Rojo-Martínez G., Franch-Nadal J.

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad-Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI11-02755), (PI17-02136), Consejería de Salud y familias (PI-0144-2018), European Regional Development Fund ‘‘A way to build Europe.’’, Maldonado-Araque, C., Valdés, S., Badiá-Guillén, R., Lago-Sampedro, A., Colomo, N., Garcia-Fuentes, E., Gutierrez-Repiso, C., Goday, A., Calle-Pascual, A., Castaño, L., Castell, C., Delgado, E., Menendez, E., Franch-Nadal, J., Gaztambide, S., Girbés, J., Chaves, F.J., Soriguer, F., Rojo-Martínez, G.

Prevention is the key to stopping the ravages of cardiovascular diseases, the main cause of death worldwide. The objective was to analyze the efficacy of tailored recommendations to promote healthy lifestyles. Parallel-arm randomized controlled trial with 1 year follow-up. Individuals aged 35–74 years from Girona (Spain) randomly selected from a population with no cardiovascular diseases at baseline were included. Participants in the intervention group received a brochure with tailored healthy choices according to the individual risk profile and a trained nurse explained all recommendations in detail in a 30 min consultation. One year changes in smoking, Mediterranean diet adherence, physical activity, and weight were analyzed with McNemar, Student’s t, Wilcoxon, and Fisher exact tests according to an intention-to-treat strategy. Of 955 individuals (52.3% women; mean age 50 [±10] years) randomly allocated to the intervention or control group, one participant in each group presented a cardiovascular event and 768 (81%) were reexamined at 1 year follow-up. The prevalence of nonsmokers increased in both the intervention and control groups (78.1%–82.5%, p =

CIBERDEM (Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad-ISCIII), Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad-ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III [PI14/00710, PI14/01104, PI14/00970, PI14/00874, PIE14/00031], Cuesta, M., Fuentes, M., Rubio, M., Bordiu, E., Barabash, A., Garcia De La Torre, N., Rojo-Martinez, G., Valdes, S., Soriguer, F., Vendrell, J.J., Urrutia, I.M., Ortega, E., Montanya, E., Menendez, E., Lago-Sampedro, A., Gomis, R., Goday, A., Castell, C., Badia-Guillen, R., Girbés, J., Gaztambide, S., Franch-Nadal, J., Delgado Álvarez, E., Chaves, F.J., Castano, L., Calle-Pascual, A.L.

Background Promotion of physical activity, healthy eating, adequate sleep, and reduced sedentary behavior in adolescents is a major priority globally given the current increase in population health challenges of noncommunicable diseases and risk factors such as obesity. Adolescents are highly engaged with mobile technology, but the challenge is to engage them with mobile health (mHealth) technology. Recent innovations in mobile technology provide opportunities to promote a healthy lifestyle in adolescents. An increasingly utilized approach to facilitate increased engagement with mHealth technology is to involve potential users in the creation of the technology. Objective This study aimed to describe the process of and findings from co-designing and prototyping components of the PEGASO Fit for Future (F4F) mHealth intervention for adolescents from different cultural backgrounds. Methods A total of 74 adolescents aged 13 to 16 years from Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom participated in the co-design of the PEGASO F4F technology. In 3 iterative cycles over 12 months, participants were involved in the co-design, refinement, and feasibility testing of a system consisting of diverse mobile apps with a variety of functions and facilities to encourage healthy weight–promoting behaviors. In the first iteration, participants attended a single workshop session and were presented with mock-ups or early-version prototypes of different apps for user requirements assessment and review. During the second iteration, prototypes of all apps were tested by participants for 1 week at home or school. In the third iteration, further developed prototypes were tested for 2 weeks. Participants’ user experience feedback and development ideas were collected through focus groups and completion of questionnaires. Results For the PEGASO F4F technology to be motivating and engaging, participants suggested that it should (1) allow personalization of the interface, (2) have age-appropriate and easy-to-understand language (of icons, labels, instructions, and notifications), (3) provide easily accessible tutorials on how to use the app or navigate through a game, (4) present a clear purpose and end goal, (5) have an appealing and self-explanatory reward system, (6) offer variation in gamified activities within apps and the serious game, and (7) allow to seek peer support and connect with peers for competitive activities within the technology. Conclusions Incorporating adolescents’ preferences, the PEGASO F4F technology combines the functions of a self-monitoring, entertainment, advisory, and social support tool. This was the first study demonstrating that it is possible to develop a complex mobile phone-based technological system applying the principles of co-design to mHealth technology with adolescents across 3 countries. The findings from this study informed the development of an mHealth system for healthy weight promotion to be tested in a controlled multinational pilot trial.

Our aim was to determine the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a nation-wide population based cohort from Spain (di@bet.es study). The target was the Spanish population. In total 5072 people older than 18 years,were randomly selected from all over Spain). Socio-demographic and clinical data, survey on habits (physical activity and food consumption) and weight, height, waist, hip and blood pressure were recorder. A fasting blood draw and an oral glucose tolerance test were performed. Determinations of serum glucose were made. In the follow-up the same variables were collected and HbA1c was determined. A total of 2408 subjects participated in the follow-up. In total, 154 people developed diabetes (6.4% cumulative incidence in 7.5 years of follow-up). The incidence of diabetes adjusted for the structure of age and sex of the Spanish population was 11.6 cases/1000 person-years (IC95% = 11.1–12.1). The incidence of known diabetes was 3.7 cases/1000 person-years (IC95% = 2.8–4.6). The main risk factors for developing diabetes were the presence of prediabetes in cross-sectional study, age, male sex, obesity, central obesity, increase in weight, and family history of diabetes. This work provides data about population-based incidence rates of diabetes and associated risk factors in a nation-wide cohort of Spanish population.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos Estudiar la validez de la funcion SCORE original de bajo riesgo sin y con colesterol unido a lipoproteinas de alta densidad y SCORE calibrada en poblacion espanola. Metodos Analisis agrupado con datos individuales de 12 estudios de cohorte de base poblacional. Se incluyo a 30.919 participantes de 40-64 anos sin enfermedades cardiovasculares en el momento del reclutamiento, que se siguieron durante 10 anos para la mortalidad cardiovascular contemplada en el proyecto SCORE. La validez de las funciones se analizo mediante el area bajo la curva ROC (discriminacion) y el test de Hosmer-Lemeshow (calibracion), respectivamente. Resultados Se dispuso de 286.105 personas/ano. La mortalidad a 10 anos por causas cardiovasculares fue del 0,6%. La razon de casos esperados/observados fue de 9,1, 6,5 y 9,1 en varones y de 3,3, 1,3 y 1,9 en mujeres con las funciones SCORE original de bajo riesgo sin y con colesterol unido a lipoproteinas de alta densidad y SCORE calibrada, respectivamente; diferencias estadisticamente significativas con el test de calibracion de Hosmer-Lemeshow entre la mortalidad predicha con SCORE y la observada (p Conclusiones Todas las versiones de las funciones SCORE disponibles en Espana sobreestiman significativamente la mortalidad cardiovascular observada en la poblacion espanola. A pesar de la aceptable capacidad de discriminacion, la prediccion del numero de acontecimientos cardiovasculares mortales (calibracion) fue significativamente imprecisa.

Factors underlying metabolic phenotypes, such as the metabolically healthy but obese phenotype, remain unclear. Differences in metabolic phenotypes-particularly, among individuals with a similar body mass index-could be related to concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). To our knowledge, no studies have analyzed POPs and metabolic phenotypes in normal-weight persons. We investigated the relationships between serum concentrations of POPs and metabolic phenotypes in 860 normal-weight, overweight, and obese participants in the 2002 Catalan Health Interview Survey (Spain). POP concentrations were significantly higher in metabolically unhealthy than in metabolically healthy individuals. In models adjusting for body mass index and other confounders, hexachlorobenzene, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, and polychlorinated biphenyls were associated with the unhealthy metabolic phenotype and metabolic syndrome. Among normal-weight individuals, the adjusted prevalence ratio of having an unhealthy phenotype for the upper category of the sum of orders of the 6 mentioned POPs (all individually associated with metabolic phenotypes) was 4.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.7, 10.0). Among overweight and obese individuals, the corresponding prevalence ratio for the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls was 1.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.0, 1.8). Our results supported the hypothesis that POP concentrations are associated with unhealthy metabolic phenotypes, not only in obese and overweight individuals but also (and probably more strongly) in normal-weight individuals.

Resumen: Objetivo: Actualizar la revision bibliográfica sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones clínicas en obesidad infantil propuestas en una Guía de Práctica Clínica, excluyendo los tratamientos farmacológicos y quirúrgicos y el abordaje de la prevención. Método: Revisión sistemática de las bases de datos electrónicas Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE y SCOPUS replicando la búsqueda de la Guía de Práctica Clínica, desde el año 2010 a 2014. Se tuvieron en cuenta las Guías de Práctica Clínica del National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Se priorizaron las revisiones sistemáticas. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de la calidad de los estudios. Resultados: De 3.703 documentos identificados se incluyeron 48 en la revisión. Los estudios mostraron gran heterogeneidad en cuanto al tipo y duración de la intervención, y a la medida de los resultados. En general, la adherencia a los tratamientos ha sido baja. Las intervenciones multicomponentes que incluyen alimentación, actividad física, sedentarismo y cambios de conducta, que implican a la familia y comienzan en edades precoces, son las más efectivas en la reducción del índice de masa corporal. No existe consenso en los criterios de derivación a la atención especializada. Conclusiones: Se recomienda implementar programas multicomponentes llevados a cabo por profesionales con formación previa, con participación de la familia, y que aborde aspectos conductuales, individuales y sociodemográficos. La falta de adherencia es uno de los motivos de fracaso de las intervenciones. Sería necesario mejorar y homogeneizar los criterios de diagnóstico, las medidas de resultados y los criterios de derivación. Abstract: Objective: To update the literature review on the effectiveness of clinical interventions on childhood obesity, proposed in Clinical Practice Guidelines, excluding prevention and pharmacological and surgical treatments. Method: A systematic review was carried out in electronic databases of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, and SCOPUS, replicating the search for the Clinical Practice Guidelines, from 2009 to 2014. The Clinical Practice Guidelines of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence were taken as a reference. Systematic reviews were given priority, and the quality of the studies was assessed. Results: Out of a total of 3,703 documents initially identified, 48 were finally included. Studies showed great heterogeneity in the type and duration of interventions, and in outcome measures. Adherence to treatment was, in general, low. Multi-component interventions including diet, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and behaviour changes, involving the family, and starting at early ages, were the most effective for reducing body mass index. There is no consensus on criteria for referral to specialised care. Conclusions: It is recommended to implement multi-component programs conducted by professionals with previous training, involving the family, and addressing behavioural, individual and socio-demographic aspects. Lack of adherence is one of the reasons for failure of interventions. Diagnostic and referral criteria, the outcome measures, and the type and duration of interventions need to be improved and standardised.

Objective: To update the literature review on the effectiveness of clinical interventions on childhood obesity, proposed in Clinical Practice Guidelines, excluding prevention and pharmacological and surgical treatments. Method: A systematic review was carried out in electronic databases of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, and SCOPUS, replicating the search for the Clinical Practice Guidelines, from 2009 to 2014. The Clinical Practice Guidelines of National Institutes for Health and Care Excellence were taken as a reference. Systematic reviews were given priority, and the quality of the studies was assessed. Results: Out of a total of 3.703 documents initially identified, 48 were finally included. Studies showed great heterogeneity in the type and duration of interventions, and in outcome measures. Adherence to treatment was, in general, low. Multi-component interventions including diet, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and behaviour changes, involving the family, and starting at early ages, were the most effective for reducing body mass index. There is no consensus on criteria for referral to specialised care. Conclusions: It is recommended to implement multi-component programs conducted by professionals with previous training, involving the family, and addressing behavioural, individual and socio-demographic aspects. Lack of adherence is one of the reasons for failure of interventions. Diagnostic and referral criteria, the outcome measures, and the type and duration of interventions need to be improved and standardised. Resumen: Objetivo: Actualizar la revision bibliográfica sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones clínicas en obesidad infantil propuestas en una Guía de Práctica Clínica, excluyendo los tratamientos farmacológicos y quirúrgicos y el abordaje de la prevención. Método: Revisión sistemática de las bases de datos electrónicas Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE y SCOPUS replicando la búsqueda de la Guía de Práctica Clínica, desde el año 2010 a 2014. Se tuvieron en cuenta las Guías de Práctica Clínica del National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Se priorizaron las revisiones sistemáticas. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de la calidad de los estudios. Resultados: De 3.703 documentos identificados se incluyeron 48 en la revisión. Los estudios mostraron gran heterogeneidad en cuanto al tipo y duración de la intervención, y a la medida de los resultados. En general, la adherencia a los tratamientos ha sido baja. Las intervenciones multicomponentes que incluyen alimentación, actividad física, sedentarismo y cambios de conducta, que implican a la familia y comienzan en edades precoces, son las más efectivas en la reducción del índice de masa corporal. No existe consenso en los criterios de derivación a la atención especializada. Conclusiones: Se recomienda implementar programas multicomponentes llevados a cabo por profesionales con formación previa, con participación de la familia, y que aborde aspectos conductuales, individuales y sociodemográficos. La falta de adherencia es uno de los motivos de fracaso de las intervenciones. Sería necesario mejorar y homogeneizar los criterios de diagnóstico, las medidas de resultados y los criterios de derivación.

Objective To analyze the reference range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in different BMI categories and its impact on the classification of hypothyroidism. Methods The study included 3,928 individuals free of thyroid disease (without previous thyroid disease, no interfering medications, TSH

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the national prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Spain and its association with various clinical, environmental, and demographic variables. Methods: The study included 4554 subjects (42.4% men) with a mean age of 50 years (range 18-93 years), who were participants in a national, cross-sectional, population-based survey conducted in 2009-2010. Data gathered included clinical and demographic characteristics, physical examination, and blood sampling. Thyrotropin, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) concentrations were analyzed by electrochemiluminescence. Urinary iodine (UI) levels were measured in an isolated urine sample. Results: The prevalence of treated hypothyroidism, untreated subclinical hypothyroidism, and untreated clinical hypothyroidism was 4.2% [confidence interval (CI) 3.6-4.9%], 4.6% [CI 4.0-5.2%], and 0.3% [CI 0.1-0.5%], respectively. The prevalence of total hypothyroidism (including all fractions) was 9.1% [CI 8.2-10.0%]. The prevalence of total hyperthyroidism was 0.8% [CI 0.6-1.1]. A total of 7.5% [CI 6.7-8.3%] of the population tested positive for TPOAbs (>= 50 IU/mL). In multivariate logistic regression models, TPOAbs were strongly associated with both hypothyroidism (p < 0.001) and hyperthyroidism (p = 0.005), whereas high UI levels (> 200 mu g/g creatinine) were associated with hypothyroidism (p < 0.001). The positive association between UI and hypothyroidism remained for both treated (p < 0.001) and untreated (p < 0.05) hypothyroidism, whereas it was especially significant for non-autoimmune (TPOAbs negative) forms (p < 0.001). At UI levels >= 200 mu g/g, there was a positive correlation between UI and thyrotropin levels (beta = 0.152, p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between UI and free triiodothyronine levels (beta=-0.134, p = 0.001). Conclusion: According to the data, a large proportion (10%) of the Spanish population has some evidence of thyroid dysfunction. High TPOAb concentrations were associated with both hypo- and hyperthyroidism, whereas high UI concentrations were associated with hypothyroidism.

To assess the long-term effectiveness of a pragmatic public healthcare strategy to prevent type 2 diabetes within primary care setting. In the extended follow-up of the DEPLANCAT project, we explored whether the originally-achieved risk reduction remains after discontinuation of active lifestyle intervention. Middle-aged men (n=184) and women (n=368) with Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC)>14 and/or prediabetes (WHO rules for fasting or 2-h glucose) were allocated not randomly but sequentially to standard care control (CG) or intensive lifestyle intervention (IG) group. After a median of 4.2 y of active intervention, participants who were still free of diabetes were further followed-up without any additional specific intervention for a median of 5.8 y (median total follow-up of 10.01 y) via computerized health-care records or direct personal contact with invitation to 2h-glucose retest. The primary outcome was the development of diabetes. During the active intervention, diabetes was diagnosed in 124 participants (22.5%): 63 (28.8%) in the CG and 61 (18.3%) in the IG. After 10 y, 27 people (4.9%) had died. Among the remaining 401 individuals, 34 diabetes diagnoses were traced using the health-care records. Additionally, among the 191 people (47.6%) who agreed to blood re-test (66 in the CG and 125 in the IG) 16 new cases were found. During the post-intervention follow-up the total number of new cases of diabetes was 16 in the CG and 34 in the IG. The absolute incidences of diabetes during the overall follow-up were 6.1 (95% CI 5.2-6.9) and 5.1 (4.4-5.8) per 100 person-years, respectively (p=0.019 log-rank). The corresponding HR was 0.59 (0.43-0.81) with a relative risk reduction of 16.6%. The NNT to prevent one case of diabetes was 10. Intensive lifestyle intervention in a primary care setting substantially reduces diabetes incidence among high-risk individuals. Risk reduction can persist for at least 10 years. Disclosure F. Barrio: None. B. Costa: None. F. Cos: None. J. Cabre: None. A. Martinez: None. S. Mestre: None. C. Castell: None. J. Lindstrom: None. Funding Institute of Health Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Health and the European Regional Development Fund (PI14/00122, PI14/00124); La Marató de TV3 Foundation (73-201609.10); Spanish Diabetes Society; Department of Health, Generalitat de Catalunya; Pla Estratègic de Recerca i Innovació en Salut (SLT002/16/00045, SLT002/16/00154, SLT002/16/00093)

BACKGROUND Promotion of physical activity, healthy eating, adequate sleep, and reduced sedentary behavior in adolescents is a major priority globally given the current increase in population health challenges of noncommunicable diseases and risk factors such as obesity. Adolescents are highly engaged with mobile technology, but the challenge is to engage them with mobile health (mHealth) technology. Recent innovations in mobile technology provide opportunities to promote a healthy lifestyle in adolescents. An increasingly utilized approach to facilitate increased engagement with mHealth technology is to involve potential users in the creation of the technology. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the process of and findings from co-designing and prototyping components of the PEGASO Fit for Future (F4F) mHealth intervention for adolescents from different cultural backgrounds. METHODS A total of 74 adolescents aged 13 to 16 years from Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom participated in the co-design of the PEGASO F4F technology. In 3 iterative cycles over 12 months, participants were involved in the co-design, refinement, and feasibility testing of a system consisting of diverse mobile apps with a variety of functions and facilities to encourage healthy weight–promoting behaviors. In the first iteration, participants attended a single workshop session and were presented with mock-ups or early-version prototypes of different apps for user requirements assessment and review. During the second iteration, prototypes of all apps were tested by participants for 1 week at home or school. In the third iteration, further developed prototypes were tested for 2 weeks. Participants’ user experience feedback and development ideas were collected through focus groups and completion of questionnaires. RESULTS For the PEGASO F4F technology to be motivating and engaging, participants suggested that it should (1) allow personalization of the interface, (2) have age-appropriate and easy-to-understand language (of icons, labels, instructions, and notifications), (3) provide easily accessible tutorials on how to use the app or navigate through a game, (4) present a clear purpose and end goal, (5) have an appealing and self-explanatory reward system, (6) offer variation in gamified activities within apps and the serious game, and (7) allow to seek peer support and connect with peers for competitive activities within the technology. CONCLUSIONS Incorporating adolescents’ preferences, the PEGASO F4F technology combines the functions of a self-monitoring, entertainment, advisory, and social support tool. This was the first study demonstrating that it is possible to develop a complex mobile phone-based technological system applying the principles of co-design to mHealth technology with adolescents across 3 countries. The findings from this study informed the development of an mHealth system for healthy weight promotion to be tested in a controlled multinational pilot trial.

To date it is not clear what the role of dairy products is in metabolic diseases like diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the association between dairy product consumption and those pathologies. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 5081 adults included in the di@bet.es study, from 100 health centers around Spain. Food frequency questionnaires were carried out concerning consumption habits, which included dairy product consumption. Logistic regression models were used for the association analyses between the variables controlling confounding variables. Women had a higher consumption of milk, cheese, or yogurt than men (p &lt, 0.0001), but men consumed more sugar dairy products (p &lt, 0.001). People who live in the North of Spain consume more dairy products than those who live in the East. Dairy product consumption was inversely associated with the presence of hypertension regardless of age, sex, geographical region, and body mass index (BMI) (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.743, p = 0.022). The presence of obesity was inversely associated with dairy consumption regardless of age, sex, and geographical region (OR 0.61, p &lt, 0.001). Milk consumption was not associated with diabetes. Our results show that consuming dairy products is associated with a better metabolic profile in the Spanish population.

This study analyzed the efficacy of tailored recommendations to control cardiovascular risk factors at 1-year follow-up in a population-based randomized controlled trial in individuals aged 35-74 years with no history of cardiovascular disease at baseline. Total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were measured at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. The primary outcome was the quantitative change in total cholesterol. To estimate the differences within and between groups, McNemar and Student t-tests were applied according to an intention-to-treat strategy. We enrolled 955 individuals [52.3% women; mean age, 50 years (standard deviation 10)]. Finally, 1 participant in each group presented a cardiovascular event and 768 were reexamined at 1-year follow-up. Intervention and control groups showed significant increases in total cholesterol [5.49 (standard deviation 1.02) to 5.56 (1.06) mmol/L and 5.34 (0.94) to 5.43 (0.93) mmol/L, respectively]. Men in the intervention group showed significant decreases in systolic and diastolic BP [117.2 (14.6) to 115.6 mmHg (14.1) and 77.9 (9.7) to 76.5 mmHg (9.7), respectively]; no changes were found in the rates of total cholesterol

Objective The activity of brown adipose tissue is sensitive to changes in ambient temperature. A lower exposure to cold could result in an increased risk of developing diabetes at population level, although this factor has not yet been sufficiently studied. Design We studied 5072 subjects, participants in a national, cross-sectional population-based study representative of the Spanish adult population (Di@bet.es study). All subjects underwent a clinical, demographic and lifestyle survey, a physical examination and blood sampling (75 g oral glucose tolerance test). Insulin resistance was estimated with the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). The mean annual temperature (°C) in each individual municipality was collected from the Spanish National Meteorology Agency. Results Linear regression analysis showed a significant positive association between mean annual temperature and fasting plasma glucose (β: 0.087, P β: 0.049, P = 0.008) and HOMA-IR (β: 0.046, P = 0.008) in multivariate adjusted models. Logistic regression analyses controlled by multiple socio-demographic variables, lifestyle, adiposity (BMI) and geographical elevation showed increasing odds ratios for prediabetes (WHO 1999), ORs 1, 1.26 (0.95–1.66), 1.08 (0.81–1.44) and 1.37 (1.01–1.85) P for trend = 0.086, diabetes (WHO 1999) ORs 1, 1.05 (0.79–1.39), 1.20 (0.91–1.59) and 1.39 (1.02–1.90) P = 0.037, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR ≥75th percentile of the non-diabetic population): ORs 1, 1.03 (0.82–1.30), 1.22 (0.96–1.55), 1.26 (0.98–1.63) (P for trend = 0.046) as the mean annual temperature (into quartiles) rose. Conclusions Our study reports an association between ambient temperature and the prevalence of dysglycemia and insulin resistance in Spanish adults, consistent with the hypothesis that a lower exposure to cold could be associated with a higher risk of metabolic derangements.

Summary Background & aims The prevalence of obesity and overweight among children is increasing, representing a new and pressing societal problem. Excess weight in childhood is an independent risk factor for adult obesity. Although school-based interventions are generally considered effective in the short term, few studies analyze their longterm impact. The aim of study was to assess if the effect of the intervention on body mass Index (BMI) immediately after the intervention remained eight years later (AVall Study). Methods In 2006–2008, an intervention for primary school children promoted healthy eating habits and physical activity in the school setting using the Investigation, Vision, Action and Change (IVAC) educational methodology, which involves children as active participants in healthy change. At baseline, parents reported their weight, height and educational level by questionnaire. Children's weight and height were measured in situ in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2016, and levels of physical activity were assessed by questionnaire. Multilevel mixed effects linear regression was used to assess changes in BMI over time. Results Increases in BMI from 2006 to 2016 were 0.68 kg/m2 (95% CI, 0.02, 1.34; P = 0.045) higher in the control group than in the intervention group. The prevalence of obesity and overweight combined in 2006 and 2016 was 22.2% and 27.9%, respectively, in the control group and 25.6% and 21.2% respectively, in the intervention group. Changes in BMI in the intervention group were maintained from 2006 on: at the end of the intervention in 2008, –0.4 kg/m2 (P = 0.001); in 2010, –0.23 g/m2 (P = 0.012); in 2012, –0.63 kg/m2 (P Conclusions A school-based healthy eating habits and physical activity intervention using IVAC methodology contributed to lower increases in BMI among children in primary school. Although parental BMI also influenced children's BMI, the intervention was effective. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01156805 .

BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is becoming a serious problem, and prevention programs are needed. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate, after 1 y, the effectiveness of a multicomponent, school-based obesity intervention program. METHODS This intervention, conducted in Barcelona, Spain, was a quasi-experimental obesity primary prevention intervention targeting schoolchildren aged 9-10 y. Participants were assigned to an intervention group (IG) (1464 students) or to a comparison group (CG) (1609 students). The intervention consisted of a 9-session classroom program, 6 weekly sessions of physical education and out-of-school physical activity, and a workshop for families. It lasted from October 2011 to May 2012. Data obtained at baseline (spring 2011) and follow-up (spring 2012) included information on nutrition and physical activity, through 2 self-reported questionnaires, and measurement of weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness, and waist circumference. The cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of obesity was calculated from triceps skinfold measures. A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted to determine the association between the intervention and the CIR of obesity. The effect size of the program was estimated with Cohen's criteria. RESULTS The overall prevalence of obesity at baseline was 12.7%. At the 12-mo follow-up, the incidence of obesity was 7.8% in the IG compared with 11.4% in the CG (P

María Barroso,1–3 Silvia Pérez-Fernández,1,4 M Mar Vila,1,4,5 M Dolors Zomeño,6,7 Ruth Martí-Lluch,8 Ferran Cordon,9 Rafel Ramos,8,10,11 Roberto Elosua,1,4 Irene R Degano,1,4 Montse Fitó,5,12 Carmen Cabezas,13 Gemma Salvador,13 Conxa Castell,13 María Grau1,4,14 1Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, 2Centre d’Atenció Primària La Marina, Direcció d’Atenció Primària Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salut, 3Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 4Consortium for Biomedical Research in Cardiovascular Disease (CIBERCV), 5Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Barcelona, 6Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, 7School of Health Sciences, Blanquerna-Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain; 8Unitat de Suport a la Recerca de Girona, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, 9Centre d’Atenció Primària Montilivi, Direcció d’Atenció Primària Girona, Institut Català de la Salut, 10Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 11Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Girona, Spain; 12Consortium for Biomedical Research in Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), 13Catalan Agency of Public Health, 14Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Background: The validity of a cardiovascular risk self-screening method was assessed. The results obtained for self-measurement of blood pressure, a point-of-care system’s assessment of lipid profile and glycated hemoglobin, and a self-administered questionnaire (sex, age, diabetes, tobacco consumption) were compared with the standard screening (gold standard) conducted by a health professional. Methods: Crossover clinical trial on a population-based sample from Girona (north-eastern Spain), aged 35–74, with no cardiovascular disease at recruitment. Participants were randomized to one of the two risk assessment sequences (standard screening followed by self-screening or vice versa). Cardiovascular risk was estimated with the Framingham-REGICOR function. Concordance between methods was estimated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were estimated, considering 5% cardiovascular risk as the cutoff point. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration #NCT02373319. Clinical Research Ethic Committee of the Parc de Salut Mar Registration #2014/5815/I. Results: The median cardiovascular risk in men was 2.56 (interquartile range: 1.42–4.35) estimated by standard methods and 2.25 (1.28–4.07) by self-screening with ICC=0.92 (95% CI: 0.90–0.93). In women, the cardiovascular risk was 1.14 (0.61–2.10) by standard methods and 1.10 (0.56–2.00) by self-screening, with ICC=0.89 (0.87–0.90). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the self-screening method were 0.74 (0.63–0.82), 0.97 (0.95–0.99), 0.86 (0.77–0.93), and 0.94 (0.91–0.96), respectively, in men. In women, these values were 0.50 (0.30–0.70), 0.99 (0.98–1), 0.81 (0.54–0.96), and 0.97 (0.95–0.99), respectively. Conclusion: The self-screening method for assessing cardiovascular risk provided similar results to the standard method. Self-screening had high clinical performance to rule out intermediate or high cardiovascular risk. Keywords: risk assessment, cardiovascular diseases, preventive medicine, public health, epidemiology, empowerment

Resumen Fundamento y objetivo Describir la prevalencia de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) en la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) y compararla con la observada en personas con diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) o sin ella, en Espana. Pacientes y metodo Estudio transversal en sujetos de edad comprendida entre 18-70 anos. La prevalencia de ECV se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario dirigido por una enfermera (Estudio Di@bet.es, NORMAL = 3.430, DM2 = 312) o un registro cumplimentado por medicos (DM1 = 1.382). Se evaluaron las diferencias no ajustadas y ajustadas de enfermedad coronaria (EC), cerebrovascular (ECEV), vascular periferica (EVP), y ECV global de DM1 frente a NORMAL y DM1 frente a DM2. Resultados Hubo diferencias en edad, indice de masa corporal, porcentaje de mujeres, dislipidemia y tratamiento hipotensor entre DM1 frente a NORMAL y DM1 frente a DM2 (todos p odds ratio [OR] 2,27, intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%] 1,41-3,67), EVP (OR 15,35, IC 95% 5,61-42,04), y ECV global (OR 2,32, IC 95% 1,55-3,46), pero no de ECEV (OR 0,49, IC 95% 0,19-1,27) en DM1 frente a NORMAL. No encontramos diferencias entre DM1 y DM2. Conclusiones Los pacientes con DM1 de un area mediterranea presentan mayor prevalencia de ECV que una poblacion control, y similar prevalencia que pacientes con DM2 tras ajustar por factores de confusion.

Background: DP-TRANSFERS(Diabetes Prevention-Transferring findings from European research to society) is a large scale national program aimed at translating a lifestyle diabetes prevention intervention (DE-PLAN-CAT) in primary care centers in Catalonia. Methods: Multidisciplinary committee evaluated the programme. Participants without diabetes aged 45-75 years (FINDRISC>11 and/or prediabetes) were posible candidates. Implementation was a 4-channel transfer approach (institutional relationships, facilitator WS, collaborative groupware, programme website) and built upon a 3-step (screening, intervention, follow-up) real-life strategy. The 2-year lifestyle intervention program included an initial 9-hour and 15-hour continuity module, 6 and 10 sessions respectively. A 3-level (centre, professionals and participants) descriptive analysis was conducted using cluster sampling by contributing centres to assess results and barriers identified one year after implementation. Results: Between June2016 and July2017, 103 PHCC 1.4 million inhabitants (27.9% of all centres), 5professionals agreed to participate. After 1 year,83 centres (80.6%) remained active and 3professionals (60.3%) were involved. Implementation was not feasible in 20 centres (19.4%) 5 main barriers: lack of staff support; discontinuity of the initial effort; increase of workload; shift in professional status and lack of acceptance. Overall, 1819 people were screened and 1458 (80.1%) followed the lifestyle intervention, with 1190 (81.6% or 65.4% of those screened) participating in the basic module and 912 in the continuity (62.5% or 50.1%, respectively). Conclusions: Large-scale lifestyle intervention in primary care can be properly implemented using existing public health resources. Regrettably, one fifth of the centres and more than one third of the professionals showed substantial resistance to performing these additional activities. Disclosure B. Costa: None. S. Mestre: None. F. Barrio: None. J. Cabre: None. F. Cos: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Novo Nordisk Inc.. Advisory Panel; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Advisory Panel; Self; Sanofi Pasteur. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Sanofi Pasteur. Advisory Panel; Self; Sanofi-Aventis. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Sanofi-Aventis. Research Support; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. S. Aguilar: None. C. Sole: None. C. Castell: None. V. Arija: None. J. Lindstrom: None.

Background: The prevalence of obesity among children is increasing, but treating obesity is difficult and has poor outcomes. We assessed the 4-year impact of a school-based educational intervention on physical activity, body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Methods: A 6-year cluster-randomised study was used to evaluate an intervention programme for children in primary school in 2006–08. The intervention promoted healthy eating habits and physical activity in the school setting through the investigation, vision, action and change educational methodology that involves children as active participants in healthy change. BMI and physical activity were measured in 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression was used to assess change in BMI over time. Results: The effect of the intervention was maintained 4 years after completion. Average increase in BMI was greater in the control than in the intervention group (3.85 ± 2.82 vs. 2.79 ± 2.37); the mean difference was 1.06 (95% confidence interval: 0.14–1.97). In the intervention group, the prevalence of overweight and obesity decreased (1.4 and 3.7%, respectively). In the control group, the prevalence of overweight increased (9.4%) and the prevalence of obesity decreased (1.6%). The control group spent more time in sedentary activities. No differences were observed in physical activities. Conclusions: Control of weight gain was sustained 4-years after an educational intervention during the first 2 years of primary school. Future interventions to prevent obesity should build on principles viewing children as active agents of healthy change. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT01156805][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT01156805&atom=%2Feurpub%2Fearly%2F2016%2F11%2F08%2Feurpub.ckw199.atom

Objectives: To examine trends in the relationship between smoking history and both general and central fatness in adults from a Mediterranean setting. Materials and methods: The ENCAT 1992-1993 and 2002-2003 surveys were used; samples consisted of 482 men, 589 women from 1992-1993, and 515 men, 613 women from 2002-2003, aged 25-60 years. Measured anthropometry and self-reported data on smoking habits, diet, lifestyle and SES were collected. General fatness was defined as WHO’s BMI overweight and obesity, and central fatness was defined as WHO’s Increased-Risk-for-metabolic-complications Waist Circumference (IR WC) and Substantially-Increased-Risk WC (SIR WC). Simple logistic regression was used to estimate multivariate-adjusted associations between general/central fatness and smoking history. Results: By 2002-2003, most associations observed in 1992-1993 had been strongly attenuated: only male current-heavy-smoking remained associated with IR/SIR WC (three-fold) and female current-moderate-smokers were 0.57 times less likely to have an IR/SIR WC (p < 0.10). Conclusions: Although causality cannot be established, results suggest a positive association between heavy smoking and central fatness among men, but no association between former smoking and general/central fatness; findings strengthen arguments for promoting smoking cessation to reduce smoking –and obesity- associated morbidity and mortality.

Objective The aim of this study was to examine possible associations between ambient temperature and obesity in the Spanish population using an ecological focus. Methods The Di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional, population-based survey of cardiometabolic risk factors and their association with lifestyle. Sample: 5,061 subjects in 100 clusters. Variables: Clinical, demographic and lifestyle survey, physical examination, and blood sampling. The mean annual temperature (°C) for each study site was collected from the Spanish National Meteorology Agency (1971-2000). Results The prevalence rates of obesity in the different geographical areas divided according to mean annual temperature quartiles were 26.9% in quartile 1 (10.4-14.5°C), 30.5% in quartile 2 (14.5-15.5°C), 32% in quartile 3 (15.5-17.8°C), and 33.6% in quartile 4 (17.8-21.3°C) (P = 0.003). Logistic regression analyses including multiple socio-demographic (age, gender, educational level, marital status) and lifestyle (physical activity, Mediterranean diet score, smoking) variables showed that, as compared with quartile 1, the odd ratios for obesity were 1.20 (1.01-1.42), 1.35 (1.12-1.61), and 1.38 (1.14-1.67) in quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P = 0.001 for difference, P

Introduction Dyslipidemia is a significant contributor to the elevated CVD risk observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with glucose metabolism status in a representative sample of the adult population in Spain and the percentage of subjects at guideline-recommended LDL-C goals. Material and methods The di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional population-based survey of 5728 adults. Results A total of 4776 subjects were studied. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed in 56.8% of subjects; only 13.2% of subjects were treated with lipid lowering drugs. Lipid abnormalities were found in 56.8% of Spanish adults: 23.3% with high LDL-C, 21.5% high TG, 35.8% high non-HDL-C, and 17.2% low HDL-C. Most normal subjects showed an LDL-C ≤ 3.36 mmol/l. Pre-diabetics presented similar proportion when considering a goal of 3.36 mmol/l, but only 35% of them reached an LDL-C goal ≤ 2.6 mmol/l. Finally, 45.3% of diabetics had an LDL-C ≤ 2.6 mmol/l, and only 11.3% achieved an LDL-C ≤ 1.8 mmol/l. Conclusions Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in the adult Spanish population, and a low use of lipid-lowering drugs. Moreover, the number of subjects achieving their corresponding LDL-C goal is small, particularly in subjects at high cardiovascular risk, such as diabetics.

Introduction:We aimed to pilot the evaluation of the PEGASO system, a smartphone-based intervention (apps/wearables/game) to improve lifestyles and increase awareness.Methods:We conducted a before-after quasi-experimental pilot controlled study. Teenagers aged 13–16 in a 2:1 (intervention: comparative group [IG:CG]) basis from Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom were recruited. The IG had access to the apps and game for six months, and to smart sensors for the last two months. Schools were recruited by convenience sampling. Participants in both groups undertook (i) anthropometric measurements, (ii) diet (KIDMED), physical activity (PAQ-A) and sleep (HELENA study) validated questionnaires, and (iii) ad-hoc lifestyles knowledge questionnaire. PEGASO, if used, continuously recorded diet and physical activity. User experience was assessed through focus groups.Results:Five hundred and fifty-eight participants were included (IG:365 / CG:193). The mean (standard deviation; SD) age was 14.8 (0.8), and 52.3 percent were girls. At baseline, mean scores (SD) of KIDMED, PAQ-A and weekday and weekend sleep hours were 5.60 (2.41), 2.48 (0.66), 8.34 (1.07) and 9.99 (1.66), respectively. The percentage of correct answers of lifestyle's knowledge was 65.2 percent (range 13–100 percent). The IG and CG did not show differences for main outcome variables. At six months, a higher percentage of participants in the IG reported an increase of at least one point in the adherence to Mediterranean Diet (43.8 percent vs. 35.4). No differences were observed for other lifestyles. Focus group results showed a predisposition of adolescents to use mHealth for health promotion; the platform was considered to be useful and complete and personalized suggestions were positively valued. Participants reported few limited interest ion the game and several technical issues.Conclusions:Although participants were motivated and excited about their involvement in the study, and that PEGASO was something desirable for them, the system only showed some impact in specific areas – namely, diet – and could improve some its technological features. Several challenges and opportunities are associated with the implementation of mHealth.

Introduction and objectives To assess the patterns of use of 8 therapeutic drug groups for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors, and to identify sociodemographic and health determinants of their use in the overall Spanish population. Methods A representative sample of the Spanish population within the Di@bet.es study, a cross-sectional population-based survey, was included. Study variables: sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data; physical examination, and an oral glucose tolerance test in patients without known diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, patients were systematically queried about current medication use, and 8 pharmacotherapeutic groups were evaluated: lipid-lowering therapy, antihypertensives, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, thyroid hormone, uricosurics, psychoactive drugs, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Results Sixty-six percent of the Spanish population was taking at least one medication. Therapeutic drug use was associated with age, independently of the higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia in older patients. Sex disparities were found in the use of lipid-lowering agents, allopurinol, levothyroxine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and psychoactive drugs. Use of psychoactive drugs was related to education level, work status, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Almost 30% of patients with diabetes mellitus were taking 6 or more medications daily. Diabetes mellitus was associated with greater use of antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Conclusions Age and sex are the most important factors determining therapeutic drug use. Lifestyle patterns and sociocultural factors have an impact only on psychoactive drug use. Diabetes mellitus is associated with greater use of antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos Evaluar el patron de consumo de ocho grupos de farmacos para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular; identificar en la poblacion espanola los determinantes sociodemograficos y de salud asociados al consumo de aquellos. Metodos El estudio Di@bet.es es una encuesta poblacional transversal que comprende una muestra significativa de la poblacion adulta espanola. Variables de estudio: datos sociodemograficos, clinicos y de estilo de vida; exploracion fisica, y sobrecarga oral de glucosa. Ademas, se pregunto sistematicamente la medicacion consumida y se analizaron ocho grupos de farmacos: hipolipemiantes, antihipertensivos, antidiabeticos orales, insulina, hormona tiroidea, uricosuricos, psicofarmacos y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Resultados El 66% de la poblacion toma alguno de los farmacos estudiados. El consumo de dichos medicamentos se asocia con la edad, independientemente de la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus, hipertension o dislipemia. Se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre sexos en el consumo de hipolipemiantes, hormona tiroidea, uricosuricos, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y psicofarmacos. El consumo de psicofarmacos se asocio significativamente con nivel educativo, situacion laboral, actividad fisica y consumo de tabaco y alcohol. El 30% de los sujetos con diabetes mellitus tomo mas de seis farmacos diarios. La diabetes mellitus se asocio significativamente con un mayor consumo de antihipertensivos, hipolipemiantes y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Conclusiones La edad y el sexo son los factores mas importantes que determinan el consumo de farmacos. El estilo de vida y el nivel sociocultural afectan solo al uso de psicofarmacos. La diabetes mellitus se asocia a un mayor consumo de antihipertensivos, hipolipemiantes y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos.

The relationship between thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations and body mass index (BMI) in euthyroid subjects has been demonstrated only in some studies. Leptin regulates TSH secretion and TSH stimulates leptin secretion. The main aims of our study were to assess the relationship between leptin, the thyroid axis, and thyroid autoimmunity in a representative sample of a nonhospitalized euthyroid adult population of Catalonia and to determine whether smoking status could influence this relationship.This cross-sectional population-based study includes 894 euthyroid iodine-sufficient adults (390 men, 44.87±15.03 years old) with BMI 26.19±4.61 kg/m(2), representative of people living in Catalonia. The study analyzes the relationship between TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), leptin, thyroperoxidase and/or thyroglobulin antibodies (thyroid autoimmunity), smoking status, and BMI. Measurements also include glycemia and insulinemia to calculate homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index as a measure of insulin sensitivity.In the univariate analysis and in the overall group, TSH correlated directly with BMI, leptin, and HOMA-IR (p=0.039, p0.001, and p=0.010, respectively). In all men, TSH correlated directly with leptin (p=0.004), and in all women, directly with leptin (p=0.002) and HOMA-IR (p=0.031) and inversely with FT4 (p=0.024). Only in men who smoke, TSH correlated directly with leptin (p=0.010) and HOMA-IR (p=0.024). In women, TSH correlated directly with leptin (p=0.004) and in nonsmoking women, inversely with FT4 (p=0.047). In the multiple regression analysis, age (β=-0.00310, p=0.0265), smoking status (β=-0.24085, p=0.0202), and thyroid autoimmunity (β=0.20652, p=0.0075) were independent predictors of TSH variations. Leptin was a significant independent predictor of TSH variations only in smokers (β=0.16451, p=0.047).Leptin is an independent predictor of TSH concentration variations only in euthyroid smoker subjects of both sexes at all ranges of BMI, but not in nonsmokers. Age, smoking status, and positive thyroid autoimmunity also influenced TSH variability.

Background and objective The INSTIGATE study assessed healthcare costs and clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus starting insulin therapy in Spain over a 24-month follow up period. Material and methods This was an observational, non-interventional, prospective, multicenter study. Costs incurred in the previous 6 months were assessed at each visit. Results A total of 172 patients with a mean body mass index of 29.6 kg/m 2 , a mean [standard deviation] duration of diabetes of 10.9 [7.0] years and a hemoglobin A 1c value of 9.2% [1.5%] were followed up for at least 12 and up to 24 months. Direct costs were assessed from the perspective of the Spanish healthcare system. Long/intermediate-acting insulin alone was started in 116 patients (67.4%). After 6, 12, and 24 months of insulin treatment, mean [SD] intraindividual changes from baseline in hemoglobin A 1c were −1.9% [1.65%], −1.6 [1.73%], and −1.5% [1.76%] respectively. Mean (median) total diabetes-related healthcare costs per patient increased from €659 (€527) to €1.085 (€694) 6 months after insulin initiation, decreased to €646 (€531) after 12 months, and increased again after 24 months to €667 (€539). Insulin/oral antidiabetics, primary/specialized care, and blood glucose monitoring accounted for 41%, 26%, and 19% of total cost at 24 months respectively. Conclusions Clinical parameters of these patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus improved following insulin initiation. After a temporary increase, direct healthcare costs of diabetes care returned to baseline values at the end of the follow-up period.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivo El estudio INSTIGATE evalua los costes directos sanitarios y los resultados clinicos en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que inician insulinoterapia en Espana, durante 24 meses. Material y metodo Estudio observacional, no intervencionista, prospectivo y multicentrico. En cada visita se evaluaron los costes incurridos durante los 6 meses previos. Resultados En total se evaluaron 172 pacientes durante al menos 12 o un maximo de 24 meses con un indice de masa corporal medio de 29,6 kg/m 2 , una duracion media [desviacion estandar] de la enfermedad de 10,9 [7,0] anos y un porcentaje de hemoglobina A 1c de 9,2% [1,5%]. Un total de 116 pacientes (67,4%) iniciaron insulina de accion prolongada/intermedia solamente. Los cambios medios intraindividuales en los valores iniciales de hemoglobina A 1c tras 6, 12 y 24 meses de la insulinoterapia fueron, respectivamente, -1,9 [1,65%], -1,6 [1,73%] y -1,5% [1,76%]. La media (mediana) del total de los costes directos sanitarios por paciente aumento de 659 € (527 €) a 1.085 € (694 €) 6 meses despues del inicio de la insulinoterapia, bajo a 646 € (531 €) despues de 12 meses, y 24 meses despues aumento nuevamente a 667 € (539 €). A los 24 meses, los costes de insulina/antidiabeticos orales, medicina general/especializada, y monitorizacion de la glucemia representaron el 41, 26 y 19%, respectivamente, de los costes totales. Conclusiones Los parametros clinicos de estos pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 mejoraron tras iniciar la insulinoterapia. Tras un incremento temporal, los costes directos sanitarios del tratamiento de la diabetes volvieron a los valores basales al final del periodo de seguimiento.

SummaryObjective Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a protease promoting IGF1 tissue availability and considered as a new biomarker of cardiovascular disease. Aim To evaluate the relationship between PAPP-A concentrations and anthropometric variables, physical activity, smoking status, glucose homoeostasis and adipocytokines in healthy adults. Design and methods One hundred and forty-nine subjects (77 women; mean age 39·7 ± 14 years; mean BMI 23·7 ± 1·9 kg/m2) were randomly selected from 8000 adults of The Health Survey of Catalonia. Possible effects of gender, age, body composition, smoking status, physical activity, glucose homoeostasis and adipocytokines on PAPP-A concentrations were assessed. Results Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A was significantly higher in men than in women [ 1·04 (0·61–0·44) vs 0·61 (0·41–0·90) μIU/ml; P

Background and Aims: Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is causally related to diabetes and is a dietary pattern recommended to individuals with diabetes. We investigated MedDiet adherence in individuals with prediabetes and unknown (PREDM/UKDM) or known diabetes (KDM) compared to those with normal glucose metabolism (NORMAL). Methods: This was a national, population-based, cross-sectional, cluster-sampling study. MedDiet adherence was scored (MedScore, mean ± SD 24 ± 5) using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between MedScore and PREDM/UKDM or KDM versus control subjects. Results: We evaluated 5,076 individuals. Mean age was 50 years, 57% were female, 826 (582/244) were PREDM/UKDM, 478 were KDM and 3,772 were NORMAL. Mean age increased across MedScore tertiles (46, 51 and 56 years, p < 0.0001). Higher age-adjusted adherence to MedDiet (5-unit increment in the MedScore) was associated with lower and nondifferent odds (OR, 95% CI) of prevalent PREDM/UKDM (0.88, 0.81-0.96, p = 0.001) and KDM (0.97, 0.87-1.07, p = 0.279), respectively, compared to individuals in the NORMAL group. Conclusions: In a representative sample of the whole Spanish population, MedDiet adherence is independently associated with PREDM/UKDM. Therapeutic intervention may be, in part, responsible for the lack of differences in adherence observed between the KDM and NORMAL groups. However, reverse causation bias cannot be ruled out in cross-sectional studies.

Childhood overweight and obesity have increased progressively in the last decades, especially in countries of Southern Europe. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of overweight, obesity and its determinants in schoolchildren between 8-9 years old from Barcelona.Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 3,262 schoolchildren in 2011. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated following the criteria established by the World Health Organization (z-scores). Variables on eating behaviour, physical activity and use of new technologies were studied through 2 questionnaires. Logistic regression models were adjusted, obtaining adjusted odds ratio and their confidence intervals (95%).The prevalence of overweight was 24.0% and 12.7% for obesity. Obesity was significantly higher in boys than in girls (14.8% vs 10.8%.). No statistically significant differences were observed in the compliance of recommendations of physical activity practice and use of new technologies according to BMI. Factors associated with obesity in boys were to attend a school located in a neighbourhood of disadvantaged socio-economic status [ORa=1.88 (1.35-2.63)], to belong to an immigrant family [ORa=1.57 (1.12-2.20)], to do not eat at school [ORa=1.76 (1.20-2.59)] and to have some meal alone [ORa=1.95 (1.27-3.00)]. In girls associated factors were to belong to a single-parent family [ORa=1.58 (1.06-2.34)] and to an immigrant family [ORa=1.53 (1.07-2.18)].The prevalence of childhood obesity in Barcelona is high. It is more common in boys, being the social determinants most relevant associated factors.

The PEGASO Project aims to design a technological system aimed at European adolescents to promote healthy lifestyles. The objective was to explore teenagers and their parents and teachers perceptions with regards to mobile technology use in promoting a healthier lifestyle, in terms of food and physical activity.Qualitative study based on primary data obtained through four focus groups analysis (three teenager groups between 13 and 15 y and 1 parent/teacher group). Verbatim transcriptions have been analysed following content analysis perspective.Four different categories were identified: 1: social and cultural context, 2: adolescents and health, 3: role of technology in teenagers' lives and 4: use of technology to acquire healthier habits. Each category helped to arise various subcategories linked to the relation between teens and health: holistic health concept, health/disease perception directly related with feeling physically fit and social acceptance. With regards to technology, the arisen themes were: feeling connected with others, importance of entertainment/games, omnipresent use of Smartphones and risk of excessive dependence on technology. The difference between teens and adults with regards to health and technology categories were not significant.Both teens and adults think that for technology to be effective in acquiring healthier habits it has to help teens to improve and maintain their self-esteem, in an entertaining way and using their own communication codes, mainly audio-visual ones, always under the umbrella of a holistic and integrated perception of health.

Introduction and objectives To assess the validity of the original low-risk SCORE function without and with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and SCORE calibrated to the Spanish population. Methods Pooled analysis with individual data from 12 Spanish population-based cohort studies. We included 30 919 individuals aged 40 to 64 years with no history of cardiovascular disease at baseline, who were followed up for 10 years for the causes of death included in the SCORE project. The validity of the risk functions was analyzed with the area under the ROC curve (discrimination) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (calibration), respectively. Results Follow-up comprised 286 105 persons/y. Ten-year cardiovascular mortality was 0.6%. The ratio between estimated/observed cases ranged from 9.1, 6.5, and 9.1 in men and 3.3, 1.3, and 1.9 in women with original low-risk SCORE risk function without and with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and calibrated SCORE, respectively; differences were statistically significant with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test between predicted and observed mortality with SCORE (P < .001 in both sexes and with all functions). The area under the ROC curve with the original SCORE was 0.68 in men and 0.69 in women. Conclusions All versions of the SCORE functions available in Spain significantly overestimate the cardiovascular mortality observed in the Spanish population. Despite the acceptable discrimination capacity, prediction of the number of fatal cardiovascular events (calibration) was significantly inaccurate.