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This study experimentally investigated the wave attenuation coefficient and wave number of the heated granite after water cooling (W-C) and air cooling (A-C) treatments. The granite specimens heated to five temperatures (25 °C, 100 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C and 400 °C) were subjected to the W-C and A-C treatments, respectively. The pendulum impact test was performed on the cooled granite at room temperature to obtain the separated stress pulse. The wave attenuation ratio in the cooled granite was investigated. Propagation coefficients (attenuation coefficient and wave number) were introduced to describe the harmonic wave attenuation in the cooled granite. The effects of W-C and A-C treatments on the attenuation coefficient and wave number were discussed. The results show that the P-wave velocity decreases as temperature increases, while the wave attenuation ratio increases as temperature increases. The P-wave velocity of the granite after the W-C treatment is smaller than that of the granite after the A-C treatment. The wave attenuation ratio, attenuation coefficient and wave number of the stress pulse in the granite after the W-C treatment are larger than those of the stress pulse in the granite after the A-C treatment. The differences of P-wave velocity, wave attenuation ratio, attenuation coefficient and wave number after two cooling treatments increase as temperature increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of thermal damage on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of different rocks has received much attention in the field of rock engineering. When the rocks are subjected to thermal treatment, the change of macroscopic characteristics and evolution of micro-structure would be induced, ultimately resulting in different degrees of thermal damage in rocks. To better understand the thermal damage mechanism of different rocks and its effect on the rock performance, this study reviews a large number of test results of rock specimens experiencing heating and cooling treatment in the laboratory. Firstly, the variations of macroscopic behaviors, including physical parameters, mechanical parameters, thermal conductivity and permeability, are examined. The variations of mechanical parameters with thermal treatment variables (i.e. temperature or the number of thermal cycles) are divided into four types. Secondly, several measuring methods for microstructure, such as polarizing microscopy, fluorescent method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray computerized tomography (CT), acoustic emission (AE) and ultrasonic technique, are introduced. Furthermore, the effect of thermal damage on the mechanical parameters of rocks in response to different thermal treatments, involving temperature magnitude, cooling method and thermal cycle, are discussed. Finally, the limitations and prospects for the research of rock thermal damage are proposed.

Advanced design methods and manufacturing techniques are crucial for developing thermal management structures, essential for the efficient operation of complex equipment. This study provides a thorough review of design methodologies and advanced manufacturing technologies for thermal management materials and structures. It identifies key challenges and critically evaluates the integration of innovative design principles, such as biomimicry and topology optimization, into thermal management solutions. The analysis delves into the evolution of design theories and preparation techniques, with a specific focus on modern needs and research directions, particularly highlighting components fabricated using additive manufacturing and their effectiveness in meeting advanced thermal management requirements. Current research focuses on designing structures tailored to various cooling methods, including air‐cooling, liquid‐cooling, heat exchanger cooling, and heat pipe cooling. These designs utilize phase change materials, electrocaloric cooling, and thermoelectric cooling materials to achieve optimal thermal management performance. Additionally, emerging innovations like solid‐liquid mixed heat transfer and the elastocaloric effect are garnering increased interest. Enhancing the design of thermal management structures through rigorous numerical simulations is critical for improving engineering applicability. However, overcoming challenges related to the commercialization and practical utilization of these advanced structures remains a pressing need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-strength concrete (HSC) has a high compressive strength, high density, excellent durability, and seepage resistance, but its deformation ability is weak. Adding fibers can improve the physical and mechanical properties of HSC. Additionally, the HSC structure may face the threat of fire. In the process of fire extinguishing, the damage mechanism of high-temperature-resistant concrete is complicated due to the different contact conditions with water at different locations. Hence, it is essential to conduct pertinent research on the behavior of fiber-reinforced HSC with different cooling methods after high-temperature action. In this paper, polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA fiber) was selected to be added into the HSC to carry out high-temperature experimental research, so as to explore the apparent changes, failure pattern, and mass loss rate of the fiber-reinforced HSC using different cooling methods and analyze the influence of its residual compressive strength and flexural strength. The test results suggest that, with the increase in heating temperature, the color of the specimen's surface transitions from dark blue-gray to white, and the quantity of surface cracks on the specimen gradually rises. The mechanical strength gradually decreases as the heating temperature increases. At a consistent heating temperature, the mechanical strength initially rises, and then falls with an increase in fiber content. The maximum compressive strength and flexural strength were achieved at PVA fiber contents of 0.2% and 0.3%, respectively. For different temperatures and fiber contents, the mechanical strength after natural cooling is generally higher than that after immersion cooling. In addition, X-ray polycrystalline diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were conducted to analyze the compositional alterations and microstructure of the fiber-reinforced HSC following high-temperature exposure, accompanied by an explanation of the factors influencing the alterations in the physical and mechanical properties. Therefore, the findings of this study can serve as a valuable reference for the utilization of HSC in engineering structures and contribute to the advancement of HSC technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated four cooling methods for CuCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy, namely, furnace cooling, air cooling, oil cooling, and water cooling (designated as FC, AC, OC, and WC, respectively), following a 12 h treatment at 800 °C. Results indicate that all four cooled alloys consisted of two FCC solid-solution phases (FCC1 and FCC2) and ρ phases. However, the FC alloy primarily contained FCC2 as the main phase and FCC1 as the secondary phase. The other three cooling methods yielded alloys with FCC2 as the primary phase and FCC1 as the secondary phase. With an increase in cooling rate, the content of the FCC1 phase gradually increased, that of the ρ phase initially decreased and then increased, and that of the FCC2 phase gradually decreased. The microstructure of the CuCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy under the four cooling methods consisted of gray-black dendrites rich in Cr-Fe and white dendrites rich in Cu. Black ρ-phase particles predominated the dendrite region. As the cooling rate increased, the white interdendritic regions shrank, and the gray-black interdendritic regions expanded. The FC alloy exhibited the lowest microhardness at approximately 202.6 HV. As the cooling rate increased, the microhardness of the alloy progressively increased. The microhardness of the WC alloy was the highest, at approximately 355 HV. The strengthening mechanisms for all the alloys were primarily solid-solution strengthening and second-phase precipitation strengthening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cooling method has a very important effect on the microstructure and properties of the boride layer. In this study, a rare earth-Cr composite boronizing method to prepare boride ceramic coatings on 4Cr5MoSiV1 alloy steel was used. The samples were then cooled by four different methods: water cooling (WC, 450 °C/s), furnace cooling (FC, 5 °C/min), air cooling (AC, 20 °C/s), and FC with 500 °C holding 2 h (HFC, two-stage cooling, 5 °C/min). The effects and mechanisms of these cooling methods on the microstructure, hardness, wear, high temperature oxidation, and corrosion properties of boride layers were investigated. The results showed that the boride layer was composed of FeB, Fe2B, CrB and Cr2B phases. Sample WC with the faster cooling rate had the highest surface hardness of 1724.21 HV, but cracks penetrating the boride layer were observed. In the friction wear test, sample HFC has the lowest coefficient of friction and wear rate, with the surface wear mechanism being oxidative wear. In addition, sample HFC formed a closed and complete oxide film on the surface, showing excellent high temperature oxidation resistance. Sample FC shows good corrosion resistance in acid and alkali corrosion immersion tests.

Copyright of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society is the property of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, a direct cooling pipe for hydrogen inside the marine hydrogen storage cylinder (HSC) was designed, and the cooling pipe was simulated and analyzed under different cooling structures and different cooling fluids using ANSYS(Fluent) 2022 R2. The simulation results show that the effect of different cooling fluids on the temperatures were nearly the same. The heat transfer coefficients, however, of various fluids were different, and the cooling temperature was also different after cooling for the same time. The cooling structures mainly affect the cooling rate of the hydrogen due to the contact area with hydrogen inside the HSC. Among the three structures investigated in this study, the cooling capacity of the spiral layout was increased by 0.85 % and 0.63 %, respectively, compared to the rectangular and wavy layout. The rectangular layout has the certain cooling effect, however, in comparison to the spiral tube structure, it has too many corners, which increases the hindering effect on the flow of cooling medium inside the tubes and affects the cooling efficiency. The wavy layout has the largest contact area, but it has the problems of uneven cooling and occupying a large amount of hydrogen storage space. Among the three structures, comprehensively speaking, the spiral layout is considered to be the optimal. The optimal performance parameters were determined by comparing the simulation results of the three layouts during cooling process with hydrogen charging being performed. The results show that the cooling pipe can achieve the hydrogen temperature to be controlled within 358 K before the hydrogen pressure in the HSC reaches 70 MPa, and the maximum temperature is 336.07 K was obtained after the completion of hydrogen filling. This paper gives technical information for optimizing the thermal performance and safety of the hydrogen fueling system.

The propagation test of lithium-ion battery pack was conducted in an environment of air and insulating oil. The test results showed the difference in the phenomenon in which fire propagation to surrounding cells, when a cell composing a battery pack is thermal runaway in two environments. The temperature of the cells in the battery pack was measured during propagation test. A cycle test was also conducted to check whether there was an abnormality in cell performance immersed in insulating oil. The residual capacity and internal resistance, insulation resistance data of the cell are presented in the two environments.

Fire accidents often pose severe threats to the safety of steel bridges. This paper presents the numerical study of the Runyang Suspension Bridge (RSB) fire accident with an emphasis on its in-fire thermal effect on the hangers. This fire accident was caused by the collision of two heavy-goods vehicles (HGVs) on March 4, 2017, and lasted for 1.5 h. Based on the simulated temperature, the structural safety of four burned hangers during and after the fire accident was evaluated and compared. In general, the simulation results are consistent with the actual situation, and the evidence for the replacement of the hangers is sufficient. The influence of wind parameters and cooling actions on the hanger safety is also discussed. It is found that the wind parameters affect the directions and tilts of the flame, so that the highest temperature and the corresponding height are influenced accordingly. Also, the efficiency of the water-cooling method is influenced by the intervention time of fire engines. If water spraying is conducted within 30 min from fire initiation, the safety of the hangers during and after the fire could be improved, as compared with air cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study investigated the application of an active cooling method to improve the accuracy of rotary tables in five-axis machines. The active cooling method stabilizes temperatures and optimizes the thermal environment around rotary tables. Multiple physical coupling analyses were performed to optimize thermal error and cooling performance through simulations and experiments. Flow control reduced deformation by approximately 53.5% and 84.1% through flow difference and temperature control, respectively. Following the ISO 230-3 experimental method, variable speed tests were conducted for durations of 10, 15, and 30 min. The results demonstrated that flow control effectively lowered spindle and bearing temperatures, thus mitigating thermal deformation. In the 10-minute variable speed experiment, decreasing the average temperature from 0.5 to 2 °C resulted in a 37.3% increase in Z-axis accuracy. In the 15-minute and 30-minute variable speed experiments, temperature reductions of 0.5 to 1 °C corresponded to Z-axis accuracy increases of 40.1% and 52.12%, respectively. The temperature decreases from 0.5 to 2.5 °C, resulting in a substantial 54.5% increase in Z-axis accuracy. The flow control at 80 rpm after 240 min in the 30-minute variable speed experiment exhibited superior temperature and deformation performance compared to the experiment without flow control. Results indicated that the cooling control method significantly improves the accuracy of five-axis machines, providing practical benefits for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviour of two-way reinforced-concrete slabs exposed to direct fire was investigated in this study. The slabs were exposed to fire for one hour in a gas furnace and the flame-spread area was varied by increasing the number of fire sources from three to six. The slabs were cooled in two different ways: gradual cooling and sudden cooling. The results showed that the flame-spread area had a significant effect on the load-carrying capacity and deflection of the slabs. The load-carrying capacity decreased by 20.68% with gradual cooling and by 33.78% with sudden cooling when the flame-spread area was increased. The deflection at failure increased by 26.3% with gradual cooling and by 33.78% with sudden cooling when the flame-spread area was increased. The ductility factor showed an increase of 12.6% to 50.3 % for gradually-cooled slabs and of 50.3% to 59.6% for suddenly-cooled slabs with an increasing flame-spread area, compared to reference slabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal comfort is a significant factor in maintaining a satisfactory perception of the body temperature and influences behavioral thermoregulation. This pilot study aimed to investigate regional differences in thermal comfort in the head and neck areas by applying a surgical helmet equipped with cooling pads containing octadecane (CAS 593-45-3) as a phase change material (PCM) in healthy volunteers. Forty-three surgeons and nurses were enrolled. Octadecane is an odorless alkane hydrocarbon with an appearance of white crystal and a melting point of 28 °C. The PCM pads, each with a diameter of 5 cm and containing 7 g of octadecane, were placed between the helmet and the wearer's head directly in contact with the skin. To identify the areas of the head and neck investigated, the surface was sampled and numbered, with the identification of a total of 38 different locations. A climate chamber maintained at 23–26 °C was used for the experiment. Thermal comfort of the stimulated area was reported by the subjects in an evaluation questionnaire at the end of the local stimulation conducted for 1 h. The sensations were reported as 1 (maximum uncomfortable) to 7 (maximum cold comfort), with 4 indicating a neutral sensation. The duration of the thermal comfort effect was also recorded. The highest mean value reported was 6 in five areas. The frontal region, the frontotemporal region, and the neck region were the areas sensitive to thermal comfort. A neutral sensation was reported in 13 areas. No uncomfortable sensation was reported in any area. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence of the feasibility and potential benefits of integrating PCM cooling pads into surgical helmets to enhance thermal comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal comfort is a significant factor in maintaining a satisfactory perception of the body temperature and influences behavioral thermoregulation. This pilot study aimed to investigate regional differences in thermal comfort in the head and neck areas by applying a surgical helmet equipped with cooling pads containing octadecane (CAS 593-45-3) as a phase change material (PCM) in healthy volunteers. Forty-three surgeons and nurses were enrolled. Octadecane is an odorless alkane hydrocarbon with an appearance of white crystal and a melting point of 28 °C. The PCM pads, each with a diameter of 5 cm and containing 7 g of octadecane, were placed between the helmet and the wearer’s head directly in contact with the skin. To identify the areas of the head and neck investigated, the surface was sampled and numbered, with the identification of a total of 38 different locations. A climate chamber maintained at 23–26 °C was used for the experiment. Thermal comfort of the stimulated area was reported by the subjects in an evaluation questionnaire at the end of the local stimulation conducted for 1 h. The sensations were reported as 1 (maximum uncomfortable) to 7 (maximum cold comfort), with 4 indicating a neutral sensation. The duration of the thermal comfort effect was also recorded. The highest mean value reported was 6 in five areas. The frontal region, the frontotemporal region, and the neck region were the areas sensitive to thermal comfort. A neutral sensation was reported in 13 areas. No uncomfortable sensation was reported in any area. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence of the feasibility and potential benefits of integrating PCM cooling pads into surgical helmets to enhance thermal comfort.

High-strength concrete (HSC) has a high compressive strength, high density, excellent durability, and seepage resistance, but its deformation ability is weak. Adding fibers can improve the physical and mechanical properties of HSC. Additionally, the HSC structure may face the threat of fire. In the process of fire extinguishing, the damage mechanism of high-temperature-resistant concrete is complicated due to the different contact conditions with water at different locations. Hence, it is essential to conduct pertinent research on the behavior of fiber-reinforced HSC with different cooling methods after high-temperature action. In this paper, polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA fiber) was selected to be added into the HSC to carry out high-temperature experimental research, so as to explore the apparent changes, failure pattern, and mass loss rate of the fiber-reinforced HSC using different cooling methods and analyze the influence of its residual compressive strength and flexural strength. The test results suggest that, with the increase in heating temperature, the color of the specimen’s surface transitions from dark blue-gray to white, and the quantity of surface cracks on the specimen gradually rises. The mechanical strength gradually decreases as the heating temperature increases. At a consistent heating temperature, the mechanical strength initially rises, and then falls with an increase in fiber content. The maximum compressive strength and flexural strength were achieved at PVA fiber contents of 0.2% and 0.3%, respectively. For different temperatures and fiber contents, the mechanical strength after natural cooling is generally higher than that after immersion cooling. In addition, X-ray polycrystalline diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were conducted to analyze the compositional alterations and microstructure of the fiber-reinforced HSC following high-temperature exposure, accompanied by an explanation of the factors influencing the alterations in the physical and mechanical properties. Therefore, the findings of this study can serve as a valuable reference for the utilization of HSC in engineering structures and contribute to the advancement of HSC technology.

Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) technologies have a significant downside in addition to their numerous advantages. PVT technologies are constrained by the fact that its photovoltaic module gains heat due to exposure to solar irradiance, which reduces the photovoltaic efficiency. Jet impingement is one of the most effective methods to cool a photovoltaic module. An indoor experiment using a solar simulator was conducted on a bifacial PVT solar collector cooled by a reversed circular flow jet impingement (RCFJI) to evaluate the energy performance of the PVT collector. The study was conducted under a constant solar irradiance of 900W/m2 and flowrate (mass) ranging from 0.01 to 0.14 kg/s. Three bifacial modules with 0.22, 0.33, and 0.66 packing factors were mounted 25 mm above the RCFJI for cooling. The 0.66 packing factor module recorded the highest photovoltaic efficiency of 10.91 % at 0.14 kg/s flowrate (mass). Meanwhile, the 0.22 and 0.33 packing factors recorded a photovoltaic efficiency of 4.50 % and 6.45 %, respectively. The highest thermal efficiency recorded under the same operating condition was 61.43 %, using a 0.66 packing factor. Overall, the highest combined photovoltaic thermal (PVT) efficiency for 0.22, 0.33, and 0.66 was 56.62 %, 61.88 %, and 72.35 %, respectively.

In order to compare and study the creep mechanical behavior of quartz sandstone under the action of different cooling methods in high temperature, firstly, triaxial creep tests of quartz sandstone after natural cooling and water cooling are carried out, and creep curves under two conditions and different temperatures are obtained, respectively. Meanwhile, the mesodamage characteristics of quartz sandstone under the action of different cooling methods are analyzed. Based on experimental data and statistical damage theory, an improved Burgers creep damage model is proposed, and the model parameters are subjected to sensitivity analysis. The test results show that the creep process of quartz sandstone under different cooling methods has three-stage characteristics, and the creep rate increases gradually with temperature, whereas the long-term strength decreases gradually. Under the same temperature, the creep rate of quartz sandstone under water cooling is higher than that under natural cooling, whereas the long-term strength is lower than that of natural cooling. The mesoscopic test also shows that the damage degree of water cooling to the rock is higher than that of natural cooling. Finally, by comparing with the experimental data, it is found that the proposed improved Burgers creep damage model can effectively reflect the influence of different cooling methods on the creep properties of quartz sandstone. The results of this paper can provide important scientific significance for the damage assessment, repair, and reinforcement of tunnel surrounding rock and other structures under high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Steel Pipe is the property of Steel Pipe Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The excessive working temperature of the TBM disc cutter is one of the problems that cannot be ignored in tunnel construction. The high temperature will accelerate the disc cutter ring wear, shorten its service life and increase construction costs. Predicting its working temperature to guide the selection of suitable excavation parameters and provide cooling methods suggestions under different geological conditions can extend the excavation distance and improve efficiency. In this study, the finite element model was used to study the thermal behavior of the disc cutter from the two aspects of heating and heat dissipation. The simulation results showed that the temperature change with the excavation parameters. The maximum temperature of the disc cutter under water cooling is 81.0% lower than without cooling. The results of the orthogonal analysis showed that the cutting depth and cutterhead rotation speed had the most significant effect on temperature. According to the experiment of the similar cutter, the maximum difference between the simulation and the experiment is 18.5%. The accuracy of the simulation results was verified.

This article presents the results of an experimental study of a photovoltaic thermal battery (PVTB) and a photovoltaic module (PVM) based on a thin-film structure installed on the heliopolygon of the Department of Alternative Energy Sources (AESs) of Tashkent State Technical University. A brief review of research on PVM cooling technologies and the creation of PVTB installations has been conducted. The data from the experimental study were processed. The dynamics of changes in the external parameters and characteristics of PVM and PVTB are presented graphically, as well as a comparison of the values of the corresponding parameters are given in tabular form. According to the results of the conducted research, the surface temperature of the PVTB decreased by an average of 6.3°С relative to the temperature of the PVM. Due to the developed module cooling technology, the electrical power of the PVTB compared to the power of the PVM increased by an average of 5.3 watts or 10.3%. According to experimental data, 122 L of heated water was produced during the time of the experiment from a useful area of 0.7 m2 of PVTB, with an average temperature of 38.1°C. This installation allows for simultaneous electricity generation and water heating. These advantages create conditions for the use of this installation in the power supply and heated water supply of household needs of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The flat wire motor for Electric Vehicles have the characteristics of small size, light weight and high power density. However, with the development of high-speed motor, the AC loss of flat wire motor becomes larger, and its thermal rise performance is different from the traditional circular wire motor, so it is necessary to design a cooling method suitable for it. Firstly, a two-dimensional finite element model of a high speed flat permanent magnet synchronous motor for new energy vehicles was established, the influences of the size, layer number and parallel branches number of the flat conductor on the AC loss of the motor under the driving cycle of WLTC-3 were analyzed, and the optimal conductor size and winding connection mode were obtained. Then on the basis of loss analysis, according to the temperature field distribution of the motor, the optimal cooling method of oil cooling has been designed, which reduces the temperature rise and improves the reliability of the motor operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal management problem of IGBT is becoming more and more prominent, and it is urgent to develop a new cooling technology with high efficiency, stability and flexibility. Based on the main problems and bottlenecks in the current IGBT module cooling, was conducted a detailed analysis and evaluation of the widely used IGBT cooling technologies, as well as spray cooling, jet impingement cooling technology and micro-channel cooling technology, which are the hot spots of the current research. It shows that compared with other cooling technologies, micro-channel cooling technology, especially microchannel flow boiling cooling technology, has the advantages of compact structure, strong heat transfer capacity, high heat transfer coefficient, less working fluid charge, and good temperature uniformity performance, which have great development prospects in the field of thermal management of electronic devices. Thus, in this paper, it was proposed that microchannel flow boiling cooling is an optimal solution to the thermal management of new electronic devices, which provides an important reference for the design and application of IGBT module heat sinks.

Fires involving solid combustible materials are, as a rule, eliminated by supplying water mist onto a burning surface. Problems of current importance include determination of optimum intensity and duration of water supply to ensure successful suppression of combustion in the case of fires of various strength. This paper offers a mathematical model of optimizing the process of fire suppression for solid combustible materials. Using the heat conduction equation, an analytical solution has been obtained to determine the time for water supply to the seat of fire for its suppression, which depends on the thermophysical properties of combustible materials, the power of the heat impact of the combustion source on these materials, the time of free fire development, and the intensity of water supply. The results of the performed calculations illustrate the efficiency of solving problems of optimizing the extinguishment of fire seats involving solid combustible materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with carbon steel, traces of Ni, Cr, Ti, and other corrosion-resistant alloying elements were added to the matrix of bridge weathering steel, which resulted in the steel surface forming a strong adhesion and dense patina that hindered the penetration of atmospheric oxygen elements into the steel and significantly delayed the development and spread of rust corrosion. Therefore, the weathering steel owes its uniqueness to the formation of a patina that protects the steel from further corrosion. The change in its chemical composition partially influences the phase-transformation temperature, which further affects its post-fire performance. As weathering steel without coating is increasingly adopted in bridge construction, investigating its mechanical properties after fire exposure using different cooling methods is important. Therefore, the mechanical properties of S355J2W bridge weathering steel under rising temperatures and subsequent cooling using three approaches such as cooling in air (CIA), foam (CIF), and water (CIW), were investigated experimentally. Tensile experiments on post-fire S355J2W steel specimens with three different artificial cooling methods were performed to obtain the stress-strain relationships. The tensile fracture morphology was studied using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of the rising temperature and cooling approach on the mechanical performance of S355J2W steel were analyzed. The results indicated the influence of rising temperature and artificial cooling approach is not significant on the elastic modulus of S355J2W steel, but had an effect on the ultimate strength, yield strength, and ductility. Finally, predictive equations were proposed concerning the post-fire performance of S355J2W steel, laying a foundation for assessing the behavior of bridge weathering steel after fire.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to study the influence law of waist beam with different materials on the prestress loss of anchor cable, based on the deep foundation pit supporting project of Qingdao Haitian Center pile anchor, combined with the field measurement and ABAQUS finite element numerical simulation, the variation law of anchor cable prestress under the action of waist beam with three different materials was clarified, and the simulation results were compared and analyzed with the measured results. The results show that the variation law of the simulated results is basically consistent with the measured ones. The change trend of anchor cable prestress with time is gentle, which can be divided into three stages: rapid decline, stable change and basic stability. In the loading process, the anchor cable stress is transferred from the free section to the anchorage section, and gradually transferred to the retaining pile and the soil behind the pile. The main factors affecting the prestress loss of anchor cable are anchor cable retraction, soil creep and rock mass rheological deformation caused by sudden unloading. Finally, the prestress loss rule of anchor cable under the action of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) waist beam, concrete waist beam and steel waist beam was compared and analyzed, and the overall loss rate is 6. 89%, 14. 74% and 16. 84%, respectively, indicating that GFRP waist beam has the absolute advantage of controlling the prestress loss of anchor cable. The research results can provide reference for the design of similar deep foundation pit projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal management problem of IGBT is becoming more and more prominent, and it is urgent to develop a new cooling technology with high efficiency, stability and flexibility. Based on the main problems and bottlenecks in the current IGBT module cooling, was conducted a detailed analysis and evaluation of the widely used IGBT cooling technologies, as well as spray cooling, jet impingement cooling technology and micro-channel cooling technology, which are the hot spots of the current research. It shows that compared with other cooling technologies, micro-channel cooling technology, especially microchannel flow boiling cooling technology, has the advantages of compact structure, strong heat transfer capacity, high heat transfer coefficient, less working fluid charge, and good temperature uniformity performance, which have great development prospects in the field of thermal management of electronic devices. Thus, in this paper, it was proposed that microchannel flow boiling cooling is an optimal solution to the thermal management of new electronic devices, which provides an important reference for the design and application of IGBT module heat sinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature control is a complex bundled intervention; the synergistic impact of each individual component is ill defined and underreported. Resultantly, the influence of parameter optimization on temperature control's overall neuroprotective effect remains poorly understood. To characterize variability in temperature control parameters and barriers to short pre-induction and induction times, we surveyed sites enrolling in an ongoing multicenter clinical trial. This was a cross-sectional, survey study evaluating temperature control practices within the Influence of Cooling duration on Efficacy in Cardiac Arrest Patients (ICECAP) trial (NCT04217551). A 23-question web-based survey (Qualtrics) was distributed to the site principal investigators by email. Respondents were asked about site practices pertaining to the use of temperature control, including the request to upload individual institutional protocols. Open-ended responses were analyzed qualitatively by categorizing responses into identified themes. To complement survey level data, records pertaining to the quality of temperature control were extracted from the ICECAP trial database. The survey response rate was 75% (n = 51) including 23.5% (n = 12) survey respondents who uploaded institutional protocols. Most sites reported having institutional protocols for temperature control (n = 41; 80%), including 62.5% (n = 32) who had separate protocols for initiation of temperature control in the emergency department (ED). Fewer sites had protocols specific to sedation or neuromuscular blockade (NMB) management (n = 35, 68.6%). Use of NMB during temperature control induction was variable; 61.7% (n = 29) of sites induced paralysis less than 20% of the time. While most institutional protocols (n = 11, 83.3%) commented on the importance of early initiation of temperature control, this was incongruent with the largest reported barrier, which was clinical nihilism regarding the importance of early temperature control initiation (n = 30, 62.5%). Within the ICECAP trial database, 1 in 2 patients were treated with NMB however, use of NMB and time to initiation of temperature control device varied widely between sites. Amongst ICECAP trial sites, there was significant variability in resources, methods, and barriers for early temperature control initiation. Defining and standardizing high-quality temperature control must be prioritized, as it may impact the interpretation of past and current clinical trial findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supply of fossil energy is decreasing along with the development of civilization and technological advances. Solar energy is one of the renewable energies that can reduce these problems. Solar cells can convert solar energy into electrical energy using the principle of the photovoltaic effect. The performance of photovoltaic panels is affected by the increase in temperature in the photovoltaic panels. This study aims to identify the effect of increasing the number of deflectors on the air concentrator which is implemented as an active cooling of solar cells. This research was carried out experimentally by integrating an air concentrator, deflector, and heatsink on a PV panel. The application of various without concentrators, concentrators without deflectors, concentrators with two deflectors, concentrators with four deflectors, and concentrators with six deflectors, the temperature values are 56.70°C, 54.66°C, 53.30°C, 51.63°C and 53.70°C. From several variations of the addition of deflectors that have been carried out, it is found that through the application of a concentrator using four deflectors can obtain the most optimal results by producing a maximum power of 24.50 W with a total efficiency of 6.35%. In this configuration, a temperature drop of 5.07°C is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Little is known about the effectiveness of surface cooling (SC) and endovascular cooling (EC) on the outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients receiving target temperature management (TTM) according to their initial rhythm. Methods We retrospectively analysed data from the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest registry, a multicentre, prospective nationwide database in Japan. For our analysis, OHCA patients aged ≥ 18 years who were treated with TTM between June 2014 and December 2017 were included. The primary outcome was 30-day survival with favourable neurological outcome defined as a Glasgow–Pittsburgh cerebral performance category score of 1 or 2. Cooling methods were divided into the following groups: SC (ice packs, fans, air blankets, and surface gel pads) and EC (endovascular catheters and any dialysis technique). We investigated the efficacy of the two categories of cooling methods in two different patient groups divided according to their initially documented rhythm at the scene (shockable or non-shockable) using multivariable logistic regression analysis and propensity score analysis with inverse probability weighting (IPW). Results In the final analysis, 1082 patients were included. Of these, 513 (47.4%) had an initial shockable rhythm and 569 (52.6%) had an initial non-shockable rhythm. The proportion of patients with favourable neurological outcomes in SC and EC was 59.9% vs. 58.3% (264/441 vs. 42/72), and 11.8% (58/490) vs. 21.5% (17/79) in the initial shockable patients and the initial non-shockable patients, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, differences between the two cooling methods were not observed among the initial shockable patients (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] 1.51, 95% CI 0.76–3.03), while EC was associated with better neurological outcome among the initial non-shockable patients (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.19–4.11). This association was constant in propensity score analysis with IPW (OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.83–2.36; OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.01–3.47 among the initial shockable and non-shockable patients, respectively). Conclusion We suggested that the use of EC was associated with better neurological outcomes in OHCA patients with initial non-shockable rhythm, but not in those with initial shockable rhythm. A TTM implementation strategy based on initial rhythm may be important.

In the utilization of fluid media to generate power with hot dry rock（HDR）, the rock layers with different temperature gradients generally produce alternating temperature changes. Therefore, studying the permeability of rocks under the effects of cyclic high temperature conditions can help enhance its utilization efficiency. By experimentally exploring granite’s gas permeability under the effect of cyclic high temperature cooling（HTC, carried out at 400 ℃ and 600 ℃）, the influences of factors such as temperature, number of cycles, cooling methods and confining pressures on fluid transmission within granite were discussed, on which basis the evolutionary pattern of granite’s gas permeability under cyclic HTC was analyzed from different perspectives. The results show that as the number of cycles and temperature increased, the deterioration experienced by the rock specimens also become significant. Moreover, it is also found that the deterioration levels caused by high temperature quenching are serious higher than cooling by radiation. Rock damage peaks in severity after the first round of HTC, with mass loss taking up about half of the total mass loss after 6 cycles. Furthermore, the apparent permeability of the rock specimens also increases by two orders of magnitude (from 10-18 m~2 to 10-16 m²) after 2 cycles. At the 4th and 6th cycles, the growth of apparent permeability slows down under high temperature quenching, but changes are negligible when cooled by radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, influences of air‐cooling, water‐cooling, and liquid nitrogen‐cooling (LN‐cooling) on microstructures and mechanical properties of Sn–58Bi alloy are studied. It is observed that nearly complete eutectic structures are obtained in air‐cooled Sn–58Bi alloy. Fine grains and many low‐angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) are obtained in water‐cooled Sn–58Bi alloy. The LN‐cooling method causes Bi atoms to form large, regular rectangular shapes, and there are many high‐angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) distributed inside the specimen. Impact tests are performed at room temperature. When the impact rate is 0.98 m s−1, the fracture energy of the water‐cooled Sn–58Bi alloy peaks to 71.5 mJ. The fracture of the LN‐cooled impact specimen has a large cleavage step due to the interaction of cleavage cracks and the HAGBs. These experimental results lay the relevant theoretical foundation for the practical application of Sn–58Bi solder alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the performance of a waste heat recovery thermoelectric generator (TEG) designed to enhance power generation through a novel energy-free cooling technique. While one side of the TEG is in contact with hot waste fluid, the other side must be effectively cooled to maximize the temperature differential and thus power output. An innovative method of creating a continuous, extra-thin water film (approximately 0.1 mm) on the TEG surface is introduced, leveraging the enthalpy of vaporization for significant cooling in which the evaporated water is replenish spontaneously meaning no need for external power. This is achieved using an ultrathin hydrophilic self-wicking sheet (UHSS) consisting of a polyvinyl chloride layer, 0.1 mm thick, coated on one side with a micro-sized wool layer to enhance hydrophilicity. When UHSS is immersed in water, the water rises vertically along the coated side due to capillary action, leading to a uniformly very thin wet surface. The other non-hydrophilic dry side is attached to the TEG surface. The idea is examined under various hot side fluid temperatures (55, 65, and 75 °C) and cold side ambient air temperatures (20, 30, and 40 °C), and compared with the conventional heatsink/fan cooling method. Experimental results indicate that the UHSS technique leads to a substantial increase in generated electrical current compared to lower values for conventional heatsink-fan methods, particularly at higher ambient temperatures. The cooling performance of the UHSS was consistently superior, yielding power output improvements of 50 %–150 % compared to common fan-heatsink. Additionally, the maximum conversion efficiency for the UHSS method ranged from 4 % to 6 %, exceeding the 1 %–4 % efficiency observed for the heatsink method. These findings highlight the UHSS technique's potential as an effective cooling strategy for thermoelectric power generators, especially in environments with high ambient temperatures and low humidity. [Display omitted] • Ultrathin hydrophilic self-wicking sheet is tested as a cooling way for TEG. • A very thin layer of water is spread on the cold side by natural wicking. • No external power is required is this new idea to distribute the water. • The idea was tested under various heat source temperatures and air temperature. • 50–150 % more generated ampere was observed compred to the heatsink/fan method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure effective heat recovery of thermoelectric generators, a cooling system is necessary to maintain the working temperature difference of the thermoelectric couples, which decreases continuously due to thermal diffusion. In order to evaluate and improve the thermoelectric performance of a concentric annular thermoelectric generator under various cooling methods, a comprehensive numerical model of the thermo-fluid-electric multi-physics field for an annular thermoelectric generator with a concentric annular heat exchanger was developed using the finite-element method. The effects of four cooling methods and different exhaust parameters on the thermoelectric performance were investigated. The results show that, in comparison to the cocurrent cooling pattern, the countercurrent cooling pattern effectively reduces temperature distribution non-uniformity and hence increases the maximum output power; however, it requires more thermoelectric semiconductor materials. Furthermore, when using the cocurrent air-cooling method, high exhaust temperatures may result in lower output power; high exhaust mass flow rates result in high exhaust resistance and reduce system net power. The maximum net power output Pnet = 432.42 W was obtained using the countercurrent water-cooling, corresponding to an optimal thermoelectric semiconductor volume of 9.06 × 10−4 m3; when compared to cocurrent water-cooling, the maximum net power increased by 8.9%, but the optimal thermoelectric semiconductor volume increased by 21.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Currently, how to release the heat accumulated in the molten pool rapidly is the key factor in blade repair. We analyzed the problem of the current cooling method in blade additive manufacturing repair. Based on cooling effect, we proposed an advanced flexible multiflow path fixture cooling method for blade additive manufacturing repair. We created a coupled heat transfer model and deduced the heat transfer law for multiflow path conjugate flexible clamping. We obtained the optimal cooling scheme for flexible multiflow paths through numerical analysis. We built an experimental platform and tested the cooling effect of the fixture prototype by experiment. The results show that compared with the current cooling method, the new cooling method not only can lower the initial temperature of the fixture rapidly and realize the steady-state heat transfer between the fixture and the flow path quickly but can also significantly enhance the ability of fluid to participate in heat transfer in new flow paths, which significantly improves the cooling effect. The research results are of great significance for the improvement of aero blade additive manufacturing repair.

Lithium-ion batteries are important power sources for electric vehicles and energy storage devices in recent decades. Operating temperature, reliability, safety, and life cycle of batteries are key issues in battery thermal management, and therefore, there is a need for an effective thermal-management system. This review summarises the latest research progress on lithium-ion battery thermal management under high temperature, sub-zero temperature, and abuse conditions. Heat generation mechanisms are characterised under both normal and abuse conditions. Different cooling methods, which include air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change cooling, heat pipe cooling, and their combinations are reviewed and discussed. Thereafter, features of different battery heating methods such as air/liquid heating, alternate current heating, and internal self-heating are discussed. An improvement in battery safety under abuse conditions is discussed from the perspective of battery material modification and thermal management design. The research progress in recent investigations is summarised, and the prospects are proposed. • The investigations on the lithium ion battery thermal management is reviewed. • The air, liquid, PCM and combined cooling methods are discussed. • The external, alternating current and self-heating methods are analyzed. • The thermal runaway mechanism and prevention methods are discussed. • Research challenges and directions for future studies are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the mechanical properties of steel strands cooled by water at different temperatures after high-temperature treatment, a two-stage experiment was conducted. First, tensile tests of 1860-grade steel wire specimens were conducted after heating to different peak temperatures using 15 °C water and air for cooling. After that, tensile tests of steel strand specimens with the same heating temperature and different cooling temperatures of water were conducted. The results showed that the ultimate strength of the steel wire first decreased and then increased with increasing heating temperature under the air cooling method but decreased continuously under the water cooling method, which is in agreement with previous research results. The ultimate strength of the steel strands increased as a polynomial function of increasing cooling water temperature until the heating temperature reached 1000 °C. When the temperature of the cooling water increased from 10 to 80 °C, the stress increased from 19.61 to 139.88 MPa, while the stress increased sharply from 39.56 to 106.57 MPa as the temperature increased from 50 to 60 °C. The stress–strain relationship of steel strands cooled by water at different temperatures was also studied. This study may provide a basis for the damage assessment of steel strands after fire-related accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal management is considered a critical issue in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), since it not only influences the cell performance but also impacts PEMFC's reliability and durability. With the ever-increasing power density of PEMFC, traditional cooling approaches including air cooling and water cooling become difficult to meet the demand for high-power heat dissipation. Therefore, phase-change cooling is proposed for fuel cell application in this work, and the potential advantages are discussed and demonstrated via a mathematical model incorporating phase-change heat transfer. The thermal management performance is evaluated by temperature uniformity, maximum temperature difference, and the cooling capacity to compare the difference between phase-change cooling and traditional methods, which demonstrates that phase-change cooling owns a greatly improved thermal management performance. In addition, a simple method to broaden the operating temperature of phase-change cooling based on one certain coolant is offered, which is pressurizing in the coolant channel to regulate the boiling temperature that could further improve the application feasibility of phase-change cooling strategy in fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, vortex cooling is stated in the research subjects and its usage shows an increase. Researchers examined its effects on cutting process and it is stated in the literature that vortex cooling is an eco-friendly cooling method. In this study, the effect of vortex cooling method on both machining methods and cutting performance was examined in separate titles. Its performance was evaluated in terms of advantages and disadvantages comparing to other cooling methods in cutting process. As a result of this evaluation, vortex cooling effects the cutting process positively in turning and milling processes comparing to dry machining, conventional liquid cooling and conventional air cooling methods. This effect is less comparing to cryogenic and MQL cooling methods.

Background: Little is known about the effectiveness of surface cooling (SC) and endovascular cooling (EC) on the outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients receiving target temperature management (TTM) according to their initial rhythm. Methods: We retrospectively analysed data from the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest registry, a multicentre, prospective nationwide database in Japan. For our analysis, OHCA patients aged ≥ 18 years who were treated with TTM between June 2014 and December 2017 were included. The primary outcome was 30-day survival with favourable neurological outcome defined as a Glasgow–Pittsburgh cerebral performance category score of 1 or 2. Cooling methods were divided into the following groups: SC (ice packs, fans, air blankets, and surface gel pads) and EC (endovascular catheters and any dialysis technique). We investigated the efficacy of the two categories of cooling methods in two different patient groups divided according to their initially documented rhythm at the scene (shockable or non-shockable) using multivariable logistic regression analysis and propensity score analysis with inverse probability weighting (IPW). Results: In the final analysis, 1082 patients were included. Of these, 513 (47.4%) had an initial shockable rhythm and 569 (52.6%) had an initial non-shockable rhythm. The proportion of patients with favourable neurological outcomes in SC and EC was 59.9% vs. 58.3% (264/441 vs. 42/72), and 11.8% (58/490) vs. 21.5% (17/79) in the initial shockable patients and the initial non-shockable patients, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, differences between the two cooling methods were not observed among the initial shockable patients (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] 1.51, 95% CI 0.76–3.03), while EC was associated with better neurological outcome among the initial non-shockable patients (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.19–4.11). This association was constant in propensity score analysis with IPW (OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.83–2.36; OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.01–3.47 among the initial shockable and non-shockable patients, respectively). Conclusion: We suggested that the use of EC was associated with better neurological outcomes in OHCA patients with initial non-shockable rhythm, but not in those with initial shockable rhythm. A TTM implementation strategy based on initial rhythm may be important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the surface roughness ( R a ) and vibration (Vib) during finish turning of AISI 4140 (52 HRc) steel workpiece under cooling method were investigated as experimental and statistical. Taguchi method was used in statistical investigation of obtained data from the finish turning experiments. As cutting parameters, cutting speed: 160, 200, 240 and 280 m/min, feed rate: 0.08 and 0.16 mm/rev, depth of cut: 0.15 and 0.3 mm, and cooling method: dry/wet were selected for this experimental study. Vibration values during finish turning of steel workpiece were collected online by accelerometers and R a measurement device was used to obtain the R a values. Optimum R a and Vib values were obtained in finish turning of this workpiece. The cutting parameters determined for optimum R a values were obtained as 0.08 mm/rev of feed rate, 200 m/min of cutting speed, wet turning process of cooling method, and 0.30 mm of depth of cut. Optimum Vib values were obtained as 0.08 mm/rev, 240 m/min, dry turning and 0.15 mm. Experimental results for the lowest R a and Vib were found as 0.219 μ m and 0.003463 gRMS. The predicted values for the R a and the Vib were 0.222 μ m and 0.003328 gRMS, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key issue in ensuring the stability of transportation infrastructure in permafrost regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) is to prevent the degradation of the underlying permafrost. Therefore, several cooling methods (such as sun sheds, duct-ventilated embankment, thermosyphon, crushed-rock embankment, and dry bridge) have been developed to stabilize the underlying permafrost and mitigate thaw settlement. In this study, considering climate warming and engineering geologic conditions, a necessity model of cooling methods for transportation infrastructure was proposed. The application features of cooling methods along the Qinghai–Tibet Railway (QTR) in permafrost regions were systematically and comprehensively summarized to validate the model accuracy. The results indicated that the model has satisfactory performance and can determine the necessity index (NI) of cooling methods in a certain area. Based on the NI values, convenient application criteria for cooling methods were proposed. Specifically, the transportation infrastructure can be constructed without cooling methods in regions where the NI is less than 1.088. The results indicated that approximately 97% of the regions (NI < 1.088) in the study area are located in talik and low-temperature and ice-poor permafrost regions. Therefore, NI = 1.088 was determined to be a reasonable boundary value for deciding whether to apply cooling methods. Finally, the reliability of the criteria was validated by analyzing the settlement data of six typical embankment sections. This model can improve the reasonableness of the decision-making process of cooling method selection during the design and construction of transportation infrastructure, not only in the Qinghai–Tibet engineering corridor but also in a wide region of the QTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C3S mineral is the main ingredient of clinker and the main provider of cement clinker strength. The strength of clinker is not only affected by the content of C3S, but also directly related to the C3S crystal form. In order to stud)' the effects of cooling methods on the mineral composition and crystal structure of the clinker, the industrial raw materials from different manufacturers were calcined at 1 450 °C for 30 min, then quenched by liquid nitrogen immediately, cooled by air quickly and cooled slowly with furnace. The mineral composition, content, crystal form, morphology and solid solution of clinker were analyzed by TG-DSC, XRD, Rietveld method and petrography analysis. The experimental results show that the cooling rate increases, the C3S content in the clinker increases, and the β-C2S, C3A and C4AF content decreases. The cooling rate in the raw material with a larger aluminum ratio has a more significant impact on the C3S and C3A content. The crystal form of C3S is different under different cooling methods. The C3S is mostly M1 or M3 type under liquid nitrogen cooling and air cooling, and the C3S is mostly T-type under furnace cooling. The slow cooling rate makes the crystal form of C3S change from M-type to T-type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stainless steel offers excellent mechanical properties as well as corrosion resistance and performs better in a fire compared to carbon steel in that it retains its strength and stiffness for a longer duration. The current paper is focussed on the post‐fire condition, which has only received limited attention to date from the research community. The motivation for the work is to show that stainless steel elements which have been exposed to fire can be re‐instated with minimal additional costs in a short time frame. The paper proceeds with a description of recent material tests into the residual properties of grade 1.4301 austenitic stainless steel, following exposure to elevated temperature. Two different types of test are added to this available data. Firstly, a series of tensile tests are completed on coupons taken from a loaded stainless steel beam previously examined under fire conditions. Secondly, a set of virgin coupons (i.e. which have not been previously heated or tested) are exposed to different levels of elevated temperature and cooling procedures. This is with a view to understanding the ability of structural elements made from this material to survive a fire and continue in service. The results are then employed along with other data obtained from the literature to conduct a detailed study into the design considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]