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The present study examines indoor air pollution in health facilities, focusing on compounds from various sources, such as industrial products, healthcare activities and building materials. It assesses chemical and microbiological concentrations in two public hospitals, two public healthcare centres, and one public health laboratory in Spain. Measurements included indoor air quality, microbiological contaminants, ambient parameters and non-target analysis across ten different locations. Outdoor air quality was also assessed in the surroundings of the hospitals. The results showed that around 350 substances were tentatively identified at a high confidence level, with over 50 % of compounds classified as of high toxicological risk. Three indoor and 26 outdoor compounds were fully confirmed with standards. These confirmed substances were linked to medical, industrial and agricultural activities. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) results revealed that CO, CO 2 , formaldehyde (HCHO), O 3 and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) showed average values above the recommended guideline levels in at least one of the evaluated locations. Moreover, maximum concentrations detected for CO, HCHO, O 3 and TVOCs in hospitals surpassed those previously reported in the literature. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in three air environments, corresponding to COVID-19 patient areas. Fungi and bacteria concentrations were acceptable in all assessed locations, identifying different fungi genera, such as Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and Botrytis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Microplastic (MPs) pollution is a current global concern that is affecting all environmental compartments and food sources. In this work, anthropogenic particles occurrence (MPs and natural and synthetic cellulosic particles), have been determined in 73 beverages packed in different containers. Overall, 1521 anthropogenic particles were found, being the lowest occurrence in water samples (7.2 ± 10.1 items·L -1 ) while beer had the highest (95.5 ± 91.8 items·L -1 ). Colourless/white particles were the most detected followed by blue and red colours. The highest mean size was 783 ± 715 μm in soft drinks. Cellulosic, both natural and semisynthetic particles, were the composition mostly found but regarding plastic polymers, it was polyester. Phenoxy resin particles from the can coatings were also identified in all metal containers which indicates that leaching from the packaging may be happening. The total estimated daily intake were 0.077 and 0.159 items·kg -1 body weight (b.w.)·day -1 for children and adult population, respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In this work, assessment of microplastics (MPs) in commercial vegetable edible oils from Italy and Spain, including extra-virgin olive oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, and mixed seed oil, has been conducted for the first time. The method was based on sample dilution with ethanol:n-hexane (1:3, v/v), homogenization, vacuum filtration on macroporous silicon filters with 5 μm pore diameter to collect MPs, and automatic µ-FTIR spectroscopy for MPs detection and characterization. In the analysis of oil samples, a mean MPs abundance of 1140 ± 350 MPs/L was found. Observed MPs were characterized, being most of them fragments (81.2 %), with particle sizes < 100 µm (77.5 %), and mainly composed of polyethylene (50.3 %) and polypropylene (28.7 %), among others. Statistical analysis revealed that there were not significant differences (p-value > 0.05) in the abundance of MPs between oil samples or types., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A comprehensive study assessed indoor air quality parameters, focusing on relevant air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ), gaseous compounds (CO, CO 2 , formaldehyde, NO 2 ) and volatile/semi-volatile organic chemicals, as well as respiratory viruses (including SARS-CoV-2), fungi and bacteria in Spanish university classrooms. Non-target screening strategies evaluated the presence of organic pollutants inside and outside the classrooms. Saliva samples from teachers and students were collected to explore correlations between respiratory viruses in the air and biological samples. Indoor results revealed the punctual exceedance of recommended guidelines for CO 2 , formaldehyde (HCHO), volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and PM in the least naturally ventilated classrooms. Significant differences occurred between the classes, with the least ventilated one showing higher average concentrations of CO 2 , HCHO, NO 2 , PM 10 and PM 2.5 . A respiratory virus (rhinovirus/enterovirus) was detected in the medium naturally ventilated classroom, although saliva samples tested negative. Suspect screening tentatively identified 65 substances indoors and over 200 outdoors, with approximately half reporting a high toxicological risk based on the Cramer rules. The study provides a comprehensive overview of indoor air quality, respiratory viruses and organic pollutants in university classrooms, highlighting the variations and potential health risks associated with ventilation differences.

In this work, an analytical method for the determination of eight non-allowed nitrofurans, including nifurpirinol and the metabolites of furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone, nifursol, nitrovin, and nifuroxazide in animal tissues, including muscle (poultry, bovine, ovine, porcine, rabbit, and fish), kidney (bovine, ovine, porcine), and eggs, has been developed and validated according to Regulation (EU) 2021/808. The method was based on derivatization with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde in acid medium, followed by vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction for sample purification prior to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Under selected conditions, the method was validated showing satisfactory relative matrix effects (CV ≤ 20 %), linearity (R 2  ≥ 0.98), trueness (≤20 %, expressed as bias), accuracy (83-120 %), repeatability (1.7-19.9 %), reproducibility (1.9-25.7 %), specificity (blank signal ≤30 % at the LCL), and ruggedness. The decision limit for confirmation (CCα) for the target analytes ranged from 0.27 to 0.35 μg kg -1 , all below the current reference point for action (RPA) of 0.5 μg kg -1 for the studied compounds. This validated method is currently accredited according to UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025 by the Spanish National Accreditation Body (ENAC) to be implemented for official control analyses in the Public Health Laboratory of Valencia (Spain)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced primarily during incomplete combustion of organic matter and in various industrial processes. They are widespread environmental pollutants that are of significant interest due to their potential toxicity. Humans can be exposed to PAHs through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. In the present study, ten urinary PAH biomarkers were determined in first-morning urine samples (n = 504) from the adult population (aged 18-65 years) residing in the Valencian Region of Spain. These samples were analysed using liquid-liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). All PAH biomarkers were quantified in more than 65 % of the urine samples. Naphthalene biomarkers, 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1OHNAP) and 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2OHNAP), exhibited the highest levels with geometric means (GMs) of 0.7 and 11.9 μg L -1 , respectively. The 95th percentile of all PAH biomarkers ranged from 0.22 to 64.8 μg L -1 . Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for the analysed PAH families in the studied population ranged from 17 (pyrene) to 18581 (naphthalene) ng·kg-bw -1 ·day -1 (GM). Significant associations were observed between the quantified urinary metabolites of PAHs and smoking status, home location, annual household incomes, BMI, and the consumption of grilled food in the last 24 h. Hazard quotients (HQs) of naphthalene and consequently, hazard indexes (HIs) were above 1, especially for smokers. Therefore, potential health risks associated with PAH exposure in the target population could not be discarded., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no financial interests or personal relationship that could influence the work presented in this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) levels were measured in representative vegetable oils and animal origin foodstuffs collected in a Total Diet Study carried out in the Valencian Region (Spain). A total amount of 3,300 food samples were collected and grouped into 5 main food groups: vegetable oils, meat and meat products, eggs, milk and dairy products and fish and sea products. The samples were analysed using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The food group which presented the highest concentration in wet weight (ww) for the sum of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs was fish and sea products (0.5 pg TEQ g -1 ww), whereas meat and meat products (0.6 pg TEQ g -1 lipid) showed the highest levels expressed in lipid terms. Occurrence data of PCDD/F and dl-PCBs were combined with consumption data to estimate the dietary exposure of adults (>15 years) and children (6-15 years). Finally, the estimated weekly intake (EWI) was calculated using a deterministic approach and considering the food consumption of the population, with fish and sea products being the main food group contributor. Likewise, considering the worst-case scenario (Upper Bound, UB), average EWI were 1.8 and 3.4 pg TEQ kg -1 body weight (bw) week -1 for adults and children, respectively. For children, the average EWI was almost twice above the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2 pg TEQ kg -1 bw week -1 set by EFSA in 2018. In terms of risk characterisation, the overall obtained results showed that 19 % of adults and 43 % of children may exceed the TWI when using UB., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Little is known about exposure determinants of acrylamide (AA), a genotoxic food-processing contaminant, in Europe. We assessed determinants of AA exposure, measured by urinary mercapturic acids of AA (AAMA) and glycidamide (GAMA), its main metabolite, in 3157 children/adolescents and 1297 adults in the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative. Harmonized individual-level questionnaires data and quality assured measurements of AAMA and GAMA (urine collection: 2014-2021), the short-term validated biomarkers of AA exposure, were obtained from four studies (Italy, France, Germany, and Norway) in children/adolescents (age range: 3-18 years) and six studies (Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and Iceland) in adults (age range: 20-45 years). Multivariable-adjusted pooled quantile regressions were employed to assess median differences (β coefficients) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) in AAMA and GAMA (µg/g creatinine) in relation to exposure determinants. Southern European studies had higher AAMA than Northern studies. In children/adolescents, we observed significant lower AA associated with high socioeconomic status (AAMA:β =  - 9.1 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI - 15.8, - 2.4; GAMA: β =  - 3.4 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI - 4.7, - 2.2), living in rural areas (AAMA:β =  - 4.7 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI - 8.6, - 0.8; GAMA:β =  - 1.1 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI - 1.9, - 0.4) and increasing age (AAMA:β =  - 1.9 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI - 2.4, - 1.4; GAMA:β =  - 0.7 µg/g creatinine, 95% CI - 0.8, - 0.6). In adults, higher AAMA was also associated with high consumption of fried potatoes whereas lower AAMA was associated with higher body-mass-index. Based on this large-scale study, several potential determinants of AA exposure were identified in children/adolescents and adults in European countries., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

In this work, an analytical strategy based on non-target screening of semi-volatile organic compounds and subsequent risk assessment for adult and child populations has been conducted for the first time in household indoor dust samples in Spain. The methodology was based on a microwave-assisted extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry determination, using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap analyzer. The procedure was applied to 19 residential indoor dust samples, collected in different Spanish regions (namely Galicia, La Rioja, Catalunya, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Region). From the generated data, 4067 features were obtained, of which 474 compounds were tentatively identified with a high level of identification confidence (probable structure by library spectrum match or confirmed by reference standard), using a restrictive set of identification criteria. Most of the identified chemicals were natural products, metabolites, additives, and substances with industrial applications in the field of foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plastics. Finally, risk assessment was carried out by applying the threshold of toxicological concern approach, showing that risk to adult and child populations associated with the presence of the identified substances in the indoor dust was not expected, although the existence of indoor environments with conditions of potential risk cannot be discarded under a worst-case scenario approach., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Acrylamide (AA), a chemical compound currently classified as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen", is formed through the Maillard reaction in processed carbohydrate-rich foods and is also present in tobacco smoke. The primary sources of AA exposure in the general population are dietary intake and inhalation. Within a 24-h period, humans eliminate approximately 50% of AA in the urine, predominantly in the form of mercapturic acid conjugates such as N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2- hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA3), and N-acetyl-3-[(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)sulfinyl]-L-alanine (AAMA-Sul). These metabolites serve as short-term biomarkers for AA exposure in human biomonitoring studies. In this study, we analysed first-morning urine samples from the adult population (aged 18-65 years) residing in the Valencian Region, Spain, (n = 505). AAMA, GAMA-3 and AAMA-Sul were quantified in 100% of the analysed samples, with geometric means (GM) of 84, 11 and 26 μg L -1 , respectively, while the estimated daily intake of AA in the studied population ranged from 1.33 to 2.13 μg·kg-bw -1 ·day -1 (GM). Statistical analysis of the data indicated that the most significant predictors of AA exposure were smoking and the amount of potato fried products and, biscuits and pastries consumed last 24 h. Based on risk assessment approaches conducted, the findings suggest that exposure to AA could pose a potential health risk. Therefore, it is crucial to closely monitor and continuously evaluate AA exposure to ensure the well-being of the population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Borja Peris Camarasa reports financial support was provided by Government of Valencia., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In this work, a new approach for the identification of unknown compounds in human tears has been developed and validated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) linked to an intelligent data acquisition mode (AcquireX DS-dd-MS 2 ) coupled to an automated data processing software (Compound Discoverer™ 3.2). As a pilot research study, four human tear samples from volunteers were analyzed. Data were acquired in both positive and negative ionization modes and exact mass, isotope pattern, and MS 2 spectra match were used for the tentative identification. Following this approach, 58 substances were identified, 47 in positive mode and 11 in negative mode, with an estimated concentration ranging from 0.1 to 9000 ng mL -1 . Most of them were amino acids, hormones, metabolites, and pharmaceuticals. In order to validate the proposed method, the system suitability was evaluated and 29 commercial analytical standards of the tentatively identified substances were analyzed, of which 28 were confirmed obtaining a high identification accuracy (96.6 %). These results confirm that the screening tool presented in this work can facilitate the discovery of new metabolites, novel potential biomarkers, and substances to which the person is exposed, such as pollutants., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

An analytical strategy was applied to investigate polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in newborn meconium samples. The methodology includes extraction by selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE), followed by a clean-up multicolumn step. The samples were injected by gas chromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer (GC-HRMS). The surrogate recoveries ranged from 68% to 95%, and the average of the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.03 to 0.08 pg g -1 wet weight (ww) for PCDD/Fs and 0.2 to 0.88 pg g -1 ww for dl-PCBs. The strategy was applied to 10 samples collected in Valencia (Spain) in 2022. In total, 18 out of 29 analysed congeners were detected in at least one sample, whereas 6 of them were detected in all the samples (OCDD, PCB-123, PCB-118, PCB-105, PCB-167, and PCB-156). The levels for the sum of the 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs and 12 congeners of dl-PCBs in the upper-bound (UB), expressed as picograms of toxic equivalency quantity (TEQ) per gram of ww, ranged from 0.19 to 0.31 pg TEQ g -1 ww.

Emissions from cement manufacturing facilities may increase health risks in nearby populations. For this reason, dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) concentrations in PM 10 samples were assessed in the vicinity of a cement manufacturing plant located in the Valencian Region (eastern Spain). The total concentrations of the sum of dl-PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs ranged between 1.85 and 42.53 fg TEQ/m 3 at the assessed stations. The average daily inhalation dose (DID) for the sum in adults ranged from 8.93 · 10 -4 to 3.75 · 10 -3 pg WHO TEQ kg -1 b.w. d -1 , and, for children, the DID ranged from 2.01 · 10 -3 to 8.44 · 10 -3 pg WHO TEQ kg -1 b.w. d -1 . Risk assessment for adults and children was performed using both daily and chronic exposure. The hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated considering 0.025 pg WHO TEQ kg -1 b.w. d -1 to be the acceptable maximum permitted inhalation exposure. The HQ obtained was slightly higher than 1 for PCDD/Fs at one of the stations (Chiva), indicating a possible health risk for the population under study due to inhalation exposure. In the case of chronic exposure, cancer risk (>10 -6 ) was observed for some samples in one of the assessed sampling sites (Chiva).

In this work, a new analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of the total content of 21 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in paper- and cardboard-based food contact materials (FCMs). This method is based on green ultrasound-assisted lixiviation followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). The method was validated in various paper- and cardboard-based FCMs, showing good linearity ( R 2 ≥ 0.99), limits of quantification (1.7-10 μg kg -1 ), accuracy (74-115%), and precision (RSD < 20%). The eco-friendly characteristics of the proposed analytical method were assessed according to the analytical eco-scale, demonstrating that it can be considered an excellent green analytical method (EcoScale score > 75). Finally, 16 field samples of paper- and cardboard-based FCMs, including pizza boxes, popcorn boxes, paper bags and cardboard boxes for potato fries, ice cream tubs, pastry trays, and cardboard-based packaging for cooked Spanish omelets, fresh grapes, frozen fish, and salads were analyzed, showing that they comply with the current European regulations regarding the studied PFASs. The developed method is currently accredited according to UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025 by the Spanish National Accreditation Body (ENAC) to be implemented for official control analysis of FCMs in the Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana (Valencia, Spain).

A fast and automated strategy has been developed for identifying unknown substances in the atmosphere (concretely, in the particulate matter, PM 10 ) using LC-HRMS (MS 3 ). A total of 15 samples were collected in three different areas (rural, urban and industrial). A sampling flow rate of 30 m 3 h -1 was applied for 24 h, sampling a total volume of around 720 m 3 . A total of 49 compounds were tentatively identified using very restrictive criteria regarding exact mass, retention time, isotopic profile and both MS 2 and MS 3 spectra. Pesticides, pharmaceutical active compounds, drugs, plasticizers and metabolites were the most identified compounds. To verify whether the developed methodology was suitable, 11 substances were checked with their analytical standards and all of them were confirmed. Different profiles for industrial, rural and urban areas were examined. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model allowed us to separate the obtained data of the three assessed area. When the profiles obtained in the three evaluated areas were compared using a Volcano plot (the rural area was taken as reference), 11 compounds were confirmed as being discriminant: three of them (3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine, 3-methyladenine and nicotine) were more likely to be found in industrial sites; ten compounds (3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine, 3-methyladenine, azoxystrobin, cocaine, cotinine, ethoprophos, imidacloprid, metalaxyl-M, nicotine and pyrimethanil) were more probable in the case of urban sites; finally, triisopropanolamine was more likely to be detected in rural locations.

A green analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 30 tropane and pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in dried teas and herbs for infusions has been developed and validated. The proposed method is based on QuEChERS procedure followed by LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis. The method includes a first screening analysis to assess the presence of alkaloids, followed by the quantification of suspected positive samples (cut-off level, 0.2-2.6 µg kg -1 ). The method was validated in five different tea and herb matrices showing satisfactory linearity (R 2 ≥0.99), method limits of quantification (5 µg kg -1 ), accuracy (87-111 %), and precision (RSD <20 %). The greenness of the proposed method was evaluated according to the Analytical Eco-Scale, showing that it could be considered an excellent green analysis. Finally, eleven commercial field samples of tea and herbs for infusions, including rooibos, chamomile, red tea, black tea, green tea, white tea, linden, horsetail, and one infusion containing a mixture of herbs, were analyzed and the obtained results demonstrated that they were in compliance with the current European regulations regarding the studied substances., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the urinary levels of Glyphosate (Gly) and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in Spanish breastfeeding mothers (n = 97), to identify the main predictors of exposure and to perform a risk assessment. Urine samples were analyzed using a method based on solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination. The developed method showed limits of quantification of 0.1 μg/L for both analytes. The detection frequencies (DFs) were 54% for Gly and 60% for AMPA, with geometric means (GMs) of 0.12 μg/L and 0.14 μg/L, respectively. In the statistical analysis, no relationship was found between the urinary levels of Gly and AMPA. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the intake of eggs and fruits and Gly levels in urine. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs), hazard quotients (HQs), and a hazard index (HI) were calculated to analyze the obtained data from a health risk perspective. The GMs of the EDIs were 0.31 and 0.37 μg/kg of body weight (BW)/day for Gly and AMPA, respectively. The HQs were calculated considering 0.5 mg/kg BW/day as an acceptable daily intake (ADI), which EFSA has established as a health-based reference value for both analytes. The values obtained were lower than 1, and thus, low health risk due to Gly and AMPA exposure was expected for the population under study., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A fast and automated approach has been developed for the tentative identification and risk assessment of unknown substances in plastic food contact materials (FCM) by GC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. The proposed approach combines GC-HRMS full scan data acquisition coupled to Compound Discoverer™ 3.2 software for automated data processing and compound identification. To perform the tentative identification of the detected features, a restrictive set of identification criteria was used, including matching with the NIST Mass Spectral Library, exact mass of annotated fragments, and retention index calculation. After the tentative identification, a risk assessment of the identified substances was performed by using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach. This strategy has been applied to recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which could be used as FCM, as a proof-of-concept demonstration. In the analyzed sample, 374 features were detected, of which 83 were tentatively identified after examination of the identification criteria. Most of these were additives, such as plasticizers, used in a wide variety of plastic applications, oligomers of LDPE, and substances with chemical, industrial, or cosmetic applications. The risk assessment was performed and, according to the TTC approach, the obtained results showed that there was no risk associated with the release of the identified substances. However, complementary studies related to the toxicity of the unidentified substances and the potential mixture toxicity (cocktail effects) should be conducted in parallel using bioassays.

The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments is a cause of increasing concern. In this study, three sampling methodologies have been used in order to collect SARS-CoV-2 and 17 other respiratory viruses in indoor air, combined with a new analytical process to analyze respiratory viruses. Different areas of an ophthalmological hospital were investigated for the presence of these airborne viruses. Moreover, indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters (carbon dioxide, CO 2 ; carbon monoxide, CO; nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 ; volatile organic compounds, VOCs; formaldehyde, HCHO; and particulate matter, PM) have been examined to study the relationship between IAQ and airborne viruses. All indoor air and surface samples assessed were found to be negative for SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, another airborne respiratory virus (HRV/ENV) was detected, illustrating that the methodology set out here is a suitable one. Regarding the results for the IAQ, chemical parameters studied in the hall and waiting room of the hospital presented acceptable values. However, in the doctor's consultation room VOCs and HCHO show some instantaneous levels higher than the recommended guide values. The methodological approach described in this paper, integrating conventional IAQ and the assessment of bioaerosols, can be used in research and control programs aimed at promoting a healthy indoor environment.