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Meta-analysis is a useful tool in clinical research, as it combines the results of multiple clinical studies to improve precision when answering a particular scientific question. While there has been a substantial increase in publications using meta-analysis in various clinical research topics, the number of published meta-analyses in metabolomics is significantly lower compared to other omics disciplines. Metabolomics is the study of small chemical compounds in living organisms, which provides important insights into an organism's phenotype. However, the wide variety of compounds and the different experimental methods used in metabolomics make it challenging to perform a thorough meta-analysis. Additionally, there is a lack of consensus on reporting statistical estimates, and the high number of compound naming synonyms further complicates the process. Easy-Amanida is a new tool that combines two R packages, "amanida" and "webchem", to enable meta-analysis of aggregate statistical data, like p-value and fold-change, while ensuring the compounds naming harmonization. The Easy-Amanida app is implemented in Shiny, an R package add-on for interactive web apps, and provides a workflow to optimize the naming combination. This article describes all the steps to perform the meta-analysis using Easy-Amanida, including an illustrative example for interpreting the results. The use of aggregate statistics metrics extends the use of Easy-Amanida beyond the metabolomics field.

Abstract We assessed whether multiplex real-time PCR plus conventional microbiological testing is safe and more effective than conventional microbiological testing alone for reducing antibiotic use in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). In this randomised trial, we recruited adults hospitalised with CAP at four Spanish hospitals. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to undergo either multiplex real-time PCR in non-invasive respiratory samples plus conventional microbiological testing or conventional microbiological testing alone. The primary endpoint was antibiotic use measured by days of antibiotic therapy (DOT). Between February 20, 2020, and April 24, 2023, 242 patients were enrolled; 119 were randomly assigned to multiplex real-time PCR plus conventional microbiological testing and 123 to conventional microbiological testing alone. All but one of the patients allocated to multiplex real-time PCR plus conventional microbiological testing underwent PCR, which was performed in sputum samples in 77 patients (65.2%) and in nasopharyngeal swabs in 41 (34.7%). The median DOT was 10.04 (IQR 7.98, 12.94) in the multiplex PCR plus conventional microbiological testing group and 11.33 (IQR 8.15, 16.16) in the conventional microbiological testing alone group (difference −1.04; 95% CI, −2.42 to 0.17; p = 0.093). No differences were observed in adverse events and 30-day mortality. Our findings do not support the routine implementation of multiplex real-time PCR in the initial microbiological testing in hospitalised patients with CAP. Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT04158492.

Abstract Background Research Electronic Data CAPture (REDCap) is a web application for creating and managing online surveys and databases. Clinical data management is an essential process before performing any statistical analysis to ensure the quality and reliability of study information. Processing REDCap data in R can be complex and often benefits from automation. While there are several R packages available for specific tasks, none offer an expansive approach to data management. Results The REDCapDM is an R package for accessing and managing REDCap data. It imports data from REDCap to R using either an API connection or the files in R format exported directly from REDCap. It has several functions for data processing and transformation, and it helps to generate and manage queries to clarify or resolve discrepancies found in the data. Conclusion The REDCapDM package is a valuable tool for data scientists and clinical data managers who use REDCap and R. It assists in tasks such as importing, processing, and quality-checking data from their research studies.

Abstract In this study, we modelled the incidence of COVID-19 cases and hospitalisations by basic health areas (ABS) in Catalonia. Spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal incidence trends were described using estimation methods that allow to borrow strength from neighbouring areas and time points. Specifically, we used Bayesian hierarchical spatio-temporal models estimated with Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA). An exploratory analysis was conducted to identify potential ABS factors associated with the incidence of cases and hospitalisations. High heterogeneity in cases and hospitalisation incidence was found between ABS and along the waves of the pandemic. Urban areas were found to have a higher incidence of COVID-19 cases and hospitalisations than rural areas, while socio-economic deprivation of the area was associated with a higher incidence of hospitalisations. In addition, full vaccination coverage in each ABS showed a protective effect on the risk of COVID-19 cases and hospitalisations.

Abstract Background The use of remote consultation modalities has exponentially grown in the past few years, particularly since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although a huge body of the literature has described the use of phone (tele) and video consultations, very few of the studies correspond to randomized controlled trials, and none of them has assessed the safety of these consultation modalities as the primary objective. The primary objective of this trial was to assess the safety of remote consultations (both video and teleconsultation) in the follow-up of patients in the hospital setting. Methods Multicenter, randomized controlled trial being conducted in four centers of an administrative healthcare area in Catalonia (North-East Spain). Participants will be screened from all individuals, irrespective of age and sex, who require follow-up in outpatient consultations of any of the departments involved in the study. Eligibility criteria have been established based on the local guidelines for screening patients for remote consultation. Participants will be randomly allocated into one of the two study arms: conventional face-to-face consultation (control) and remote consultation, either teleconsultation or video consultation (intervention). Routine follow-up visits will be scheduled at a frequency determined by the physician based on the diagnostic and therapy of the baseline disease (the one triggering enrollment). The primary outcome will be the number of adverse reactions and complications related to the baseline disease. Secondary outcomes will include non-scheduled visits and hospitalizations, as well as usability features of remote consultations. All data will either be recorded in an electronic clinical report form or retrieved from local electronic health records. Based on the complications and adverse reaction rates reported in the literature, we established a target sample size of 1068 participants per arm. Recruitment started in May 2022 and is expected to end in May 2024. Discussion The scarcity of precedents on the assessment of remote consultation modalities using randomized controlled designs challenges making design decisions, including recruitment, selection criteria, and outcome definition, which are discussed in the manuscript. Trial registration NCT05094180. The items of the WHO checklist for trial registration are available in Additional file 1. Registered on 24 November 2021.

Background: The differential diagnosis between patients with celiac disease (CD) and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is difficult when a gluten-free diet (GFD) has been initiated before the diagnostic work-up. Isolated increases in TCRγδ+ and celiac lymphogram (increased TCRγδ+ plus decreased CD3−) may enable differential diagnosis in this challenging clinical setting. This study evaluated: (1) the accuracy of %TCRγδ+ and celiac lymphogram for diagnosing CD before and after GFD and for differentiation with NCGS; (2) TCRγδ+ kinetics at baseline and after starting GFD in both CD and NCGS. Methods: The inclusion criteria were patients with CD (n = 104), NCGS (n = 37), and healthy volunteers (n = 18). An intestinal biopsy for intraepithelial lymphogram by flow cytometry was performed at baseline and after GFD. The optimal cutoff for CD diagnostic accuracy was established by maximizing the Youden index and via logistic regression. Results: %TCRγδ+ showed better diagnostic accuracy than celiac lymphogram for identifying CD before and after GFD initiation. With a cutoff > 13.31, the accuracy for diagnosing CD in patients under GFD was 0.88 [0.80–0.93], whereas the accuracy for diagnosing NCGS (%TCRγδ+ ≤ 13.31) was 0.84 [0.76–0.89]. The percentage of TCRγδ+ cells showed differential kinetics between CD (baseline 22.7% [IQR, 16.4–33.6] vs. after GFD 26.4% [IQR, 17.8–36.8]; p = 0.026) and NCGS (baseline 9.4% [IQR, 4.1–14.6] vs. after GFD 6.4% [IQR, 3.2–11]; p = 0.022). Conclusion: TCRγδ+ T cell assessment accurately diagnoses CD before and after a GFD. Increased TCRγδ+ was maintained in the long term after GFD in CD but not in NCGS. Altogether, this suggests the potential usefulness of this marker for the differential diagnosis of these two entities in patients on a GFD.

Abstract Background Stenosis is one of the most common complications in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) is the treatment of choice for a short stenosis adjacent to the anastomosis from previous surgery. Self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) may be a suitable treatment option for longer stenoses. To date, however, there is no scientific evidence as to whether endoscopic (EBD/SEMS) or surgical treatment is the best approach for de novo or primary stenoses that are less than 10 cm in length. Methods/design Exploratory study as “proof-of-concept”, multicentre, open-label, randomized trial of the treatment of de novo stenosis in the CD; endoscopic treatment (EBD/SEMS) vs surgical resection (SR). The type of endoscopic treatment will initially be with EDB; if a therapeutic failure occurs, then a SEMS will be placed. We estimate 2 years of recruitment and 1 year of follow-up for the assessment of quality of life, costs, complications, and clinical recurrence. After the end of the study, patients will be followed up for 3 years to re-evaluate the variables over the long term. Forty patients with de novo stenosis in CD will be recruited from 15 hospitals in Spain and will be randomly assigned to the endoscopic or surgical treatment groups. The primary aim will be the evaluation of the patient quality of life at 1 year follow-up (% of patients with an increase of 30 points in the 32-item Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ-32). The secondary aim will be evaluation of the clinical recurrence rate, complications, and costs of both treatments at 1-year follow-up. Discussion The ENDOCIR trial has been designed to determine whether an endoscopic or surgical approach is therapeutically superior in the treatment of de novo stenosis in CD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT 04330846. Registered on 1 April 1 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home

Information on the long-term effects of non-restrictive antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) strategies is scarce. We assessed the effect of a stepwise, multimodal, non-restrictive AMS programme on broad-spectrum antibiotic use in the intensive care unit (ICU) over an 8-year period. Components of the AMS were progressively implemented. Appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing was also assessed by monthly point-prevalence surveys from 2013 onwards. A Poisson regression model was fitted to evaluate trends in the reduction of antibiotic use and in the appropriateness of their prescription. From 2011 to 2019, a total of 12,466 patients were admitted to the ICU. Antibiotic use fell from 185.4 to 141.9 DDD per 100 PD [absolute difference, −43.5 (23%), 95% CI −100.73 to 13.73; p = 0.13] and broad-spectrum antibiotic fell from 41.2 to 36.5 [absolute difference, −4.7 (11%), 95% CI −19.58 to 10.18; p = 0.5]. Appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing rose by 11% per year [IRR: 0.89, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.00; p = 0.048], while broad-spectrum antibiotic use showed a dual trend, rising by 22% until 2015 and then falling by 10% per year since 2016 [IRR: 0.90, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.99; p = 0.03]. This stepwise, multimodal, non-restrictive AMS achieved a sustained reduction in broad-spectrum antibiotic use in the ICU and significantly improved appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with alterations of lipoprotein structure and function that can be characterized with advanced lipoprotein testing (ADLT). The effect of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and weight loss on the lipoprotein subclass profile has been scarcely studied. Within the PREDIMED-Plus randomized controlled trial, a sub-study conducted at Bellvitge Hospital recruiting center evaluated the effects of a weight loss program based on an energy-reduced MedDiet (er-MedDiet) and physical activity (PA) promotion (intervention group) compared with energy-unrestricted MedDiet recommendations (control group) on ADLT-assessed lipoprotein subclasses. 202 patients with MetS (n = 107, intervention; n = 95, control) were included. Lipid profiles were determined, and ADLT was performed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effects of intervention on lipoprotein profiles. Compared to the control diet, at 12 months, the er-MedDiet+PA resulted in a significant additional 4.2 kg of body weight loss, a decrease in body mass index by 1.4 kg/m2, reduction in waist circumference by 2.2 cm, decreased triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol, and increased HDL-cholesterol. In er-MedDiet+PA participants, ADLT revealed a decrease in small dense-LDL-cholesterol (sd-LDL-C), intermediate-density lipoproteins, VLDL-triglyceride, and HDL-Triglyceride, and an increase in large LDL and large VLDL particles. In conclusion, compared to an ad libitum MedDiet (control group), er-MedDiet+PA decreased plasma triglycerides and the triglyceride content in HDL and VLDL particles, decreased sd-LDL-C, and increased large LDL particles, indicating beneficial changes against cardiovascular disease.

Establishing the natural history of COVID-19 requires longitudinal data from population-based cohorts. Here, the authors use linked primary care, testing, and hospital data to describe the disease in ~100,000 individuals with a COVID-19 diagnosis among a population of ~5.5 million in Catalonia, Spain.

Abstract Background Data analysis and visualization is an essential tool for exploring and communicating findings in medical research, especially in epidemiological surveillance. Results Data on COVID-19 diagnosed cases and mortality, from January 1st, 2020, onwards is collected automatically from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). We have developed a Shiny application for data visualization and analysis of several indicators to follow the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic using ECDC data. A country-specific tool for basic epidemiological surveillance, in an interactive and user-friendly manner. The available analyses cover time trends and projections, attack rate, population fatality rate, case fatality rate, and basic reproduction number. Conclusions The COVID19-World online web application systematically produces daily updated country-specific data visualization and analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic worldwide. The application may help for a better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic worldwide.

Abstract Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a leading cause of death worldwide, and hypoalbuminemia is associated with worse outcomes. However, it remains uncertain whether albumin administration could have any beneficial effects. We aim to assess whether the administration of albumin in hypoalbuminemic patients with CAP increases the proportion of clinically stable patients at day 5 compared with the standard of care alone. Methods This is a trial protocol for a superiority, non-blinded, multicenter, randomized, phase 3, interventional controlled clinical trial. The primary endpoint will be the proportion of clinical stable patients at day 5 (intention to treat), defined as those with stable vital signs for at least 24 h. The secondary endpoints will be time to clinical stability, duration of intravenous and total antibiotic treatment, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, duration of mechanical ventilation and vasopressor treatment, adverse events, readmission within 30 days, and all-cause mortality. The trial has been approved by the Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. The investigators commit to publish the data in peer-reviewed journals within a year of the study completion date. Subjects will be recruited from three Spanish hospitals over a planned enrolment period of 2 years. A follow-up visit will be performed 1 month after discharge. We have estimated the need for a sample size of 360 patients at a two-sided 5% alpha-level with a power of 80% based on intention to treat. Eligible participants must be hospitalized, hypoalbuminemic (≤ 30 g/L), non-immunosuppressed, adults, and diagnosed with CAP. They will be randomly assigned (1:1) to receive standard care plus albumin (20 g in 100 mL) every 12 h for 4 days or standard care alone. Discussion If this randomized trial confirms the hypothesis, it should lead to a change in current clinical practice for the management of hypoalbuminemic patients with CAP. Trial registration European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT) 2018-003117-18 . Registered on 12 April 2019. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04071041 . Registered on 27 August 2019

Background: The 2019 Science for Dialysis Meeting at Bellvitge University Hospital was devoted to the challenges and opportunities posed by the use of data science to facilitate precision and personalized medicine in nephrology, and to describe new approaches and technologies. The meeting included separate sections for issues in data collection and data analysis. As part of data collection, we presented the institutional ARGOS e-health project, which provides a common model for the standardization of clinical practice. We also pay specific attention to the way in which randomized controlled trials offer data that may be critical to decision-making in the real world. The opportunities of open source software (OSS) for data science in clinical practice were also discussed. Summary: Precision medicine aims to provide the right treatment for the right patients at the right time and is deeply connected to data science. Dialysis patients are highly dependent on technology to live, and their treatment generates a huge volume of data that has to be analysed. Data science has emerged as a tool to provide an integrated approach to data collection, storage, cleaning, processing, analysis, and interpretation from potentially large volumes of information. This is meant to be a perspective article about data science based on the experience of the experts invited to the Science for Dialysis Meeting and provides an up-to-date perspective of the potential of data science in kidney disease and dialysis. Key messages: Healthcare is quickly becoming data-dependent, and data science is a discipline that holds the promise of contributing to the development of personalized medicine, although nephrology still lags behind in this process. The key idea is to ensure that data will guide medical decisions based on individual patient characteristics rather than on averages over a whole population usually based on randomized controlled trials that excluded kidney disease patients. Furthermore, there is increasing interest in obtaining data about the effectiveness of available treatments in current patient care based on pragmatic clinical trials. The use of data science in this context is becoming increasingly feasible in part thanks to the swift developments in OSS.

Abstract Background Although catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) is a major healthcare-related problem worldwide, there is a scarcity of current data from countries with high antimicrobial resistance rates. We aimed to determine the clinical outcomes of patients with CA-UTI compared to those of patients with other sources of complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), and to assess the impact of antimicrobial resistance. We also aimed to identify the factors influencing 30-day mortality among patients with CA-UTI. Methods This was a multicentre, multinational retrospective cohort study including hospitalised adults with cUTI between January 2013 and December 2014 in twenty hospitals from eight countries from southern Europe, Turkey and Israel. The primary endpoint was 30-day mortality. The secondary endpoints were length of hospital stay, symptom improvement after 7 days’ treatment, symptom recurrence at 30 days and readmission 60 days after hospital discharge. Results Of the 807 cUTI episodes, 341 (42.2%) were CA-UTIs. The time from catheter insertion to cUTI diagnosis was less than 2 weeks in 44.6% of cases. Overall, 74.5% of cases had hospital or healthcare-acquired CA-UTI. Compared to patients with other cUTI aetiologies, those with CA-UTI had the following characteristics: they were more frequently males, older, admitted for a reason other than cUTI and admitted from a long-term care facility; had higher Charlson’s comorbidity index; and more frequently had polymicrobial infections and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB). Patients with CA-UTI also had significantly higher 30-day mortality rates (15.2% vs 6%) and longer hospital stay (median 14 [interquartile range -IQR- 7-27] days vs 8 [IQR 5–14] days) than patients with cUTI of other sources. After adjusting for confounders, CA-UTI was not independently associated with an increased risk of mortality (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.77–2.54), and neither was the presence of MDR-GNB. Conclusions CA-UTI was the most frequent source of cUTI, affecting mainly frail patients. The mortality of patients with CA-UTI was high, though this was not directly related to the infection.

ABSTRACT We investigated whether the difference of antigen tube 2 (TB2) minus antigen tube 1 (TB1) (TB2−TB1) of the QuantiFERON-TB gold plus test, which has been postulated as a surrogate for the CD8+ T-cell response, could be useful in identifying recent tuberculosis (TB) exposure. We looked at the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses and differences in TB2 and TB1 tubes for 686 adults with QFT-plus positive test results. These results were compared among groups with high (368 TB contacts), low (229 patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [IMID]), and indeterminate (89 asylum seekers or people from abroad [ASPFA]) risks of recent TB exposure. A TB2−TB1 value >0.6 IU·ml−1 was deemed to indicate a true difference between tubes. In the whole cohort, 13.6%, 10.9%, and 11.2% of cases had a TB2>TB1 result in the contact, IMID, and ASPFA groups, respectively (P = 0.591). The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for an association between a TB2−TB1 result of >0.6 IU·ml−1 and risk of recent exposure versus contacts were 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31 to 1.61) for the IMID group and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.49 to 1.52) for the ASPFA group. In TB contact subgroups, 11.4%, 15.4%, and 17.7% with close, frequent, and sporadic contact had a TB2>TB1 result (P = 0.362). The aORs versus the close subgroup were 1.29 (95% CI, 0.63 to 2.62) for the frequent subgroup and 1.55 (95% CI, 0.67 to 3.60) for the sporadic subgroup. A TB2−TB1 difference of >0.6 IU·ml−1 was not associated with increased risk of recent TB exposure, which puts into question the clinical potential as a proxy marker for recently acquired TB infection. IMPORTANCE Contact tuberculosis tracing is essential to identify recently infected people, who therefore merit preventive treatment. However, there are no diagnostic tests that can determine whether the infection is a result of a recent exposure or not. It has been suggested that by using the QuantiFERON-TB gold plus, an interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay, a difference in IFN-γ production between the two antigen tubes (TB2 minus TB1) of >0.6 IU·ml−1 could serve as a proxy marker for recent infection. In this large multinational study, infected individuals could not be classified according to the risk of recent exposure based on differences in IFN-γ in TB1 and TB2 tubes that were higher than 0.6 IU·ml−1. QuantiFERON-TB gold plus is not able to distinguish between recent and remotely acquired tuberculosis infection, and it should not be used for that purpose in contact tuberculosis tracing.

Resumen: La visualización de datos es una herramienta relevante para explorar y comunicar resultados en la investigación médica, en especial cuando se trata de vigilancia epidemiológica. La aplicación web COVID19-Tracker analiza y produce de forma sistemática visualizaciones diarias de los datos de la epidemia de COVID-19 de casos diagnosticados y fallecimientos desde el 24 de febrero de 2020 en adelante. Se han desarrollado tres aplicaciones para: 1) análisis de la tendencia y proyecciones a corto plazo; 2) estimación de la tasa de letalidad; y 3) efecto del estado de alarma sobre la tendencia de datos incidentes. La aplicación online puede ser de utilidad para un mejor conocimiento de la epidemia de SARS-CoV-2 en España. Abstract: Data visualization is an important tool for exploring and communicating findings in medical research, and specially in epidemiological surveillance. The COVID19-Tracker web application systematically produces daily updated data visualization and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Spain. It collects automatically daily data on COVID-19 diagnosed cases and mortality, from February 24th, 2020 onwards. Three applications have already been developed: 1) to analyze data trends and estimating short-term projections; 2) to estimate the case fatality rate; and 3) to assess the effect of the lockdowns on the data trends. The application may help for a better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic data in Spain.

Sports analytics is defined as the process that identifies and acquires knowledge and insight about players and teams’ performances. To do so, analysts use a wide variety of data sources coming from matches and individual players’ performances (O'Donoghue & Holmes 2014; Jayal, McRobert, Oatley & O’Donoghue, 2018). Nowadays, detailed data from different nature including technical skills, individual physiological performances, team formations, or injuries are analysed on a daily basis by the analytics departments belonging to sports clubs and professional franchises. Even private companies like STATS or OPTA generate important revenues offering their movement tracking values and advanced metrics to media and fans. In the emerging field of Sports Analytics, as in many others, analysts must be aware of spurious correlations. These can come up due to the size (not nature) of data, a common-causal variable or just due to serendipity. For this reason, we always must keep in mind the lessons of the statistician Stephen John Senn and his sharp quote on the matter: “Statistics is not just about merely warning that correlation is not causation. Sometimes correlation isn’t even correlation”. Thus, we will explain an example of how climate change can be affecting, or not, on the FIFA World Cup performance statistics.

Abstract Background Patients with complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) frequently receive broad-spectrum antibiotics. We aimed to determine the prevalence and predictive factors of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria in patients with cUTI. Methods This is a multicenter, retrospective cohort study in south and eastern Europe, Turkey and Israel including consecutive patients with cUTIs hospitalised between January 2013 and December 2014. Multidrug-resistance was defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to determine predictive factors of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria cUTI. Results From 948 patients and 1074 microbiological isolates, Escherichia coli was the most frequent microorganism (559/1074), showing a 14.5% multidrug-resistance rate. Klebsiella pneumoniae was second (168/1074) and exhibited the highest multidrug-resistance rate (54.2%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (97/1074) with a 38.1% multidrug-resistance rate. Predictors of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria were male gender (odds ratio [OR], 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–2.29), acquisition of cUTI in a medical care facility (OR, 2.59; 95%CI, 1.80–3.71), presence of indwelling urinary catheter (OR, 1.44; 95%CI, 0.99–2.10), having had urinary tract infection within the previous year (OR, 1.89; 95%CI, 1.28–2.79) and antibiotic treatment within the previous 30 days (OR, 1.68; 95%CI, 1.13–2.50). Conclusions The current high rate of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria infections among hospitalised patients with cUTIs in the studied area is alarming. Our predictive model could be useful to avoid inappropriate antibiotic treatment and implement antibiotic stewardship policies that enhance the use of carbapenem-sparing regimens in patients at low risk of multidrug-resistance.

Introduction: Variations in the use of healthcare services can be defined as systematic variations of adjusted rates for certain aggregation levels of the population. The study analyses how renal replacement therapy (RRT) is used, identifying RRT variability in Catalonia from 2002 to 2012. Material and methods: Ecological study by health area using data from the Catalan renal registry. We present incident rates, standardised incidence ratios and prevalence, while variability was calculated through direct and indirect standardisation methods. Results: From 2002 until 31/12/2012, 10,784 patients initiated RRT in Catalonia: 9238 on haemodialysis (HD) (50 treatments per 100,000 people 2010/2012), 1076 on peritoneal dialysis (PD) (8.2 treatments per 100,000 people 2010/2012) and 470 received an early kidney transplant (KT) (4.4 treatments per 100,000 people 2010/2012). Over the 10 years, the HD cumulative incidence rate fell (7%), while the PD and KT incidence rates increased (63% and 177%, respectively); both are higher in young patients (

Introducción: Las variaciones en la utilización de servicios de salud pueden definirse como variaciones sistemáticas de las tasas ajustadas para ciertos niveles de agregación de la población. Analizamos el tratamiento sustitutivo renal (TSR) e identificamos la posible variabilidad en Cataluña entre 2002 y 2012. Material y métodos: Estudio ecológico por áreas de salud con datos del registro de enfermos renales de Cataluña. Presentamos tasas de incidencia, incidencia estandarizada y prevalencia. Variabilidad calculada mediante estadarización directa e indirecta. Resultados: Desde 2002 hasta el 31/12/2012, 10.784 pacientes iniciaron TSR en Cataluña: 9.238 mediante hemodiálisis (HD) (50 tratamientos/100.000 habitantes 2010/2012), 1.076 diálisis peritoneal (DP) (8,2 tratamientos/100.000 hab. 2010/2012) y 470 recibieron un trasplante renal (TR) anticipado (4,4 tratamientos/100.000 hab. 2010/2012). Durante 10 años, la tasa de incidencia acumulada de HD ha descendido (7%) y las tasas de incidencia de DP y TR han aumentado (63 y 177%); ambas son más elevadas en pacientes jóvenes (

BackgroundAn increased fracture risk has been described as a complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Clinical prediction models for general population have a limited predictive accuracy for fractures in T2DM patients. The aim was to develop and validate a clinical prediction tool for the estimation of 5-year hip and major fracture risk in T2DM patients.Methods and resultsA cohort of newly diagnosed T2DM patients (n = 51,143, aged 50-85, 57% men) was extracted from the Information System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) database, containing computerized primary care records for >80% of the population of Catalonia, Spain (>6 million people). Patients were followed up from T2DM diagnosis until the earliest of death, transfer out, fracture, or end of study. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the 5-year risk of hip and major fracture. Calibration and discrimination were assessed. Hip and major fracture incidence rates were 1.84 [95%CI 1.64 to 2.05] and 7.12 [95%CI 6.72 to 7.53] per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Both hip and major fracture prediction models included age, sex, previous major fracture, statins use, and calcium/vitamin D supplements; previous ischemic heart disease was also included for hip fracture and stroke for major fracture. Discrimination (0.81 for hip and 0.72 for major fracture) and calibration plots support excellent internal validity.ConclusionsThe proposed prediction models have good discrimination and calibration for the estimation of both hip and major fracture risk in incident T2DM patients. These tools incorporate key T2DM macrovascular complications generally available in primary care electronic medical records, as well as more generic fracture risk predictors. Future work will focus on validation of these models in external cohorts.

METHOD:The main variables assessed were: answer to complete a target task (wrong or correctly), and percentage gain in the reaction time (RT) to complete a target task correctly depending on whether the prime was a counterfactual or a neutral-control cue. These variables were assessed in 37 patients with schizophrenia and 37 healthy controls. Potential associations with clinical status and socio-demographic characteristics were also explored. RESULTS:When a counterfactual prime was presented, the probability of giving an incorrect answer was lower for the entire sample than when a neutral prime was presented (OR 0.58; CI 95% 0.42 to 0.79), but the schizophrenia patients showed a higher probability than the controls of giving an incorrect answer (OR 3.89; CI 95% 2.0 to 7.6). Both the schizophrenia patients and the controls showed a similar percentage gain in RT to a correct answer of 8%. CONCLUSIONS:Challenging the results of previous research, our findings suggest a normal activation of behavioural intentions facilitated by CFT in schizophrenia. Nevertheless, the patients showed more difficulty than the controls with the task, adding support to the concept of CFT as a potential new target for consideration in future therapeutic approaches for this illness.

Objective: To obtain versions of the Primary Care Assessment Tools (PCAT)-Facility version to evaluate primary care (PC) in the Spanish context, and to analyze its feasibility, reliability and validity. Methods: Cultural adaptation was performed through the use of forward and backward translations into Spanish and Catalan, observations and opinions of a panel of experts, and cognitive interviews with target users (PC team managers). A pilot phase was carried out in a sample of 130 managers of PC teams in Catalonia. A post-test questionnaire was sent 4-5 months later to all 194 managers of PC teams in the Barcelona health region. Analysis of metric properties included: 1) description of items and verification of Likert assumptions, since domain scores are obtained by summing item scores; 2) reliability analysis (Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Pearson's correlation coefficient, test-retest analysis); and 3) validity analysis (expert panel, cognitive interviews, and convergent and discriminant validity). Results: Substantial adaptation was required for the accessory section of the questionnaire, but less was required in PC domain measurements. Items were added to the comprehensiveness domain to reflect services usually available in Spain. The lowest Cronbach's alpha scores were found for Access (0.62) and Coordination (0.59 and 0.65), while values were >0.70 for the remaining domains. Conclusion: The Spanish version of the PCAT-Facility questionnaire is now available and shows adequate reliability and validity. The Spanish PCAT version will facilitate national and international comparisons of PC and analysis of the determinants of quality of service provision.Objetivo: Obtener versiones del Primary Care Assessment Tools-Facility version como herramienta de evaluación de la atención primaria (AP) para la aplicación en el contexto español, y analizar su fiabilidad y validez. Métodos: Se realizó una adaptación cultural con traducciones y retrotraducciones al español y al catalán, observaciones y opiniones de un panel de expertos y entrevistas cognitivas con usuarios finales (directivos del equipo de AP). Se realizó una fase piloto con una muestra de 130 directivos de AP de Cataluña. Una versión final se envió 4-5 meses después a los 194 directivos de los equipos de la región sanitaria de Barcelona. El análisis de las propiedades métricas incluyó: 1) descripción de ítems y verificación de las asunciones de la escala Likert, porque las puntuaciones de los dominios se obtienen sumando los ítems; 2) análisis de fiabilidad (alfa de Cronbach, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, análisis test-retest); y 3) análisis de validez (panel de expertos, entrevistas cognitivas, validez convergente y discriminante). Resultados: Se requirió una importante adaptación de las secciones accesorias del cuestionario, pero no en las de los dominios de AP. Se añadieron ítems en la dimensión de globalidad. Las menores puntuaciones del alfa de Cronbach se encontraron en acceso (0,62) y coordinación (0,59 y 0,65); el resto de los dominios tuvieron valores > 0,70. Conclusión: Disponemos de una versión española del PCAT - Equipo de Atención Primaria con unas adecuadas fiabilidad y validez, que facilitará comparaciones nacionales e internacionales, y el análisis de los determinantes de una provisión de servicios de calidad.

Introducción: Las fracturas por fragilidad constituyen un problema de salud pública. El objetivo fue analizar la asociación de los principales factores de riesgo de osteoporosis con la fracturas por fragilidad en una cohorte de mujeres con indicación de densitometría ósea. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva con seguimiento hasta una fractura por fragilidad, de una población de mujeres de 40 a 90 años de edad con una primera visita para realizarse una densitometría entre enero de 1992 y febrero de 2008. Se calcularon la tasa de incidencia de fracturas por 1000 mujeres-año de seguimiento y la hazard ratio (HR) de fractura mediante un modelo de regresión de Cox. Resultados: Se estudiaron 49.735 mujeres con una edad media de 57,8 años (desviación estándar: 8,5). De ellas, 3631 mujeres (7,1%) declararon al menos una fractura por fragilidad en las visitas posteriores a la basal. Los factores de riesgo con una mayor HR ajustada fueron la edad >75 años respecto a < 55 años (HR: 3,8; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 3,3-4,4) y tener un resultado de la densitometría valorable como osteoporosis respecto a normal (HR: 2; IC95%: 1,8-2,2). Los antecedentes de fracturas de húmero, cadera o vertebral tuvieron una HR ajustada de 1,2 (IC95%: 1,1-1,3). Conclusiones: Los principales factores de riesgo de fracturas por fragilidad fueron la edad avanzada, el resultado de la densitometría y los antecedentes de fractura, aunque un 74% de las fracturas se produjeron con una densidad mineral ósea normal u osteopenia. Otros factores significativos fueron la artritis reumatoide y haber estado en tratamiento prolongado con corticosteroides.Introduction: Fragility fractures are an important public health issue. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of the main osteoporotic risk factors related to fragility fracture in a cohort of women with an indication of bone densitometry (BD). Methods: A retrospective cohort was followed-up until a fragile fracture occurred, in a population of women aged 40 to 90 years with a first visit for BD between January 1992 and February 2008. We calculated the incidence rate of fracture per 1000 women-years of follow-up, and the hazard ratio (HR) of fragile fracture using a Cox regression model. Results: A total of 49,735 women were studied. The average age of participants was 57.8 years (SD: 8.5). Of these, 3631 women (7.1%) reported a new fragility fracture in post-baseline visits. Risk factors with higher adjusted HR were age > 75 years compared with age < 55 years (HR: 3.8; 95% CI: 3.3-4.4) and having a BC result evaluated as osteoporosis compared to normal (HR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.8-2.2). A personal history of humerus, hip or vertebral fractures had an adjusted HR of 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1-1.3). Conclusions: The main risk factors for fragility fracture were advanced age, BD result and a personal history of fracture, although 74% of fractures were detected with a bone mineral density classified as normal or osteopenia. Other relevant factors were rheumatoid arthritis or having received prolonged corticosteroid therapy.

Objetivos: Identificar las innovaciones médicas más relevantes de los últimos 25 años y conocer su impacto sobre la salud de los pacientes según la opinión de los médicos generalistas. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se seleccionaron las 30 tecnologías que habían recibido más citas bibliométricas en los últimos 25 años (1977-2002) en revistas médicas generalistas y de atención primaria. Para la evaluación de su impacto se encuestó por correo a los responsables médicos de 46 hospitales (entre 100 y 400 camas) y a una muestra aleatoria igual de directores de centros de atención primaria de Cataluña. Se pidió que valoraran las tecnologías cuya ausencia comportaría los mayores o menores efectos negativos sobre la salud de los pacientes. Se recogieron características profesionales y de los centros de los participantes. Resultados: Se obtuvo respuesta de 49 médicos (53%). Las tecnologías diagnósticas y las instrumentales han tenido un mayor impacto sobre la salud, y la ecografía fue la mejor valorada. En el otro extremo, se consideran diversos tratamientos farmacológicos, y los hipoglucemiantes orales fueron los menos valorados. Las valoraciones no fueron muy distintas según las características de los encuestados (r ≥ 0,7), aunque aparecieron algunas diferencias en las tecnologías diagnósticas y se observó cierta variabilidad en las respuestas. Conclusiones: La valoración del impacto de 30 tecnologías por médicos generalistas es variable, pero parece que las tecnologías diagnósticas e instrumentales a través de la imagen se valoran mejor que las farmacológicas. Esta variabilidad parece más relacionada con características individuales de los profesionales que con diferencias en sus ámbitos de práctica.Objectives: To identify the most important health technologies (HT) introduced in the last 25 years and their impact on patients' health according to hospital internists and generalist physicians. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study. The 30 HT receiving the highest number of bibliometric citations in the previous 25 years (1977-2002) in generalist and primary care journals were selected. To assess the health impact of HT, a postal survey of the medical heads of 46 hospitals with 100-400 beds and an equal random sample of the directors of primary care centers was carried out in Catalonia, Spain. The professionals surveyed were asked to consider how adverse the effect on their patients' health would be if each of the HT on the list were unavailable. The personal and professional characteristics of the participating physicians were also collected. Results: A total of 49 physicians answered the survey (53%). Instrumental and diagnostic technologies were considered to have the greatest impact on health, diagnostic imaging being the most highly scored. The lowest impact would be caused if some drugs were not available, hypoglycemic agents receiving the lowest scores. Although assessments were similar regardless of professional/practice characteristics (r ≥ 0.7), some differences in diagnostic HT were observed, as well as variability in the participants' responses. Conclusions: Assessment of the impact of HT from the physicians' point of view varied. However, diagnostic and instrumental-visual technologies seem to be more highly rated than pharmacological innovations. Variability in responses was more closely related to the physicians' personal characteristics than to practice setting.

Objetivos: Adaptar una «escala de creencias» sobre el cáncer de mama al castellano, evaluando su validez y reproducibilidad. Métodos: Validación de una escala de 3 dimensiones -susceptibilidad, beneficios y barreras- con respuestas tipo Likert, en un estudio de casos y controles, donde los casos eran las mujeres no participantes en un programa de cribado de cáncer de mama y los controles las participantes. Se realizó un proceso de traducción-retrotraducción y un comité técnico analizó las discrepancias. Se pilotó la comprensión en 17 mujeres. Participaron en el estudio 274 mujeres y a 32 de ellas se les repitió el cuestionario en el intervalo de un mes para valorar la reproducibilidad. Resultados: El coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue de 0,89, 0,70 y 0,90, y el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,71, 0,48 y 0,57 para susceptibilidad, beneficios y barreras, respectivamente. Respecto a la validez de constructo, del análisis factorial exploratorio se extrajeron 3 factores, lo que explicaba un 34% de la varianza. El análisis factorial confirmatorio señala un ajuste al límite de los datos al modelo teórico. Las mujeres de más edad perciben menos susceptibilidad al cáncer de mama y declaran más barreras para hacerse una mamografía. Las de menor nivel de estudios perciben más barreras. La escala no ha mostrado su capacidad para predecir la participación en el programa. Conclusiones: La escala presenta problemas de validez y homogeneidad. Las dimensiones de beneficios y barreras necesitan un proceso de adaptación y validación profunda para su utilización.Objectives: To adapt the «health belief model» on breast cancer screening to Spanish, and to asses its validity and reliability. Methods: We assessed validation of a scale with 3 dimensions (susceptibility, benefits and barriers) with Likert responses in a case-control study. Cases were women not participating in a breast cancer screening program and controls consisted of participating women. A process of translation and back-translation was carried out and a technical committee analyzed discrepancies. Comprehension was tested in 17 women. Two hundred seventy-four women participated in the study. In 32 of these women, the questionnaire was administered twice after a 1-month interval to estimate its reliability. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.89, 0.70 and 0.90, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.71, 0.48 and 0.57 for susceptibility, benefits and barriers, respectively. Construct validity: from the factorial analysis, 3 factors were obtained explaining 34% of the variance. The confirmatory factorial analysis indicated acceptable goodness-of-fit of the data to the theoretical model. Older women perceived less susceptibility to breast cancer as well as greater barriers to attending screening. Women with a lower educational level perceived greater barriers. The scale did not seem to predict adherence to the program. Conclusions: The adapted scale presents problems of validity and internal consistency. The dimensions of benefits and barriers require thorough adaptation and validation before the scale is used in Spanish women.