1. Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell
- Author
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Crous, PW, Lombard, L, Sandoval-Denis, M, Seifert, KA, Schroers, H-J, Chaverri, P, Gené, J, Guarro, J, Hirooka, Y, Bensch, K, Kema, GHJ, Lamprecht, SC, Cai, L, Rossman, AY, Stadler, M, Summerbell, RC, Taylor, JW, Ploch, S, Visagie, CM, Yilmaz, N, Frisvad, JC, Abdel-Azeem, AM, Abdollahzadeh, J, Abdolrasouli, A, Akulov, A, Alberts, JF, Araújo, JPM, Ariyawansa, HA, Bakhshi, M, Bendiksby, M, Ben Hadj Amor, A, Bezerra, JDP, Boekhout, T, Câmara, MPS, Carbia, M, Cardinali, G, Castañeda-Ruiz, RF, Celis, A, Chaturvedi, V, Collemare, J, Croll, D, Damm, U, Decock, CA, de Vries, RP, Ezekiel, CN, Fan, XL, Fernández, NB, Gaya, E, González, CD, Gramaje, D, Groenewald, JZ, Grube, M, Guevara-Suarez, M, Gupta, VK, Guarnaccia, V, Haddaji, A, Hagen, F, Haelewaters, D, Hansen, K, Hashimoto, A, Hernández-Restrepo, M, Houbraken, J, Hubka, V, Hyde, KD, Iturriaga, T, Jeewon, R, Johnston, PR, Jurjević, Ž, Karalti, I, Korsten, L, Kuramae, EE, Kušan, I, Labuda, R, Lawrence, DP, Lee, HB, Lechat, C, Li, HY, Litovka, YA, Maharachchikumbura, SSN, Marin-Felix, Y, Matio Kemkuignou, B, Matočec, N, McTaggart, AR, Mlčoch, P, Mugnai, L, Nakashima, C, Nilsson, RH, Noumeur, SR, Pavlov, IN, Peralta, MP, Phillips, AJL, Pitt, JI, Polizzi, G, Quaedvlieg, W, Rajeshkumar, KC, Restrepo, S, Rhaiem, A, Robert, J, Robert, V, and Rodrigues, AM
- Subjects
Fusarium cromyophthoron Sideris ,Scolecofusarium L. Lombard ,Fusarium werrikimbe J.L. Walsh ,Stylonectria hetmanica Akulov ,Sangal ,Fusarium rubiginosum Appel & Wollenw ,Fusisporium hordei Wm.G. Sm ,Fusarium arthrosporioides Sherb ,Mycology & Parasitology ,Fusarium echinatum Sand.-Den. & G.J. Marais ,Fusisporium didymum Harting ,L. Lombard ,Apiognomonia platani (Lév.) L. Lombard ,Fusarium oxysporum var. asclerotium Sherb ,Fusarium aridum O.A. Pratt ,Neocosmospora obliquiseptata (T. Aoki et al.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den ,Macroconia phlogioides Sand.-Den. & Crous ,Neocosmospora neerlandica Crous & Sand.-Den ,Fusarium tuberivorum Wilcox & G.K. Link ,Selenosporium equiseti Corda ,Fusarium eucheliae Sartory ,Fusarium clavatum Sherb ,Fusarium poolense Taubenh ,Fusarium tritici Liebman ,Fusisporium elasticae Thüm ,Fusarium arcuatum Berk. & M.A. Curtis ,Fusarium sublunatum Reinking ,Crous & Sand.-Den ,Fusarium cactacearum Pasin. & Buzz.-Trav ,Fusarium pusillum Wollenw ,Fusarium viticola Thüm ,Fusisporium episphaericum Cooke & Ellis ,Fusarium willkommii Lindau ,Fusarium idahoanum O.A. Pratt ,Fusarium lyarnte J.L. Walsh ,Neocosmospora tuaranensis (T. Aoki et al.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den ,Selenosporium hippocastani Corda ,Fusarium biforme Sherb ,Fusarium malvacearum Taubenh ,Gibberella phyllostachydicola W. Yamam ,Schroers & Rossman ,Fusarium muentzii Delacr ,Fusisporium pandani Corda ,Fusarium genevense Dasz ,R. Sartory & J. Mey ,Neocosmospora pseudopisi Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard ,Fusarium cucurbitae Taubenh ,Fusarium caudatum Wollenw ,Fusarium epicoccum McAlpine ,Luteonectria nematophila (Nirenberg & Hagedorn) Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard ,Atractium ciliatum Link ,Neocosmospora nelsonii Crous & Sand.-Den ,Hymenella aurea (Corda) L. Lombard ,Fusicolla quarantenae J.D.P. Bezerra ,Setofusarium setosum (Samuels & Nirenberg) Sand.-Den. & Crous ,Calloria tremelloides (Grev.) L. Lombard ,Fusarium prunorum McAlpine ,Microbiology ,Sand.-Den ,Fusarium heterosporum Nees & T. Nees ,Luteonectria Sand.-Den ,Sand.-Den. & Crous ,Sphaeria sanguinea var. cicatricum Berk ,Cephalosporium sacchari E.J. Butler ,Fusarium aeruginosum Delacr ,Fusarium amentorum Lacroix ,Fusarium tabacivorum Delacr ,Fusarium graminearum Schwabe ,Fusarium xylarioides Steyaert ,Fusarium redolens Wollenw ,Fusarium stercoris Fuckel ,Fusarium ustilaginis Kellerm. & Swingle ,Fusarium polymorphum Matr ,Fusarium armeniacum (G.A. Forbes et al.) L.W. Burgess & Summerell ,Fusisporium culmorum Wm.G. Sm ,Mycotoxins ,Nothofusarium Crous ,Fusarium cesatii Rabenh ,Fusarium cavispermum Corda ,Fusisporium lolii Wm.G. Sm ,Fusisporium avenaceum Fr ,Neocosmospora merkxiana Quaedvl. & Sand.-Den ,Neocosmospora ,Fusarium graminum Corda ,Fusarium scirpi Lambotte & Fautrey ,Sporotrichum poae Peck ,Fusarium aleyrodis Petch ,Fusisporium arundinis Corda ,Fusarium cuneiforme Sherb ,Fusicolla meniscoidea L. Lombard & Sand.-Den ,Fusarium putrefaciens Osterw ,Atractium pallidum Bonord ,Fusisporium anthophilum A. Braun ,Macroconia bulbipes Crous & Sand.-Den ,Fusarium coccinellum Kalchbr ,Fusicolla sporellula Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard ,Fusisporium andropogonis Cooke ex Thüm ,Fusarium asparagi Delacr ,Fusarium martii f. phaseoli Burkh ,Fusarium rubrum Parav ,Fusarium heterosporioides Fautrey ,Fusarium reticulatum Mont ,Fusarium zygopetali Delacr ,Fusarium rhizophilum Corda ,Fusarium loncheceras Sideris ,Cosmosporella cavisperma (Corda) Sand.-Den ,Stylonectria corniculata Gräfenhan ,Fusarium fissum Peyl ,Fusarium flocciferum Corda ,Fusarium tumidum var. humi Reinking ,Fusarium prieskaense G.J. Marais & Sand.-Den ,Fusarium succisae Schröt. ex Sacc ,Selenosporium sarcochroum Desm ,Fusarium rhizochromatistes Sideris ,Fusarium rhodellum McAlpine ,Fusisporium incarnatum Roberge ex Desm ,Selenosporium urticearum Corda ,Fusarium secalis Jacz ,Luteonectria albida (Rossman) Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard ,Fusarium lateritium Nees ,Fusarium roesleri Thüm ,Crous & Souza-Motta ,Fusarium citriforme Jamal ,Menispora penicillata Harz ,Fusisporium flavidum Bonord ,Fusarium cepae Hanzawa ,Fusarium palczewskii Jacz ,Fusarium samoense Gehrm ,Fusarium nigrum O.A. Pratt ,Fusarium cacti-maxonii Pasin. & Buzz.-Trav ,Fusarium citrinum Wollenw ,Fusarium dimerum var. nectrioides Wollenw ,Neocosmospora rekana (Lynn & Marinc.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den ,Setofusarium (Nirenberg & Samuels) Crous & Sand.-Den ,E.C.Y. Liew & Summerell ,Neocosmospora floridana (T. Aoki et al.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den ,Fusarium gemmiperda Aderh ,Fusarium albidoviolaceum Dasz ,Nectriaceae ,Fusarium juruanum Henn ,Multi-gene phylogeny ,Neocosmospora epipeda Quaedvl. & Sand.-Den ,Novel taxa ,Hymenella spermogoniopsis (Jul. Müll.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den ,Fusarium spinaciae Hungerf ,Fusarium longipes Wollenw. & Reinking ,L.W. Burgess ,Fusarium agaricorum Sarrazin ,Fusarium stillatum De Not. ex Sacc ,Fusisporium clypeaster Corda ,E.C.Y. Liew & B.A. Summerell ,Taxonomy ,Fusarium palustre W.H. Elmer & Marra ,Fusarium trichothecioides Wollenw ,Pathogen ,L. Lombard & Crous ,Fusarium batatas Wollenw ,Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard ,Fusarium buharicum Jacz. ex Babajan & Teterevn.-Babajan ,Dialonectria volutella (Ellis & Everh.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den ,Cylindrodendrum orthosporum (Sacc. & P. Syd.) L. Lombard ,Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb ,Fusarium citrulli Taubenh ,Nothofusarium devonianum L. Lombard ,Fusarium stilboides Wollenw ,Scolecofusarium ciliatum (Link) L. Lombard ,Fusarium lanceolatum O.A. Pratt ,Fusarium rostratum Appel & Wollenw ,Fusarium annuum Leonian ,Fusarium delacroixii Sacc - Abstract
Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F.sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F.fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F.sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F.dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F.buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F.staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F.solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F.ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org).
- Published
- 2021