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CuO nanoparticles with good water solubility and uniform particle size were successfully prepared. Interestingly, the oxidase-like activity of CuO NPs was continuously enhanced by the addition of thiourea (TU), and the enzyme activity was further enhanced by the addition of aluminum ion (Al3+). By systematically exploring and optimizing the experimental conditions, including the key parameters such as temperature, reaction time, and pH, a fluorescence-colorimetric dual-mode sensing system based on CuO nanoparticles was constructed. The detection range of TU and Al3+ were 1-100 µM and 1-100 µM, respectively, and the selectivity and precision of detection were further improved. In addition, the catalytic mechanism of CuO NPs as oxidase-like catalysts and the specific process in the reaction were investigated. Finally, the nano-sensing system was successfully applied to the analysis of three real environmental samples, namely, tap water, lake water and river water, which provided an effective new strategy for the future development of nano-sensing technology for TU and Al3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher usage of copper oxide nanomaterials in industrial and biomedical fields may cause an increase of these nanoparticles in aquatic environments, which could have a detrimental ecological effect. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles on the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria alexandrina. Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis and UV–VIS spectrophotometer of CuO NPs revealed a typical TEM image and a single crystal structure with average crystallite size of approximately 40 nm also, a sharp absorption band was appeared. Following exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of CuO NPs (LC10, 15.6 mg/l and LC25, 27.2 mg/l), treated snails revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione contents as well as catalase, and sodium dismutase activities were significantly declined (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. Also, histopathological alterations were observed in the digestive gland, including ruptured and vacuolated digestive cells, and a marked increase in the number of secretory cells and the severity of the damage increased with rising concentrations. Furthermore, changes in RAPD profiles were detected in the treated snails. In conclusion, our research highlights the potential ecological impact of CuO NPs release in aquatic ecosystems and advocates for improved monitoring and regulation of CuO NPs industrial usage and disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treating dye-containing wastewater poses numerous challenges due to its high chemical complexity and its persistent nature. Thus, the present study aims to synthesize biochar derived from banana peel (BC) and its nanocomposites with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuOx/BC1-x) for the purpose of adsorptive removing Congo red (CR) dye from water. Several analytical methods were utilized to describe the physicochemical features of the CuOx/BC1-x nanocomposites. It was found that the crystallinity of the nanocomposites gradually improved, while the specific surface area and the surface electronegativity were reduced with increasing x value. The effects of x values (0–0.5), interaction time (10–120 min), adsorbent dose (0.01–0.05 g), initial CR concentration (20–200 mg/L), and the solution temperature (20–60 °C) were evaluated on CR removal. The obtained results revealed that the CuO0.5/BC0.5 nanocomposite showed the highest adsorption efficiency with a maximum adsorption capacity of 233.6 mgg−1. Analysis of the equilibrium experimental data revealed that the Langmuir and the pseudo-2nd-order models were the most proper to describe the current adsorption process. Moreover, the thermodynamics studies demonstrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and random. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Higher usage of copper oxide nanomaterials in industrial and biomedical fields may cause an increase of these nanoparticles in aquatic environments, which could have a detrimental ecological effect. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles on the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria alexandrina. Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis and UV–VIS spectrophotometer of CuO NPs revealed a typical TEM image and a single crystal structure with average crystallite size of approximately 40 nm also, a sharp absorption band was appeared. Following exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of CuO NPs (LC10, 15.6 mg/l and LC25, 27.2 mg/l), treated snails revealed a significant decrease (p

Nowadays, mastitis is one of the most common diseases in breeding dairy cattle. Treatment with conventional antibiotics is ineffective because many pathogens are resistant. This study aims to investigate the presence of mastitis in milk samples from cows exhibiting clinical symptoms, along with assessing the sensitivity of the bacteria isolated from these samples to various antibiotics. The research involved analysing 70 milk samples obtained from cows with clinical mastitis at the Veterinary Department, Banas Dairy, Palanpur. From these samples, a total of 12 different bacterial strains were identified. Identification methods included conventional biochemical techniques and MALDI-TOF analysis. Furthermore, the study evaluated the antibacterial properties of Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs), Triphala nanoparticles, and Chitosan nanoparticles, the nanoparticles were characterized by SEM and FTIR. The mean size of chitosan, Copper and Triphala were 380 nm, 400 nm and 400 nm with zeta potential + 44.3 mv, -42.2 mv and -27.5 mv respectively. These nanoparticles were explored as potential alternatives for mastitis treatment in cows. The research also aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CuO-NPs, Triphala NPs, and Chitosan NPs against the bacterial strains isolated from the milk samples. By examining the efficacy of these nanoparticles and their MIC against mastitis-causing bacteria, this study contributes to the ongoing efforts to find effective treatments for mastitis in dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has been a widespread field for the last decade, but the clean and sustainable development of nanomaterials is a stimulating task for researchers in the current situation. The green synthesis of nanomaterial using plant extract is the most practiced chore of researchers, but the use of inorganic and organic bases makes them valueless. Herein, we first report the biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using human urine as a reducing agent. The XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and synthesis of CuO NPs, where the grain size was found to be 6.78 nm. The absorption-desorption study of human urine–mediated synthesized CuO NPs was done with the BET technique, and the pore volume and surface area were found to be 0.06 cm3/g and 92.64 nm, respectively. Finally, the spherical morphology was confirmed by SEM analysis, and elemental analysis confirmed the formation of CuO NPs using human urine. The well-characterized CuO NPs were used for the eco-friendly degradation of phenol in aqueous media under sunlight, and the removal efficiency was recorded using a spectrophotometer. The antibacterial activity of synthesized CuO NPs was tested against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Also, the antifungal activity was verified against different fungal strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution poses a serious threat to crops growth and yield. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate the negative effect of heavy metal on crop growth. This study investigated the beneficial effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on the morphological and physiological-biochemical traits of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) under cadmium (Cd) stress. The results demonstrated that the application of CuO NPs increased the contents of nutrition elements in shoots and roots as well as photosynthetic pigments, consequently improving the growth of rice seedlings under Cd stress, especially at low level of Cd stress. Meanwhile, CuO NPs obviously decreased the Cd accumulation in the rice seedlings and immobilized Cd in less toxic chemical forms and subcellular compartments. Moreover, CuO NPs modulated the antioxidant system, ameliorating oxidative damage and membrane injury caused by Cd. Multivariate analysis established correlations between physio-biochemical parameters and further revealed the mitigation of Cd damage to rice seedlings by CuO NPs was associated with inhibition Cd accumulation, altering Cd chemical form and subcellular distribution, increasing the contents of mineral nutrients, photosynthetic pigments and secondary metabolites and antioxidant enzyme activities, and reducing oxidative damage. Overall, the present study indicated that CuO NPs could effectively reduce the Cd toxicity to rice seedlings, demonstrating their potential application in agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are among the most commonly employed nanoparticle materials owing to their antibacterial qualities, although their primary mechanism of action (MOA) is still not completely understood. CuO NPs are synthesized in this study using leaf extract of Tabernaemontana divaricate (TDCO3), and they are then analyzed using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and EDX analysis. The zone of inhibition of TDCO3 NPs against both gram-positive (G+) B. subtilis and gram-negative (G−) K. pneumoniae bacteria was 34 mm and 33 mm, respectively. Furthermore, Cu2+/Cu+ ions promote reactive oxygen species and electrostatically bind with the negatively charged teichoic acid in the bacterial cell wall. The anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetics analysis was conducted using standard BSA denaturation and α-amylase inhibition technique with cell inhibition values of 85.66 and 81.18% for TDCO3 NPs. Additionally, the TDCO3 NPs delivered prominent anticancer activity with the lowest IC50 value 18.2 μg/mL in the MTT assay technique against HeLa cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work considers the application of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) for the pre-sowing treatment of pea seeds as trace element fertilizer. CuO NPs were chosen since Cu-containing forms are actively involved in the construction of necessary proteins and enzymes, as well as in the processes of growth and development of cells, tissues, and plants. However, many works reported that CuO NPs have a toxic effect on crops as well. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of CuO NPs towards pea seeds. It was found that the best indicators of changes in the length of roots and sprouts occur at treatment with 0.1 mg/L CuO NPs. At the same time, the length of roots and sprout of pea seeds at 100 mg/L CuO NPs was the lowest concerning other samples. Preliminarily, the results obtained revealed the potential toxic effect of CuO NPs on pea seeds at concentrations ≥ 1 mg/L. However, anatomical and histological examination revealed that the toxic effect starts from 10 mg/L. The results obtained will become a basis for further study of the multidirectional impact of CuO NPs on other crops at various concentrations for the determination of optimal concentrations with growth-stimulating effects for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manisha Khandelwal,1 Sunita Choudhary,2 Harish,2 Ashok Kumawat,3 Kamakhya Prakash Misra,3 Yogeshwari Vyas,1 Bhavya Singh,4 Devendra Singh Rathore,4 Kanchan Soni,3 Ashima Bagaria,3 Rama Kanwar Khangarot1 1Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India; 2Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India; 3Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India; 4Department of Environmental Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, IndiaCorrespondence: Rama Kanwar Khangarot, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India, Email ramakanwar@mlsu.ac.inBackground: In the current scenario, the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using environmentally benign methods has gained significant attention due to their facile processes, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendly nature.Methods: In the present study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using aqueous extract of Coelastrella terrestris algae as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).Results: XRD investigation revealed that the biosynthesized CuO NPs were nanocrystalline with high-phase purity and size in the range of 4.26 nm to 28.51 nm. FTIR spectra confirmed the existence of secondary metabolites on the surface of the synthesized CuO NPs, with characteristic Cu–O vibrations being identified around 600 cm− 1, 496 cm− 1, and 440 cm− 1. The FE-SEM images predicted that the enhancement of the algal extract amount converted the flattened rice-like structures of CuO NPs into flower petal-like structures. Furthermore, the degradation ability of biosynthesized CuO NPs was investigated against Amido black 10B (AB10B) dye. The results displayed that the optimal degradation efficacy of AB10B dye was 94.19%, obtained at 6 pH, 50 ppm concentration of dye, and 0.05 g dosage of CuO NPs in 90 min with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0296 min− 1. The CuO-1 NPs synthesized through algae exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 22 mm and against P. aeruginosa with a ZOI of 17 mm.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that utilizing Coelastrella terrestris algae for the synthesis of CuO NPs presents a promising solution for addressing environmental contamination. Keywords: green synthesis, CuO NPs, photocatalysis, antibacterial activity, wastewater treatment

Nanoscale agrochemicals have been widely used in sustainable agriculture and may potentially affect the nitrogen fixation process in legume crops. The present study investigated the size-effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on nitrogen assimilation in soybean (G. max (L.) Merrill) plants, which were treated with different sizes (20 and 50 nm) of CuO NPs at low use doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) for 21 days under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that 50 nm CuO NPs significantly increased the fresh biomass more than 20 nm CuO NPs achieved at 10 mg/kg. The activities of N assimilation-associated enzymes and the contents of nitrogenous compounds, including nitrates, proteins, and amino acids, in soybean tissues were greatly increased across all the CuO NP treatments. The use doses of two sizes of CuO NPs had no impact on the Cu contents in shoots and roots but indeed increased the Cu contents in soils in a dose-dependent fashion. Overall, our findings demonstrated that both 20 and 50 nm CuO NPs could positively alter soybean growth and boost N assimilation, furthering our understanding that the application of nanoscale micro-nutrient-related agrochemicals at an optimal size and dose will greatly contribute to increasing the yield and quality of crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide was prepared by simple chemical method and deposited on quartz glass and single crystal PSi for solar cell and Photodetector applications by drop casting method. XRD measurements reveal that the film was polycrystalline in nature. The average crystalline size of film was (17.46) nm. In order to investigate the optical characteristics of CuO, researchers took a recording of the transmittance against wavelength. It was determined that the optical energy gap of CuO is equal to 3.5 electron volts. The efficiency of solar cell was (0.27)% and the maximum value of spectral detectivity was 5*10 1 0 (cm Hz 0. 5 W − 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using ayurvedic medicine septilin. The septilin-mediated CuO NPs were characterized using UV–Vis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The average particle size of CuO NPs was 8 nm as evident from TEM. Minimum inhibitory concentration of CuO NPs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Candida albicans was found in the range of 1–2.5 mg·mL−1. CuO NPs dose-dependently decreased the biofilm formation from 0.0315 to 2 mg·mL−1, at the highest dose of 2 mg·mL−1 of CuO NPs; 92.91%, 79.84%, and 71.57% decrease in biofilm was observed for P. aeruginosa, MRSA, and C. albicans, respectively. Down-regulation of biofilm upon treatment with nanoparticles (NPs) was also observed by SEM analysis. SEM analysis also showed the change in morphological structure, and deformities in bacterial and fungal cells upon treatment of NPs. Furthermore, the anticancer efficacy of NPs was assessed using colon cancer (HCT-116). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay clearly showed the anticancer potential of NPs, as the concentration of CuO NPs increased, the number of viable cells decreased. The produced CuO NPs have promise for future investigations in many biological and therapeutic domains, including the treatment of microbial biofilm infections, as well as the inhibition of cancer cell growth.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on growth performance, muscle development, antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory responses of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. The three diets were formulated with CuO NPs addition at 0 (without CuO NPs addition, low-Cu group, control), 9 (middle-Cu group), and 15 (high-Cu group) mg kg−1 diet, respectively, and final dietary levels for three diets were 2.07 (low-Cu group: served as a control group), 9.19 (middle-Cu group), and 13.96 mg kg−1 (high-Cu group), respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to three replicate groups of 60 fish. The feeding experiment continued for 12 weeks. Among three dietary groups, yellow catfish juveniles fed a middle Cu diet possessed the highest growth performance, and the lowest feed utilization (P0.05). The Cu content in muscle tissue increased with increasing dietary Cu levels. CuO NPs fortification in the diets influenced mRNA of genes involved in endocytosis and metal ion transpor (P

Despite the success of antibiotics in medicine, the treatment of bacterial infection is still challenging due to emerging resistance and suitable drug delivery system, therefore, innovative approaches focused on nanoparticles based antimicrobial drug delivery systems are highly desired. This research aimed to synthesize Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) aqueous extract-mediated copper oxide (CuO-Nps) conjugated with levofloxacin (LFX). The synthesized CuO NPs-LFX nano conjugate was confirmed by analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and infrared and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. Antibacterial activities were assessed in vitro through the agar well diffusion method against six bacterial strains of clinical relevance. CuO NPs confirmed by UV–Vis analysis absorption peak observed at 380 nm. TGA analysis showed 8.98% weight loss between the 400–800 °C temperature range. The functional group's presence was confirmed by FTIR analysis. Spherical shape nanoparticles with an average particle size of 55 nm were recorded by FESEM. Results from agar well diffusion assay showed that CuO NPs-LFX prohibited the development of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria at all established concentrations, and the antibacterial propensity was more pronounced as compared to bare CuO NPs, Levofloxacin and C. citratus aqueous extract alone. The results showed that gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible to CuO NPs-LFX nano conjugate and at 10 μgmL−1 concentration, form a 10.1 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI), whereas gram-positive bacteria on the same concentration form 9.5 mm ZOI. LFX-loaded CuO NPs antibacterial activity was observed higher than plant extract, bare CuO NPs, and standard drug (Levofloxacin). This study provides a novel approach for the fabrication of biogenic CuO NPs with antibacterial drug levofloxacin and their usage as nano antibiotic carriers against pathogenic bacteria, especially antibiotic-resistant microbes.

Nanoscale copper oxide (CuO NPs) with diameters in the 80–150 nm range has been biosynthesized using lipopeptide biosurfactant derived from Bacillus vallismortis and characterized by XRD and FE-SEM. The CuO NPs could be introduced as nanocarrier systems for combination therapy and a potential candidate for antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-diabetic activity. The antibacterial activity of CuO NPs was studied by incorporating the nanoparticles with fluorescent antibiotic Ciprofloxacin HCL (CIP) to form CIP@CuO NPs and tracked inside HEK-293 cell lines. The MIC values of CIP@CuO NPs against 1 × 106 CFU ml−1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined to be 76 µg ml−1and 69 µg ml−1 against 1 × 106 CFU ml−1 Staphylococcus aureus. The CuO NPs were conjugated with the anticancer drug Doxorubicin (DOX) to form DOX@CuONPs, improving delivery toward cancer (HeLa) cells. The intracellular uptake of the drug-loaded CuO NPs was confirmed from confocal micrographs. Finally, the in vitro anti-diabetic activity of lipopeptide-coated CuO NPs was confirmed by the inhibitory activity of α-amylase. In contrast, the in vivo anti-diabetic efficacy of CuO NPs was validated by a significant reduction in blood glucose and glutathione levels. The CuO NPs positively affected the histopathological changes of the pancreas in induced diabetic mice. Cytotoxicity testing with Zebrafish demonstrated abnormal organ development with varying viability and hatching rates at 72 and 96 hpf, with an LC50 of 45 µg/l. Aside from the various potential medicinal characteristics, the study provided valuable information on cytotoxic impact, which can be used in future investigations of their eco-toxicological impacts.

Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized by a simple one-pot synthesis process using leaf extract from Moringa oleifera. A range of analytical methods were utilized to examine the physicochemical characteristics of CuO NPs in their prepared state. The existence of CuO nanoparticles is strongly suggested by the finding of a maximal absorption peak at 293 nm, which was then used to calculate the band gap energy (3.82 eV). The produced CuO NPs had a d-spacing value of 0.215 nm and an assessed crystalline size of approximately 21 nm, indicating good crystallinity. The EDAX spectrum confirms that the produced CuO NPs have a clearly aggregated structure and remarkable elemental purity. These data compellingly demonstrate the effectiveness of our preparatory strategy. Additionally, MCF7 and A549 breast and lung cancer cells were used to test the produced CuO NPs' potential for in vitro anticancer activities. These results demonstrated that different concentrations of CuO nanoparticles exhibited significant and proportionate toxicity toward the evaluated cell lines, underscoring its potential as an effective cancer-fighting strategy. Additionally, under UV light, the as-prepared CuO NPs were used to break down the dyes malachite green (MG) and titan yellow (TY). According to the present results, there was a discernible degree of degradation of 84.7 % and 79.03 % for MG and TY, respectively in basic medium at the 140th and 110th minute. The alignment of first order and 0th order kinetics for MG and TY dyes, respectively, was confirmed when the obtained data were later further examined for the reaction kinetic studies. In addition to being a powerful tool for developing novel treatments for lung and breast cancer, the produced CuO NPs can also be used to break down dangerous cationic and anionic dyes.

The use of agricultural and biomass waste to treat pollutants is a fruitful sector as it resolves a major problem by a low-cost and eco-friendly source. This study investigates the antimicrobial potential of Pomegranate (P. granatum) peel extract and Copper Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs), evaluating their efficacy against various bacterial strains. The P. granatum extract displayed notable bactericidal activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). CuO NPs induced reactive oxygen species, disrupting bacterial mechanisms and altering cellular morphology. Even at lower concentrations, both agents exhibited efficiency comparable to a higher concentration of the pharmaceutical standard (Ciprofloxacin 250 mg/10 ml, 2.5 %). These findings align with previous research, underscoring the antimicrobial properties of P. granatum and the potential of CuO NPs as alternative agents. The study highlights the significance of the ongoing quest for effective and sustainable antimicrobial solutions.

The present study reported a green approach for the sonochemical-assisted synthesis (SAS) of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by using the aqueous extract of the Ficus johannis plant. The aqueous extract was obtained using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (15 min, 45 °C) and microwave-assisted extraction (15 min, 450 w). Next, the as-prepared extracts were used in a plant-mediated approach for the green synthesis of CuO NPs. The synthesized CuO NPs have been characterized via different techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet–visible absorption, photoluminescence, and Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic techniques. As observed, a broad absorption band around 375 nm clarified the successful synthesis of CuO NPs. From the SEM analysis, the average particle size of the prepared CuO NPs was estimated below 50 nm. In addition, the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal properties of the aqueous extracts as well as the as-prepared CuO NPs were evaluated by different assays. These included the release of protein, nucleic acids, disk diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-killing assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized via solution combustion approach with Bengal gram powder as a fuel. The XRD analysis confirms the monoclinic structure of CuO NPs. FT-IR spectrum reveals the formation of CuO NPs. SEM studies show that the NPs are nearly spherical, and the elemental composition was confirmed by EDAX. The absorption spectra revealed a direct optical band gap of 1.50 eV. DFT calculations were performed to determine the HOMO–LUMO energy bandgap and found to be 1.72 eV, which is in good agreement with the experimental value. The Z-scan technique was used to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics using DPSS continuous wave laser (532 nm, 200 mW). A high reverse saturation absorption and negative nonlinear refractions were observed. Third-order NLO parameters β , n 2 and χ (3) were found to be 1 9. 6 × 1 0 − 5 cm/W, − 1. 1 2 × 1 0 − 8 cm2/W and 5. 9 7 × 1 0 − 7 esu, respectively. The CuO NPs also displayed strong optical limiting behavior with a limiting threshold of 2.11 kW/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuO nanoparticles were made quickly from natural macromolecules using the combustion process, and their structural, morphological, thermal, and particle stability properties were examined. All samples were monoclinic polycrystalline by XRD. Tea extract, wine, honey, and cow urine-assisted nanoparticles had crystallite sizes of 25.82, 26.18, 27.69, and 25.32 nm, respectively, according to the WH plot. FESEM and EDAX analysis verifies leaf, pollen grain, disc, and rice-like morphologies and stoichiometric products. Crystallite size correlates with TEM mean particle size. The parameters of the XRD pattern, which was matched with the standard data, reveal the presence of a pure monoclinic CuO phase with only substantial vibrations at 430 cm-1 to 603 cm-1. Thermal investigations (TG-DTA) demonstrate that particles are stable at 896°C-960°C before sublimating. Tea extract, wine, honey, and cow urine have been shown to affect CuO weight reduction. Anti-microbial study of the organic fueled CuO was made with Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) bacteria, also Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger fungi. It is found that CuO nanoparticles effectively inhibit fungal growth more than bacterial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale agrochemicals have been widely used in sustainable agriculture and may potentially affect the nitrogen fixation process in legume crops. The present study investigated the size-effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on nitrogen assimilation in soybean (G. max (L.) Merrill) plants, which were treated with different sizes (20 and 50 nm) of CuO NPs at low use doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) for 21 days under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that 50 nm CuO NPs significantly increased the fresh biomass more than 20 nm CuO NPs achieved at 10 mg/kg. The activities of N assimilation-associated enzymes and the contents of nitrogenous compounds, including nitrates, proteins, and amino acids, in soybean tissues were greatly increased across all the CuO NP treatments. The use doses of two sizes of CuO NPs had no impact on the Cu contents in shoots and roots but indeed increased the Cu contents in soils in a dose-dependent fashion. Overall, our findings demonstrated that both 20 and 50 nm CuO NPs could positively alter soybean growth and boost N assimilation, furthering our understanding that the application of nanoscale micro-nutrient-related agrochemicals at an optimal size and dose will greatly contribute to increasing the yield and quality of crops.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were produced through an environmentally friendly green synthesis. The characteristics of these green synthesized CuO NPs, including their structural, optical, morphological, and electrochemical properties, were examined using various characterization techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the CuO NPs have a monoclinic structure with a C2/c space group. Electrochemical detection of glucose was carried out using cyclic voltammetry. The green synthesized CuO NPs exhibited excellent catalytic properties for both electrochemical sensing and photocatalysis. Significantly, these CuO NPs exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity in glucose detection, with a sensitivity of 370 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a detection limit of 1.0 μM. Furthermore, the CuO NPs demonstrated a substantial 84 % degradation of dyes within 150 min. These results underscore the potential of the green synthesized CuO NPs as a promising material for applications in both sensing and dye degradation.

The utilization of plants to produce metal oxide nanoparticles has recently received a lot of attention due to its ease of usage and environmental friendliness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to synthesize CuO NPs using two distinct methods, including an aqueous extract of moringa oleifera leaves (M-CuO NPs) and a synthetic approach (S-CuO NPs). Nanoparticles produced were evaluated by SEM, EDX, TEM and XRD, to consider the creation of CuO NPs and to determine the morphological, elemental constitution and size the samples. The average particles size 14.95 and 35.73 nm for S-CuO and M-CuO NPs, respectively, is having potentials for application as inhibitor in corrosion of MS. The inhibition and adsorption properties of prepared M-CuO NPs and S-CuO NPs on MS in 1 M HCl were investigated using the wt reduction assessment. The maximal IE of prepared M-CuO NPs and S-CuO NPs was 95.06% and 92.10%, respectively, at 1000 ppm. The IE % improves with greater concentration of the prepared M-CuO NPs and S-CuO NPs. According to the findings, M-CuO NPs are the most effective green potential inhibitor for MS in acidic conditions. It is demonstrated that the Langmuir isotherms are obeyed by the produced CuO NPs and MS substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we explored the catalytic activity of CuO NPs prepared by gum of the Acacia Senegal plant for the multicomponent synthesis of Coumarin derivatives in an aqueous medium. The morphology of Bi–CuO NPs was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TGA–DTA tools. It has been shown that Bi–CuO NPs not only act as an efficient and green catalyst for the synthesis of Coumarin derivatives in an aqueous medium but also recover easily and is recycled many times without significant loss in their catalytic activity. High efficiency, short reaction time, high TOF, green solvent, and chromatography-free separation of the product are the key features of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) (ZnO, TiO2, SiO2, and CuO NPs) were synthesized with an average size of around 50 nm. The synthesized MONPs were incorporated into Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix deposited on glass substrate led to form PMMA/MONPs nanocomposite films. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to investigate the vibrational bands of pure PMMA and the incorporated PMMA/MONPs nanocomposite films. SEM micrographs showed the amorphous morphology of PMMA/MONPs nanocomposite films indicating the excellent dispersion of the MONPs on the surface. PMMA and PMMA/MONPs were exposed to the UV light for a period of 1, 3, and 5 min to investigate the impact on their refractive index (n). The UV-light exposure led to cause an increase in the refractive index of the PMMA in the visible region and decrease in the UV region and the opposite way around in the PMMA/MONPs nanocomposite films. Applying Maxwell–Garnett and Bruggeman's effective medium approximation models to investigate the distribution of the MONPs in the PMMA matrix shows a transfer from continuous aggregated nanoparticles to spherical or ellipsoidal distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study is to develop, a hitherto unreported, novel, and sustainable protocol to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Jasminum sambac flower extract. CuO NPs of diverse shapes and sizes were obtained using four different copper salt precursors, namely copper sulfate pentahydrate, copper chloride dihydrate, copper nitrate trihydrate, and copper acetate monohydrate while maintaining similar synthetic conditions. XRD analysis reveals that the crystallite sizes of NPs are in the range of 5.25–55.01 nm. FTIR has predicted that biomolecules serve as stabilizing as well as capping agents during the nucleation of NPs. The presence of broad absorption peaks, resulting from surface plasmon resonance, was observed in UV-Vis spectra. The FE-SEM images depicted the diverse morphologies of NPs, which were actually governed by the copper salt precursors. The EDS investigations endorse the dominant peaks corresponding to Cu and O. The analysis of antimicrobial activity was carried out to confirm their aptitude for biomedical applications. It was found that the analogy between the shape of bacteria and that of nanostructure resulted in efficient anti-bacterial activity. The toggle-shaped NPs of CuO derived out of copper sulfate precursor exhibited the best antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuO nanoparticles are synthesized from Ferulago angulate leaf extract under different pH values. The structural, morphological, as well as optical properties of the green synthesized CuO NPs are studied. Besides, the functional groups in the Ferulago angulate stabilizer capping the copper nanoparticles were examined using FTIR spectra. The primary factor that led to the first confirmation of CuO NP production was the reaction mixture's color change. A phytochemical test revealed the presence of proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. FTIR spectrum shows a peak at 532.35 cm-1, this may be attributed to CuO's vibrations confirming the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles. XRD analysis shows the presence of crystalline monoclinic cupric oxide (CuO). The morphological study (FESEM) shows different morphology (different shapes and sizes) under different pH values. EDS data shows the Orichness of the prepared CuO NPs extracted from Ferulago angulate [Schltdl.] BOISS leaf extract shows pure CuO phases. In this investigation, fabricated CuO's estimated energy band gap values were higher than those of bulk CuO. Results show Eg increment with increasing pH values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we describe the environmentally friendly synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) and its subsequent characterization for use in supercapacitors. Using extracts from dried, finely ground Moringa Oleifera as the reducing/capping agent, we created the CuO NP. The produced NPs were then examined using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical analysis techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) review were utilized to look at the electrochemical behavior of CuO-based electrodes. The analysis that followed determined that the green synthesize CuO NPs displayed supercapacitive behavior. This suggests that the synthesized CuO NPs will naturally encourage application as supercapacitive electrodes because it has been found that NPs absorbance varies linearly with NPs concentration, the 0.6 moles of CuO NPs produced the highest absorbance reading of 0.35 at 398 nm. The reflection spectra demonstrate that the material exhibits low reflectance properties in the medium ultraviolet region. However, as the spectra move toward the visible light region, the reflectance rises to its maximum value of 16 percent in the short ultraviolet region. The calculated crystallite sizes are as follows: 0.2 mols CuO NP, 0.3 mols CuO NP, 0.4 mols CuO NP, 0.5 mols CuO NP, and 0.6 mols CuO NP at 43.14 nm, 43.68 nm, 24.23 nm, 5.70 nm, and 12.87 nm, respectively, where Average D = 25.93 nm is the average crystalline size across all samples. the emergence of cubic grains that resemble nanorods with tube-like holes, SEM images demonstrate that CuO NPs can be distinguished from one another as seen in 0.2 mole CuO NPs.

A polymeric nanocomposite film, composed of PMMA/PVDF and different amounts of CuO NPs, was successfully prepared using the casting method to enhance its electrical conductivity. Various techniques were employed to investigate their physicochemical properties. The addition of CuO NPs causes a noticeable difference in the intensities and locations of vibrational peaks in all bands, confirming the incorporation of CuO NPs inside the PVDF/PMMA. In addition, the broadening of the peak at 2θ = 20.6° becomes more intense with increasing amounts of CuO NPs, confirming the increase in the amorphous characteristic of PMMA/PVDF incorporated with CuO NPs in comparison with PMMA/PVDF. Furthermore, the image of the polymeric structure exhibits a smoother shape and interconnection of pore structure associated with spherical particles that agglomerate and give rise to a web-like organization that becomes a matrix. Increasing surface roughness is responsible for an increasing surface area. Moreover, the addition of CuO NPs in the PMMA/PVDF leads to a decrease in the energy band gap, and further increasing the additional amounts of CuO NPs causes the generation of localized states between the valence and conduction bands. Furthermore, the dielectric investigation shows an increase in the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and electric conductivity, which may be an indication of an increase in the degree of disorder that confines the movement of charge carriers and demonstrates the creation of an interconnected percolating chain, enhancing its conductivity values compared with that without the incorporation of a matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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CuO nanoparticles are synthesized from Ferulago angulate leaf extract under different pH values. The structural, morphological, as well as optical properties of the green synthesized CuO NPs are studied. Besides, the functional groups in the Ferulago angulate stabilizer capping the copper nanoparticles were examined using FTIR spectra. The primary factor that led to the first confirmation of CuO NP production was the reaction mixture's color change. A phytochemical test revealed the presence of proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. FTIR spectrum shows a peak at 532.35 cm-1, this may be attributed to CuO's vibrations confirming the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles. XRD analysis shows the presence of crystalline monoclinic cupric oxide (CuO). The morphological study (FESEM) shows different morphology (different shapes and sizes) under different pH values. EDS data shows the O-richness of the prepared CuO NPs extracted from Ferulago angulate [ Schltdl.] BOISS leaf extract shows pure CuO phases. In this investigation, fabricated CuO's estimated energy band gap values were higher than those of bulk CuO. Results show Eg increment with increasing pH values.

A simple physical technique was used in this study to create stable and cost-effective copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles from pure copper metal using the pulsed laser ablation technique. The synthesis of crystalline CuO nanoparticles was confirmed by various analytical techniques such as particle concentration measurement using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the crystal size and identify of the crystal structure of the prepared particles. The main characteristic diffraction peaks of the three samples were consistent. The corresponding 2θ is also consistent, and the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was also investigated. After 24 hours of exposure, the percentage of cytotoxicity was calculated. The maximum toxicity of Hep-G2 was 37.81% at the maximum concentration of (500) µg mL-1 after 24 hours of exposure. Also, the maximum toxicity of the normal cell line was 27.85% at a maximum concentration of (500) µg mL-1.

Nitrite (NO2−) and nitrate (NO3−) are frequently used in cured meat products as preservatives, as they give a better taste and work well in color fixation. As a key possible carcinogen, excessive dietary consumption of NO2− in cured meat products would be bad for health. Herein, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using the drug Augmentin as a reducing and capping agent. The desired synthesis of CuO NPs was confirmed by various characterization techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The new approach of drug-mediated acetic acid-capped CuO NPs was developed for simple colorimetric detection of nitrite ions in a mimic solution of processed food. The color of the detection system changes from brown to yellow with the increase in the concentration of NO2− and has been observed with the naked eye. The selectivity of the NO2− detection system by the UV–visible spectrum and the naked eye is compared to other ions, such as Br−, I−, Cl−1, PO4−3, CO32−, and SO42−. The platform was successfully employed for the determination of nitrite in real samples. Moreover, this probe can be used for the sensitive detection of NO2− with a linear range of 1 × 10−8 to 2.40 × 10−6 M, a detection limit of 2.69 × 10−7 M, a limit of quantification 8.9 × 10−7 M, and a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.997. Our results suggest that this sensor can be used for on-site analysis and quantification as well as in the fields of disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety.

Due to exceptional properties, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are now being applied in diverse fields such as agriculture, cosmetics, food industry, and medicine. There is enough scientific evidence that CuO NPs are toxic to living organisms. However, no effective method is available to mitigate the health hazard of the CuO NPs. This study aimed to investigate the possible cytoprotective mechanism of protocatechuic acid (PCA) from the toxicity of CuO NPs in human liver HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes. CuO NPs were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy characterization data confirmed the formation of spherical and crystalline CuO NPs with smooth surface morphology. On the basis of preliminary results, cells are divided into four groups; (i) control group, (ii) PCA group (10 µg/mL, a non-cytotoxic dose), (iii) CuO NPs group (IC50), and (iv) co-exposure group (PCA + CuO NPs). Results show that pre-treatment with PCA significantly abrogates the CuO NPs-induced cytotoxicity and lactate dehydrogenase leakage in both types of cells. CuO NPs-induced reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde levels are remarkably mitigated by the PCA pre-treatment. The depletion in glutathione and several antioxidant enzymes (e.g. glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) because of the CuO NPs exposure is effectively restored by PCA. Caspase-3 gene up-regulation and mitochondrial membrane potential depletion due to CuO NPs exposure are also alleviated by the pre-treatment using PCA. Therefore, this first study reports the mitigating potential of PCA against CuO NPs toxicity in liver cells by restoring the antioxidant defense system and quashing the apoptosis.

Green synthesis offers an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). In this study, the synthesis of CuO NPs was optimized by using copper sulfate (CuSO4) and the aqueous extract of Alpinia officinarum and its antifungal activity were investigated. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared radiation spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the optimized conditions for the synthesis of CuO NPs were 1:2 ratio of extract and CuSO4 solution, pH 7, and 30 °C. The characteristic UV–vis peak of A. officinarum synthesized CuO NPs was at 264 nm. The synthesized CuO NPs had high crystallinity and purity and were spherical in morphology with the mean size of 46.40 nm. The synthesized CuO NPs reduced the fungal growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the CuO NPs were 125 μg·mL−1 and 500 μg·mL−1, respectively. The antifungal activity of CuO NPs may be attributed to its ability to deform the structure of fungal hyphae, induce excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation in fungi, disrupt the mycelium cell membrane, and result cellular leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth regulators tagged on metallic oxide nanoparticles (NPs) may function as nanofertilizers with reduced toxicity of NPs. CuO NPs were synthesized to function as nanocarriers of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed 30.4 nm size of NPs and sheet-like structure, respectively, of CuO-IAA NPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed CuO-IAA formation. IAA-decorated CuO NPs enhanced the physiological parameters of Chickpea plants, i.e., root length, shoot length, and biomass compared to naked CuO NPs. The variation in physiological response was due to change of phytochemical contents in plants. Phenolic content increased up to 17.98 and 18.13 µgGAE/mg DW at 20 and 40 mg/L of CuO-IAA NPs, respectively. However, significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes' activity was recorded compared to control. Presence of CuO-IAA NPs increased the reducing potential of plants at higher concentration of NPs, while decrease in total antioxidant response was observed. This study concludes that IAA conjugation to CuO NPs reduces toxicity of NPs. Furthermore, NPs can be explored as nanocarriers for plant modulators and slow release in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Versatile nature of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) has made them an imperative nanomaterial being employed in nanomedicine. Various physical, chemical, and biological methodologies are in use for the preparation of CuO NPs. The physicochemical and biological properties of CuO NPs are primarily affected by their method of fabrication; therefore, selectivity of a synthetic technique is immensely important that makes these NPs appropriate for a specific biomedical application. The deliberate use of CuO NPs in biomedicine questions their biocompatible nature. For this reason, the present review has been designed to focus on the approaches employed for the synthesis of CuO NPs; their biomedical applications highlighting antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant studies; and most importantly, the in vitro and in vivo toxicity associated with these NPs. This comprehensive overview of CuO NPs is unique and novel as it emphasizes on biomedical applications of CuO NPs along with its toxicological assessments which would be useful in providing core knowledge to researchers working in these domains for planning and conducting futuristic studies. Key Points: • The recent methods for fabrication of CuO nanoparticles have been discussed with emphasis on green synthesis methods for different biomedical approaches. • Antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties of CuO nanoparticles have been explained. • In vitro and in vivo toxicological studies of CuO nanoparticles exploited along with their respective mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of copper oxide were synthesized from the Spirodela polyrrhiza (greater duckweed) plant. Ultraviolet spectroscopy absorbance of around 400 nm was used for nanoparticle characterization. The presence of copper and oxygen in the biogenic nanoparticles was analyzed by the EDX technique. Based on scanning, and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) results, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are evenly distributed and spherical, and their sizes are in the 100 nm range. The synthesized nanoparticles of copper oxide were tested for antibacterial, antifungal, and nematicidal effectiveness against plants pest and pathogens. Antifungal and nematicidal activity against pests and plant pathogens was observed, with fungal mycelium reduced by 45–50% and eggs hatching. The findings suggest that plant-based copper oxide nanoparticles could be a potential source of plant pathogen inhibition. From this study, we concluded that synthesized CuO NPs have the potential to serve as a safer alternative for plant disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an easily, extremely fast, low-cost method with high-capacity removal for sunset yellow (SSY) was developed. A new modified nano-copper oxide (CuO) was fabricated using both glycine (Gly) and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Initially, the nano-copper oxide was prepared through chemical precipitation method and then modified with β-CD in the presence of glycine. This tailored copper oxide NPs was depicted using FT-IR and XRD. The prepared decorated oxide, assigned as β-CD@Gly/CuO, was used as adsorbent for removal of the nontoxic food colorant such as sunset yellow (SSY). Batch studies were accomplished to identify the best conditions for practically removal of SSY using UV/Vis spectrophotometric measurements at λmax = 482 nm. The obtained results signified that more acidic medium of pH 1.7 was the optimum. The adsorption was found to be improved after β-CD decorated CuO nanoparticles due to the presence of many functional groups on β-CD which were able to bind SSY in acidic medium and reached 97% at the final conditions. In addition, the adsorption process was achieved in a relative short time of 10 min, and the model of the adsorption was found to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis is a major, but generally overlooked, tropical disease carried by snails of the genus Biomphalaria, which have a large distribution in Egypt. Control of the intermediate host snail is critical in limiting schistosomiasis spread. On the topic of snails’ management, nanotechnology has gained more interest. Results Copper oxide nanoparticles, characterised by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, showed a single crystal structure with an average crystallite size around 40 nm by X-ray diffraction and typical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image. Also, the UV–VIS spectrophotometer displayed a sharp absorption band of CuO NPs. Molluscicidal activity of copper oxide nanoparticles against B. alexandrina snails was observed. Following exposure to CuO NPs (LC50 and LC90 was 40 and 64.3 mg/l, respectively), there was a reduction in the growth and reproductive rates of treated B. alexandrina at the sub-lethal concentrations, as well as, a drop in egg viability. Moreover, CuO NPs exhibited a toxic effect on miracidiae and cercariae of S. mansoni. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations of the head-foot and mantle of control and treated snails to the sub-lethal concentrations of CuO NPs (LC10 15.6 mg\l–LC25 27.18 mg\l) indicated morphological alterations in the ultrastructure. Conclusions CuO NPs caused a significant effect against the intermediate hosts of S. mansoni and provide a considerable scope in exploiting local indigenous resources as snail molluscicidal agents.

The ecological safety of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in the environment determines the advancement of nano-agriculture owing to breakthroughs in nanotechnology; however, the release of Cu2+ is an uncontrollable factor. Currently, the trade-off mechanisms of CuO NPs and Cu2+ dominating the potential hazards of plant-nano systems remain unclear. This study proposed the trade-off strategy for reconstructing physiological responses and metabolic profiles and deciphered the differential regulation of dominant CuO NPs and Cu2+ in plants. The results showed that 100 and 500 mg/kg CuO NPs promoted root fresh weight but reduced shoot fresh weight, while 1000 mg/kg Cu2+ demonstrated the strongest inhibition on both roots and shoots. The net photosynthetic perturbation in photosynthetic disorders is accompanied by superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, which are severe under 1000 mg/kg CuO NPs and Cu2+ stress. Metabolomics revealed that CuO NPs significantly altered coumaric acid and derivatives, for example, down-regulating coumaroyl hexoside (isomers of 690 and 691) by 40.79 %. Additionally, Cu2+ treatment severely interfered with the dominant metabolic response, activating plant hormone signal transduction and α-linolenic acid metabolism. The trade-off strategies of galactose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, pantothenate and coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, and β-alanine metabolism as differential metabolism were confirmed by comparing the CuO NPs and Cu2+ exposure. Protein secondary structure analysis revealed specific regulation of protein conformation upon exposure to CuO NPs and Cu2+. These findings provide new insights into differential metabolism and environmental effects in plant-nano systems. [Display omitted] • Cu2+ exposure stimulated ROS bursts and photosynthetic perturbations. • CuO NPs altered coumaric acid and derivatives without inducing metabolic disorders. • Jasmonic acid activated phytohormone signaling against Cu2+ stress. • Trade-off strategies of metabolic profiles were driven by CuO NPs and Cu2+. • (α-helix + β-turn)/β-sheet induced the protein secondary structure regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this green synthesis approach for copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs), the reducing agent obtained from Camellia sinensis (Tea) extract was used. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) techniques were used for as-prepared sample characterization. From XRD result, the crystallite size estimated by Scherrer method was found to be 35 nm. Morphological results reveals that the CuO NPs possesses small particle size with the range of 40–45 nm, led to high surface area, which enhances the absorption of more number of dye molecules, which results in high degradation efficiency. Present work reveals that degradation of malachite green (MG) dye in aqueous solutions under sonocatalytic treatment. CuO NPs exhibit excellent degradation efficiency against MG dye (95 % removal in 70 min). Moreover, the rate constant for the degradation efficiency was investigated with pseudo- first and second order kinetics. Moreover, CuO NPs possesses potential antibacterial activity against human pathogens such as Gram-positive (Staphylococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). [Display omitted] • Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized by facile green method. • Green synthesized CuO NPs was tested against the degradation of malachite green dye under sonocatalytic treatment. • The comparisons of different dye concentrations on three different catalyst dosage levels were studied. • CuO NPs possesses magnificent degradation efficiency for MG dye in 70 min sonication. • Moreover, the CuO NPs possesses potential antibacterial activity against human pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials (NPs) and antibiotics, as two emergent pollutants, forms a complex contamination through their interaction, potentially causing adverse effects on the organism. This study systematically examined the influence of two NPs (CuO NPs and carbon nanotubes, CNTs) on the photodegradation behavior of tetracycline (TC) and their combined toxic effects on Chlorella vulgaris. The results showed that CuO NPs significantly accelerated TC photodegradation compared to CNTs, increasing the TC photodegradation rate constant by187.6%. Electron spin resonance (ESR) indicated that under the coexistence of CuO NPs or CNTs, 1O 2 、O 2 •- and •OH were the main active species promoting TC photodegradation. Probe and quenching experiments confirmed the predominant role of O 2 •- and 1O 2 in the presence of CuO NPs and CNTs. Additionally, three possible TC photodegradation pathways were proposed for the coexistence of CuO NPs and CNTs. In the Chlorella vulgaris growth inhibition experiment, the combined toxicity of CuO NPs or CNTs and TC was higher than that of individual substance, indicating significant synergistic effects, especially with the combination of CNTs and TC. This study provides a new perspective on accurately assessing the environmental behaviors and risks when NPs and antibiotics coexist. [Display omitted] • CuO NPs obviously accelerated the photodegradation of TC than CNTs. • O 2.•- and 1O 2 were the main active species in the CuO NPs and CNT coexistence system. • Toxicity of TC degradation products was lower in CuO NPs coexistence system. • CuO NPs or CNTs combined with TC cause graver toxic effects on Chlorella vulgaris. • The toxicity mechanism of CuO NPs and CNTs with TC showed synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]