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A computer science camp for pre-collegiate students was operated during the summers of 2022 and 2023. The effect the camp had on attitudes was quantitatively assessed using a survey instrument. However, enrollment at the summer camp was small, which meant the well-known Pearson's Chi-Squared to measure the significance of results was not applied. Thus, a quantitative analysis method using a multinomial probability distribution as a model of a multilevel Likert scale survey was used. Exact calculations of a multinomial probability model with likelihood ratio were performed to quantitatively analyze the results of questionnaires administered to participants in two cohort groups (combined N=17). Probabilities per Likert categories were determined from the data itself using Bayes theorem with a Dirichlet prior. Each cohort functioned as part of a homogenous sample, thus allowing cohorts to be pooled. Post-test revealed significant changes in participants' attitudes after camp completion. Using this technique has implications for studies with small sample sizes. Using exact calculation of the multinomial probability model with the use of likelihood ratio as a statistical test of evidence has advantages: a) it is an exact value that can be used on any size sample, although it offers a quantitative analysis option for small sample size studies; b) depends only on what was observed during a study; c) does not require advanced calculation; d) modern spreadsheet and statistical package programs can calculate the analysis; and e) likelihood ratio employed in Bayes theorem can update prior beliefs according to evidence. Utilizing small sample size quantitative analysis can strengthen insights into data trends and showcase the importance of this quantitative technique.

This scoping review aims to identify and systematically review published mapping reviews to assess their commonality and heterogeneity and determine whether additional efforts should be made to standardise methodology and reporting. The following databases were searched; Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Campbell collaboration database, Social Science Abstracts, Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA). Following a pilot-test on a random sample of 20 citations included within title and abstracts, two team members independently completed all screening. Ten articles were piloted at full-text screening, and then each citation was reviewed independently by two team members. Discrepancies at both stages were resolved through discussion. Following a pilot-test on a random sample of five relevant full-text articles, one team member abstracted all the relevant data. Uncertainties in the data abstraction were resolved by another team member. A total of 335 articles were eligible for this scoping review and subsequently included. There was an increasing growth in the number of published mapping reviews over the years from 5 in 2010 to 73 in 2021. Moreover, there was a significant variability in reporting the included mapping reviews including their research question, priori protocol, methodology, data synthesis and reporting. This work has further highlighted the gaps in evidence synthesis methodologies. Further guidance developed by evidence synthesis organisations, such as JBI and Campbell, has the potential to clarify challenges experienced by researchers, given the magnitude of mapping reviews published every year.

Study designSystematic review and meta-analysis.ObjectiveSurgical decompression is a cornerstone in the management of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI); however, the influence of the timing of surgery on neurological recovery after acute SCI remains controversial. This systematic review aims to summarize current evidence on the effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of early (≤24 hours) or late (>24 hours) surgery in patients with acute traumatic SCI for all levels of the spine. Furthermore, this systematic review aims to evaluate the evidence with respect to the impact of ultra-early surgery (earlier than 24 hours from injury) on these outcomes.MethodsA systematic search of the literature was performed using the MEDLINE database (PubMed), Cochrane database, and EMBASE. Two reviewers independently screened the citations from the search to determine whether an article satisfied predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. For all key questions, we focused on primary studies with the least potential for bias and those that controlled for baseline neurological status and specified time from injury to surgery. Risk of bias of each article was assessed using standardized tools based on study design. Finally, the overall strength of evidence for the primary outcomes was assessed using the GRADE approach. Data were synthesized both qualitatively and quantitively using meta-analyses.ResultsTwenty-one studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria and formed the evidence base for this review update. Seventeen studies compared outcomes between patients treated with early (≤24 hours from injury) compared to late (>24 hours) surgical decompression. An additional 4 studies evaluated even earlier time frames: 24 hours) results in clinically meaningful improvements in neurological recovery. Further studies are required to delineate the role of ultra-early surgery in patients with acute SCI.

Spheroids exhibit enhanced cell-cell interactions that facilitate improved survival and mimic the physiological cellular environment in vivo. Cell spheroids have been successfully used as building blocks for engineered tissues, yet the viability of this approach with skeletal muscle spheroids is poorly understood, particularly when incorporated into three-dimensional (3D) constructs. Bioprinting is a promising strategy to recapitulate the hierarchical organization of native tissue that is fundamental to its function. However, the influence of bioprinting on skeletal muscle cell spheroids and their function are yet to be interrogated. Using C2C12 mouse myoblasts and primary bovine muscle stem cells (MuSCs), we characterized spheroid formation as a function of duration and cell seeding density. We then investigated the potential of skeletal muscle spheroids entrapped in alginate bioink as tissue building blocks for bioprinting myogenic tissue. Both C2C12 and primary bovine MuSCs formed spheroids of similar sizes and remained viable after bioprinting. Spheroids of both cell types fused into larger tissue clusters over time within alginate and exhibited tissue formation comparable to monodisperse cells. Compared to monodisperse cells in alginate gels, C2C12 spheroids exhibited greater MyHC expression after 2 weeks, while cells within bovine MuSC spheroids displayed increased cell spreading. Both monodisperse and MuSC spheroids exhibited increased expression of genes denoting mid- and late-stage myogenic differentiation. Together, these data suggest that skeletal muscle spheroids have the potential for generating myogenic tissue via 3D bioprinting and reveal areas of research that could enhance myogenesis and myogenic differentiation in future studies.

(1) Background: Acute pain in hospitalized children remains under-recognized and under-treated. Our objective is to benchmark pain assessment, documentation, treatment, and patient experience in children admitted to a US children's hospital. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional, mixed-method survey of pain for children hospitalized ≥24 h. Charts were reviewed for modalities of pain assessment and treatment for all inpatients. If pain was documented, patients/caregivers were surveyed regarding their experience with pain and its management. (3) Results: Chart review: All 107 patients had ≥1 pain score documented. A total of 47 patients had a pain score ≥0, 35 (74.5%) of whom had ≥1 moderate-severe score. Seventy (65.4%) patients received ≥1 intervention for pain, including medications from ≥1 class (e.g., opioids) (n = 55, 51.4%) and/or integrative/non-pharmacologic intervention(s) (n = 39, 36.4%). There were assessment and documentation gaps. Patient survey: A total of 39 (83.0%) interviews were attempted; 25 (53.2%) were completed. The worst pain was mostly caused by acute illness (n = 13, 52%) and painful procedures (n = 10, 40%). Suggestions for improvement included increasing the use of integrative modalities and optimizing patient-clinician communication. (4) Conclusions: All patients admitted ≥24 h had ≥1 pain score documented; however, gaps in documentation were common. Multimodal treatment and integrative modalities were underutilized. Procedures were a frequent cause of under-treated pain, prompting an institution-wide quality improvement project.

Autonomous motivation for self-set goals (pursuing goals for more intrinsic and less extrinsic reasons) has been linked to affective well-being. Using intensive longitudinal data, the present article examines the link between university students' autonomous study motivation with affective well-being and targets fulfillment of the basic psychological needs as a potential mediating factor of this association on the within-person and the between-person level. University students in Germany (N = 488) completed an online questionnaire once a week over up to two semesters, indicating their weekly study motivation, need fulfillment, and affective well-being. Multilevel structural equation models were employed to target (a) the structure of autonomous study motivation and (b) the associations of autonomous study motivation with need fulfillment and affective well-being. Autonomous study motivation was associated with students' positive and negative affect on both levels. In line with predictions by self-determination theory, multilevel mediation models suggested indirect effects via need fulfillment on both levels. Results highlight the central role of autonomous study motivation and need fulfillment in university students' socioemotional adjustment. A better understanding of this socioemotional adjustment of university students may be an important step for increasing overall study satisfaction and developing interventions to reduce study dropout.

Background: Positive psychology focuses on enhancing attitudes and behaviors that support well-being, with a key pillar being the use of psychological strengths for optimal functioning. This is linked to positive outcomes such as increased happiness and life satisfaction. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric validity of the French adaptation of the Strengths Use Scale (SUS), a self-report tool measuring how individuals use their strengths in daily life. The original SUS, developed by Govindji and Linley (2007), has not been thoroughly assessed across languages and cultures. Method: The French SUS's psychometric properties were examined using data from six independent French-speaking Canadian samples (N = 1397). After removing cases with missing data, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on a subsample to establish the optimal factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was then performed to assess the factor structure's goodness-of-fit. Results: Both EFA and CFA supported a unidimensional structure of the scale. The French SUS demonstrated good internal consistency (a = 0.94). The one-factor model yielded an RMSEA of 0.122, indicating some model misspecification. However, allowing residuals of some items to covary improved the model fit (RMSEA = 0.077). Conclusion: The adapted French SUS exhibits similar properties to the original and presents no new consistency issues. This study contributes to adapting and validating the SUS in French for research and clinical practice. Future research should focus on developing a shorter version by eliminating redundancies and adapting the scale for children to evaluate positive psychology interventions' efficacy in youth.

Abstract: Venus' tectonic evolution is not well understood. Thousands of kilometers of possible subduction sites on Venus have been identified along networks of rift zone trenches called chasmata. Rift zones are strong candidates for tectonic recycling due to pre‐existing weaknesses in the lithosphere. Recently, peel‐back delamination (PBD) was proposed as a mechanism of regional‐scale lithospheric recycling initiated at Venusian rift zones (Adams et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022je007460). PBD occurs when the lithospheric mantle becomes sufficiently thick and negatively buoyant to decouple and peel away from the overlying crust remaining at the surface. Both positively and negatively buoyant lithosphere were shown to undergo buoyancy‐driven PBD, though delamination is inhibited by increasing positive plate buoyancy. In this study, we use 2D numerical models to verify that delamination can be initiated in thinner, more positively buoyant lithosphere than in models with no plume‐rift interactions. Our results show that plume‐induced PBD in positively buoyant plates is facilitated by the excess negative buoyancy in the lithospheric mantle and increasing plume buoyancy force, and it is inhibited by increasing crustal buoyancy and decreasing rift width. We propose an age‐progressive framework for delamination at rift zones, where young, thin plates require a larger plume buoyancy force to be destabilized than thicker, yet still positively buoyant plates. We use lithospheric thickness constraints to predict PBD may be most likely to initiate near the Dali‐Diana Chasmata system.

Abstract Exposure to altered gravity influences cellular behaviour in cell cultures. Hydrogels are amongst the most common materials used to produce tissue-engineering scaffolds, and their mechanical properties play a crucial role in cell-matrix interaction. However, little is known about the influence of altered gravity on hydrogel properties. Here we study the mechanical properties of Poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and PEGDA incorporated with graphene oxide (GO) by performing tensile tests in micro and hypergravity during a Parabolic flight campaign, and by comparing them to the same tests performed in Earth gravity. We show that gravity levels do not result in a statistically significant difference in Young’s modulus.