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The reliable and economical operation of equipment for thermal power plants, heat supply systems and boiler houses has been a relevant problem in the field of thermal power engineering for many years. In many industries, industrial steam is often used, for which steam boilers are used at thermal power plants. The water consumed by the boilers undergoes pre-treatment, which, in addition to its softening, includes thermal deaeration — the removal of aggressive gases that lead to equipment corrosion. Atmospheric deaerators are often used for this purpose. They are easy to use, quite effective, but have a disadvantage — a considerable amount of heat is lost with the removed flash steam. The article is dedicated to evaluating the cost-effectiveness of the technology for additional heating of return system water using deaerator steam and considering a method for improving the efficiency of atmospheric deaeration by partial closure of flash steam output in boiler plants. The paper presents a calculation of the scheme of operation of a deaeration plant, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the boiler house of the AB InBev Efes brewery in Ulyanovsk due to additional heating of return system water with atmospheric deaerator flash steam. The article also discusses the scheme of operation of an atmospheric deaerator, in which the flash steam will be discharged into the atmosphere only if it is necessary to remove aggressive gases. Thanks to the developed scheme, when the deaerator operates with a closed flash steam removal pipeline and without being fed with chemically purified water, the consumption of industrial steam is reduced, especially with a significant return of condensate, which increases the efficiency of the entire boiler room as a whole. According to preliminary calculations, assuming the average return of condensate from production per day of about 300 m3, the production steam savings will be 0.8 tons.

The effectiveness of chemical, fungal and bacterial fungicide treatments of spring soft wheat seeds and stands against major diseases was compared on leached chernozem of Novosibirsk region in 2021. Biological preparations including Sternifag, WP (Trichoderma harzianum) showed effect as early as in the tillering phase. The biologicals’ effectiveness in root rot suppression was comparable to Scarlet, ME (imazalil+tebuconazole) and amounted to 62–64 %, while Sternifag, WP halved the disease development. By the end of the growing season, all treatments, including the chemical one, equally suppressed root rot development; the best option was Scarlet, ME + Vitaplan, WP (Bacillus subtilis) with biological efficiency of 38 %. In the case of severe pressure by Septoria blotch (33 % in control), the most effective treatment was spraying the crop on the earing stage with Titul 390, KKR (propiconazole), which reduced the incidence of Septoria blotch by 84.3 %, while biologicals had no effect. The powdery mildew was best suppressed by seed treatment with Scarlet, ME (73.9 %), and the brown rust was best suppressed by Scarlet, ME + Vitaplan, WP (78.8 %). The vegetation treatments inhibited the powdery mildew by 41–54 % but didn’t show a reliable effect against the brown rust. Seed treatment with microbial fungicides increased soil cellulolytic activity by 1.5–1.8 times while chemical disinfectant reduced it. The amount of plant residues decreased by 2.5–2.8 times due to the application of Sternifag, WP. The greatest increase in grain yield was obtained due to chemical fungicides - 0.64 t/ha, while biological preparations resulted in additional 0.25–0.33 t/ha.

This paper presents interdisciplinary consensus on the use of protocols of high-intensity magnetic stimulation for the treatment of pelvic floor muscles dysfunction with anal incontinence in Russia.AIM: to highlight the discussion and the decision-making on the basis of an interdisciplinary consensus on the use of a new algorithm of peripheral and transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of pelvic floor muscles dysfunction with the clinic of anal incontinence.RESULTS: the adoption of this consensus can serve as a basis for further research of this problem and optimize the results of treatment of patients with pelvic floor muscle dysfunction with anal incontinence. The data may be interesting for a wide range of medical specialists: general practitioners, gastroenterologists, coloproctologists, surgeons, neurosurgeons, gynecologists, urologists — anyone who encounter with manifestations of this disorder in a routine practice and chooses diagnostic and treatment options.CONCLUSION: protocols for the treatment of anal incontinence using high-intensity magnetic stimulation aimed at improving the quality of treatment of patients with anal incontinence are based on the Russian experience of using the methods discussed and the analysis of the results obtained are validated.

Reliable and economical operation of the equipment of thermal heat supply systems and boiler installations is an important and challenging task. High-quality water treatment directly affects the efficiency of boiler installations. The main stages of water treatment at thermal power plants are pretreatment, desalination and thermal deaeration — removal of aggressive gases that lead to corrosion of equipment. Currently, there are a significant number of manufacturing enterprises that are equipped with their own boiler plants. In boiler houses used for steam generation, as well as heating boilers serving heating system, water deaeration is a mandatory process. The article is dedicated to the development of a technology to make the boiler installations more economical and efficient due to additional heating of the return system water with deaerator flash steam. In this paper, the process of water deaeration is considered on the example of the boiler room of the AB InBev Efes brewery in Ulyanovsk, where the heating station is equipped with automation systems, and the regulation of steam supply for heating is carried out automatically depending on the temperature of the return system water. Due to the designed arrangement and depending on the amount of flash steam of the atmospheric deaerator, the return water of the heating system can be heated by 3 - 10°C. Besides, during periods of warm winters at the Ulyanovsk-based brewery of AB InBev Efes, with minimal loads of the boiler plant, heating of the return system water in the heat exchanger with the flash steam of the atmospheric deaerator may be used as the main or additional stage of heating.

Background. Real world data help to provide more information on the effects and tolerability of therapy. However, data on the use of perampanel in Russian population of children remain limited.Aim. To conduct a retrospective analysis of perampanel efficacy and tolerability in children and adolescents with epilepsy in real clinical practice.Materials and methods. A total of 106 children aged 4–18 years receiving perampanel as part of combination therapy for epilepsy were observed at 18 centers. Seizure frequency at 1–3, after 6 and 12 months of treatment, presence and type of adverse events (AEs) were analyzed. The main assessed efficacy parameters were seizure control, significant (≥50 %) decrease in seizure frequency. All other outcomes (Results. We defined 3 age groups for comparison: children 4–6, 7–11 and 12–17 years old. Perampanel efficacy was 69 % (seizure control – 23.6 %, ≥50 % decrease in seizure frequency – 45.3 %). The mean duration of the effect was 7.3 ± 4.1 months. No significant difference in efficacy between age groups was found. However, some greater efficacy of perampanel was noted in adolescents: absence of effect in the form of remission or significant decrease in seizures frequency was noted only in 25.5 %, with 40 % in children 4–11 years old. Among those with inefficacy, 3.8 % reported seizure aggravation. AEs occurred in only 23 % of patients, with the least frequent occurrence in adolescents (11.8 %) and the most frequent in children aged 7–11 years (40 %). The most frequent AEs was sluggishness and/or drowsiness. Discontinuation of perampanel due to AEs was required in 7.6 %.Conclusion. Perampanel has demonstrated high efficacy and good tolerability in real clinical practice among children from 4 years of age and adolescents with partial (focal) and secondary generalized seizures. The AEs that developed were not serious and very rarely led to withdrawal of the therapy. The results are comparable to those of phase III studies and previous real-world data. The usage of perampanel in children with primary generalized seizures should be further investigated.

The article presents a case report, and a literature review on benign epileptiform discharges of childhood (BEDC) as well as effect of this type of epileptiform activity on speech, behavior and communication skills are analyzed. The incidence of BEDC comprises 5% in pediatric population. Examining children with autistic spectrum disorder, BEDC is revealed in 20% cases, whereas in those with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or speech disorder – in 25% and 18% cases, respectively. Many studies considering BEDC as a genetic marker of brain immaturity highlighted by different level of expressiveness and penetrance are discussed. It is highly probable that cognitive and speech disorders as well as ADHD in children with BEDC may be genetically determined. However, pediatric BEDC may be asymptomatic or become manifested by diverse psychoneurological symptoms accounted for by developed epileptic encephalopathy and continuous spike and waves during slow wave sleep (CSWS) requiring specialized long-term treatment. Markedly elevated CSWS with morphological BEDC affects interneuron connections, which, in turn, alters memory consolidation in mesial temporal regions. The literature analysis revealed that children with BEDC-like epileptic activity require obligatory periodic sleep electroencephalographic control and dynamic neuropsychological evaluation due to high incidence of speech, mnestic and behavioral disorders. Seizure-free BEDC-like epileptic activity should be corrected pharmaceutically only in case of established causative link with progressive cognitive impairments.

The main trends in the development of the biotechnological industry at the global level are considered. An organizational and economic mechanism for the participation of the biotechnological scientific and industrial cluster in the implementation of programs for import substitution and the transition to import advance is proposed.

A-type botulinum toxin blocks presynaptic production of acetylcholine, thereby disrupting neuromuscular transmission, and leading to flaccid muscle paresis. Injection of toxin into the internal anal sphincter is a new, minimally invasive, effective method of treating children with hypertonicity / achalasia of the sphincter, pelvic muscle dyssynergia, stool retention, secondary fecal incontinence from rectal overflow. The effect of A-type botulinum toxin on smooth muscles of hollow organs has not been yet studied.Objective. To analyze the effect of A-type botulinum toxin on the tone of the smooth muscles of the colon in the experiment.Material and methods. The scientists examined 15 laboratory Sprague Dawley rats. The effect of A-type botulinum toxin on the tone of the smooth muscles of the large intestine was assessed by measuring the stress of the intestinal wall and intraluminal pressure.Results. The scientists revealed a decrease in pressure in the rectum on the 10th day after the injection of A-type botulinum toxin into the segment of the descending colon. The indices of the intestinal wall tension did not differ before the administration of A-type botulinum toxin, as well as in 10 and 20 minutes. The tension in the administration area of A-type botulinum toxin decreased by 81% on the 10th day after injection. There was an indirect decrease in smooth muscle tone in the segments of the colon above and below the injection by 49 and 80%, respectively.Conclusion. The decrease in rectal pressure on the 10th day after the administration of A-type botulinum toxin directly depends upon the decrease in the biovoltage of the overlying sections. Further basic research is needed to assess the effect of the toxin on non-targeted smooth muscle.

One of the main objectives of the state policy in the field of nutrition is to increase the production of functional products. Dried spirulina can become one of such functional products. Studies have established that it is rich in high-grade proteins, fats, carbohydrates, dietary fibers, vitamins and mineral elements, and an analysis of foreign and domestic literature proves its functional purpose. The article presents the results of determining the optimal application of spirulina in public catering dishes (products) that does not change their organoleptic characteristics.

The paper presents data on a comparative test of the efficacy of chemical, fungal and bacterial fungicides in limiting the harmfulness of main diseases of spring wheat. The research was carried out on leached chernozem of the forest-steppe of Priobye of the Novosibirsk region. It was shown that Sternifag, SP reduces the development of root rot at the end of the growing season by 48 %, which is comparable to the effect of a chemical dressing agent Scarlet, ME (imazalil+tebuconazole) and is slightly inferior to the action of combined application of fungal preparation Trichocin, SP with the bacterial preparation Vitaplan, SP (55 %). Preplanting seed treatment effectively reduced the development of leaf infections: Scarlet, ME suppressed the development of Septoria blotch by 54 %, Scarlet, ME + Vitaplan, SP – of powdery mildew by 69 %, Trichotsin,SP + Vitaplan, SP – of brown rust by 74 %. Fungicide Titul 390, KKR reduced the development of these diseases by 60, 81 and 85 %, respectively. Alirin-B, W with Trichocin, SP suppressed brown rust by 64 %. Cellulolytic activity increased 1.3–1.9 times compared to the control as a result of the action of biological products and Sternifag, SP. The amount of plant residues decreased 2.4 and 1.9 times 15 and 30 days after application. The greatest increase in yield was provided by chemical fungicides – 0.7 t / ha, they were not inferior to the use of Alirin-B, W with Vitaplan, SP against the background of etching with Scarlet, ME fungicide.

The article is devoted to the current internal political situation in Nicaragua. The author analyzes the reasons for the acute socio-political crisis that arose in April 2018, presenting a detailed analysis of a historical background of these events. The author notes that a regime of personal power of President Ortega has been established in the country, relying on bureaucracy and power structures, since it is them playing a key role in preserving Ortega as the country’s President. The paper assesses the alignment of political forces and the general political situation in the opposition camp. The author analyzes the reasons for a number of existing contradictions that plague the opposition bloc of Nicaragua. An analysis of political potential and electoral possibilities of the opposition forces is given. The author predicts a possible scenario for the development of events within the framework of internal political situation in connection with the upcoming elections to be held in November 2021. The author comes to conclusion that the regime of Ortega is weakening and losing its positions, but still retains a margin of safety, which allows him to remain in power. As one of the scenarios for the development of events, the author predicts the possibility of a ‘compromise figure’ coming to power, which, however, does not imply a change in the real balance of power and dominant political figures in state politics.

УДК 512+517.98 Умова строгої диференційовності є посиленням поняття диференційовності, природним для застосування до класу -адичних функцій. Дану статтю присвячено дослідженню строгої диференційовності скінченностанових ізометрій кільця

The second part of this review is devoted to the issues of modern and promising diagnosis of RN in children. The advantages and limits of the available methods for recording the structural and functional state of the kidneys in childhood are considered. Particular attention is paid to possibilities non-invasive methods for diagnosis and prediction of the disease course. Data on promising biomarkers of the early stages of RN formation and progression are presented. For the purpose of a comprehensive and adequate assessment of morphological changes in the kidneys, the necessity of studying various combinations of cytokines in biological media with the subsequent determination of the optimal spectrum is shown. The sensitivity and specificity of molecular indicators of renal damage reviewed as potential targets for renoprotective therapy in the nearest future.

The article presents a literature review of a rare congenital disease, hyperphosphatasia syndrome with mental retardation (Mabry's syndrome) in children. This syndrome is characterized by a triad of symptoms: hyperphosphatasia, epilepsy and mental retardation, often associated developmental defects. To date, 114 patients have been described. The review presents the available literary sources with clinical observations of patients since 1970, when the syndrome was first described by the pediatrician Ch. Mabry. The data on genetic defects leading to the disease are presented. The scheme of development of pyridoxine-sensitive epilepsy, the most severe manifestation of the syndrome, is described. The first clinical case of the patient with Mabry's syndrome in combination with Hirschsprung's disease in Russia is described.

The article deals with the global problem of plastic pollution of the environment.As a way to solve this problem, it is proposed to reduce the production of disposable plastictableware with a subsequent transition to the use of products that will be safe for theenvironment and human health. This transition involves the development of innovativeprojects to create biodegradable tableware, and materials, equipment and technologies forits manufacture. The implementation of such projects involves not only the creation ofproduct and technological innovations, but also the implementation of changes in the businessprocesses of enterprises. For the effective implementation of these processes, it is proposed touse the developed system of change management strategies, which is distinguished by adetailed elaboration of a set of organizational measures, including measures to motivatepersonnel in order to reduce resistance to the changes. The choice of a specific changemanagement strategy is determined by such criteria as the degree of their radicality, theperiod of execution and the allocated resources.

Purpose: to highlight the problem of assessing the impact of chemical factors on the health of personnel of enterprises engaged in ship repair and shipbuilding by conducting research on human biomonitoring.Materials and methods.The content analysis of various domestic and foreign scientific sources, as well as regulatory documents of different countries related to human biomonitoring in industry was carried out. A comparison is made between different normative values of biological exposure indices in different countries.Results and discussion. It is established that human biomonitoring as a method of assessing the impact of chemicals on human health is already actively developing both in our country and abroad. The complexity of the evidence base based on the principles of evidence-based toxicology, which allows us to establish standard values for biomarkers in the human body due to a deep understanding of toxic and dynamic processes in the body, does not yet allow us to create a full-fledged regulatory framework and make the nature of human biomonitoring activities mandatory in the workplace. However, work in this direction is currently underway. At the same time, some countries have already developed a number of documents that allow for human biomonitoring at enterprises, despite their exclusively advisory nature.

The main trends in the development of high–tech industrial enterprises in theRussian Federation are considered. The structure of the system of interaction of a science–intensive industrial enterprise with the state and small business is proposed, which ensuresthe strategic stability of a certain «basic part» of their business processes and at the sametime, which allows, based on the use of the advantages of small business, to ensure highsensitivity of its activities in the implementation of strategic and operational plans.

The article is devoted to the description of the case of echinococcosis of internal organs. An algorithm for the diagnosis, treatment and control of this disease is presented. Echinococcosis of internal organs is not a rare pathology; however, it is often verified at a late stage. The disease after radical treatment is prone to relapse.

Hirschsprung disease (HD) is a congenital absence of nerve cells (ganglions) in a segment of the intestinal wall, leading to its obstruction. Diagnosis of BG in children is a labor-intensive process, on which surgical treatment tactics depend. The concentration of patients in large surgical centers with equipped diagnostic departments makes it possible to develop the most adequate examination plan while minimizing the risk of diagnostic errors. The aim of the study was to analyze methods for diagnosis of HD in children; a retrospective analysis of the records of patients hospitalized in three medical organizations in Moscow (n=201) in 2017–2019 was carried out. The first group – children with confirmed diagnosis (n=152), the second group – patients with suspicion of BG with unsatisfactory results of previous operative treatment, postoperative complications (n=49). Results: in the 1st group, irrigography was performed before hospitalization in 118 patients (77,6%). In the hospitals, irrigography was performed (repeated) for 109 (71,7%) children. 25 (16,4%) patients showed discrepancies in interpretation of the results. Thus, irrigography was applied to all patients. Intestine biopsy before hospitalization was performed in 79 patients (52%), in the hospitals – performed/repeated in 50 patients (32,9%). There were discrepancies in the interpretation of histological findings in 8 patients (18,6 per cent). Thus, in the diagnosis of HD in children, biopsies were used (before hospitalization and/or during hospitalization) in 89 patients (58,6%). Anorectal manometry was performed to 3 (2%) children. In the 2nd group a histological examination was performed (before and during hospitalization) in 41 patients (84%), anorectal manometry – in 15 patients (31%), irrigography – in all children. Correlation analysis did not reveal any relationship between the HD variant and manifestation symptoms (Spearman's correlation coefficient was –0,232 at p

Представлено геодезическое обеспечение экспериментального исследования по выполнению калибровки высокоточного радиовысотомера. Рассмотрены организационные и методические аспекты исследования, конструкция водомерного буя. Приводятся результаты вычислений высоты морской топографической поверхности и поправки за поперечный уклон геоида.

In this paper, the numerical simulation approach for designing the landing gear strut for a light aircraft is presented. The problems of extension and compression of the landing gear, as well as its strength during landing, are considered. The application of the topological optimization method for determining the optimal landing gear strut shape is shown.

The results of the analysis of the main trends in the socio-economic development of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. The prospects and main directions of the formation and development of the biotechnological cluster in the region are considered.

The article presents the results of studying the influence of perinatal factors and neurological disorders on the formation of attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in children; the results of assessing the cognitive status and attention indicators in children of the studied groups are presented. The purpose was to study the perinatal causes, neurological manifestations, and cognitive status in children with ADHD. Material and methods. The study involved 172 children aged 6 to 17 years with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD. The research methods included: clinical and anamnestic method with an emphasis on perinatal aspects; classical neurological examination; neuropsychological testing. Results. The influence of antenatal factors and neurological disorders at the 1st year of life on the formation of ADHD was revealed. The features of the cognitive status and attention indicators of children of both groups were studied. Conclusions. A burdened perinatal history and neurological disorders developing against this background lead to an early manifestation of ADHD symptoms. The combination of neurological symptoms with low cognitive indicators and significant attention disorders in children of group I determines the low success of children in mastering educational programs. The presence of a burdened perinatal history (for a number of factors) should be considered as a predictor of the formation of ADHD, in order to further select children at risk for early preventive work.

Objective. To experimentally determine and analyze the role of perioperative tissue tension in the intestinal area brought down to the proper topographic and anatomical position (neorectum) and its vascularization impairments during anorectoplasty. Materials and methods. This experiment performed on laboratory rats consisted of 3 parts: clinical (creation of an operation model and assessment of clinical parameters in the early postoperative period); morphological (histological examination of biopsy specimens taken from the surgical area); and laboratory (measurement of tissue hypoxia markers (including vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and hypoxia-induced factor 1-alpha (HIF-1-alpha)) in serum and intestinal homogenate using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (specimens were collected 3 days postoperatively). Forty laboratory rats weighing from 370 to 550 g (mean weight 482 g) were divided into four equal groups: group I – ‘impaired neorectal vascularization;’ group II – ‘neorectal tension;’ group III – ‘rectal replantation;’ and the control group. During the first stage of the experiment (3 days), we assessed overall condition of the animals, number of stools, type of defecation, and pain severity. The animals received no treatment in the postoperative period. On day 3, all rats were euthanized. Tissue specimens were collected from the neorectum to evaluate its morphological characteristics and to produce intestinal homogenate for subsequent ELISA. Blood specimens were obtained by puncturing the left ventricle and then centrifuged at 3000g for 15 minutes. Blood supernatants and neorectum tissues were stored at -80°C for maximum 1 month before testing. Intestinal tissue samples for histological examination were stored in a 10% formalin solution. The levels of hypoxia biomarkers were measured in serum and intestinal homogenate using the Stat Fax 2100. Data analysis was conducted using the SPSS software (with no preliminary calculation of the sample size). We used the Mann–Whitney U-test [H.B.Mann, D.R.Whitney] and Kruskal–Wallis test [W.Kruskall, W.A.Walles]. The differences were considered significant at р < 0.05. Results. The most common morphological changes were caused by impaired vascularization of the rectum. We have found a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the levels of hypoxia markers in intestinal homogenates in all three experimental compared to controls. However, there was no significant difference in the levels of these markers between the experimental groups. The defecation process was abnormal in rats from groups I and II. Conclusion. In anorectoplasty, excessive mobilization of the rectum with its improper vascularization and formation of the anus under conditions of intestinal tissue tension lead to perioperative neorectal ischemia. This experiment should be continued to evaluate long-term results. The proposed models of perioperative neorectal ischemia can be used to analyze the role of many factors that can potentially affect the outcome of anorectal malformation correction. In the future, this problem may be investigated in clinical studies. Key words: anorectal malformations, perioperative ischemia, neorectum, tension, devascularization

The review is devoted to common epilepsy of childhood — childhood absence epilepsy. This epileptic syndrome debuts at pre-school age and is characterized by frequent seizures which may be underestimated by doctors due to the clinical features of a seizure. The seizures can debilitate a child and restrict socialization, as specific comorbidities in cognitive field are very common for child absence epilepsy. The etiology of neropsychiatric comorbidities is different. Seizures, epileptic discharges, as well as interictal epileptiform activity in the brain may cause neuropsychological impairments in children. Antiepileptic drugs are important in the development of neuropsychological impairments. The aim of this review was to actualize information on childhood absence epilepsy and stress the necessity to pay practitioner’s attention to common comorbidities in cognitive field.