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Introduction: The floor of the temporal fossa is bounded superiorly by the frontal and parietal bones and inferiorly by the greater wing of the sphenoid and squamous part of the temporal bone. All four bones of one side meet at a around H-shaped sutural junction known as Pterion. Asterion found at the junction of the lambdoid, occipitomastoid and parietomastoid sutures. Materials and Methods: 110 dry human adult aged skull of unknown sex without any gross pathology or abnormality were studied. Sutural pattern of the pterion was observed on both sides of each skull. The sutural pattern of pterion was classified as per Murphy’s criteria, into 4 types – sphenoparietal, frontotemporal, epipteric or stellate. On both sides of each skull, the sutural pattern of the asterion was classified into type I and type II. Result: Sphenoparietal was the most common type of pterion observed, 80.9% of total pterion. Epipteric was the least common type of pterion observed, 8.18% of total pterion. Frontotemporal was not observed in any skull. Sphenoparital, stellate and epipteric type of pterion shows bilateral symmetry. Most common type of asterion observed to be type II, found in 91.18% of total asterion. Bilateral symmetry only found in type II asterion. Conclusion: Observations of our study may be applicable with other commonly used method like radiological analysis for better prediction of different type of sutural morphology. Knowledge of sutural morphology may helpful for better surgical safety and efficacy. Keywords: Pterion, Asterion, Skull, Suture.

Introduction and Objectives: Stature is a very useful indicator of a person’s physical identity. One of the main objective of forensic investigation is establishing the identity especially when body parts are missing or mutilated. Stature estimation is an important step in positive identification of a person’s identity and various body parameters can be used to correctly estimate the stature. The current study was aimed at developing regression equations and to find out correlation between stature and head length in Gujarati adolescent population. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in 150 apparently healthy, adolescent medical students from various regions of Gujarat, India. The age of subjects ranged between 18 to 22 years. Head length and stature of the selected subjects were measured in erect posture. Obtained data were analysed to find correlation and derive regression equations for estimation of stature from head length. Result: The mean stature and head length was significantly different in males and females. Both the mean stature and mean head length were higher in males than females. Pearson’s correlation between stature and head length was significantly positive in both the sexes. We were also able to derive linear regression equations to correctly predict stature from the head length. Conclusion: Significant positive correlation was found between stature and head length in the present study. We also present the gender specific regression equation models in order to estimate the stature from the head length in Gujarati adolescent population. Keywords: Correlation, Head length, Stature.

Background & Aims: Meningo-orbital foramen is provides a route for an anastomosis between the meningo-orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery and recurrent meningeal branch of ophthalmic artery. Practical importance is emphasized when the middle meningeal artery has abnormal origin, in the cases of subtemporal epidural hematoma, tumors, vascular malformations and in the cases when the foramen spinosum is absent. Present study was undertaken in order to explore the frequency and positional anatomy of this foramen in ninety dry adult human skulls of south Gujarat population. Material & Method: This study was conducted on 90 dry skulls of human origin. Different parameters were noted. Result: Meningo-orbital foramen was absent bilaterally in 35[38.88%] of the skulls studied .The presence of the Meningo-orbital foramen was detected in the 55[61.11%] cases. It was present unilaterally in 30[33.33%] cases [10 on the right and 20 on the left side], and bilaterally in 25[27.77%] cases. Triple MOF were in 2 skulls on right orbit only. Largest variability was noted for distance from the lateral end of the superior orbital fissure. Conclusion: Knowledge of presence and variation in meningo-orbital foramen's anatomical parameter can be crucial for ophthalmologists and neurosurgeons.

Background & aims: Establishing personal identity is one of prime objective in forensic investigation especially when the body is mutilated or certain body parts are missing. Height estimation is one of the main parameter in establishing the identity of the deceased and head circumference can be used to correctly estimate the height. Aim of current study was to establish anthropometric correlation of stature with head circumference in Gujarati adolescent population. Materials and Methods: 150 asymptomatic, apparently healthy, adolescent and adult medical students with age between 18 to 22 years belonging to various regions of Gujarat were selected. Head circumference and height of subjects were measured using a non-stretchable measuring tape in erect posture. Obtained data were analysed by regression analysis to derive regression equations for estimation of stature from head circumference. Results: We were able to calculate mean and SD of stature and head circumference, correlation coefficient and regression coefficient between head circumference and stature. We also derived the regression equations in order to estimate the stature from the head circumference. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that there is strong positive correlation between stature and head circumference. The regression equations obtained from the data can be used correctly to estimate the stature from the head circumference in Gujarati adolescent population.

Background & Aims: The Lumbar plexus describes the origins of 4 of the nerves supplying the lower limb (femoral, lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, obturator and genitofemoral) along with the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves. Aim of this study is to study the abnormalities in formation of lumbar plexus and communication between the branches of lumbar plexus and its clinical implication. Material & Method: This study was conducted on 100 cadavers (67 male and 33 female) with an age range of 50 – 90 years. Results: No abnormality was found related to roots and trunk. Post fixed lumbar plexus (bilateral) were found in 6 cadavers. Genital branch and femoral branch was found to arise separately from the root in 22 cadavers (bilaterally). Accessory lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was observed on both sides in 4 cadavers. Femoral nerve was found to arise from dorsal division of L3-4-5 in 8 cadavers (bilateral). Accessory obturator nerve was found bilaterally in 26 cadavers and it was arising from L3-4. Conclusion:Knowledge of variations in the formation and branching pattem of lumbar plexus is very important during lumbar plexus block for various surgical and palliative procedures.

Soil salinization is a serious global concern because it reduces the potential productivity and use of land and water resources. In coastal regions, salinization may lead to degradative changes in the chemical composition of natural water resources, for domestic, agriculture, and industrial sectors, loss of biodiversity, taxonomic replacement by halo-tolerant species, loss of fertile soil, collapse of agricultural and fishery industries, changes in local climatic conditions, and creating health problems, thus affecting many aspects of human life and posing major hindrance to the economic development of the region. Gujarat state shares the longest coastal line in the country, i.e., 1600 km, out of which Kutch and Saurashtra are facing salinity ingress far and wide on the 1125-km-long coastal belt engulfing 779 villages with a population of 1.33 million. To address the severe problem of water and land salinity in the coastal regions, the Gujarat State Government appointed two High-level Committees (HLC 1 and HLC 2) in the 1970s and 1980s. Various measures involving engineering, agriculture, forestry, and social and legal aspects have been suggested as a part of an integrated approach to reduce the water and land salinity problem and improve conditions in the salinity-affected areas. It has become mandatory to develop location-specific programs on water allocation based on soil, climate, water, and crop parameters, with minimal dependence on groundwater abstraction with overall target to increase the water productivity and cropping intensity while simultaneously conserving the ecosystem. In the present paper, aspects related to coastal salinity issues, measures undertaken as per the HLCs, works undertaken by other agencies, and some agro-interventions ideal for coastal saline soils with more emphasis to Gujarat are elaborated.

Electrical mini-grids can provide electrification to rural communities far from the national network. However the benefits of such schemes are disputed. We observed changes in two matched trading-centres in Makueni County, Kenya, neither of which were initially electrified. During the study a solar photovoltaic mini-grid scheme (13.5 kWp) was constructed in one of the trading-centres. After electrification there were relative increases in the number of businesses and business income. Comparing the households in the areas around the trading centres, perceived wealth increased more around the electrified trading centre. Qualitative interviews indicated improvements in service provision by the local school and health centre. The co-operative set up to run the mini-grid was free to set its own kWh tariff and chose to reduce it to a level that covers operating costs and would recover 70% of the initial investment interest-free. However, the tariff finally agreed is higher than the national grid tariff, which would be difficult to achieve if the mini-grid was not owned by and run for the benefit of the local community. Overall, we found that the mini-grid had a positive effect over background development, recovered some of its cost and charged a higher tariff than the national rate.

Background: The occipital bone develops partly in cartilage and partly in membrane. The squamous part of occipital bone between two parietal bones occasionally presents a separate bones which are termed as inca, pre-interparietal bone or interparietal bone. Aims & Objective: (1) To determine the incidence of interparietal bone in skulls of Gujarat region. (2) To study different anomalies of interparietal bone and compare it with other studies. Material and Methods: Total 289 dried macerated skulls from Gujarat region were studied for incidence and type of interparietal bone anomaly. Results: Out of total 289 skulls interparietal bone was found in 23 bones giving incidence of 7.96%. Eight different varieties of interparietal bone anomalies were found and noted. Conclusion: Different anomalies of interparietal bone can be easily interpreted using the knowledge of ossification of interparietal part of occipital bone. Pre-interparietal bone is a misnomer and should not be reported separately. Key-Words: Occipital Bone; Ossification; Interparietal Bone; Morphometric Study

Background: The coeliac trunk is an integral part of the circulatory system as it delivers blood from the heart to major organs within the abdominal cavity. The blood that it delivers is oxygenated and carries essential nutrients and immune system particles that can aid in life sustaining processes and can also prevent the development of diseases and complications from illnesses. Aims & Objective: (1) To study the anatomy of coeliac trunk, through its diameter, length related to their branches and distance from superior mesenteric artery. (2) To study the clinical implication of coeliac trunk in case of the variations and anomalous formation of coeliac trunk. Material and Methods: Morphology of coeliac trunk was studied in 100 formalin embalmed cadaver, aged between 50 to 80 years. Dissection method was use for this study. Results: Measurement of the length of the coeliac trunk up to the left gastric, Measurement of the length of coeliac trunk up to common hepatic and/or splenic artery, Measurement of coeliac trunk diameter, Distance between coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery were taken. Conclusion: Knowledge of variations concerning the coeliac trunk is of extreme clinical importance in the areas of the laparoscopic surgery, and radiological procedures in the upper abdomen, and should be kept in mind by clinicians to avoid complications.

Aims: To study the various positions of vermiform appendix, and its relation to various diseases of the vermiform appendix, and average length and external diameter of the vermiform appendix. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on 200 cases - 100 cadavers from the dissection laboratory with an age range of 50 - 90 years. The dissection was performed in the dissection hall of Smt. N.H.L. Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, A.M.C.M.E.T. Medical College, Ahmedabad, and 100 cases from postmortum room of V. S. Hospital from August 2009 to December 2012. Result and Observation: classic coeliac trunk with emission of the left gastric, splenic and hepatic arteries was found in 76(76 %) cadavers. Haller's tripod, in which the three arteries originated at the same level and in the terminal portion of the coeliac tru nk was observed in 18(18%) cadavers. In 16 cadavers inferior phrenic arteries originated from coeliac tru nk was observed. In 8 cadaver's variations regarding disposition of the left gastric, splenic and hepatic arteries also regarding the number of emitted arteries observed. Conclusion: Appendix is only organ in our body which has not constant anatomical position. From various positions of vermiform appendix we can understand the possible outcome of the appendicitis specifically location of site of pain.

Note: Princeton univ,dept elect engn & comp sci,princeton,nj 08540. univ wisconsin,dept phys,madison,wi 53706. Duke, cb, xerox corp,webster res ctr,rochester,ny 14644.ISI Document Delivery No.: LB335 Reference LSE-ARTICLE-1981-004doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.46.440 Record created on 2006-10-03, modified on 2017-05-12

The atomic structure of Al on GaAs(110) is studied by soft x‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (SXPS) and elastic low energy electron diffraction (ELEED) for coverages ranging from 0.5 to 8.5 monolayers (ML). The core level measurements show a heat‐induced chemical shift of Al–2p to higher binding energy consistent with an Al–Ga replacement reaction and the formation of AlAs, and a decrease in emission from Al–2p and Ga–3d, indicating a penetration of Al in the lattice and thermal desorption or formation of islands of Ga freed by the replacement reaction. The ELEED multiple scattering analysis yields a correspondence between the initial experimental coverage and the structure of the interface. The low coverage (0.5–1.0 ML) data are best described by a replacement of Ga in the second layer, the medium coverage (1.5–2.5 ML) data by a replacement in the second and third layers and the high coverage (5.5–8.5 ML) data by replacing Ga in all layers (pure AlAs).

The atomic structure of 1/2 monolayer of Al on GaAs(110) is examined by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensity analysis. Room temperature deposition produces a disordered overlayer that does not modify the substrate structure. However, an ordered 1×1 structure results when the system is annealed at 450°C. The AES and LEED measurements suggest a reaction of Al on GaAs to form AlAs, in agreement with some of the photoemission data. As a preliminary result, the multiple scattering analysis indicates that a structure for which Al replaces the second layer Ga provides the most satisfactory description of the measured LEED intensities.

Cleaved GaAs(110) surfaces were exposed to oxygen (106 − 5 × 1010 L) and analysed by LEED and UPS. Very important changes in the electron diffraction occur at 108 L and the analysis of the LEED pattern shows a bulk-like diffraction superposed on a high background, implying that a thin layer (1–3 A) disordered by the oxidation covers the GaAs lattice relaxted to its bulk structure.

Alloys of Si and H prepared by the glow discharge decomposition of SiH4 are being developed world-wide for use in thin-film solar cells. The present study focuses on two important aspects of this technology. The first is the effect of excitation frequency on intrinsic material properties, and the second is the influence of processing methodology on device performance. Measurements made on intrinsic materials indicate that electron mobility increases with decreasing excitation frequency. Additional measurements made on devices indicate no systematic change in hole properties with frequency, and thus the conduction band is the main material property affected by excitation frequency. Device performance is found to be very sensitive to exposing the incomplete structure to the atmosphere between layers. Further, the n-i interface is found to be sensitive to the frequency at which the intrinsic layer is deposited. The implications of these observations to device fabrication technology are discussed.

The room temperature LEED study of the GaAs(110)-oxygen interaction has been further investigated. The structure model proposed by Kahn et al. (Surface Sci. 87 (1979) 325) for the oxygen exposed surface has been tested on several additional diffracted beam via single scattering theory. The study of the LEED pattern for the transition exposures (103–108 L) illustrates the evolution of the surface with increasing oxygen exposure. The LEED pattern was also observed for high (1014 L) oxygen exposures. Furthermore, the experiment was repeated using excited oxygen and according changes in the kinetics of the reaction (100 times faster) were recorded. This final result seems to confirm the dissociative-defect-induced character of the reaction.