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Software vulnerabilities pose a significant threat to computer systems because they can jeopardize the integrity of both software and hardware. The existing tools for detecting vulnerabilities are inadequate. Machine learning algorithms may struggle to interpret enormous datasets because of their limited ability to understand intricate linkages within high-dimensional data. Traditional procedures, on the other hand, take a long time and require a lot of manual labor. Furthermore, earlier deep-learning approaches failed to acquire adequate feature data. Self-attention mechanisms can process information across large distances, but they do not collect structural data. This work addresses the critical problem of inadequate vulnerability detection in software systems. We propose a novel method that combines self-attention with convolutional networks to enhance the detection of software vulnerabilities by capturing both localized, position-specific features and global, content-driven interactions. Our contribution lies in the integration of these methodologies to improve the precision and F1 score of vulnerability detection systems, achieving unprecedented results on complex Python datasets. In addition, we improve the self-attention approaches by changing the denominator to address the issue of excessive attention heads creating irrelevant disturbances. We assessed the effectiveness of this strategy using six complex Python vulnerability datasets obtained from GitHub. Our rigorous study and comparison of data with previous studies resulted in the most precise outcomes and F1 score (99%) ever attained by machine learning systems.

Software vulnerabilities pose a significant threat to computer systems because they can jeopardize the integrity of both software and hardware. The existing tools for detecting vulnerabilities are inadequate. Machine learning algorithms may struggle to interpret enormous datasets because of their limited ability to understand intricate linkages within high-dimensional data. Traditional procedures, on the other hand, take a long time and require a lot of manual labor. Furthermore, earlier deep-learning approaches failed to acquire adequate feature data. Self-attention mechanisms can process information across large distances, but they do not collect structural data. This work addresses the critical problem of inadequate vulnerability detection in software systems. We propose a novel method that combines self-attention with convolutional networks to enhance the detection of software vulnerabilities by capturing both localized, position-specific features and global, content-driven interactions. Our contribution lies in the integration of these methodologies to improve the precision and F1 score of vulnerability detection systems, achieving unprecedented results on complex Python datasets. In addition, we improve the self-attention approaches by changing the denominator to address the issue of excessive attention heads creating irrelevant disturbances. We assessed the effectiveness of this strategy using six complex Python vulnerability datasets obtained from GitHub. Our rigorous study and comparison of data with previous studies resulted in the most precise outcomes and F1 score (99%) ever attained by machine learning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foundation of a German Society of Biological Psychiatry (DGBP) was initiated at the Second World Congress of Biological Psychiatry of the WFSBP in Barcelona in 1978. Its mission was and is to promote interdisciplinary research on the biology of mental disorders and to translate results of biological research into clinical practice. During the presidency of Peter Falkai, its tasks were defined to improve the quality and support of biologically oriented research in Germany by the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; German Research Foundation), BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) and EU (European Union), to promote young researchers doing biologically oriented research, to improve on the diagnosis and therapy of mental disorders and to advise policy makers by taking part in legal processes. The DGBP has been a corporate member of the WFSBP from its beginning, became a cooperative member of the DGPPN (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde), later of the German Brain Council, and fostered relationships with other scientific societies. Over the past 45 years, more than twenty congresses were held in Germany and neighboring countries. Emerging from the pandemic, the DGBP is ready to continue its mission to promote interdisciplinary research on the biology of mental disorders with a focus on the development of young scientists and to translate results of biological research into clinical practice, with regard to pharmacotherapy in close cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuropsychopharmakologie und Pharmakopsychiatrie (AGNP). In this sense, this article also aims to stimulate the cooperation of the society with other national and international partners and to foster new relationships with young scientists and professionals interested in the aims and goals of the DGBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pulsed, tunable, narrow linewidth mid-infrared (mid-IR) laser radiation source was developed to meet the needs of the FAMU project (Fisica Atomi MUonici). The main goal of this experiment is to measure the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of muonic hydrogen using pulsed laser spectroscopy. The experiment requires a high energy, mid-IR source around the resonance energy Δ E1S h f s ∼ 0.1828 eV (6. 79 μ m) of the muonic hydrogen atom to excite it from the para (F = 0) to the ortho (F = 1) spin state. The laser system designed to fulfill these requirements is based on Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) using a non-linear crystal pumped by two laser beams at 1064 nm and 1262 nm. For the first time, the details of the entire laser system are described in this paper. The laser light at 6. 79 μ m , generated with a BaGa 4 Se 7 non-linear crystal, is being directed into the FAMU target multi-pass optical cavity. To date, an energy above 1 mJ, a linewidth below 30 pm, and a tunability step of 9 pm have all been attained. Here, we present the unique features of the laser system and the characterization results. • As the core of a crucial spectroscopy experiment on muonic hydrogen the FAMU laser has complied with the basic specifications and will be used during the next data taking. • This mid-IR laser source is based on nonlinear optics using a BaGa 4 Se 7 crystal and DFG process. • The FAMU mid-IR laser is tuneable and produces a narrow linewidth beam between 6730 and 7135 nm. • The energy produced by the FAMU laser exceeds 1,1 mJ at 6,79 nm and linewidth below 30 pm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design study is presented for an efficient, compact and robust device to convert the frequency of single-photons from the near-infrared to the telecom C-band. The material platform aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-on-insulator, with its relatively large second-order nonlinearity, is used to create highly confined optical modes. This platform can feasibly incorporate single-photon emitters such as indium arsenide (InAs) on gallium arsenide (GaAs), paving the way towards direct integration of single-photon sources and nonlinear waveguides on the same chip. In this design study, single-pass difference-frequency generation (DFG) producing C-band single-photons is enabled via form birefringent phase-matching between a 930 nm single-photon pump and continuous wave (CW) idler at 2,325 nm. In particular the idler and single-photons are combined with an on-chip directional coupler, and then tapered to a single waveguide where the three modes are phase-matched. The design is studied at a special case, showing high fabrication tolerances, and an internal conversion efficiency up to 41%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LIMK2 inhibitors are one of the potential therapeutic modalities for treating various diseases. In the current scenario, there is a paucity of effective LIMK inhibitors that are highly specific with minimal off-target effects. To date, the conformational transitions of LIMK2 from DFGinαCin (CIDI) (active) to DFGoutαCout (CODO) (inactive) states are yet to be probed and are essential for capturing the unique, druggable conformations. Therefore, this study was intended to capture the diverse conformational states of LIMK2 for accelerating the rational identification of conformation specific inhibitors through high-end structural bioinformatics protocols. Hence, in this study, molecular modelling followed by an extensive microsecond timescale of molecular dynamics simulation was performed encompassing perturbation response scanning, metapath, and community analysis towards the conformational sampling of LIMK2. Overall this study precisely identifies the conformational ensemble of LIMK2 the intermediate inactive states namely, CIDO, CinterDinter, CIDinter, CinterDI, CinterDO, CODI, CODinter apart from CIDI and CODO. This also facilitated observing that β8 preceding XDFG, αC (F373, L374), and αD (L413) as the major effectors that may facilitate the regulation of varying conformational transitions among the states. Additionally, the conserved β sheets and the loops namely, C.l, b.l, and G/P.loop were observed to be involved in the metapath for allosteric communication among the intermediates with CIDI and CODO state. Moreover, only the CODO state was observed to have closed type A.l, while the CIDI and other intermediate states except for CIDO were observed to have open-DFG out type A.l, thereby enabling the binding of substrate. Apart from these, the druggable site analysis inferred that the CIDI and CODO states harbor prominent druggable sites spanning the conserved N-lobe, while the intermediates were observed to have unraveled allosteric druggable sites distal from the ATP binding site, majorly spanning the C-lobe of LIMK2. Thus, this study provides potential insights into the intermediate conformational druggable states of LIMK2 and also the druggable conformations, especially the inactive states of LIMK2, as a specific therapeutic targeting mode. Thus, providing a widened avenue to ponder the allosteric sites or the isoform selectivity conformations for targeting LIMK2 in various disease conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an exploratory qualitative study of the acquisition of Moroccan Arabic by four illegal transit migrants in Rabat. These migrants come from Senegal, Congo, Cameroon and Ghana. They speak different mother tongues but three of them speak French as a second language while the Ghanaian speaks English. The paper tries to focus on the micro level of individual experiences as well as on the meso level of migrant organizations and the macro level of language ideologies. The informants have been found to draw on various linguistic and nonlinguistic resources to achieve understanding of the multilingual sociolinguistic situation of the host society and to try to establish communication with its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durch Unterstützung des DFG-Förderprogramms „Open Access Publizieren“ wurden zwischen 2010 und 2020 vielerorts Publikationsfonds eingerichtet und Finanzströme neu geordnet. Das seit 2021 gültige neue Förderprogramm „Open-Access-Publikationskosten“ schafft einerseits neue Optionen für die Mittelverwendung, stellt aber andererseits aufgrund der noch stärkeren Betonung der Strukturbildung auch erhöhte Anforderungen an die Antragstellung. Zur Unterstützung der Antragstellung wurden beim Open Access Monitor Deutschland neue Funktionen implementiert, die die notwendige Datenerhebung wesentlich erleichtern. Mit ihrer Hilfe ist es beispielsweise auf einfache Art möglich, das Publikationsaufkommen differenziert nach Verlagen zu erheben.

Das beschriebene Projekt verfolgt eine detaillierte Kartierung der Services und technischer Infrastrukturen aller DFG-geförderten Fachinformationsdienste. Dadurch soll die Bildung von Kooperationen unterstützt werden sowie die Erhöhung der Nachnutzbarkeit und Interoperabilität der Angebote und Entwicklungen. Die Umsetzung knüpft an das öffentliche webis-Wiki an, das an der SUB Hamburg betrieben wird und die derzeit einzige übergreifende Informationsstruktur der Fachinformationsdienste ist. Es wurde um ein FID-Community-Wiki erweitert, das dem wechselseitigen Austausch von Erfahrungen und Informationen der Fachinformationsdienste dient. Der Aufbau und die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse des Projektes werden hier skizziert.

Summary: The DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) family genes (DFGs) in Arabidopsis thaliana are involved in seed dormancy, reserve accumulation, and desiccation tolerance. Decoding the molecular evolution of DFGs is key to understanding how these seed programs evolved. This article demonstrates that DFGs have diverged in the four lineages DOG1, DOG1‐LIKE4 (DOGL4), DOGL5 and DOGL6, whereas DOGL1, DOGL2 and DOGL3 arose separately within the DOG1 lineage. The systematic DFG nomenclature proposed in this article addresses the current issues of inconsistent DFG annotation and highlights DFG genomic synteny in angiosperms. DFG pseudogenes, or collapsed coding sequences, hidden in the genomes of early‐diverging angiosperms are documented here. They suggest ancient birth and loss of DFGs over the course of angiosperm evolution. The proposed models suggest that the origin of DFG diversification dates back to the most recent common ancestor of living angiosperms. The presence of a single form of DFG in nonflowering plants is discussed. Phylogenetic analysis of gymnosperm, lycophyte, and liverwort DFGs and similar genes found in mosses and algae suggests that DFGs diverged from the TGACG motif‐binding transcription factor genes before the divergence of the bryophyte lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seit 2010 stellt das DFG-Programm „Open Access Publizieren“ ein zentrales Instrument zur institutionellen Förderung von Open Access-Publikationen an deutschen Universitäten dar. Im Zuge einer DFG-Programmevaluation hat die Zentralbibliothek des Forschungszentrums Jülich eine Datenanalyse erstellt, die den Publikationsoutput der geförderten Universitäten in den Jahren 2011-2017 beleuchtet. Die Ergebnisse der Studie führen unter anderem zu folgenden Erkenntnissen: • Das DFG-Programm hat sich als strukturbildend für die geförderten Universitäten erwiesen, die so über einen an der Universitätsbibliothek angesiedelten Publikationsfonds verfügen. • Das Open Access-Publizieren ist Trend an deutschen Hochschulen, wie die Verzehnfachung der Gold Open Access-Quote an den geförderten und nicht geförderten Universitäten zwischen 2006 und 2017 zeigt. • Von einer vollständigen Open Access-Transformation ist das deutsche universitäre Publikationssystem noch weit entfernt, da der Anteil der Closed Access-Publikationen wenig zurückgegangen und die absolute Anzahl der Closed Access-Publikationen sogar gestiegen ist. • Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen steigt die Höhe der APCs bei den betrachteten Verlagen deutlich und übersteigt im Mittel die Preissteigerungsraten bei Subskriptionszeitschriften. Was geförderte Einrichtungen und Fördergeber bei künftigen Monitoring-Verfahren beachten sollten, zeigen Handlungsempfehlungen am Ende des Beitrags.

Copyright of e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Die Universität Potsdam verwaltet seit 2015 einen DFG-geförderten Publikationsfonds. In den Publikationsjahren 2015 und 2017 wurden Outputanalysen durchgeführt. Open Access ist seit 2018 ein zentraler Bestandteil des Mittelverteilungsmodells. Der Artikel thematisiert die zentralen Erkenntnisse der letzten fünf Jahre und illustriert die entstandene Infrastruktur. Außerdem werden aktuelle Herausforderungen und mögliche Lösungsansätze der Transformation auf dem Weg hin zu 100 Prozent Open Access thematisiert. Since 2015, the University of Potsdam has been managing a publication fund sponsored by the German Research Foundation. Output analyses were carried out for the publication years 2015 and 2017. Open Access has been a key component of the fund distribution model since 2018. The article discusses key findings of the past five years and explains the infrastructure created for the task. It also discusses current challenges and possible approaches to paving the way for 100 percent Open Access publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Publizistik: Vierteljahreshefte für Kommunikationsforschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, an algorithm of allocation for FPGA dedicated HLS flow is proposed. This algorithm takes as input a Data Flow Graph (DFG) and provides an optimized implementation of the considered DFG. The proposed approach allows an efficient resource utilization thanks to series of tests and processes done on the DFG's nodes. We compare our method considering different design goals against several implementation techniques. The results show an enhancement in terms of LUT utilization reaching up to 89%. The power consumption has also been improved by up to 37%. Finally the maximum frequency increased significantly thanks to the efficient use of FPGA DSP blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MEK mutations are more common in various human malignancies, such as pancreatic cancer (70-90%), mock melanoma (50%), liver cancer (20-40%), colorectal cancer (25-35%), melanoma (15-20%), non-small cell lung cancer (10-20%) and basal breast cancer (1-5%). Considering the significance of MEK mutations in diverse cancer types, the rational design of the proposed compounds relies on the structural resemblance to FDA-approved MEK inhibitors like selumetinib and binimetinib. The compound under design features distinct substitutions at the benzimidazole moiety, specifically at positions 2 and 3, akin to the FDA-approved drugs, albeit differing in positions 5 and 6. Subsequent structural refinement was guided by key elements including the DFG motif, hydrophobic pocket and catalytic loop of the MEK protein. A set of 15 diverse diaryl benzimidazole derivatives (S1-S15) were synthesized via a one-pot approach and characterized through spectroscopic techniques, including MASS, IR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR. In vitro anticancer activities of all the synthesized compounds were evaluated against four cancer cell lines, A375, HT -29, A431 and HFF, along with the standard drug trametinib. Molecular docking was performed for all synthesized compounds (S1-15), followed by 950 ns molecular dynamics simulation studies for the promising compounds S1, S5 and S15. The stability of these complexes was assessed by calculating the root-mean-square deviation, solvent accessible surface area and gyration radius relative to their parent structures. Additionally, free energy of binding calculations were performed. Based on the biological and computational results, S15 was the most potent compound and S1 and S5 are comparable to the standard drug trametinib.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

We present a laser system for the generation and stabilization of continuous wave emission at 1.9 THz. The system is based on difference frequency generation (DFG) from a bi-color vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL). The intracavity DFG process enables THz generation with milliwatt power level at room temperature with a clear quadratic dependence red on the intracavity power. The two colors are spectrally selected via an intracavity etalon while the laser cavity geometry is engineered to minimize mode competition between the two colors via spatial hole burning, improving the stability of the THz emission. The intensity noise of the THz output is further reduced by 16 dB/Hz with an active stabilization scheme. The origin of residual fluctuations is discussed and we found that the asymmetrical amplification of one color reduced the RIN even further, down to 21 dB/Hz, comparing to the free-running symmetrical lasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper proposes an XSG(Xilinx System Generator) based HLS (High level synthesis) flow for FPGAs. The tool includes an operation classification process and a formal clustering technique for an optimized allocation phase. During the binding step, a new target based resource sharing strategy is proposed. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed tool against the direct implementation using both Xilinx System Generator, Vivado HLS, Legup and (Ronak and Fahmy, 2016 [1]) on several benchmarks from the signal processing domain. The results show significant improvements. The power consumption enhancement reached 79% in comparison with the direct implementation, 50% in comparison with the Vivado HLS implementation and 70% in comparison with (Ronak and Fahmy, 2016 [1]). The area improvement attained 85% in comparison with the direct implementation, 90% in comparison with the Vivado HLS implementation, 88% in comparison with Legup and 82% in comparison with (Ronak and Fahmy, 2016 [1]). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'évaluation et la prise en charge des maladies du foie sont essentielles pour améliorer la survie des patients d'hématologie, notamment après greffe de cellules hématopoïétiques allogéniques. Donner un avis de consultant hépato-gastroentérologue est, en général, compliqué lorsque le patient a un cancer en cours de traitement, et qu'il développe un ictère, une prise de poids, une ascite, de la fièvre, des douleurs de l'hypochondre droit, et des tests hépatiques anormaux. Les avancées dans le domaine de la biologie moléculaire diagnostique et de l'imagerie ont rendu les démarches diagnostiques plus simples, et la biopsie hépatique n'est maintenant indiquée que dans de rares situations. Les algorithmes diagnostiques et thérapeutiques sont plus clairs pour orienter le clinicien et débuter rapidement un traitement. L'hématologie est une spécialité en pleine expansion et de nombreux médicaments arrivent sur le marché sans que leur sécurité hépatique soit parfaitement cernée. L'objectif de cette revue est de fournir au lecteur les clés pour être un praticien averti dans le domaine des maladies du foie des patients d'hématologie. The evaluation and management of liver diseases is essential to improve the survival of hematology patients, especially after transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic cells. The consulting hepatologist may never see a more complex patient than a patient with cancer who develops jaundice, fluid retention, fever, liver pain, and abnormal serum liver tests – and in contrast to the situation where patients have a single diagnosis, there may be multiple causes of liver dysfunction in such a patient. However, medical progress in liver imaging and molecular methods of viral diagnosis have made evaluations more straight-forward, such that liver biopsy can be confined to the most puzzling cases. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are clearer in guiding the clinician and starting treatment quickly, but one long-term goal should be to prevent liver injury in the first place. Hematology is a growing specialty and many drugs are coming to the market without their liver safety being fully understood. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with the keys to be a knowledgeable practitioner in the field of liver disease in hematology patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'insuffisance rénale aiguë (ou « AKI » pour « acute kidney injury ») est un évènement fréquent au cours de la cirrhose. La physiopathologie de l'insuffisance rénale aiguë fait intervenir une vasodilatation artérielle splanchnique sévère et une inflammation systémique. La présence d'une cardiomyopathie associée à la cirrhose peut contribuer également à l'hypoperfusion rénale. Les principales causes d'insuffisance rénale aiguë comprennent l'insuffisance rénale aiguë pré-rénale, la nécrose tubulaire aiguë et le syndrome hépatorénal (SHR). L'insuffisance rénale aiguë est généralement favorisée par un événement aigu, tel qu'une hypovolémie associée à une prise excessive de diurétiques ou de lactulose, une hémorragie digestive, une paracentèse de grand volume non compensée par une perfusion d'albumine ou une infection bactérienne. L'insuffisance rénale aiguë est désormais définie par, soit une augmentation absolue de la créatininémie ≥ 26,4 μmol/L en moins de 48 heures, soit une augmentation ≥ 50 % sur une période de 7 jours. Une classification en trois stades de l'insuffisance rénale aiguë a permis d'élaborer un nouvel algorithme pour une prise en charge plus rapide de ces patients. Le pronostic diffère selon la cause de l'insuffisance rénale aiguë ; les patients avec une insuffisance rénale aiguë en rapport avec un SHR ou une nécrose tubulaire aiguë ont un pronostic plus sombre que ceux ayant une insuffisance rénale aiguë pré-rénale. La sévérité, la fréquence et la durée de l'insuffisance rénale aiguë favorisent l'apparition d'une insuffisance rénale chronique ; la prévention de l'insuffisance rénale aiguë et le traitement précoce de celle-ci doivent désormais être une priorité pour les hépatologues. Acute renal failure, recently renamed acute kidney injury (AKI), occurs frequently in cirrhosis. The susceptibility to AKI is due to both severe splanchnic arterial vasodilatation and systemic inflammation. The presence of a cardiomyopathy associated with cirrhosis may contribute to the renal hypoperfusion. The main causes of AKI include prerenal azotemia, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). AKI is usually triggered by an acute event, such as excess circulatory volume loss from large doses of diuretics or lactulose, gastrointestinal bleeding, large volume paracentesis without volume replacement with albumin, and bacterial infection. AKI criteria are now defined as either an absolute increase in serum creatinine ≥ 26.4 μmol/L in less than 48 h, or by a percentage increase ≥50% in less than seven days. Based on a staging of AKI, a new algorithm has been proposed for a prompt management of these patients. Prognosis differs also according to AKI etiology; patients with HRS-AKI or ATN have a worse prognosis than those with prerenal azotemia. The severity, frequency and duration of AKI have been recognized to favor occurrence of ensuing chronic renal failure. Preventing the development of AKI and early treating AKI are therefore a priority for hepatologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Im Rahmen des DFG-Projekts ERMS – Electronic Resource Management System entwickelt die LAS:eR-Projektgruppe ein herstellerunabhängiges ERMS auf Open Source Basis zur Organisation und Verwaltung von elektronischen Ressourcen unter Verwendung der Global Open Knowledge Base (GOKb) als offener Knowledge Base und Nutzung standardisierter Schnittstellen zum Datenaustausch mit Drittsystemen. Mit dem im Mai 2018 gestarteten Pilotbetrieb ist es ausgewählten Einrichtungen bereits möglich, lokale Lizenzen mit LAS:eR zu verwalten und durch ihre Rückmeldungen aktiv die laufende Entwicklung der Vollversion zu beeinflussen, die als bundesweite Dienstleistung des hbz im Herbst 2019 mit weitergehenden Funktionalitäten für das Management von Konsortiallizenzen und einem nach Nutzergruppen differenzierten Geschäftsmodell zur Verfügung stehen wird.

Amadori rearrangement products are potent “activated flavor precursors”. This study describes a stepwise optimization of DFG (1-deoxy-1-fructosylglycine) formation from glycine and glucose, varying temperature, water activity a w , concentration, and ratio/state of precursor mix. In the solid state reaction at 50 °C for 16 h, yield of DFG increased with decreasing water activity with a peak at a w  = 0.22–0.33. In water the conversion was slower and negatively correlated with water activity in the range a w  = 0.8–1. An industrially applicable 2-step vacuum drying and heating process was explored, which first concentrates precursor solution to a w  = 0.5–0.6 and then continues the heating in a closed vessel for an additional 2–4 h. Over 40 mol% conversion from glucose to DFG was obtained on a multi-gram scale. Fine tuning of conditions will be needed for other amino acid/carbohydrate combinations and may offer new perspectives for tailored product flavor generation under moderate heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]