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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Dyslipidemia is a critical modifiable risk factor for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidemia affects a large population of women and is especially pervasive within racial/ethnic minorities. RECENT FINDINGS: Dyslipidemia in pregnancy leads to worse outcomes for patients and creates increased cardiovascular risk for women at an older age. However, women remain underscreened and undertreated compared to men. Females also comprise a small portion of clinical trial participants for lipid lowering agents with increased disease prevalence compared to trial representation. However, recent lipid trials have shown different efficacies of therapies such as ezetimibe, inclisiran, and bempedoic acid with a greater relative benefit for women. SUMMARY: Pathophysiology of dyslipidemia varies between men and women and across a womans lifetime. While increased lipid levels or lipid imbalances are more common in postmenopausal women over age 50, conditions such as PCOS and FH produce higher cardiovascular risk for young women.Best practices for management of women with dyslipidemia include early screening with lifestyle intervention and pharmacotherapy with statin and non-statin agents to achieve guideline directed LDL-C thresholds.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that affects more than 20 million people in the United States. DM-related complications affect multiple organ systems and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among people with DM. Of the numerous acute and chronic complications, atherosclerosis due to diabetic dyslipidemia is a condition that can lead to many life-threatening diseases, such as stroke, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. The nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway is an emerging antioxidative pathway and a promising target for the treatment of DM and its complications. This review aims to explore the Nrf2 pathways role in combating diabetic dyslipidemia. We will explore risk factors for diabetic dyslipidemia at a cellular level and aim to elucidate how the Nrf2 pathway becomes a potential therapeutic target for DM-related atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: According to the Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report, limited evidence is available on sedentary behaviors (screen time) and their joint associations with physical activity (steps) for cardiovascular health in adolescence. The objective of this study was to identify joint associations of screen time and physical activity categories with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, cholesterol) in adolescence. METHODS: This study analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, comprising a diverse sample of 4,718 U.S. adolescents aged 10-15 years between 2018 and 2021. Steps were measured by a Fitbit wearable device and levels were categorized as low (1,000-6,000), medium (> 6,000-12,000), and high (> 12,000) averaged daily step counts. Self-reported recreational screen time hours per day were classified as low (0-4), medium (> 4-8), and high (> 8) hours per day. CVD risk factors including blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, and cholesterol (total and HDL) were measured. RESULTS: The analytical sample averaged 6.6 h of screen time per day and 9,722 steps per day. In models including both screen time and steps, the high screen time category was associated with a 4.27 higher diastolic blood pressure percentile (95% CI 1.83-6.73) and lower HDL cholesterol (B= -2.85, 95% CI -4.77 to -0.94 mg/dL) compared to the low screen time category. Medium (B = 3.68, 95% CI 1.24-6.11) and low (B = 7.64, 95% CI 4.07-11.20) step categories were associated with higher diastolic blood pressure percentile compared to the high step category. The medium step category was associated with lower HDL cholesterol (B= -1.99, 95% CI -3.80 to -0.19 mg/dL) compared to the high step category. Findings were similar when screen time and step counts were analyzed as continuous variables; higher continuous step count was additionally associated with lower total cholesterol (mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: Combinations of low screen time and high steps were generally associated with favorable cardiovascular health markers including lower diastolic blood pressure and higher HDL cholesterol, which can inform future adolescent health guidelines.

Background: The benefits of physical activity in health outcomes are well established. However, recent evidence suggests that benefits may differ by domain and population. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prospective association of occupational (OPA) and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: In 1982, the maternity hospitals of Pelotas were visited daily; those live births whose families lived in urban areas were evaluated, and their mothers were later interviewed (n = 5914). In the 2004/5 follow-up (23 y old), both OPA and LTPA were measured in 4295 participants using their respective sections of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. In the 2012 follow-up (30 y old), the following cardiovascular risk factors were collected: high-density lipoprotein (in milligrams per deciliter), low-density lipoprotein (in milligrams per deciliter), triglycerides (in milligrams per deciliter), glucose (in milligrams per deciliter), and blood pressure (in millimeters of mercury). Multivariable linear regressions were performed to evaluate associations between OPA and LTPA with these specific cardiovascular risk factors. Results: In total, 3241 participants were analyzed. Our main findings suggest that there was no association between OPA and LTPA with high- and low-density lipoprotein. There were inverse associations between OPA and lower levels of triglycerides among males (β = −0.002; 95% confidence interval, −0.003 to −0.000) and positive associations between LTPA and higher levels of diastolic blood pressure among females (β = 0.111; 95% confidence interval, 0.005–0.216). Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings suggest that there was no association, or association with limited clinical relevance, of OPA and LTPA with cardiovascular risk factors in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is among the leading risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), with an increasing global burden, especially in developing countries. We investigated the prevalence of dyslipidemia and abnormal lipid profiles in Tehran. METHODS: We used data from 8072 individuals aged≥35 from the Tehran Cohort Study (TeCS) recruitment phase. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride were measured. Dyslipidemia was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, and high LDL/HDL was defined as a ratio>2.5. The age-sex standardized prevalence rates were calculated based on the 2016 national census. Furthermore, the geographical distribution of dyslipidemia and lipid abnormalities was investigated across Tehrans zip code districts. RESULTS: The age-sex standardized prevalence was 82.7% (95% CI: 80.1%, 85.0%) for dyslipidemia, 36.9% (95% CI: 33.8%, 40.1%) for hypertriglyceridemia, 22.5% (95% CI: 19.9%, 25.4%) for hypercholesterolemia, 29.0% (95% CI: 26.1%, 32.1%) for high LDL-C, 55.9% (95% CI: 52.6%, 59.2%) for low HDL-C, and 54.1% (95% CI: 50.9%, 57.3%) for high LDL/HDL ratio in the Tehran adult population. The prevalence of dyslipidemia, low HDL-C, and high LDL/HDL ratio was higher in the northern regions, hypercholesterolemia was higher in the southern half, and high LDL-C was more prevalent in the middle-northern and southern areas of Tehran. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of dyslipidemia, mainly high LDL/HDL in the Tehran adult population. This dyslipidemia profiling provides important information for public health policy to improve preventive interventions and reduce dyslipidemiarelated morbidity and mortality in the future.

Islatravir, a deoxyadenosine analog that inhibits HIV‐1 replication by multiple mechanisms of action, including reverse transcriptase translocation inhibition, is being developed for use in HIV‐1 treatment. People living with HIV often have comorbidities, such as dyslipidemia or type 2 diabetes mellitus, necessitating long‐term concomitant drug therapy. This nonrandomized, two‐period, fixed‐sequence, open‐label, phase 1, drug‐drug interaction study was conducted to evaluate the effects of islatravir coadministration on atorvastatin and metformin pharmacokinetics (PK) in healthy adults. In period 1, participants received a single dose of atorvastatin 20 mg and metformin 1000 mg. After a 5‐day washout, participants received atorvastatin 20 mg and metformin 1000 mg coadministered with a single oral dose of islatravir 60 mg (period 2). In both periods, blood samples were collected up to 72 h post dose to characterize the plasma PK of atorvastatin and metformin. Safety was monitored throughout the study. Fourteen participants were enrolled and completed the study. Atorvastatin and metformin plasma PK were similar after administration of atorvastatin and metformin with or without islatravir. The geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence interval of the area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0‐∞) for atorvastatin and metformin with or without a single oral dose of islatravir were 1.04 (1.00‐1.10) and 0.87 (0.79‐0.96), respectively. Coadministration of islatravir with atorvastatin and metformin was well tolerated. Overall, coadministration of atorvastatin and metformin with a single oral dose of islatravir did not have a clinically meaningful effect on the PK profiles of either drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have reported that a potential association between exposure to outdoor light at night (LAN) and diseases. However, there is no evidence regarding the impacts of outdoor LAN exposure on lipid metabolism in humans. This study aims to evaluate the associations between outdoor LAN exposure and the prevalence of dyslipidemia, using a nationwide sample of 10,894 adults aged ≥ 45 years from 150 investigated sites across China in 2011–2012. Outdoor LAN exposure was assessed by using satellite imaging data. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated. The present study found that a per-quintile LAN exposure was positively associated with the prevalence of high LDL-cholesterol (PR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04–1.16), high triglyceride (PR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03–1.12), low HDL-cholesterol (PR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.08–1.16), and dyslipidemia (PR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.03–1.09). The fifth quintile of LAN exposure was associated with a significantly increased prevalence of dyslipidemia (PR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.07–1.35) compared with the first quintile of exposure. Long-term exposure to outdoor LAN was positively associated with dyslipidemia prevalence. Public policies aimed at reducing light pollution at night, guided by the spatial distribution patterns, could lessen the adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney stones pose a significant healthcare burden worldwide. Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for kidney stones, but the relationship between remnant cholesterol (RC) and kidney stone risk is unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between RC and the risk of incident kidney stones. We conducted a nested case-control study based on data from Shanghai Kidney Stone Cohort conducted in Shanghai from December 2018 to February 2023. Propensity score matching was used to select 2550 incident kidney stone cases and 7650 controls from a total of 60,158 adults. Baseline fasting plasma samples were collected to measure RC, which was calculated as total cholesterol minus high-density lipoproteins cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol. Multivariable conditional logistic regression and a restricted cubic spline were used to estimate the association between tertiles of RC and kidney stone risk. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed. The baseline RC of incident kidney stone cases and controls were 0.58 (0.57) and 0.54 (0.55), respectively. Incident kidney stones had much higher baseline RC levels than controls (P < 0.001). Higher baseline RC levels were significantly associated with increased kidney stone risk after adjustment for potential confounders (highest vs. lowest tertile: OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04–1.30; per 1 mmol/L increase: OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.07–1.26). Restricted cubic spline showed a significant positive and linear dose-response relationship between RC and the risk of developing kidney stones (P-overall = 0.005, P-nonlinear = 0.482). Sensitivity analyses yielded consistent results. Elevated RC levels are associated with a greater risk of incident kidney stones in Chinese adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe neem plant (Azadirachta indica) has popular ethnomedicinal applications. The anti-diabetic potential and mechanism of neem seed oil (NSO) in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes mellitus was evaluated in the present study. Experimentally-induced diabetic animals were administered NSO (200 and 400 mg/kg) or metformin (150 mg/kg) orally for 30 days, with some animals serving as positive and negative controls. NSO significantly (p < .05) reversed diabetes-induced impaired glucose metabolism, dyslipidaemia, and oxido-inflammatory imbalances typified by changes in the NADH/NAD+ ratio (p < .001) and increases in the mRNA or protein levels of C-reactive protein, 4-hydroxynonenal, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and Il-1β) among others in the hepatic or pancreatic tissues of diabetic animals. The histological evaluation of the pancreatic tissue corroborated the protective effect of NSO. The findings showed that the antidiabetic effect of NSO proceeded through its hypolipidemic effect and modulation of redox and inflammatory signalling events in the tissues of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While previous reports have shown that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects lipid metabolism and vice versa, the impact of dyslipidemia on the functional cure of HBV infection following peginterferon alfa (PegIFNα) therapy remains unknown. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of dyslipidemia on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance and develop a nomogram model for predicting patients for whom PegIFNα therapy is indicated. Methods: A total of 160 nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs)- experienced chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with PegIFNα (180 µg/week) were enrolled in this study. The relationship between serum lipid and HBsAg clearance was analysed. Univariate and multivariate COX analyses were used to construct and plot the nomogram model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration curve were used to evaluate the discrimination and calibration of the model, respectively. Results: After 48 weeks of PegIFNα therapy, a total of 33 patients in the cohort achieved HBsAg clearance. Univariate and multivariate COX analyses indicated that dyslipidemia was significantly associated with HBsAg clearance and was an independent predictor of HBsAg clearance (HR = 0.243, P = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses show that cumulative HBsAg clearance was significantly higher in the normolipidemic group than in the dyslipidemia group (log-rank test, P = 0.007). During the treatment, triglyceride showed an increasing trend, while the levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B decreased. Dyslipidemia and other indicators independently associated with HBsAg clearance were used to construct the nomogram model. The AUC of the model at 36-week and 48-week were 0.879 and 0.856, and the model demonstrated good discrimination and calibration. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia can affect the antiviral efficacy of PegIFNα in NAs-experienced CHB patients. Our findings suggest that the nomogram model constructed using serum lipid has good predictive power and may help physicians to identify the superior patients for PegIFNα therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic kidney disease is associated with several complications with higher prevalence and intensity at lower glomerular filtration rate. Albuminuria is the traditional biomarker of kidney damage. Although albuminuria can contribute to renal function decline, only a few studies have been published on whether albuminuria is associated with concurrent complications of chronic kidney disease. The aim of this work was to identify the relation between albuminuria and some of concurrent complications of chronic kidney disease among children. Methods: A cross-sectional study included fifty children with chronic kidney disease stages 2–5. Measurement of blood pressure, hemoglobin, serum bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, and lipid profile was done. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was determined. The relation between albuminuria and some of the complications of chronic kidney disease among children was studied. Results: The study included 50 patients aged 3–14 years. Dyslipidemia was present in 62% of the patients, acidosis in 56%, anemia in 38%, hyperphosphatemia in 34%, hypertension in 28%, and hypocalcemia in 22%. Eighty-eight percent had albuminuria, 26% had microalbuminuria, and 62% had macroalbuminuria. A statistically significant relation was found between the degree of albuminuria and presence of anemia and hyperphosphatemia. But no significant relation was found between the degree of albuminuria and presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, acidosis, or hypocalcemia. Conclusion: There is a significant relation between the degree of albuminuria and presence of anemia and hyperphosphatemia among children with chronic kidney disease. Key message: What is already known? Albuminuria is a biomarker of kidney damage and it can contribute to renal function decline. What this study adds? There is a relation between albuminuria and some of CKD complications among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the predictors of metabolic disorders in persons with HIV/HCV coinfection post-HCV therapy is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Since immune checkpoint proteins are usually upregulated in these persons with HIV/HCV coinfection, we aimed to evaluate the association between plasma immune checkpoint proteins at baseline (before HCV therapy) and metabolic disturbances during the follow-up (about 5 years after successful HCV treatment) in persons with HIV/HCV coinfection. Methods: We performed a retrospective study on 80 persons with HIV/HCV coinfection with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis who cleared HCV infection after successful HCV therapy and were followed for about 5 years after completion of HCV treatment. Plasma samples were collected at baseline. Immune checkpoint proteins were analyzed using a Luminex 200™ analyzer. Outcomes were the development of a metabolic event (type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or dyslipidemia) and the change in Triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index. Results: During follow-up, 21 (26%) patients developed metabolic events (type 2 diabetes mellitus/dyslipidemia), and 29 (46.0%) patients had an increase in TyG during the follow-up. Low baseline values of BTLA and LAG-3, two immune checkpoint proteins, were associated with the development of metabolic events (aAMR = 0.69 and aAMR = 0.71, respectively) and with increases in TyG values (aAMR = 0.72 and aAMR = 0.70, respectively). In addition, other immune checkpoint proteins were also inversely associated with increases in TyG. Conclusion: We discovered that low plasma levels of BTLA and LAG-3 before HCV therapy significantly correlate with an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the serum lipid profiles between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in the long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We analyzed data from treatment-naïve CHB patients administered with TDF or TAF, collected from electronic medical records between May 2017 and September 2022. Serum lipid indices, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and their ratios (TC/HDL, LDL/HDL), were assessed at baseline, and at 48 and 96 weeks. Propensity score matching (PSM) adjusted for baseline differences between groups. From 2344 patients initially screened, 418 were included for the 48-week analysis (265 on TDF, 153 on TAF) and 292 for the 96-week analysis (238 on TDF, 54 on TAF). At 48 weeks, comparing the serum lipid indicators between the pre- and post-treatment, TDF significantly reduced TC and TC/HDL, whereas TAF induced widespread dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated levels of TC, TG, LDL, LDL/HDL, and TC/HDL, and reduced HDL (P < 0.05). After PSM grouping, TAF remained significantly associated with higher TC, TG, LDL, LDL/HDL, and TC/HDL compared to TDF (P < 0.05). Over 48 weeks, TAF treatment was associated with significant increases in TC, TG, and LDL, whereas TDF treatment led to decreases (P < 0.05). TC/HDL and LDL/HDL increased in both groups, but more significant in TAF (P < 0.05). At 96 weeks, the TAF group continued to exhibit significantly higher levels of TC, LDL, and LDL/HDL compared to the TDF group (P < 0.05). Notably, LDL levels were 115.65 ± 28.07 mg/dL in TAF versus 96.07 ± 23.97 mg/dL in TDF. The increase in TC/HDL ratio in the TAF group was higher than in the TDF group, though not statistically significant. Furthermore, TAF treatment was associated with significant increases in LDL (18.58 ± 24.35 mg/dL) and LDL/HDL ratio (0.41 ± 0.95) over 96 weeks, while TDF treatment showed reductions in TC (-8.13 ± 30.86 mg/dL). Between 48 and 96 weeks, most lipid changes in the TDF group were not statistically significant, except for increases in LDL and LDL/HDL. In the TAF group, an increasing trend of LDL and TC/HDL was noted, although LDL showed a slight turnover after 48 weeks. This real-world study provides new evidence that TAF can induce dyslipidemia, while TDF exhibits a lipid-lowering effect in CHB. Patients at high risk for hepatic steatosis and cardiovascular diseases should consider these effects when choosing between TAF and TDF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Literature on the association between the cardiometabolic index (CMI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk is limited, especially in hypertensive populations. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the relationship between the CMI and CKD risk in a hypertensive population. The current cross‐sectional study included a total of 13 717 individuals with hypertension. The calculation of the CMI was based on the waist‐to‐height ratio and the triglyceride‐to‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. The definition of CKD was based on an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The prevalence of CKD was found to be 4.24% in younger adults (aged < 65 years) and 14.93% in the elderly (aged ≥ 65 years). The results of the multivariate regression analysis indicated that in the elderly group, the CMI was positively associated with CKD risk (odd ratio [OR] 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14, 1.46), while no significant relationship was observed in the younger group (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.27). Furthermore, subgroup analyses did not identify any potential factors that could modify the relationship between the CMI and CKD risk (all p for interaction > 0.05). Among adults with hypertension, there was an independent and positive correlation between the CMI and CKD risk in the elderly, whereas such a correlation was not observed in younger adults.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: ChiCTR1800017274 [China Hypertension Registry Study] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with disease activity in children with Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM). A retrospective chart review of 142 JDM patients who had fasting lipid profiles was conducted. Clinical, and laboratory indicators of disease activity at the time of lipid assessment were obtained. JDM patients displayed a high prevalence (72%) of abnormal or borderline fasting lipid profiles, particularly involving HDL and triglycerides. Treatment-naïve patients exhibited the most significant dyslipidemia, with significantly lower median HDL levels compared to those on medication (30 vs. 49 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). HDL levels inversely correlated with various disease activity measures, including disease activity score (DAS) total (r= -0.38, p < 0.001), DAS muscle weakness (r= -0.5, p < 0.001), DAS skin (r= -0.25, p = 0.003), neopterin (r= -0.41, p < 0.001), ESR (r= -0.25, p = 0.006), and vWF Ag (r= -0.21, p = 0.02). In conclusion, JDM patients have a high prevalence of dyslipidemia, especially low HDL and elevated triglycerides. The severity of dyslipidemia (low HDL) correlates with disease activity, with treatment-naïve patients demonstrating the lowest HDL levels. These findings suggest the importance of annual lipid profile monitoring in JDM patients, potentially followed by early interventions such as dietary adjustments and exercise programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex disease that affects the global population's health, with dyslipidemia being one of its major complications. High density lipoprotein (HDL) is regarded as the "hero" in the bloodstream due to its role in reverse cholesterol transport, which lowers cholesterol levels in the blood and prevents atherosclerosis. However, in the complex internal environment of CKD, even this "hero" may struggle to perform its beneficial functions and could potentially become harmful. This article reviews HDL heterogeneity, HDL subclasses, functional changes in HDL during the progression of CKD, and the application of HDL in CKD treatment. This review aims to deepen understanding of lipid metabolism abnormalities in CKD patients and provide a basis for new therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia has emerged as a significant clinical risk, with its associated complications, including atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disease, presenting a grave threat to human well-being. Hence, it holds paramount importance to precisely predict the onset of dyslipidemia. This study aims to use ensemble technology to establish a machine learning model for the prediction of dyslipidemia. Methods: This study included three consecutive years of physical examination data of 2,479 participants, and used the physical examination data of the first two years to predict whether the participants would develop dyslipidemia in the third year. Feature selection was conducted through statistical methods and the analysis of mutual information between features. Five machine learning models, including support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), K nearest neighbor (KNN) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were utilized as base learners to construct the ensemble model. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the model. Results: Experimental results show that the ensemble model achieves superior performance across several metrics, achieving an AUC of 0.88 ± 0.01 (P < 0.001), surpassing the base learners by margins of 0.04 to 0.20. Calibration curves and DCA exhibited good predictive performance as well. Furthermore, this study explores the minimal necessary feature set for accurate prediction, finding that just the top 12 features were required for dependable outcomes. Among them, HbA1c and CEA are key indicators for model construction. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the proposed ensemble model has good predictive performance and has the potential to become an effective tool for personal health management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: High-intensity statin is recommended for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and ezetimibe is recommended to be added in patients not achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets. Moderate-intensity statin plus ezetimibe can reduce LDL-C levels similar to high-intensity statin. The aim of this study is to examine the long-term efficacy and safety of moderate-intensity statin plus ezetimibe as the first-line strategy compared to high-intensity statin in patients undergoing PCI. Method: Data was obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database of South Korea. Patients who underwent PCI from 2012 to 2017 were included. The primary efficacy endpoint was major adverse cardiac cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), a composite of all-cause death, revascularization, or ischemic stroke. The safety endpoint was new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM). Results: A total of 45,501 patients received high-intensity statin (n = 38,340) or moderate-intensity statin plus ezetimibe (n = 7,161). Among propensity-score-matched 7,161 pairs, MACCEs occurred in 1,460 patients with high-intensity statin and 1,406 patients with moderate-intensity statin plus ezetimibe (33.8% vs. 31.9%, hazard ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.89–1.03, P = 0.27) at a median follow-up of 2.7 years. DM was newly diagnosed in 398 patients with high-intensity statin and 342 patients with moderate-intensity statin plus ezetimibe (12.5% vs. 10.7%; hazard ratio 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.73–0.97, P = 0.02). Conclusion: In patients undergoing PCI, moderate-intensity statin plus ezetimibe demonstrated a similar risk of MACCEs but a lower risk of new-onset DM than high-intensity statin. Early combination treatment of moderate-intensity statin and ezetimibe may be a useful and safe lipid-lowering strategy after PCI. Cumulative incidence according to the first-line lipid-lowering strategy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Abbreviation: MACCE, major adverse cardiac cerebrovascular events; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute Pancreatitis (AP) is a prevalent and rapidly progressive inflammatory disorder of the pancreas, often presenting with abdominal pain and elevated serum pancreatic enzymes. The present case report emphasises the crucial need for accurately diagnosing the underlying cause of Hypertriglyceridemic Pancreatitis (HTGP) in patients who present without any pre-existing co-morbidities. A 16-year-old female presented with a three-day history of generalised abdominal pain, vomiting and low-grade fever, with no comorbidities. Initial clinical assessment revealed signs of dehydration, tachypnoea, tachycardia and diffuse abdominal tenderness. Laboratory workups indicated a significant rise in amylase and lipase, hyperglycaemia, metabolic acidosis and pronounced Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Imaging studies corroborated the diagnosis of AP, revealing necrotic fluid collections. The patient was immediately started on plasmapheresis, aggressive intravenous fluid resuscitation, insulin infusion and supportive care, which included electrolyte correction, pain management and vigilant monitoring of vital signs. The autoantibody panel for type 1 diabetes, Antiglutamic Acid Decarboxylase antibodies (GAD) returned positive. Over the following days, the patient exhibited marked clinical improvement, with decreased abdominal tenderness, stabilisation of vital parameters and normalisation of biochemical abnormalities. Subsequent imaging confirmed the resolution of pancreatitis. Upon discharge, the patient was prescribed a regimen of insulin, statins, fenofibrate and saroglitazar for ongoing management of her lipid levels and diabetes. This case underscores that HTG may present as the first clinical manifestation of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. It also emphasises the critical importance of prompt and coordinated therapeutic interventions in managing HTGP, where early and effective treatment is crucial for optimising patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An altered serum lipid profile and lipoprotein levels are major modifiable risk factors for hypertension. Apolipoprotein A1 and B100 (ApoA1 and ApoB100) are the chief structural proteins of High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), respectively. The level of ApoB in the serum represents overall atherogenicity, whereas the level of ApoA1 can indicate total antiatherogenicity. Aim: To evaluate the serum levels of ApoA1 and ApoB in the first-degree relatives of individuals with essential hypertension. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory in association with the Department of General Medicine at SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India, from February 2018 to March 2019. It consisted of 165 participants: group I included hypertensive patients (n=55); group II included first-degree relatives of the above hypertensive patients (n=55); and group III included non hypertensive healthy age-matched controls (n=55). The waist-hip ratio, Blood Pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1, ApoB, and the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio were all measured. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25.0. Results: The mean age of subjects in groups I, II, and III was 49±8.3, 38±5.2, and 37±5.4 years, respectively, with males constituting 56% and females 44% of the total participants. The ApoA1 levels were lowest in group I (104.9±16.3 mg/dL) and highest in group III (117.4±7.3 mg/dL). The serum ApoB levels and the ratio of ApoB/ApoA1 were highest in group I (104.2±14.1; 1.1±0.64 mg/dL) and lowest in group III (60.9±18.2; 0.5±0.15 mg/dL). A highly significant negative correlation (r=-0.40, p<0.01) was found between Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and ApoA1. A significant correlation (r=0.26, p=0.04) was observed between SBP and the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio in group III. Conclusion: Serum ApoB levels and the ratio of ApoB/ ApoA1 were significantly elevated in the first-degree relatives of hypertensive patients, thus emphasising the importance of screening individuals with a positive family history of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the epigenetic factors that play a vital role in the formation of plaques and lead to atherosclerosis and related diseases in humans during current times. Apart from the epigenetics there are plenty more factors that influence the atherosclerotic risk in the older population of the current era. Lack of physical activities has become one of the most commonly found traits that causes obesity in people especially the middles aged adults. People working 9 - 5 in an office, or an IT firm tend spend idle time with their computer for 4 - 5 consecutive hours with barely changing their position. Lack of exercise tends to affect not only the physical health but also stress a person mentally. Chronic inflammatory diseases like atherosclerosis have a major role in the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease worldwide. Atherosclerotic plaques are created by the pathophysiological process of lipids, inflammatory cells and fibrous components gradually accumulating within artery walls. Endothelial dysfunction signals the start of atherosclerosis and allows low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to enter the subendothelial region. Oxidative stress-induced changes in retained low-density lipoprotein (LDL) set off an inflammatory cascade that draws T cells and monocytes to the site of the lesion. The interaction of these immune cells with the local vascular cells encourages the production of foam cells, which fills the plaque's centre with lipids. Smooth muscle cells multiply and help produce fibrous caps as the lesion ages, which affects the stability of the plaque. Studies shows how the brain responds to physical labour and how differently the effectively the enzymes and hormones are secreted, and their actions are vastly guided based on the physical stress an individual undergoes. Among the most prominent causes of atherosclerosis epigenetics has been focused majorly in this review, where we focus on the underlying genetic factors that play a vital role in atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases and also the genetic approach to a treatment is also elaborated. A number of miRNAs are involved in the cause/cure for the atherosclerosis, the following tables give an outlook regarding the same. This review aims to focus on the causes, risk factors, pathophysiology and the treatment and therapies that are currently available all the way concentrating on the genetic approach in the above-mentioned perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective treatment for a variety of hematopoietic and immune system diseases, but it is associated with postoperative complications such as infection and graft-versus-host disease. Dyslipidemia is one of the common complications after allo-HSCT, which is closely related to graft-versus-host disease, the use of immunosuppressants, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome, etc. Hematopoiesis reconstruction after allo-HSCT is also related to lipid metabolism. Therefore, this article reviews the lipid metabolism after allo-HSCT, the mechanisms and related factors affecting dyslipidemia after allo-HSCT, the impact of dyslipidemia on post-transplant complications, and the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia after allo-HSCT, aiming to explore the impact and significance of dyslipidemia after allo-HSCT, and to provide references for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia after allo-HSCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic lipase deficiency is a rare genetic condition caused by biallelic loss-of-function variants in the LIPC gene encoding hepatic lipase. These variants reduce or abolish the protein's lipolytic activity, resulting in elevated plasma lipids. The condition is classified as autosomal recessive, since dyslipidemia is inconsistently observed in heterozygous patients with only one LIPC variant. However, this has been concluded from historical studies encompassing a few families and having very small sample sizes. Here, we conduct a retrospective chart review of 46 heterozygous subjects, each harboring one rare pathogenic LIPC variant. We compare plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B to those of matched controls without LIPC variants. Variant pathogenicity is classified according to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. We observe that levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides are significantly elevated in the LIPC variant heterozygotes, but HDL-C and apolipoprotein B are not. When filtering solely with respect to pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, all lipid variables emerge as significantly elevated compared to controls. Thus, hepatic lipase deficiency may not necessarily be a recessive condition, but perhaps semi-dominant since individuals with one variant are phenotypically distinct from the controls. These hypothesis-generating findings regarding LIPC genetic variations observed in a clinical cohort should be evaluated in larger populations and databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Metabolic syndrome has been associated with systemic cancers but its association with patients with glioblastoma is unclear. This study retrospectively examined patients with IDH wild-type glioblastoma and demonstrated that metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in glioblastoma patients (41%) compared to the general population (33%). However, after adjusting for confounders, metabolic syndrome is not significantly linked to overall survival (p = 0.1). Nonetheless, the accumulation of metabolic risk factors correlates with decreased survival (p = 0.03), with hyperglycemia identified as a significant independent risk factor (p = 0.05). These findings suggest that while metabolic syndrome may not affect survival significantly, hyperglycemia does. This highlights the need for further research and targeted clinical management. Background: Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing various systemic cancers. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients is unknown. Further, there have been contradictory reports about how metabolic syndrome affects clinical outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence of glioblastoma and worsened survival outcomes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study examines seventy-three patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type glioblastoma as it provides a relatively homogeneous population to examine. Patient characteristics, vital signs, lab results, tumor molecular markers, and overall survival were analyzed. Patients with metabolic syndrome and individual risk factors were identified, and survival outcomes were examined. Results: Our results demonstrate that there is a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our cohort of patients with glioblastoma than in the general population (41% vs. 33%), though this effect is confounded by older age. We also demonstrate that after correction for confounding variables, metabolic syndrome is not significantly associated with overall survival (p = 0.1). When analyzing individual metabolic risk factors, we demonstrate that there is a significant association between the accumulation of metabolic risk factors and decreased survival (p = 0.03), and hyperglycemia emerges as a significant independent risk factor for decreased survival (p = 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that metabolic risk factors can affect survival in patients with glioblastoma, which can have significant implications for clinical practice. These findings need to be further explored through further clinical and mechanistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the initiation of a natural history study of ALS by Target ALS to capture multi-omic, clinical, and demographic datasets linked to longitudinal biofluids. Efforts are made to include historically underrepresented ethnicities and races in the study. The study aims to enroll 800 symptomatic ALS participants and 200 healthy controls from diverse populations worldwide. The study has enrolled 125 participants to date, with 24% of ALS participants known to have genetic mutations. The study also explores the prevalence of ALS in Kazakhstan and the influence of environmental factors on the disease. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND. Recent studies conducted in individuals who survived COVID-19 suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increased risk of dyslipidemia. However, it remains unclear whether this augmented risk is confirmed in the general population and how this phenomenon is affecting the overall burden of cardiometabolic diseases. METHODS. To address these aspects, we conducted a 6-year longitudinal study to examine the broader effects of COVID-19 on dyslipidemia incidence in a real-world population (228,266 individuals) residing in Naples in southern Italy. The pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 groups were balanced for demographic and clinical factors using propensity score matching. RESULTS. Our analysis spans a period of 3 years during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022), comparing dyslipidemia incidence with pre-pandemic data (2017-2019), with a follow-up of at least 1,095 days corresponding to 21,349,215 person- years. During the COVID-19 period, we detected an increased risk of developing any dyslipidemia when compared with the pre-COVID-19 triennium (OR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.19-1.39). Importantly, these estimates were adjusted for comorbidities by a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS. Taken together, our data reveal a notable rise in dyslipidemia incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting the utility of establishing specialized clinical monitoring protocols for patients who survive COVID-19 to mitigate the risk of developing dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the clinical value of computed tomography (CT) liver-to-spleen (L/S) attenuation ratio in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) accompanied by atherosclerotic plaque (AP). Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, observational study of patients who were diagnosed with NAFLD undergoing CT scans at Beijing Changping Hospital of Chinese Medicine from April 2020 to April 2022. Patients were grouped according to whether they had a diagnosis of AP or not. Healthy individuals without NAFLD undergoing CT scans during the same period were also included as a control group. The patients were matched for gender, age, and BMI in a 1:1:1 ratio. Correlations between the CT L/S attenuation ratio, liver function indicators, and blood lipid levels were assessed in the three groups. The predictive value of the CT L/S attenuation ratio was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) analyses. Results: Eighty-nine cases in each group. The three groups had significant differences in liver function and blood lipid levels (P<0.05). The CT L/S attenuation ratio in the NAFLD+AP and NAFLD groups was lower than that in the control group and was the lowest in the NAFLD+AP group (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the CT L/S attenuation ratio and liver function indicators (P>0.05), but it positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and negatively correlated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) (P<0.05). The CT L/S attenuation ratio had a high predictive value for NAFLD patients with AP (AUC=0.859). Conclusions: The CT L/S attenuation ratio in NAFLD patients with AP is significantly reduced and is closely related to the levels of blood lipid indicators. The CT L/S attenuation ratio has a high predictive value for NAFLD patients with AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and H-type hypertension in elderly patients, and to observe the clinical efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in those patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study. One hundred and twenty elderly hypertensive patients treated at The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University from June 2022 to June 2023 were randomly divided into Group-A (n=60) with hypertension and elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels (H-type hypertension), and Group-B(n=60) with hypertension and normal Hcy levels. Blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure were assessed in both groups of patients upon admission, with the correlation analysis performed simultaneously. The therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups. Results: Through Pearson correlation analysis, there were negative correlations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with 24 hours SSD, 24 hours DSD, dnSBP, and nDBP(all p<0.05). After 12 weeks of treatment, the treatment group had higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and lower 24 hours SBP, 24h DBP, dSBP, dDBP, nSBP, nDBP levels than those of the control group(p<0.05). After treatment, the treatment group had lower blood Hcy, IMT, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels(p<0.05), and higher HDL-C levels(p<0.05) than those of the control group. Conclusion: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in elderly patients with H-type hypertension have negative correlations with 24 hours SSD, 24 hours DSD, dnSBP, and nDBP. Oral vitamin D supplementation for H-type hypertensive patients exhibits significant therapeutic effects, with improvements in 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring results, blood lipid levels, IMT, and blood Hcy levels after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Introduction: Loss‐of‐control (LOC) eating, or the subjective experience of being unable to stop eating, is a hallmark feature of binge‐eating episodes, which are also characterized by consuming an unusually large amount of food. However, regardless of the size of eating episode, LOC‐eating may be a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. This systematic review and meta‐analysis comprehensively examine the relationship of LOC‐eating with cardiometabolic health components and inflammatory markers. Methods: Search procedures were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines in six electronic databases. Studies of adult or youth samples published in English from the year 2000 onward were included. Given heterogeneity in age groups and adjustment for body mass index across studies, these factors were included as meta‐regression moderators. Results: Fifty‐eight studies were identified through the literature search. Among individuals with (versus without) LOC‐eating, relative risk ratios provided evidence of a greater relative risk for metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; standardized mean differences also provided evidence of higher waist circumference and impaired levels of fasting plasma glucose, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, and triglycerides, but not blood pressure. Age group did not impact cardiometabolic health components. Body mass index differences moderated the effect on waist circumference. A narrative review of inflammatory markers revealed mixed findings linking inflammatory markers to LOC‐eating. Discussion: Overall, evidence for the relationship between LOC‐eating and impaired cardiometabolic health underscores LOC‐eating as an important early intervention target for prevention of serious adverse health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disorder characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Myricetin, a flavonoid found in various plants, has shown potential anti-diabetic effects in murine studies. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of myricetin supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid profiles in mouse models of metabolic diseases. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42024591569). Studies involving mice with metabolic disease models and exclusively using myricetin supplementation were checked across four databases (Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and WoS) until 23rd September 2024. The primary outcomes assessed were blood glucose (BG), insulin levels, triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL, and LDL. A random-effects model was applied to estimate standardized mean differences (SMD), and SYRCLE's risk-of-bias tool for animal studies was used. Results: Twenty-one studies with 514 mice met the inclusion criteria. Myricetin supplementation significantly reduced BG (SMD = −1.45, CI: −1.91 to −0.99, p < 0.00001, I2 = 74%), insulin (SMD = −1.78, CI: −2.89 to −0.68, p = 0.002, I2 = 86%), TAG (SMD = −2.60, CI: −3.24 to −1.96, p < 0.00001, I2 = 81%), TC (SMD = −1.86, CI: −2.29 to −1.44, p < 0.00001, I2 = 62%), and LDL (SMD = −2.95, CI: −3.75 to −2.14, p < 0.00001, I2 = 74%). However, the effect on HDL was not statistically significant (SMD = 0.71, CI: −0.01 to 1.43, p = 0.05, I2 = 83%). Conclusions: Myricetin supplementation improved glucose metabolism and lipid profiles in mouse models, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for managing T2DM. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings in human studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has updated its guidelines on preventing cardiovascular disease, particularly focusing on lipid management. The new guidance expands the range of patients eligible for lipid-lowering therapy based on lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease. While statins are the first-line treatment, the guidance emphasizes patient-centered care and individualized treatment, with lifestyle interventions recommended alongside medication. The update may lead to increased workload for GPs but aims to reduce future cardiovascular events and improve population health. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare inherited condition due to lipoprotein lipase deficiency, characterized by hyperchylomicronemia and severe hypertriglyceridemia. Diagnosis is often delayed, thus increasing the risk of acute pancreatitis and hospitalization. Hypertriglyceridemia is a common finding in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), who may harbor FCS among the most severe forms. Aim of the Study: We investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics associated with severe hypertriglyceridemia in a range indicative of FCS, in a large population of subjects with T2D. Methods: Within the large population of the AMD Annals Initiative, patients with T2D with a lipid profile suggestive of FCS [triglycerides >880 mg/dL and/or high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol <22 mg/dL or non-HDL-cholesterol ≤70 mg/dL] and their clinical features have been identified. Results: Overall, 8592 patients had triglyceride values >880 mg/dL in a single examination, 613 in two examinations, and 34 in three or more measurements. Patients with high triglyceride levels were mostly male (80%), with a relatively young age (54 years), short duration of diabetes (6.3 years), and elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (9.4%). By stratifying this group of patients according to the severity of hypertriglyceridemia, more severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride levels ≥2000 mg/dL) was associated with an even younger age (52 vs. 54 years), even higher mean HbA1c values (10.0% vs. 9.4%), and significantly higher HDL-cholesterol levels (37.9 vs. 32.4 mg/dL; P < 0.0001). Patients with persistently elevated triglyceride levels (n = 34), on three measurements, had a younger age; lower body mass index, HbA1c, and HDL-cholesterol levels; more frequent use of fibrates and insulin; and a higher prevalence of major cardiovascular events. Conclusions: Severe hypertriglyceridemia is a frequent condition in outpatients with T2D participating in the AMD Annals Initiative, and it is associated with male sex, young age, short disease duration, and a worse glycemic profile. Among patients with persistent severe hypertriglyceridemia, hidden FCS may be present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purposeof Review: A heart-healthy lifestyle adopted during childhood and sustained throughout life can reduce cardiovascular disease risk in youth with dyslipidemia. In this review, we discuss nutrition recommendations for youth (< 18 years-of-age) with dyslipidemia, compare recommendations for youth versus those for adults, review published data regarding nutrition management in the pediatric population, and discuss strategies for successful implementation in a clinical setting. Recent Findings: Recent publications highlight the characteristics of genetic and acquired hypertriglyceridemia disorders, dietary adjuncts used for lipid-lowering, and the effectiveness of a multi-disciplinary team approach. Summary: Nutrition interventions remain a cornerstone of lipid management and cardiovascular disease risk reduction in youth with dyslipidemia. Nutrition counseling should include age and developmentally appropriate education while also addressing barriers to implementing a heart-healthy lifestyle. A registered dietitian nutritionist plays an important role within a multidisciplinary clinic setting by providing dietary recommendations to address the needs of youth with dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, studies on the formation mechanism for the enlargement of arachnoid granulation (AG) are lacking. The impact of dyslipidemia on the formation of multiple large arachnoid granulations (LAGs) was studied in this research. Methods: The study included patients diagnosed with cerebral venous sinus stenosis (CVSS) related to LAG. The number of LAGs was assessed via high-resolution black blood magnetic resonance imaging. The relationships between blood lipids and multiple LAGs were explored to evaluate the effects of dyslipidemia on the formation of multiple LAGs. Results: A total of 163 participants with a diagnosis of LAG were included. The levels of total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.004) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (P = 0.01) in the multiple LAGs group were greater than those in the non-multiple LAGs group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that TC (odds ratio (OR), 2.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.26–3.80; P = 0.006) and LDL-c (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.16–4.07; P = 0.02) were independently associated with multiple LAGs. Conclusions: TC and LDL-c are independently related to multiple LAGs, indicating that dyslipidemia may be a potential cause of CVSS. Therefore, monitoring blood lipids may be necessary for patients with LAGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of metabolic balance, influencing the genes associated with MetS. Although the prevalence of insulin resistance is rising, leading to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its vascular complications, there is still a notable gap in understanding the role of lncRNAs in the context of clinical diabetes. Among lncRNAs, lung adenocarcinoma metastasis‐associated transcript 1 (MALAT1) has been identified as a significant regulator of metabolism‐related disorders, including T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review explores the mechanism of lncRNA MALAT1 and suggests that targeting it could offer a promising strategy to combat MetS, thereby enhancing the prognosis of MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) plays an vital role in the course of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by affecting lipid metabolism. Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) is a comprehensive index composed of triglyceride and blood glucose, has relationship with some diseases. There was no research report on the association CYP2C19 polymorphisms, TyG with premature cerebral infarction (CI) (onset ≤ 65 years old) susceptibility. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 1953 CI patients aged ≤ 65 years old from December 2018 to March 2024, and 1919 age-matched individuals with non-CI as controls. The relationship between CYP2C19 polymorphisms, TyG and premature CI risk were analyzed. Results: The proportion of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus in patients with premature CI was higher than those in controls. The serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and TyG levels in patients with premature CI were significantly higher than those in controls (all p < 0.05). The patients had lower CYP2C19 *1 allele frequency (63.3% vs. 69.6%, p < 0.001) and higher CYP2C19 *2 allele frequency (31.3% vs. 25.4%, p < 0.001) than controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that smoking history (odds ratio (OR): 1.193, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.002–1.422, p = 0.048), hypertension (OR: 3.371, 95% CI: 2.914–3.898, p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.911, 95% CI: 1.632–2.237, p < 0.001), CYP2C19 intermediate metabolizer (IM) + poor metabolizer (PM) phenotypes (OR: 1.424, 95% CI: 1.243–1.631, p < 0.001), and dyslipidemia (OR: 1.294, 95% CI: 1.077–1.554, p = 0.006) were independent risk factors for premature CI. Conclusions: History of smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and CYP2C19 IM + PM phenotypes were independently associated with premature CI susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality and a significant contributor to temporary and permanent disabilities worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the burden of primary and residual cardiometabolic risk factors in a sample of young adults in the Russian city of Kazan. Methods: This case-control study used the Cardiometabolic Disease Staging (CMDS) classification system, which has been validated in several countries. The study included 191 individuals aged 25–44 years who met the inclusion criteria but did not meet any exclusion criteria. Data collection involved a patient card with questions from the World Health Organization's STEPS instrument, face-to-face patient interviews, and a physical examination. Anthropometric assessments included height, weight, and waist circumference measurements. Body composition was evaluated using bioelectrical impedance measurements. Patients also underwent in-depth laboratory biochemical analyses. Results: The study cohort was comprised of 97 females (50.8%) and 94 males (49.2%). The median age of participants was 35.00 years [IQR: 30.00–39.00]. The study cohort showed an increase in all anthropometric parameters, with abdominal obesity and overweight reaching 100% in the CMDS 3. Apart from atherogenic lipids and raised blood pressure, other risk factors that precipitate residual risk and were not part of CMDS, such as insulin levels, insulin resistance, leptin values, and hyperuricemia, increased as CMDS levels increased. Conclusions: The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors was high in young adults in Kazan. This study highlights the need for the early identification and management of cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remnant cholesterol (RC), a key indicator of dyslipidemia, has been validated as a contributing factor to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, both of which are closely associated with kidney stones (KS). This study aimed to investigate the association between RC and the risk of KS in Chinese adults. A total of 8,576 KS cases (mean age 55.87, 69.37% male) and 137,523 controls (mean age 54.57, 51.62% male) were included in this case-control study. RC was calculated using the formula: RC = TC-HDL-LDL. KS was ascertained with ultrasound by well-trained physicians. Multivariable logistic and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were applied to investigate the relationship between RC and KS. A total of 146,099 subjects (weighted mean age 54.64 years and 52.66% male) were included with mean RC = 0.8 for controls and RC = 0.72 for KS cases (P < 0.001). The multivariable-adjusted OR for KS occurrence across consecutive quartiles was 1.00 (reference), 1.05 (0.98–1.12), 1.15 (1.07–1.22), and 1.44 (1.35–1.53), respectively. Moreover, each standard deviation increment of RC was associated with a 15% (OR:1.15, 95% CI: 1.12–1.19) higher risk of KS occurrence. RCS showed significant and linear dose-response relationships between RC and KS occurrence (P-overall < 0.001, P-nonlinear = 0.270). The positive associations between RC and KS risk persisted in sensitivity analyses, suggesting the robustness of the results. In this case-control study of Chinese adults, elevated RC was associated with the occurrence of KS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence is critical for an individual's physical and mental health. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in Bangladesh and are closely associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemia. This study aims to determine the level of adherence to the MD among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and identify any association between poor adherence to the MD and dyslipidemia. Methods: This facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital from March to May 2021. A total of 251 T2DM patients were interviewed. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out using a logistic regression model with SPSS 23 statistical package software. Results: The prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 83% among T2DM patients. There was a high prevalence of hypertension (61%), overweight or obesity (57%), cardiovascular problems (30%), kidney disease (19%), and sleep problems (28%). Low adherence to MD was highly prevalent (49%) among participants, and another 28% had medium adherence. Patients with poor MD adherence had higher odds of developing dyslipidaemia (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI 1.18–6.63). Normal-weighted patients had lower odds of developing dyslipidaemia (AOR: 0.40, 95% CI 0.18–0.89) compared to overweight or obese individuals. Conclusions: There was a relatively low adherence to MD among T2DM patients, which is a significant predictor of dyslipidemia. Therefore, T2DM patients should be more conscious of their dietary habits to control dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging studies reveal a shared pathophysiological underpinning for metabolic problems and mental illnesses. The present study aimed to determine the association between atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: 7,951 subjects of US adults were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018. MDD was evaluated through the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multivariate logistic regression, sensitivity analysis, and spline smoothing plot method were used to identify the relationship between AIP and MDD. The cut-off point was calculated using recursive partitioning analysis when segmenting effects emerged. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow test were conducted to evaluate the performance of AIP in identifying MDD. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were used to explore whether the association was stable in different populations. Results: A positive correlation between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD was both observed in 7,951 subjects included in the study, with a significant threshold of -0.42 determined using recursive partitioning analysis. In the fully adjusted model, a positive association between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD was observed (b=0.46, 95% CI 0.14~0.78; OR=1.42, 95% CI 1.04~1.93). Individuals in the highest AIP quartile had a 0.39-unit higher PHQ-9 score (b=0.39, 95% CI 0.12~0.66) and a significantly 33% greater risk of MDD than those in the lowest AIP quartile (OR=1.33, 95% CI 1.02~1.73). Spline smoothing plot analysis further confirmed the positive and non-linear association between AIP and PHQ-9 and MDD. ROC analysis (AUC=0.771) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (c2 = 14.239, P=0.076) suggested an excellent performance and goodness-of-fit of the relatively optimal model. DCA and CIC analysis also revealed a favorable overall net benefit and clinical impact of the model. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests revealed that the association between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD remained consistent across different subgroups and was not modified by other covariates, and this positive correlation was more pronounced in those with diabetes or hypertension. Results: A positive correlation between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD was both observed in 7,951 subjects included in the study, with a significant threshold of -0.42 determined using recursive partitioning analysis. In the fully adjusted model, a positive association between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD was observed (b=0.46, 95% CI 0.14~0.78; OR=1.42, 95% CI 1.04~1.93). Individuals in the highest AIP quartile had a 0.39-unit higher PHQ-9 score (b=0.39, 95% CI 0.12~0.66) and a significantly 33% greater risk of MDD than those in the lowest AIP quartile (OR=1.33, 95% CI 1.02~1.73). Spline smoothing plot analysis further confirmed the positive and non-linear association between AIP and PHQ-9 and MDD. ROC analysis (AUC=0.771) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (c2 = 14.239, P=0.076) suggested an excellent performance and goodness-of-fit of the relatively optimal model. DCA and CIC analysis also revealed a favorable overall net benefit and clinical impact of the model. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests revealed that the association between AIP and PHQ-9 score and MDD remained consistent across different subgroups and was not modified by other covariates, and this positive correlation was more pronounced in those with diabetes or hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is one of the main factors leading to infertility in women of reproductive age, which is often accompanied by metabolic changes such as obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation. Chronic inflammation may play an important role in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the relationship between abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation in PCOS patients. This study aims to analyze the correlation between systemic immune-inflammatory(SII) markers and dyslipidemia in patients with PCOS and their value in early diagnosis. Methods: A total of 617 PCOS patients aged 20–35 years (according to the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria) who visited the Reproductive Center of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from January 2020 to December 2022 were included. According to the presence or absence of dyslipidemia, the patients were divided into normal lipid metabolism group and abnormal lipid metabolism group. The clinical data of the patients were collected and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: There were 454 patients with normal lipid metabolism and 163 patients with abnormal lipid metabolism. The SII level of the abnormal lipid metabolism group was higher than that of the normal group. As the SII quartile increased, TC, TG and LDL increased, while HDL decreased accordingly. The SII level was positively correlated with TC, TG and LDL, and negatively correlated with HDL (all P < 0.05). Among them, SII had the best predictive efficiency for dyslipidemia of polycyctic ovary syndrome at 489.375 (AUC: 0.718, 95%CI: 0.672–0.764), and SII was still associated with the increased occurrence of PCOS dyslipidemia after excluding confounding factors (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The high level of SII has a correlation with the occurrence of dyslipidemia in PCOS patients, and it has a value in the early diagnosis of PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Methods Results Conclusions Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are associated with cardiovascular diseases, existing data on Lp(a) in NAFLD are conflicting. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to summarize and compare data on circulating Lp(a) between NAFLD patients and non‐NAFLD controls.A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. This meta‐analysis included 18 studies containing data on 74 691 individuals (20 220 patients with NAFLD and 54 471 controls).Circulating Lp(a) was similar between patients with NAFLD and controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.09; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] −0.21, 0.38). The heterogeneity among studies was high (I2 = 100%); no publication bias was detected (Egger's test P = 0.941). However, in subgroup analysis, Lp(a) was lower in NAFLD patients than controls, when Lp(a) was measured with nephelometry (SMD ‐0.26; 95% CI ‐0.46, −0.06), but not turbidimetry; this analysis also resulted in mild reduction of heterogeneity within the subgroup of nephelometry (I2 = 87%). The sensitivity analyses, based on the exclusion of studies with Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale score ≤6 (n = 5), studies in which liver biopsy was used for NAFLD diagnosis (n = 4) or studies that adopted the criteria of metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (n = 2), and meta‐regression analysis did not explain the high heterogeneity among studies.Overall, circulating Lp(a) was similar between NAFLD patients and non‐NAFLD controls; however, patients with NAFLD had lower circulating Lp(a) compared with controls, when Lp(a) was measured with nephelometry. These results should be cautiously interpreted, because of the high heterogeneity among studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, is rising. While pharmacological treatments for dyslipidemia and associated CVDs exist, not all individuals can afford them, and those who do often experience adverse side effects. Preclinical studies have indicated the potential benefits of Abelmoschus esculentus and its active phytochemicals in addressing dyslipidemia in rodent models of diabetes. However, there is limited clinical evidence on lipid parameters. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential impact of Abelmoschus esculentus on dyslipidemia. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library for relevant trials published from inception until 11 August 2024. Data analysis was performed using Jamovi software version 2.4.8 and Review Manager (version 5.4), with effect estimates reported as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The evidence from eight studies with nine treatment arms showed that Abelmoschus esculentus reduces total cholesterol (TC), SMD = −0.53 (95% CI: −1.00 to −0.07), p = 0.025), compared to placebo. Additionally, triglyceride (TG) was reduced in Abelmoschus esculentus compared to placebo, SMD = −0.24 (95% CI: −0.46 to −0.02), p = 0.035. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was also reduced, SMD = −0.35 (95% CI: −0.59 to −0.11), p = 0.004 in Abelmoschus esculentus versus placebo. This remedy substantially increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), SMD = 0.34 (95% CI: 0.07 to 0.61), p = 0.014). Abelmoschus esculentus substantially improved lipid profile in prediabetes, T2D, obesity, and diabetic nephropathy. While the evidence confirms the potential benefits of Abelmoschus esculentus in reducing dyslipidemia, it is important for future clinical studies to standardize the effective dosage for more reliable results. Therefore, future trials should focus on these markers in well-designed trials with sufficient sample sizes. Furthermore, Abelmoschus esculentus can be supplemented to the diet of the relevant populations to alleviate dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is one component of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Here, the study evaluated hypertension‐associated metabolites in relation to other MetS components. Fasting plasma samples were collected from 22 hypertensive and 63 normotensive subjects for non‐targeted metabolomics. Compared with normotensive subjects, hypertensive patients were more diabetic (6.3% vs. 36.4%) and had dyslipidemia (27.0% vs. 63.6%) (both p < .05). By non‐targeted metabolomics, 758 metabolites in 22 classes were identified and 56 were differentially regulated between hypertensive and normotensive groups. Amongst these 56 metabolites, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that 14 had an area under the curve above 0.6. Multivariate‐adjusted logistic regression analysis demonstrated that per one‐fold increase of L‐glutmatic acid, L‐cystine, (9S,10E,12Z,15Z)‐9‐Hydroxy‐10,12,15‐octadecatrienoic acid, deoxyribose 5‐phosphate, and falcarinolone, the odds ratios were 3.64, 4.61, 0.26, 0.26, and 0.37 for having the risk of hypertension, respectively. Of five metabolites, by Spearman's correlation analysis, only L‐glutmatic acid and L‐cystine levels were positively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (all p < .05). Spearman's correlation analysis further revealed that L‐glutmatic acid levels were positively correlated with to body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, and serum triglyceride but negatively associated with HDL‐c (all p < .05) whereas L‐cystine levels were not related to any of these components (p ≥ .13). Multivariate‐adjusted linear regression analysis confirmed the positive correlation between L‐cystine levels and systolic or diastolic blood pressure (β = 2.66 for SBP; β = 2.50 for DBP; both p < .05). In conclusion, L‐cystine could be a potent metabolite for increased risk of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose: The article deals with the problem of obesity, which significantly increases the number of cases among children, adolescents and adults all over the world, leading to the occurrence of systemic disorders. A noticeable increase in the incidence of atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome and diabetes leads to a reduction in life expectancy. The main aim of the work is to emphasize the seriousness of the contemporary problem, which causes impairment of the functioning of many systems. A secondary goal is to indicate the current standards of obesity treatment and how to deal with overweight. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Obesity is a disease that affects nearly 800 million people around the world and affects every fourth Pole. Uncontrolled weight gain is caused; lifestyle changes, consumption of highly processed foods, and genetic and endocrine factors. It is a chronic disease with a tendency to relapse, with serious consequences and in need of diagnostics, personalized treatment, and often associated with psychological support. Material and methods: The article analyzes the research to date and the latest treatment methods, which show that a person struggling with obesity is at risk of over 200 complications, including, for example, fatty liver, stroke, type 2 diabetes or cancer. Results and conclusion: According to our analysis, obesity is a pathological condition that is truly life-threatening. Despite the society's downplay of the problem, people affected by this disease struggle with many comorbidities that worsen their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer patients have an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease and for many patients, adjuvant therapy causes an altered lipid profile, insulin resistance and inflammation. Previous follow-up studies are inconclusive regarding the duration of therapy-induced inflammation. We examined the acute and persistent changes of adjuvant chemotherapy on inflammatory and metabolic health markers in breast cancer patients. Methods: Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and metabolic health parameters were analyzed before, shortly after and every six months up to two years after adjuvant chemotherapy treatment in 51 postmenopausal early breast cancer (EBC) patients, as well as in 41 healthy age- and BMI-matched controls. A target-specific multiplex assay was applied for cytokine measurements. Results: Before initiation of adjuvant therapy, plasma IL-8 levels were higher in EBC patients (31%, p = 0.0001). Also, a larger proportion of the patients had a hsCRP level above 2 mg/L (41%) compared to the controls (17%, Χ2 = 5.15, p = 0.023). Plasma levels of all five cytokines, but not hsCRP, were significantly increased after compared to before adjuvant chemotherapy (15–48% increase; all p ≤ 0.05). Already six months after ending chemotherapy treatment, all plasma cytokine levels were significantly reduced and close to pre-chemotherapy levels. Adjuvant chemotherapy caused a worsened lipid profile (increased triglycerides, lower HDL levels), insulin resistance and increased plasma insulin levels that remained high during the first year after chemotherapy. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women with EBC have temporarily increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines after adjuvant chemotherapy. Although transient, the therapy-induced increase in plasma cytokine levels, together with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, may contribute to cardiometabolic risk in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Trial registration: The clinical trial (registration number NCT03784651) was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov on 24 December 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glucomannan has been studied for various health benefits, but its effects on lipid profile in adults are not well understood. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the impact of glucomannan supplementation on serum/plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Apo B1, Apo A1, APO-B/ A1 ratio, and LDL-C/ HDL-C in adults. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to June 2024 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing glucomannan supplementation on lipid profile in adults. Data were extracted and analyzed using random effects model to determine the standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each biomarker. Results: Glucomannan supplementation significantly decreased TC (SMD: -3.299; 95% CI: -4.955, -1.664, P < 0.001; I2 = 95.41%, P-heterogeneity < 0.001), LDL-C (SMD: -2.993; 95% CI: -4.958, -1.028; P = 0.006; I2 = 95.49%, P-heterogeneity < 0.001), and Apo B1 (SMD: -2.2; 95% CI: -3.58, -0.82; P = 0.01). However, glucomannan did not alter the levels of TG (SMD: -0.119; 95% CI: -1.076, 0.837, P = 0.789; I2 = 91.63%, P-heterogeneity < 0.001), Apo A1 (SMD: -0.48; 95% CI: -6.27, 5.32; P = 0.76), APO-B/ A1 ratio (SMD: -1.15; 95% CI: -2.91, 0.61; P = 0.11), and LDL-C/ HDL-C ratio (SMD: -2.2; 95% CI: -7.28, 2.87; P = 0.2). Conclusions: Glucomannan supplementation has a beneficial effect on the level of TC and LDL-C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the implementation of preventive measures to counteract the obesity epidemics, the prevalence of childhood obesity is still alarming all over the world. Childhood obesity is the most common risk factor for both cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In fact, an earlier onset of obesity can cause a greater risk of adiposity tracking across the lifespan and consequently a longer exposure to cardiometabolic risk factors. Accumulating evidence provided by prospective and intervention studies demonstrated the link between pediatric obesity and selected subclinical signs of cardiovascular damage (atherosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy), or fatal and not fatal cardiovascular events as early as 40 years of age. The numerous guidelines and scientific documents published in the last years demonstrate the relevance of assessing cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with OB. This Position paper, released by experts of the "Childhood Obesity study group" within the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, aims to review the assessment of cardiometabolic risk factors and comorbidities in children and adolescents with OW/OB on the light of the most recent scientific evidence. The main recommendations are: (a) early detection of comorbidities, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, prediabetes/type 2 diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, inactivity, obstructive sleep apnea and decline in kidney function; (b) weight loss treatment, which is associated with a reduction of all cardiometabolic risk factors; (c) specific treatment of comorbidities, through lifestyle modifications or pharmacological treatment added to lifestyle for suitable individuals; d). monitoring comorbidities for mitigating future morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, is associated with several metabolic derangements. Considering insulin resistance, evidence has shown higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MeS) in CKD. The aim of this study was to investigate association between the CKD and MeS. In this cross-sectional study, 450 individuals were included. Required clinical and laboratory data were recorded in questionnaires. MeS and CKD were defined according to NHLBI/AHA and KDIGO 2022 guidelines respectively. Increasing or decreasing trend for MeS among the means across quartiles of glomerular filtration rate was determined. Two-hundred twenty women and 230 men with mean age of 46.6 years were entered in this study. Patients with CKD were younger (42 years old versus 52, P < 0.001) and more active (1459.5 metabolic equivalence/min/week versus 1113.0). There was an increase in trend for MeS with decreasing GFR (PTrend = 0.002), which remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, HOMA-IR, and physical activity (PTrend = 0.049). MeS is more prevalent in patients with CKD which can additionally affect their general health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]