96 results on '"Daniel J. Benjamin"'
Search Results
2. Mendelian imputation of parental genotypes improves estimates of direct genetic effects
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Alexander I. Young, Seyed Moeen Nehzati, Stefania Benonisdottir, Aysu Okbay, Hariharan Jayashankar, Chanwook Lee, David Cesarini, Daniel J. Benjamin, Patrick Turley, Augustine Kong, Economics, Tinbergen Institute, and Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics
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Parents ,Genotype ,Human Genome ,Single Nucleotide ,Biological Sciences ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Genetics ,Humans ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Generic health relevance ,Polymorphism ,Aetiology ,Software ,Genome-Wide Association Study ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Effects estimated by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) include effects of alleles in an individual on that individual (direct genetic effects), indirect genetic effects (for example, effects of alleles in parents on offspring through the environment) and bias from confounding. Within-family genetic variation is random, enabling unbiased estimation of direct genetic effects when parents are genotyped. However, parental genotypes are often missing. We introduce a method that imputes missing parental genotypes and estimates direct genetic effects. Our method, implemented in the software package snipar (single-nucleotide imputation of parents), gives more precise estimates of direct genetic effects than existing approaches. Using 39,614 individuals from the UK Biobank with at least one genotyped sibling/parent, we estimate the correlation between direct genetic effects and effects from standard GWASs for nine phenotypes, including educational attainment (r = 0.739, standard error (s.e.) = 0.086) and cognitive ability (r = 0.490, s.e. = 0.086). Our results demonstrate substantial confounding bias in standard GWASs for some phenotypes.
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- 2022
3. Wrestling with Social and Behavioral Genomics: Risks, Potential Benefits, and Ethical Responsibility
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Michelle N. Meyer, Paul S. Appelbaum, Daniel J. Benjamin, Shawneequa L. Callier, Nathaniel Comfort, Dalton Conley, Jeremy Freese, Nanibaa' A. Garrison, Evelynn M. Hammonds, K. Paige Harden, Sandra Soo‐Jin Lee, Alicia R. Martin, Daphne Oluwaseun Martschenko, Benjamin M. Neale, Rohan H. C. Palmer, James Tabery, Eric Turkheimer, Patrick Turley, and Erik Parens
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Philosophy ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Health (social science) ,Health Policy ,General Medicine - Published
- 2023
4. Novel estimators for family-based genome-wide association studies increase power and robustness
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Junming Guan, Seyed Moeen Nehzati, Daniel J. Benjamin, and Alexander I. Young
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A goal of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) is to estimate the causal effects of alleles carried by an individual on that individual (‘direct genetic effects’). Typical GWAS designs, however, are susceptible to confounding due to gene-environment correlation and non-random mating (population stratification and assortative mating). Family-based GWAS, in contrast, is robust to such confounding since it uses random, within-family genetic variation. When both parents are genotyped, a regression controlling for parental genotype provides the most powerful approach. However, parental genotypes are often missing. We have previously shown that imputing the genotypes of missing parent(s) can increase power for estimation of direct genetic effects over using genetic differences between siblings. We extend the imputation method, which previously only applied to samples with at least one genotyped sibling or parent, to ‘singletons’ (individuals without any genotyped relatives). By including singletons, the effective sample size for estimation of direct effects can be increased by up to 50%. We apply this method to 408,254 ‘White British’ individuals from the UK Biobank, obtaining an effective sample size increase of between 25% and 43% (depending upon phenotype) by including 368,629 singletons. While this approach maximizes power, it can be biased when there is strong population structure. We therefore introduce an imputation based estimator that is robust to population structure and more powerful than other robust estimators. We implement our estimators in the software package snipar using an efficient linear-mixed model (LMM) specified by a sparse genetic relatedness matrix. We examine the bias and variance of different family-based and standard GWAS estimators theoretically and in simulations with differing levels of population structure, enabling researchers to choose the appropriate approach depending on their research goals.
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- 2022
5. Predicting mid-life capital formation with pre-school delay of gratification and life-course measures of self-regulation
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Philip K. Peake, Alexandra Steiny Wellsjo, David Laibson, Walter Mischel, Daniel J. Benjamin, Nicole L. Wilson, and Yuichi Shoda
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I310 ,Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management ,Economics and Econometrics ,I210 ,Index (economics) ,D140 ,Delay of gratification ,Affect (psychology) ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,0502 economics and business ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,050207 economics ,05 social sciences ,D910 ,Educational attainment ,Capital formation ,Permanent income hypothesis ,Self-regulation ,Predictive power ,Life course approach ,Mid-life capital formation ,Composite index ,I120 ,Psychology - Abstract
How well do pre-school delay of gratification and life-course measures of self-regulation predict mid-life capital formation? We surveyed 113 participants of the 1967–1973 Bing pre-school studies on delay of gratification when they were in their late 40’s. They reported 11 mid-life capital formation outcomes, including net worth, permanent income, absence of high-interest debt, forward-looking behaviors, and educational attainment. To address multiple hypothesis testing and our small sample, we pre-registered an analysis plan of well-powered tests. As predicted, a newly constructed and pre-registered measure derived from preschool delay of gratification does not predict the 11 capital formation variables (i.e., the sign-adjusted average correlation was 0.02). A pre-registered composite self-regulation index, combining preschool delay of gratification with survey measures of self-regulation collected at ages 17, 27, and 37, does predict 10 of the 11 capital formation variables in the expected direction, with an average correlation of 0.19. The inclusion of the preschool delay of gratification measure in this composite index does not affect the index’s predictive power. We tested several hypothesized reasons that preschool delay of gratification does not have predictive power for our mid-life capital formation variables.
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- 2020
6. Measuring and controlling for the compromise effect when estimating risk preference parameters
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David Laibson, Daniel J. Benjamin, Christopher F. Chabris, and Jonathan P. Beauchamp
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Economic research ,Choice set ,Cumulative prospect theory ,Computer science ,Compromise ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Indifference point ,Article ,Preference ,Loss aversion ,0502 economics and business ,Econometrics ,050206 economic theory ,050207 economics ,media_common - Abstract
The compromise effect arises when being close to the "middle" of a choice set makes an option more appealing. The compromise effect poses conceptual and practical problems for economic research: by influencing choices, it can bias researchers' inferences about preference parameters. To study this bias, we conduct an experiment with 550 participants who made choices over lotteries from multiple price lists (MPLs). Following prior work, we manipulate the compromise effect to influence choices by varying the middle options of each MPL. We then estimate risk preferences using a discrete-choice model without a compromise effect embedded in the model. As anticipated, the resulting risk preference parameter estimates are not robust, changing as the compromise effect is manipulated. To disentangle risk preference parameters from the compromise effect and to measure the strength of the compromise effect, we augment our discrete-choice model with additional parameters that represent a rising penalty for expressing an indifference point further from the middle of the ordered MPL. Using this method, we estimate an economically significant magnitude for the compromise effect and generate robust estimates of risk preference parameters that are no longer sensitive to compromise-effect manipulations.
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- 2019
7. Author response: Consensus-based guidance for conducting and reporting multi-analyst studies
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Jeffrey J. Starns, Yoram K. Kunkels, Gustav Nilsonne, Balazs Aczel, Felix Holzmeister, Jörg Rieskamp, Andrea M Cataldo, Casper J. Albers, Ben R. Newell, Brian A Nosek, Raphael Silberzahn, Jean-François Mangin, Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Gary F. Egan, Alexandra Sarafoglou, Barnabas Szaszi, Matthew J. Salganik, Martin Schweinsberg, Alexander T. Kindel, Niko A. Busch, Daniel J. Simons, Emmanuel Caruyer, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Russell A. Poldrack, Dora Matzke, Noah van Dongen, Anna Dreber, Nelson Cowan, Barbara A. Spellman, Chris Donkin, Gilles Dutilh, Johnny van Doorn, Don van Ravenzwaaij, Marcus R. Munafò, Marcel A.L.M. van Assen, Rink Hoekstra, Juergen Huber, Samuel St-Jean, Laura F. Bringmann, Udo Boehm, Daniel J. Benjamin, Tom Schonberg, Eric Luis Uhlmann, D. Stephen Lindsay, Michael Kirchler, David R. Shanks, Jojanneke A. Bastiaansen, Kai J. Jonas, Andrew Delios, Olmo van den Akker, Jelte M. Wicherts, Sabine Hoffmann, Rotem Botvinik-Nezer, and Magnus Johannesson
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- 2021
8. Problems with Using Polygenic Scores to Select Embryos
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Nancy Wang, Patrick Turley, David Cesarini, Michelle N. Meyer, David Laibson, Evelynn Hammonds, Steven E. Hyman, Benjamin M. Neale, Peter M. Visscher, Alicia R. Martin, Louise Wilkins-Haug, Daniel J. Benjamin, and Heidi L. Rehm
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Multifactorial Inheritance ,Aging ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Context (language use) ,Fertilization in Vitro ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Predictive Value of Tests ,General & Internal Medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,Conversation ,Genetic Testing ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,Preimplantation Diagnosis ,media_common ,business.industry ,Unintended consequences ,Mammalian ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Genetic Variation ,General Medicine ,Population demographics ,Phenotype ,Embryo ,Genomewide association ,Predictive power ,Educational Status ,Gene-Environment Interaction ,business ,Clinical psychology ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
Companies have recently begun to sell a new service to patients considering in vitro fertilization: embryo selection based on polygenic scores (ESPS). These scores represent individualized predictions of health and other outcomes derived from genomewide association studies in adults to partially predict these outcomes. This article includes a discussion of many factors that lower the predictive power of polygenic scores in the context of embryo selection and quantifies these effects for a variety of clinical and nonclinical traits. Also discussed are potential unintended consequences of ESPS (including selecting for adverse traits, altering population demographics, exacerbating inequalities in society, and devaluing certain traits). Recommendations for the responsible communication about ESPS by practitioners are provided, and a call for a society-wide conversation about this technology is made. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging and others.).
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- 2021
9. Resource Profile and User Guide of the Polygenic Index Repository
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Magnus Johannesson, Hariharan Jayashankar, Avshalom Caspi, David Laibson, Matt McGue, Sven Oskarsson, Alexander I. Young, Nancy Wang, Jeremy Freese, David A. Hinds, William G. Iacono, Andrew Steptoe, Lili Milani, Casper A.P. Burik, Aysu Okbay, Grant Goldman, K. Paige Harden, Jonathan P. Beauchamp, Elliot M. Tucker-Drob, Rafael Ahlskog, Peter M. Visscher, Michael Bennett, Aaron Kleinman, Patrick Turley, Travis T. Mallard, Philipp Koellinger, Olesya Ajnakina, David Cesarini, Tõnu Esko, Michelle N. Meyer, Daniel J. Benjamin, Joel Becker, Benjamin Williams, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Terrie E. Moffitt, Richie Poulton, Richard Karlsson Linnér, Pamela Herd, David L. Corcoran, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Karen Sugden, and Daniel W. Belsky
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Measure (data warehouse) ,Resource (project management) ,Computer science ,Estimator ,Latent variable ,Data mining ,Python (programming language) ,Construct (philosophy) ,computer.software_genre ,Proxy (statistics) ,computer ,Biobank ,computer.programming_language - Abstract
Polygenic indexes (PGIs) are DNA-based predictors. Their value for research in many scientific disciplines is rapidly growing. As a resource for researchers, we used a consistent methodology to construct PGIs for 47 phenotypes in 11 datasets. To maximize the PGIs’ prediction accuracies, we constructed them using genome-wide association studies—some of which are novel—from multiple data sources, including 23andMe and UK Biobank. We present a theoretical framework to help interpret analyses involving PGIs. A key insight is that a PGI can be understood as an unbiased but noisy measure of a latent variable we call the “additive SNP factor.” Regressions in which the true regressor is the additive SNP factor but the PGI is used as its proxy therefore suffer from errors-in-variables bias. We derive an estimator that corrects for the bias, illustrate the correction, and make a Python tool for implementing it publicly available.
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- 2021
10. Multi-Ancestry Meta-Analysis yields novel genetic discoveries and ancestry-specific associations
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Benjamin M. Neale, Daniel J. Benjamin, Masahiro Kanai, Callier S, Yoichiro Kamatani, Raymond K. Walters, Michelle N. Meyer, Alicia R. Martin, Huiyan Li, Caitlin E. Carey, Duncan S. Palmer, Mark J. Daly, Elizabeth G. Atkinson, Robin G. Walters, Zacher M, Liheng Li, Grant Goldman, Z Chen, Masakazu Akiyama, David Cesarini, Kuang Lin, Patrick Turley, Yukinori Okada, David Laibson, Jala Jb, and Iona Y Millwood
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0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Population ,Genome-wide association study ,Replicate ,Biology ,Summary statistics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Evolutionary biology ,Meta-analysis ,education ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
We present a new method, Multi-Ancestry Meta-Analysis (MAMA), which combines genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from multiple populations to produce new summary statistics for each population, identifying novel loci that would not have been discovered in either set of GWAS summary statistics alone. In simulations, MAMA increases power with less bias and generally lower type-1 error rate than other multi-ancestry meta-analysis approaches. We apply MAMA to 23 phenotypes in East-Asian- and European-ancestry populations and find substantial gains in power. In an independent sample, novel genetic discoveries from MAMA replicate strongly.
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- 2021
11. Three Recommendations for Improving the Use of p-Values
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James O. Berger and Daniel J. Benjamin
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Statistics and Probability ,General Mathematics ,Alternative hypothesis ,05 social sciences ,Bayes factor ,01 natural sciences ,050105 experimental psychology ,010104 statistics & probability ,Econometrics ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,p-value ,0101 mathematics ,Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty ,Null hypothesis ,Mathematics - Abstract
Researchers commonly use p-values to answer the question: How strongly does the evidence favor the alternative hypothesis relative to the null hypothesis? p-Values themselves do not directly answer...
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- 2019
12. No Evidence That Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth
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Daniel J. Benjamin, Daniel J. Simons, Patrick R. Heck, Jaclyn Mandart, and Christopher F. Chabris
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Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Interpersonal communication ,050105 experimental psychology ,Interpersonal relationship ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Prosocial behavior ,Priming (media) ,Personality ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Abstract. Williams and Bargh (2008) reported that holding a hot cup of coffee caused participants to judge a person’s personality as warmer and that holding a therapeutic heat pad caused participants to choose rewards for other people rather than for themselves. These experiments featured large effects ( r = .28 and .31), small sample sizes (41 and 53 participants), and barely statistically significant results. We attempted to replicate both experiments in field settings with more than triple the sample sizes (128 and 177) and double-blind procedures, but found near-zero effects ( r = −.03 and .02). In both cases, Bayesian analyses suggest there is substantially more evidence for the null hypothesis of no effect than for the original physical warmth priming hypothesis.
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- 2019
13. Genetic variation associated with differential educational attainment in adults has anticipated associations with school performance in children.
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Mary E Ward, George McMahon, Beate St Pourcain, David M Evans, Cornelius A Rietveld, Daniel J Benjamin, Philipp D Koellinger, David Cesarini, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, George Davey Smith, and Nicholas J Timpson
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Genome-wide association study results have yielded evidence for the association of common genetic variants with crude measures of completed educational attainment in adults. Whilst informative, these results do not inform as to the mechanism of these effects or their presence at earlier ages and where educational performance is more routinely and more precisely assessed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms exhibiting genome-wide significant associations with adult educational attainment were combined to derive an unweighted allele score in 5,979 and 6,145 young participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children with key stage 3 national curriculum test results (SATS results) available at age 13 to 14 years in English and mathematics respectively. Standardised (z-scored) results for English and mathematics showed an expected relationship with sex, with girls exhibiting an advantage over boys in English (0.433 SD (95%CI 0.395, 0.470), p
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- 2014
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14. Imprint of assortative mating on the human genome
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Maciej Trzaskowski, Michael E. Goddard, Jian Yang, Matthew R. Robinson, Peter M. Visscher, Patrick Turley, Kathryn E. Kemper, Daniel J. Benjamin, David Cesarini, Loic Yengo, Yuanhao Yang, Matthew C. Keller, Jacob Gratten, and Naomi R. Wray
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Social Psychology ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Biology ,Population stratification ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Genome ,White People ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Quantitative Trait, Heritable ,Humans ,Marriage ,Alleles ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,Genome, Human ,Assortative mating ,Genomic signature ,Body Height ,030104 developmental biology ,Mate choice ,Evolutionary biology ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Trait ,Educational Status ,Female ,Human genome - Abstract
Preference for mates with similar phenotypes; that is, assortative mating, is widely observed in humans1–5 and has evolutionary consequences6–8. Under Fisher's classical theory6, assortative mating is predicted to induce a signature in the genome at trait-associated loci that can be detected and quantified. Here, we develop and apply a method to quantify assortative mating on a specific trait by estimating the correlation (θ) between genetic predictors of the trait from single nucleotide polymorphisms on odd- versus even-numbered chromosomes. We show by theory and simulation that the effect of assortative mating can be quantified in the presence of population stratification. We applied this approach to 32 complex traits and diseases using single nucleotide polymorphism data from ~400,000 unrelated individuals of European ancestry. We found significant evidence of assortative mating for height (θ = 3.2%) and educational attainment (θ = 2.7%), both of which were consistent with theoretical predictions. Overall, our results imply that assortative mating involves multiple traits and affects the genomic architecture of loci that are associated with these traits, and that the consequence of mate choice can be detected from a random sample of genomes. A century after being predicted by theory, the authors detect and quantify the genomic signature of assortative mating in ~400,000 contemporary human genomes, and report new genetic evidence for assortative mating on height and educational attainment.
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- 2018
15. Within-sibship GWAS improve estimates of direct genetic effects
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Ailin Falkmo Hansen, Christina C. Dahm, David M. Evans, Massimo Mangino, Melissa C. Southey, Lawrence F. Bielak, Ben Michael Brumpton, Sharon L.R. Kardia, Archie Campbell, Yoonsu Cho, Tim T Morris, Patrick Turley, Jeffrey S. Reid, Laurence J. Howe, Kaare Christensen, Karri Silventoinen, Sudheer Giddaluru, John K. Hewitt, Philipp Koellinger, W. David Hill, Daniel J. Benjamin, Gibran Hemani, Margaret J. Wright, Scott D. Gordon, Elliot M. Tucker-Drob, Rosa Cheesman, Nicholas G. Martin, Robin G. Walters, Paraskevi Christofidou, Aris Baras, George Davey Smith, Matthew C. Keller, John D. Overton, Deepika R Dokuru, Jennifer A. Smith, Nancy L. Pedersen, Michel G. Nivard, Dorret I. Boomsma, Jaakko Kaprio, Humaira Rasheed, Hyeokmoon Kweon, Sara Hägg, Shona M. Kerr, John L. Hopper, Pekka Martikainen, Teemu Palviainen, Luke M. Evans, Patricia A. Peyser, Jared V. Balbona, Lucija Klaric, Tim D. Spector, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Melinda Mills, Alexandra Havdahl, Chandra A. Reynolds, Jean-Baptiste Pingault, Zhengming Chen, Shuai Li, Harry Campbell, Travis T. Mallard, Cristen J. Willer, Yunzhang Wang, Yongkang Kim, Robert Plomin, Marianne Nygaard, Michael C. Stallings, Sarah E. Medland, Anne E. Justice, Geetha Chittoor, Debbie A Lawlor, Øyvind Næss, Liming Li, Kuang Lin, Eco J. C. de Geus, Christopher R. Bauer, Matthijs D. van der Zee, Iona Y Millwood, Caroline Hayward, Penelope A. Lind, David J. Porteous, K. Paige Harden, Meike Bartels, Neil M Davies, James F. Wilson, Bjørn Olav Åsvold, Antti Latvala, Scott M. Ratliff, and Kristian Hveem
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0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Assortative mating ,Population ,Genome-wide association study ,Biology ,Population stratification ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Evolutionary biology ,Genetic variation ,Mendelian randomization ,Human height ,education ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,030304 developmental biology ,Genetic association - Abstract
Estimates from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) represent a combination of the effect of inherited genetic variation (direct effects), demography (population stratification, assortative mating) and genetic nurture from relatives (indirect genetic effects). GWAS using family-based designs can control for demography and indirect genetic effects, but large-scale family datasets have been lacking. We combined data on 159,701 siblings from 17 cohorts to generate population (between-family) and within-sibship (within-family) estimates of genome-wide genetic associations for 25 phenotypes. We demonstrate that existing GWAS associations for height, educational attainment, smoking, depressive symptoms, age at first birth and cognitive ability overestimate direct effects. We show that estimates of SNP-heritability, genetic correlations and Mendelian randomization involving these phenotypes substantially differ when calculated using within-sibship estimates. For example, genetic correlations between educational attainment and height largely disappear. In contrast, analyses of most clinical phenotypes (e.g. LDL-cholesterol) were generally consistent between population and within-sibship models. We also report compelling evidence of polygenic adaptation on taller human height using within-sibship data. Large-scale family datasets provide new opportunities to quantify direct effects of genetic variation on human traits and diseases.
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- 2021
16. What Do Happiness Data Mean? Theory and Survey Evidence
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Ori Heffetz, Marc Fleurbaey, Jakina Debnam Guzman, Miles S. Kimball, and Daniel J. Benjamin
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Measure (data warehouse) ,Ask price ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Happiness ,Life domain ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
What utility notion—e.g., flow/lifetime, self/family-centered—do self-reported well-being (SWB) questions measure? First, we clarify the theoretical assumptions underlying existing applications regarding the (i) life domains, (ii) time horizons, and (iii) other-regarding preferences captured by SWB data. Second, we document inconsistency in assumptions across papers, sometimes using the same SWB dataset. Third, we ask survey respondents what they had in mind regarding (i)–(iii) when answering commonly used—life satisfaction, happiness, ladder—and new SWB questions. We find that respondents’ self-reports differ from researchers’ assumptions, and differ across SWB questions and sociodemographic groups. We outline actionable suggestions for SWB researchers.
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- 2021
17. What Do Happiness Data Mean? Theory and Survey Evidence
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Daniel J Benjamin, Jakina Debnam Guzman, Marc Fleurbaey, Ori Heffetz, and Miles Kimball
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History ,Polymers and Plastics ,Business and International Management ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Abstract
What utility notion—e.g. flow/lifetime, self/family-centered—do self-reported well-being (SWB) questions measure? Existing applications make different assumptions regarding the (i) life domains, (ii) time horizons, and (iii) other-regarding preferences captured by SWB data. To obtain relevant evidence, we ask survey respondents what they had in mind regarding (i)–(iii) when answering commonly used—life satisfaction, happiness, ladder—and new SWB questions. We find that respondents’ self-reports differ from researchers’ assumptions, and differ across SWB questions and sociodemographic groups. At the same time, simple SWB-question wording tweaks are effective in moving self-reports towards desired interpretations. We outline actionable suggestions for SWB researchers. JEL Classification: D69, D90, I31
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- 2021
18. Reconsidering Risk Aversion
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Miles S. Kimball, Mark Alan Fontana, and Daniel J. Benjamin
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Microeconomics ,Economics ,Risk aversion (psychology) ,Regret ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,Framing effect ,Axiom ,Expected utility hypothesis - Abstract
Risk aversion is typically inferred from real or hypothetical choices over risky lotteries, but such “untutored” choices may reflect mistakes rather than preferences. We develop a procedure to disentangle preferences from mistakes: after eliciting untutored choices, we confront participants with their choices that are inconsistent with expected-utility axioms (broken down enough to be self-evident) and allow them to reconsider their choices. We demonstrate this procedure via a survey about hypothetical retirement investment choices administered to 596 Cornell students. We find that, on average, reconsidered choices are more consistent with almost all expected-utility axioms, with one exception related to regret.
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- 2020
19. The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment.
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Matthijs J H M van der Loos, Cornelius A Rietveld, Niina Eklund, Philipp D Koellinger, Fernando Rivadeneira, Gonçalo R Abecasis, Georgina A Ankra-Badu, Sebastian E Baumeister, Daniel J Benjamin, Reiner Biffar, Stefan Blankenberg, Dorret I Boomsma, David Cesarini, Francesco Cucca, Eco J C de Geus, George Dedoussis, Panos Deloukas, Maria Dimitriou, Guðny Eiriksdottir, Johan Eriksson, Christian Gieger, Vilmundur Gudnason, Birgit Höhne, Rolf Holle, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Aaron Isaacs, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Magnus Johannesson, Marika Kaakinen, Mika Kähönen, Stavroula Kanoni, Maarit A Laaksonen, Jari Lahti, Lenore J Launer, Terho Lehtimäki, Marisa Loitfelder, Patrik K E Magnusson, Silvia Naitza, Ben A Oostra, Markus Perola, Katja Petrovic, Lydia Quaye, Olli Raitakari, Samuli Ripatti, Paul Scheet, David Schlessinger, Carsten O Schmidt, Helena Schmidt, Reinhold Schmidt, Andrea Senft, Albert V Smith, Timothy D Spector, Ida Surakka, Rauli Svento, Antonio Terracciano, Emmi Tikkanen, Cornelia M van Duijn, Jorma Viikari, Henry Völzke, H-Erich Wichmann, Philipp S Wild, Sara M Willems, Gonneke Willemsen, Frank J A van Rooij, Patrick J F Groenen, André G Uitterlinden, Albert Hofman, and A Roy Thurik
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p
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- 2013
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20. Mendelian imputation of parental genotypes for genome-wide estimation of direct and indirect genetic effects
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Alexander I. Young, Augustine Kong, Chanwook Lee, Seyed Moeen Nehzati, Stefania Benonisdottir, Daniel J. Benjamin, Patrick Turley, and David Cesarini
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Genetics ,symbols.namesake ,Genotype-phenotype distinction ,Assortative mating ,Genotype ,Mendelian inheritance ,symbols ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Genome-wide association study ,Biology ,Population stratification ,Imputation (genetics) - Abstract
Associations between genotype and phenotype derive from four sources: direct genetic effects, indirect genetic effects from relatives, population stratification, and correlations with other variants affecting the phenotype through assortative mating. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of unrelated individuals have limited ability to distinguish the different sources of genotype-phenotype association, confusing interpretation of results and potentially leading to bias when those results are applied – in genetic prediction of traits, for example. With genetic data on families, the randomisation of genetic material during meiosis can be used to distinguish direct genetic effects from other sources of genotype-phenotype association. Genetic data on siblings is the most common form of genetic data on close relatives. We develop a method that takes advantage of identity-by-descent sharing between siblings to impute missing parental genotypes. Compared to no imputation, this increases the effective sample size for estimation of direct genetic effects and indirect parental effects by up to one third and one half respectively. We develop a related method for imputing missing parental genotypes when a parent-offspring pair is observed. We provide the imputation methods in a software package, SNIPar (single nucleotide imputation of parents), that also estimates genome-wide direct and indirect effects of SNPs. We apply this to a sample of 45,826 White British individuals in the UK Biobank who have at least one genotyped first degree relative. We estimate direct and indirect genetic effects for ∼5 million genome-wide SNPs for five traits. We estimate the correlation between direct genetic effects and effects estimated by standard GWAS to be 0.61 (S.E. 0.09) for years of education, 0.68 (S.E. 0.10) for neuroticism, 0.72 (S.E. 0.09) for smoking initiation, 0.87 (S.E. 0.04) for BMI, and 0.96 (S.E. 0.01) for height. These results suggest that GWAS based on unrelated individuals provides an inaccurate picture of direct genetic effects for certain human traits.
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- 2020
21. Genomic analysis of diet composition finds novel loci and associations with health and lifestyle
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Fumiaki Imamura, George Davey Smith, Chanwook Lee, Nicholas J. Wareham, M. Arfan Ikram, George McMahon, Aysu Okbay, Frank J. A. van Rooij, Peter Bowers, Carson C. Chow, Patrick Turley, Ronald de Vlaming, Jian'an Luan, Oscar H. Franco, Trudy Voortman, Daniel J. Benjamin, André G. Uitterlinden, Casper A.P. Burik, Nita G. Forouhi, K. Paige Harden, Pauline M Emmett, Cornelius A. Rietveld, Juan R. González, Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel, Philipp Koellinger, Mark Alan Fontana, James J. Lee, David Cesarini, Harold Snieder, Kim Valeska Emilie Braun, Emma L Anderson, Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Peter J. van der Most, Richard Karlsson Linnér, Susan M. Ring, Claudia Langenberg, Tonũ Esko, Fernando Rivadeneira, Kaitlin H Wade, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong, Taulant Muka, Mohsen Ghanbari, S. Fleur W. Meddens, Linnér, Richard Karlsson [0000-0001-7839-2858], Okbay, Aysu [0000-0002-5170-7781], Rietveld, Cornelius A [0000-0003-4053-1861], Ghanbari, Mohsen [0000-0002-9476-7143], Imamura, Fumiaki [0000-0002-6841-8396], van der Most, Peter J [0000-0001-8450-3518], Voortman, Trudy [0000-0003-2830-6813], Wade, Kaitlin H [0000-0003-3362-6280], Braun, Kim VE [0000-0001-8738-4139], Gonzalez, Juan R [0000-0003-3267-2146], Kiefte-de Jong, Jessica C [0000-0002-8136-0918], Langenberg, Claudia [0000-0002-5017-7344], Luan, Jian'an [0000-0003-3137-6337], Ring, Susan [0000-0003-3103-9330], Rivadeneira, Fernando [0000-0001-9435-9441], Snieder, Harold [0000-0003-1949-2298], van Rooij, Frank JA [0000-0002-8600-9852], Smith, George Davey [0000-0002-1407-8314], Forouhi, Nita G [0000-0002-5041-248X], Ikram, M Arfan [0000-0003-0372-8585], Uitterlinden, Andre G [0000-0002-7276-3387], van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V [0000-0002-7943-3153], Lee, James J [0000-0001-6547-5128], Benjamin, Daniel J [0000-0002-2642-5416], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Rietveld, Cornelius A. [0000-0003-4053-1861], van der Most, Peter J. [0000-0001-8450-3518], Wade, Kaitlin H. [0000-0003-3362-6280], Braun, Kim V. E. [0000-0001-8738-4139], Gonzalez, Juan R. [0000-0003-3267-2146], Kiefte-de Jong, Jessica C. [0000-0002-8136-0918], Luan, Jian’an [0000-0003-3137-6337], van Rooij, Frank J. A. [0000-0002-8600-9852], Forouhi, Nita G. [0000-0002-5041-248X], Ikram, M. Arfan [0000-0003-0372-8585], Uitterlinden, Andre G. [0000-0002-7276-3387], van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V. [0000-0002-7943-3153], Lee, James J. [0000-0001-6547-5128], Benjamin, Daniel J. [0000-0002-2642-5416], Applied Economics, Life Course Epidemiology (LCE), Lifestyle Medicine (LM), Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (CLDM), Economics, and Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,BETA-KLOTHO ,PROTEIN-INTAKE ,LD SCORE REGRESSION ,Diseases ,Genome-wide association study ,Type 2 diabetes ,METABOLIC-ACTIVITY ,OBESITY RISK ,Cardiovascular ,Medical and Health Sciences ,CHAIN AMINO-ACIDS ,Body Mass Index ,631/208 ,0302 clinical medicine ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,WIDE ASSOCIATION ,SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Aetiology ,Psychiatry ,2. Zero hunger ,Genetics ,692/699 ,Diabetes ,article ,Genomics ,Biological Sciences ,SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities ,3. Good health ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,SDG 1 - No Poverty ,Type 2 ,WEIGHT-LOSS ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Biology ,23andMe Research Team ,Genetic correlation ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Lifelines Cohort Study ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Diabetes Mellitus ,medicine ,Humans ,Obesity ,Molecular Biology ,Life Style ,Metabolic and endocrine ,Nutrition ,Genetic association ,EPIC- InterAct Consortium ,Prevention ,Human Genome ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences ,medicine.disease ,Genetic architecture ,Diet ,BODY-MASS INDEX ,030104 developmental biology ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Body mass index ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of relative intake from the macronutrients fat, protein, carbohydrates, and sugar in over 235,000 individuals of European ancestries. We identified 21 unique, approximately independent lead SNPs. Fourteen lead SNPs are uniquely associated with one macronutrient at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8), while five of the 21 lead SNPs reach suggestive significance (P < 1 × 10-5) for at least one other macronutrient. While the phenotypes are genetically correlated, each phenotype carries a partially unique genetic architecture. Relative protein intake exhibits the strongest relationships with poor health, including positive genetic associations with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease (rg ≈ 0.15-0.5). In contrast, relative carbohydrate and sugar intake have negative genetic correlations with waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and neighborhood deprivation (|rg| ≈ 0.1-0.3) and positive genetic correlations with physical activity (rg ≈ 0.1 and 0.2). Relative fat intake has no consistent pattern of genetic correlations with poor health but has a negative genetic correlation with educational attainment (rg ≈-0.1). Although our analyses do not allow us to draw causal conclusions, we find no evidence of negative health consequences associated with relative carbohydrate, sugar, or fat intake. However, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that relative protein intake plays a role in the etiology of metabolic dysfunction. This research was carried out under the auspices of the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (SSGAC, https://www.thessgac.org/). The research has also been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 11425. The study was supported by funding from the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (E9/11 and E42/15), the Swedish Research Council (421-2013-1061), The Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation, an ERC Consolidator Grant to Philipp Koellinger (647648 EdGe), the Pershing Square Fund of the Foundations of Human Behavior, The Open Philanthropy Project (2016-152872, 010623-00001), and the NIA/NIH through grants P01-AG005842, P01-AG005842-20S2, P30-AG012810, and T32-AG000186-23 to NBER, and R01-AG042568-02 and R56-AG042568-04 to the University of Southern California. CCC was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH/NIDDK and thanks Kevin Hall for informative discussions. PME was funded by Nestlé Nutrition. We thank the DietGen and CHARGE consortia for sharing diet-composition GWAS summary statistics, and we thank 23andMe, Inc., for sharing physical activity GWAS summary statistics. A full list of acknowledgements is provided in Supplementary Information 13.
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- 2020
22. A Well-Being Snapshot in a Changing World
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Kristen B. Cooper, Miles S. Kimball, Daniel J. Benjamin, and Ori Heffetz
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Feeling ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Well-being ,Snapshot (computer storage) ,General Medicine ,Positive perception ,Psychology ,Calmness ,Social psychology ,Autonomy ,Work environment ,Article ,media_common - Abstract
Although technology-driven economic growth generates gains in consumption and employment opportunities, it may also negatively impact other dimensions of well-being, such as emotional well-being or sense of stability. We study 204 aspects of self-reported well-being among 1,576 US MTurk survey respondents, aggregated into seven themes: evaluative well-being, emotional well-being, positive perceptions of technology or economic growth, autonomy and flexibility, work environment, feelings of calmness and stability, and feelings of belonging and connection. Demographic associations with aspects of well-being vary somewhat across the themes. We highlight the value of a multidimensional approach when comparing well-being across different groups in the United States.
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- 2020
23. Self-reported wellbeing indicators are a valuable complement to traditional economic indicators but are not yet ready to compete with them
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Daniel J. Benjamin, Miles S. Kimball, Kristen B. Cooper, and Ori Heffetz
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Index (economics) ,Public economics ,05 social sciences ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Article ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,Economic indicator ,Order (exchange) ,0502 economics and business ,Pharmacology (medical) ,050207 economics ,Psychology ,050205 econometrics ,Complement (set theory) - Abstract
We join the call for governments to routinely collect survey-based measures of self-reported wellbeing and for researchers to study them. We list a number of challenges that have to be overcome in order for these measures to eventually achieve a status that is competitive with traditional economic indicators. We discuss in more detail one of the challenges, comprehensiveness: single-question wellbeing measures do not seem to fully capture what people care about. We briefly review the existing evidence, suggesting that survey respondents, when asked to make real or hypothetical trade-offs, would not always choose to maximize their predicted response to single-question wellbeing measures. The deviations appear systematic, and they persist under conditions where alternative explanations are less plausible. We also review an approach for combining single-question measures into a more comprehensive wellbeing index – an approach that itself is not free of ongoing theoretical and implementational challenges, but that we view as a promising direction.
- Published
- 2020
24. Reconsidering Risk Aversion
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Daniel J. Benjamin, Mark Fontana, and Miles S. Kimball
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History ,Polymers and Plastics ,Business and International Management ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Published
- 2020
25. A consensus-based transparency checklist
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Brendan Nyhan, Jarret T. Crawford, Christopher D. Chambers, Wiebke Bleidorn, Daniel J. Benjamin, Alice S. Carter, Joseph Cesario, Fiammetta Cosci, Dolores Albarracín, Eric Johnson, Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Marcus R. Munafò, Agneta Fisher, Debra Lieberman, Simine Vazire, Donald P. Green, Jeffrey M. Pollack, George C. Banks, Šimon Kucharský, Derek M. Isaacowitz, Mike Cortese, Alexandra Sarafoglou, Lisa L. Harlow, Randall W. Engle, Fernando Hoces de la Guardia, Ronan M. Conroy, Alexandra M. Freund, Mark Fichman, Janet Kolodner, Daniel J. Simons, Nicole D. Anderson, Kai J. Jonas, Nelson Cowan, Charles Clifton, Zoltan Kekecs, Eveline A. Crone, Robert L. Greene, John Antonakis, Candice C. Morey, D. Stephen Lindsay, Lea Moersdorf, Scott O. Lilienfeld, Balazs Aczel, Gordon D. Logan, Stavroula Kousta, Simon Farrell, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Jelte M. Wicherts, John J. Curtin, John P. A. Ioannidis, David R. Shanks, Mitja D. Back, Pasco Fearon, Cristina Cacciari, Christopher J. Sullivan, Wendy Berry Mendes, Benjamin R. Newell, Christopher G. Beevers, Andrew A. Bennett, M. Gareth Gaskell, Roger Giner-Sorolla, Willem E. Frankenhuis, Andrew Gelman, Ty W. Boyer, Hal R. Arkes, Barnabas Szaszi, Harold Pashler, Psychologische Methodenleer (Psychologie, FMG), Psychology Other Research (FMG), Department of Methodology and Statistics, Section Applied Social Psychology, and RS: FPN WSP II
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Scientific community ,Consensus ,Social Psychology ,Delphi Technique ,Computer science ,Information Dissemination ,Delphi method ,MEDLINE ,Social Sciences ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Guidelines as Topic ,Social Development ,Behavioral Research/standards ,Social sciences ,World Wide Web ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Behavioral Research ,Humans ,Periodicals as Topic ,Checklist ,Author Correction ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Comment ,Transparency (behavior) ,Public repository ,Social Sciences/standards ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 214941.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) We present a consensus-based checklist to improve and document the transparency of research reports in social and behavioural research. An accompanying online application allows users to complete the form and generate a report that they can submit with their manuscript or post to a public repository. 3 p.
- Published
- 2020
26. Author correction: A consensus-based transparency checklist
- Author
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Pasco Fearon, Robert L. Greene, Marcus R. Munafò, Cristina Cacciari, Christopher J. Sullivan, Kai J. Jonas, Daniel J. Benjamin, Simine Vazire, Mark Fichman, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Dolores Albarracín, Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Brendan Nyhan, Mitja D. Back, Jeffrey M. Pollack, Mike Cortese, Benjamin R. Newell, D. Stephen Lindsay, Christopher G. Beevers, M. Gareth Gaskell, Šimon Kucharský, Randall W. Engle, Harold Pashler, Roger Giner-Sorolla, Lea Moersdorf, Alice S. Carter, Debra Lieberman, Joseph Cesario, Fiammetta Cosci, Eric Johnson, Jelte M. Wicherts, Wendy Berry Mendes, Charles Clifton, John J. Curtin, John P. A. Ioannidis, Scott O. Lilienfeld, Andrew A. Bennett, George C. Banks, Jarret T. Crawford, Andrew Gelman, Simon Farrell, Hal R. Arkes, Daniel J. Simons, Christopher D. Chambers, Alexandra M. Freund, Willem E. Frankenhuis, Ty W. Boyer, Janet Kolodner, Agneta Fisher, David R. Shanks, Barnabas Szaszi, Fernando Hoces de la Guardia, Balazs Aczel, Zoltan Kekecs, John Antonakis, Donald P. Green, Nelson Cowan, Eveline A. Crone, Lisa L. Harlow, Nicole D. Anderson, Wiebke Bleidorn, Gordon D. Logan, Stavroula Kousta, Derek M. Isaacowitz, Ronan M. Conroy, Candice C. Morey, and Alexandra Sarafoglou
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Behavioral Neuroscience ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Art ,Social Development ,Humanities ,media_common - Abstract
Author(s): Aczel, Balazs; Szaszi, Barnabas; Sarafoglou, Alexandra; Kekecs, Zoltan; Kucharský, Simon; Benjamin, Daniel; Chambers, Christopher D; Fisher, Agneta; Gelman, Andrew; Gernsbacher, Morton A; Ioannidis, John P; Johnson, Eric; Jonas, Kai; Kousta, Stavroula; Lilienfeld, Scott O; Lindsay, D Stephen; Morey, Candice C; Munafo, Marcus; Newell, Benjamin R; Pashler, Harold; Shanks, David R; Simons, Daniel J; Wicherts, Jelte M; Albarracin, Dolores; Anderson, Nicole D; Antonakis, John; Arkes, Hal R; Back, Mitja D; Banks, George C; Beevers, Christopher; Bennett, Andrew A; Bleidorn, Wiebke; Boyer, Ty W; Cacciari, Cristina; Carter, Alice S; Cesario, Joseph; Clifton, Charles; Conroy, Ronan M; Cortese, Mike; Cosci, Fiammetta; Cowan, Nelson; Crawford, Jarret; Crone, Eveline A; Curtin, John; Engle, Randall; Farrell, Simon; Fearon, Pasco; Fichman, Mark; Frankenhuis, Willem; Freund, Alexandra M; Gaskell, M Gareth; Giner-Sorolla, Roger; Green, Don P; Greene, Robert L; Harlow, Lisa L; de la Guardia, Fernando Hoces; Isaacowitz, Derek; Kolodner, Janet; Lieberman, Debra; Logan, Gordon D; Mendes, Wendy B; Moersdorf, Lea; Nyhan, Brendan; Pollack, Jeffrey; Sullivan, Christopher; Vazire, Simine; Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan | Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
- Published
- 2020
27. Resource profile and user guide of the Polygenic Index Repository
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Hariharan Jayashankar, David Laibson, Nancy Wang, William G. Iacono, Avshalom Caspi, Karen Sugden, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Tõnu Esko, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Alexander I. Young, Travis T. Mallard, Terrie E. Moffitt, Patrick Turley, Jeremy Freese, Grant Goldman, Richard Karlsson Linnér, Pamela Herd, Michael Bennett, Benjamin Williams, Sven Oskarsson, Rafael Ahlskog, Aaron Kleinman, Peter M. Visscher, Elliot M. Tucker-Drob, David Cesarini, Aysu Okbay, Magnus Johannesson, Olesya Ajnakina, Philipp Koellinger, Joel Becker, Matt McGue, Michelle N. Meyer, Casper A.P. Burik, Jonathan P. Beauchamp, Richie Poulton, K. Paige Harden, Lili Milani, Daniel W. Belsky, David A. Hinds, Daniel J. Benjamin, David L. Corcoran, Andrew Steptoe, Economics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, and Tinbergen Institute
- Subjects
Data Analysis ,Multifactorial Inheritance ,Social Psychology ,Computer science ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Latent variable ,computer.software_genre ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Resource (project management) ,Databases, Genetic ,Humans ,Proxy (statistics) ,030304 developmental biology ,computer.programming_language ,0303 health sciences ,Estimator ,Python (programming language) ,Biobank ,Key (cryptography) ,Data mining ,Construct (philosophy) ,computer ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
Polygenic indexes (PGIs) are DNA-based predictors. Their value for research in many scientific disciplines is rapidly growing. As a resource for researchers, we used a consistent methodology to construct PGIs for 47 phenotypes in 11 datasets. To maximize the PGIs’ prediction accuracies, we constructed them using genome-wide association studies—some not previously published—from multiple data sources, including 23andMe and UK Biobank. We present a theoretical framework to help interpret analyses involving PGIs. A key insight is that a PGI can be understood as an unbiased but noisy measure of a latent variable we call the “additive SNP factor.” Regressions in which the true regressor is the additive SNP factor but the PGI is used as its proxy therefore suffer from errors-in-variables bias. We derive an estimator that corrects for the bias, illustrate the correction, and make a Python tool for implementing it publicly available.
- Published
- 2021
28. Challenges in Constructing a Survey-Based Well-Being Index
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Kristen B. Cooper, Ori Heffetz, Daniel J. Benjamin, and Miles S. Kimball
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Economics and Econometrics ,Government ,Index (economics) ,Public economics ,Welfare economics ,05 social sciences ,Article ,Preference ,03 medical and health sciences ,Conceptual framework ,Economic indicator ,030502 gerontology ,0502 economics and business ,Agency (sociology) ,Economics ,050207 economics ,0305 other medical science ,Set (psychology) ,Construct (philosophy) - Abstract
Many in both government and academia are showing renewed interest in developing new measures of national well-being. A new measure that goes “beyond GDP” to comprehensively capture non-market goods could be a useful supplement to traditional economic indicators for guiding policy and more accurately tracking welfare. But how should national well-being be conceptualized in theory? How could it be measured in practice? How could it be constructed in a systematic and politically neutral way? These questions should be approached by economists with the same level of care that has been taken in the theoretical and practical development of GDP. In this short paper, we focus on one conceptual framework (Benjamin, Heffetz, Kimball, and Szembrot, 2014), which uses self-reported responses to subjective well-being (SWB) and stated preference (SP) survey questions to construct an index of well-being. We briefly review the framework and highlight challenges in the first two steps a government agency would need to take before conducting the SWB and SP surveys: (1) formulating a set of aspects of well-being that is theoretically valid and can be measured accurately via surveys; and (2) choosing and interpreting the surveys’ response scales.
- Published
- 2017
29. Religious Identity and Economic Behavior
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Daniel J. Benjamin, James J. Choi, and Geoffrey Fisher
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Generosity ,Economics and Econometrics ,jel:Z12 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Identity (social science) ,jel:H41 ,jel:D64 ,Affect (psychology) ,Religious identity ,Article ,jel:J22 ,Dictator game ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,050207 economics ,Positive economics ,media_common ,050208 finance ,jel:D90 ,jel:D71 ,05 social sciences ,Sign (semiotics) ,Public good ,jel:G11 ,8. Economic growth ,Priming (media) ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
We randomly vary religious identity salience in laboratory subjects to test how identity salience contributes to six hypothesized links from prior literature between religious identity and economic behavior. We find that religious identity salience makes Protestants increase contributions to public goods. Catholics decrease contributions to public goods, expect others to contribute less to public goods, and become less risk averse. Jews more strongly reciprocate as an employee in a bilateral labor market gift-exchange game. We find no evidence of religious identity salience effects on disutility of work effort, discount rates, or generosity in a dictator game.
- Published
- 2016
30. A Theory of Fairness in Labour Markets
- Author
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Daniel J, Benjamin
- Subjects
Article - Abstract
I study a gift-exchange game, in which a profit-maximizing firm offers a wage to a fair-minded worker, who then chooses how much effort to exert. The worker judges a transaction fairer to the extent that his own gain is more nearly equal to the firm’s gain. The worker calculates both players’ gains relative to what they would have gained from the “reference transaction,” which is the transaction that the worker most recently personally experienced. The model explains several empirical regularities: rent sharing, persistence of a worker’s entry wage at a firm, insensitivity of an incumbent worker’s wage to market conditions, and—if the worker is loss averse and the reference wage is nominal—downward nominal wage rigidity. The model also makes a number of novel predictions. Whether the equilibrium is efficient depends on which notion of efficiency is used in the presence of the worker’s fairness concern, and which is appropriate to use partly depends on whether loss aversion is treated as legitimate for normative purposes.
- Published
- 2019
31. Self-Reported Wellbeing Indicators Are a Valuable Complement to Traditional Economic Indicators but Aren’t Yet Ready to Compete with Them. A Comment on a Happy Choice: Wellbeing As the Goal of Government by Paul Frijters, Andrew E. Clark, Christian Krekel and Richard Layard
- Author
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Kristen B. Cooper, Miles S. Kimball, Ori Heffetz, and Daniel J. Benjamin
- Subjects
Government ,Economic indicator ,Order (exchange) ,business.industry ,Public relations ,business ,Psychology ,Complement (set theory) - Abstract
We join the call for governments to routinely collect survey-based measures of self-reported wellbeing and for researchers to study them. We list a number of challenges that have to be overcome in order for these measures to eventually achieve a status competitive with traditional economic indicators. We discuss in more detail one of the challenges, comprehensiveness: single-question wellbeing measures do not seem to fully capture what people care about. We briefly review the existing evidence, suggesting that survey respondents, when asked to make real or hypothetical tradeoffs, would not always choose to maximize their predicted response to single-question wellbeing measures. The deviations appear systematic, and persist under conditions where alternative explanations are less plausible. We also review an approach for combining single-question measures into a more comprehensive wellbeing index—an approach that itself is not free of ongoing theoretical and implementational challenges, but that we view as a promising direction.
- Published
- 2019
32. Extrapolative Expectations and the Equity Premium
- Author
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Andrei Shleifer, David Laibson, Jerry R. Green, I. Thank, Matthew Rabin, Luis M. Viceira, Ellen R. McGrattan, John Y. Campbell, James J. Choi, Jerome Detemple, Daniel J. Benjamin, and Ryan Taliaferro
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,Shareholder ,Equity premium puzzle ,Economics ,Dividend ,Stock market ,Adaptive expectations ,Monetary economics ,Elasticity of intertemporal substitution ,Hedge (finance) - Abstract
Many stockholders irrationally believe that high recent stock market returns predict high future stock market returns. The presence of these extrapolators can help resolve the equity premium puzzle if the elasticity of intertemporal substitution (EIS) is greater than one. In our model, extrapolators’ overreaction to dividend news generates countercyclical expected returns while attenuating their consumption response. The equity premium is high because extrapolators believe stocks are a bad hedge and rational investors’ limited risk-bearing capacity prevents them from fully compensating for extrapolators’ reluctance to hold stocks. We match the U.S. data with a relative risk aversion of 4 and an EIS of 2.
- Published
- 2019
33. Errors in probabilistic reasoning and judgment biases
- Author
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Daniel J. Benjamin
- Published
- 2019
34. Errors in Probabilistic Reasoning and Judgment Biases
- Author
-
Daniel J. Benjamin
- Subjects
Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Psychological research ,05 social sciences ,Base rate fallacy ,Probabilistic logic ,Conservatism ,Behavioral economics ,Representativeness heuristic ,050105 experimental psychology ,Confirmation bias ,0502 economics and business ,Gambler's fallacy ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,050207 economics ,media_common ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Errors in probabilistic reasoning have been the focus of much psychology research and are among the original topics of modern behavioral economics. This chapter reviews theory and evidence on this topic, with the goal of facilitating more systematic study of belief biases and their integration into economics. The chapter discusses biases in beliefs about random processes, biases in belief updating, the representativeness heuristic as a possible unifying theory, and interactions between biased belief updating and other features of the updating situation. Throughout, I aim to convey how much evidence there is for (and against) each putative bias, and I highlight when and how different biases may be related to each other. The chapter ends by drawing general lessons for when people update too much or too little, reflecting on modeling challenges, pointing to areas of economics to which the biases are relevant, and highlighting some possible directions for future work.
- Published
- 2018
35. Rejection odds and rejection ratios: A proposal for statistical practice in testing hypotheses
- Author
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Maria J. Bayarri, James O. Berger, Daniel J. Benjamin, and Thomas Sellke
- Subjects
Bayes' rule ,FOS: Computer and information sciences ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Bayesian probability ,Bayesian ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Statistical power ,Odds ,Methodology (stat.ME) ,010104 statistics & probability ,Frequentist inference ,Bayes factors ,Econometrics ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,p-value ,0101 mathematics ,Frequentist ,Psychology(all) ,General Psychology ,Statistics - Methodology ,media_common ,Mathematics ,Statistical hypothesis testing ,Applied Mathematics ,05 social sciences ,Bayes factor ,Surprise ,Null hypothesis ,Type I and type II errors - Abstract
Much of science is (rightly or wrongly) driven by hypothesis testing. Even in situations where the hypothesis testing paradigm is correct, the common practice of basing inferences solely on p-values has been under intense criticism for over 50 years. We propose, as an alternative, the use of the odds of a correct rejection of the null hypothesis to incorrect rejection. Both pre-experimental versions (involving the power and Type I error) and post-experimental versions (depending on the actual data) are considered. Implementations are provided that range from depending only on the p-value to consideration of full Bayesian analysis. A surprise is that all implementations -- even the full Bayesian analysis -- have complete frequentist justification. Versions of our proposal can be implemented that require only minor modifications to existing practices yet overcome some of their most severe shortcomings., Comment: 62-00, 62-01, 62A01
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Genomic analysis of diet composition finds novel loci and associations with health and lifestyle
- Author
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Tõnu Esko, Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel, Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Peter J. van der Most, Richard Karlsson Linnér, Juan R. González, Emma L Anderson, Harold Snieder, Josje D. Schoufour, Taulant Muka, Chanwook Lee, Philipp Koellinger, Daniel J. Benjamin, K. Paige Harden, George Davey Smith, George McMahon, Kim Valeska Emilie Braun, Kaitlin H Wade, Nita G. Forouhi, James J. Lee, André G. Uitterlinden, Fumiaki Imamuri, Nicholas J. Wareham, Oscar H. Franco, Trudy Voortman, Peter Bowers, Cornelius A. Rietveld, Frank J. A. van Rooij, David Cesarini, Susan M. Ring, Ronald de Vlaming, Jian'an Luan, Aysu Okbay, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong, Claudia Langenberg, Mark Alan Fontana, Patrick Turley, Fernando Rivadeneira, M. Arfan Ikram, Mohsen Ghanbari, Pauline M Emmett, S. Fleur W. Meddens, Casper A.P. Burik, and Carson C. Chow
- Subjects
2. Zero hunger ,Genetics ,0303 health sciences ,Waist ,Heart disease ,1. No poverty ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Genome-wide association study ,Type 2 diabetes ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,Genetic architecture ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Sugar ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
We conducted genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analyses of relative caloric intake from fat, protein, carbohydrates and sugar in over 235,000 individuals. We identified 21 approximately independent lead SNPs. Relative protein intake exhibits the strongest relationships with poor health, including positive genetic associations with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease (rg ≈ 0.15 – 0.5). Relative carbohydrate and sugar intake have negative genetic correlations with waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and neighborhood poverty (|rg| ≈ 0.1 – 0.3). Overall, our results show that the relative intake of each macronutrient has a distinct genetic architecture and pattern of genetic correlations suggestive of health implications beyond caloric content.
- Published
- 2018
37. Imprint of Assortative Mating on the Human Genome
- Author
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David Cesarini, Daniel J. Benjamin, Matthew C. Keller, Matthew R. Robinson, Jacob Gratten, Loic Yengo, Michael E. Goddard, Maciej Trzaskowski, Naomi R. Wray, Yuanhao Yang, Patrick Turley, Peter M. Visscher, Kathryn E. Kemper, and Jian Yang
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0303 health sciences ,Assortative mating ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Biology ,Population stratification ,Genome ,Correlation ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Mate choice ,Evolutionary biology ,Trait ,Human genome ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Non-random mate-choice with respect to complex traits is widely observed in humans, but whether this reflects true phenotypic assortment, environment (social homogamy) or convergence after choosing a partner is not known. Understanding the causes of mate choice is important, because assortative mating (AM) if based upon heritable traits, has genetic and evolutionary consequences. AM is predicted under Fisher’s classical theory1to induce a signature in the genome at trait-associated loci that can be detected and quantified. Here, we develop and apply a method to quantify AM on a specific trait by estimating the correlation (θ) between genetic predictors of the trait from SNPs on odd versus even chromosomes. We show by theory and simulation that the effect of AM can be distinguished from population stratification. We applied this approach to 32 complex traits and diseases using SNP data from ∼400,000 unrelated individuals of European ancestry. We found significant evidence of AM for height (θ=3.2%) and educational attainment (θ=2.7%), both consistent with theoretical predictions. Overall, our results imply that AM involves multiple traits, affects the genomic architecture of loci that are associated with these traits and that the consequence of mate choice can be detected from a random sample of genomes.
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- 2018
38. Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences1
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Edward Kong, Pascal Timshel, Danielle Posthuma, Tõnu Esko, Maël Lebreton, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Philipp Koellinger, Murray B. Stein, Abraham A. Palmer, Urs Fischbacher, Robert J. Ursano, Erdogan Taskesen, Peter Eibich, Paul R. H. J. Timmers, Anke R. Hammerschlag, Ann H. Caplin, Jian Yang, Sandra Sanchez-Roige, Peter K. Joshi, Matthias Sutter, Pierre Fontanillas, Chia-Yen Chen, Albert Hofman, Patrick Turley, David A. Hinds, Futao Zhang, David Cesarini, Christina M. Lill, Laura Buzdugan, Ville Karhunen, Abdel Abdellaoui, S. Fleur W. Meddens, Henning Tiemeier, Christian L. Zund, Gert G. Wagner, Richard Karlsson Linnér, Lars Bertram, David W. Clark, Roy Thurik, André G. Uitterlinden, Maciej Trzaskowski, Mohammad Arfan Ikram, David Laibson, Cornelius A. Rietveld, Arcadi Navarro, Ernst Fehr, Yang Wu, Matthew B. McQueen, Ronald C. Kessler, Magnus Johannesson, Patrick J. F. Groenen, Gregor Hasler, James F. Wilson, Daniel Schunk, Stephen P. Tino, Pietro Biroli, Mark Alan Fontana, Juan R. González, Meena Kumari, Gerardus A. Meddens, Jonathan P. Beauchamp, Michelle N. Meyer, Jason D. Boardman, James J. Lee, Carlos Morcillo-Suarez, Aaron Kleinman, Minna Männikkö, Andrew Conlin, Adam Auton, Tune H. Pers, Michel G. Nivard, Ronald de Vlaming, Jon White, Robert Karlsson, Daniel J. Benjamin, Maarten Kooyman, Jacob Gratten, Aysu Okbay, Remy Z. Levin, Melissa C. Smart, Harriet de Wit, Conor C. Dolan, Frank J. A. van Rooij, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Sonia Jain, Rauli Svento, Klaus M. Schmidt, Dorret I. Boomsma, Gerard Muntané, James MacKillop, Robbee Wedow, and Yanchun Bao
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Genetics ,0303 health sciences ,Gabaergic neurotransmission ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Genome-wide association study ,Biology ,Phenotype ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,SNP ,Gene ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,030304 developmental biology ,Genetic association - Abstract
Humans vary substantially in their willingness to take risks. In a combined sample of over one million individuals, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general risk tolerance, adventurousness, and risky behaviors in the driving, drinking, smoking, and sexual domains. We identified 611 approximately independent genetic loci associated with at least one of our phenotypes, including 124 with general risk tolerance. We report evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across general risk tolerance and risky behaviors: 72 of the 124 general risk tolerance loci contain a lead SNP for at least one of our other GWAS, and general risk tolerance is moderately to strongly genetically correlated (to 0.50) with a range of risky behaviors. Bioinformatics analyses imply that genes near general-risk-tolerance-associated SNPs are highly expressed in brain tissues and point to a role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. We find no evidence of enrichment for genes previously hypothesized to relate to risk tolerance.
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- 2018
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39. The Relationship Between the Normalized Gradient Addition Mechanism and Quadratic Voting
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Miles S. Kimball, Derek Lougee, Ori Heffetz, and Daniel J. Benjamin
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Anti-plurality voting ,Economics and Econometrics ,Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Context (language use) ,Public choice ,Public good ,Article ,Cardinal voting systems ,Voting ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,050207 economics ,Mathematical economics ,Social choice theory ,Budget constraint ,050205 econometrics ,media_common - Abstract
Quadratic Voting and the Normalized Gradient Addition mechanism are both social choice mechanisms that confront individuals with quadratic budget constraints, but they are applicable in different contexts. Adapting one or both to apply to the same context, this paper explores the relationship between these two mechanisms in three contexts: marginal adjustments of continuous policies, simultaneous voting on many public choices, and voting on a single public choice accompanied by private monetary consequences. In the process, we provide some formal analysis of Quadratic Voting when (instead of money) votes are paid for with abstract tokens that are equally distributed by the mechanism designer.
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- 2017
40. Biased Beliefs About Random Samples: Evidence from Two Integrated Experiments
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Don A. Moore, Daniel J. Benjamin, and Matthew Rabin
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Law of large numbers ,Statistics ,Gambler's fallacy ,Econometrics ,Support ,Affect (psychology) ,Representativeness heuristic ,Bin ,Mathematics ,Odds - Abstract
This paper describes results of a pair of incentivized experiments on biases in judgments about random samples. Consistent with the Law of Small Numbers (LSN), participants exaggerated the likelihood that short sequences and random subsets of coin flips would be balanced between heads and tails. Consistent with the Non-Belief in the Law of Large Numbers (NBLLN), participants underestimated the likelihood that large samples would be close to 50% heads. However, we identify some shortcomings of existing models of LSN, and we find that NBLLN may not be as stable as previous studies suggest. We also find evidence for exact representativeness (ER), whereby people tend to exaggerate the likelihood that samples will (nearly) exactly mirror the underlying odds, as an additional bias beyond LSN. Our within-subject design of asking many different questions about the same data lets us disentangle the biases from possible rational alternative interpretations by showing that the biases lead to inconsistency in answers. Our design also centers on identifying and controlling for bin effects, whereby the probability assigned to outcomes systematically depends on the categories used to elicit beliefs in a way predicted by support theory. The bin effects are large and systematic and affect some results, but we find LSN, NBLLN, and ER even after controlling for them.
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- 2017
41. A MODEL OF NONBELIEF IN THE LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS
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Collin Raymond, Matthew Rabin, and Daniel J. Benjamin
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Population mean ,05 social sciences ,Binary number ,Inference ,020207 software engineering ,Sample (statistics) ,02 engineering and technology ,16. Peace & justice ,humanities ,Arbitrarily large ,Law of large numbers ,0502 economics and business ,Prior probability ,Statistics ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,050207 economics ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,Mathematics - Abstract
People believe that, even in very large samples, proportions of binary signals might depart significantly from the population mean. We model this "non-belief in the Law of Large Numbers" by assuming that a person believes that proportions in any given sample might be determined by a rate different than the true rate. In prediction, a non-believer expects the distribution of signals will have fat tails. In inference, a non-believer remains uncertain and influenced by priors even after observing an arbitrarily large sample. We explore implications for beliefs and behavior in a variety of economic settings.
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- 2015
42. A Theory of Fairness in Labour Markets
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Daniel J. Benjamin
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Compensating differential ,Microeconomics ,Economics and Econometrics ,Labour economics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Loss aversion ,Money illusion ,Economics ,Wage ,Normative ,Database transaction ,media_common ,Market conditions - Abstract
I study a gift-exchange game, in which a profit-maximizing firm offers a wage to a fair-minded worker, who then chooses how much effort to exert. The worker judges a transaction fairer to the extent that his or her own gain is more nearly equal to the firm’s gain. The worker calculates both players’ gains relative to what they would have gained from the “reference transaction”, which is the transaction that the worker most recently personally experienced. The model explains several empirical regularities: rent sharing, persistence of a worker’s entry wage at a firm, insensitivity of an incumbent worker’s wage to market conditions, and, if the worker is loss averse and the reference wage is nominal, downward nominal wage rigidity. The model also makes a number of novel predictions. Whether the equilibrium is efficient depends on which notion of efficiency is used in the presence of the worker’s fairness concern, and which is appropriate to use partly depends on whether loss aversion is treated as legitimate for normative purposes.
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- 2015
43. Distributional Preferences, Reciprocity-Like Behavior, and Efficiency in Bilateral Exchange
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Daniel J. Benjamin
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Computer Science::Computer Science and Game Theory ,jel:D63 ,Stochastic game ,Pareto principle ,TheoryofComputation_GENERAL ,jel:C78 ,jel:D64 ,Article ,Microeconomics ,Bargaining theory ,Rotten kid theorem ,Economics ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,Mathematical economics ,Reciprocity (cultural anthropology) ,Indifference curve - Abstract
Under what conditions do distributional preferences, such as altruism or a concern for fair outcomes, generate efficient trade? I analyze theoretically a simple bilateral exchange game: each player sequentially takes an action that reduces his own material payoff but increases the other player's. Each player's preferences may depend on both his/her own material payoff and the other player's. I identify two key properties of the second-mover's preferences: indifference curves kinked around “fair” material-payoff distributions, and materials payoffs entering preferences as “normal goods.” Either property can drive reciprocity-like behavior and generate a Pareto efficient outcome. (JEL C78, D63, D64)
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- 2015
44. MTAG: Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS
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Magnus Johannesson, Aysu Okbay, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Daniel J. Benjamin, Omeed Maghzian, Patrick Turley, Benjamin M. Neale, Robbee Wedow, Sven Oskarsson, David Laibson, James J. Lee, Mark Alan Fontana, Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet, N.A. Furlotte, Peter M. Visscher, Meghan Zacher, Raymond K. Walters, and David Cesarini
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0301 basic medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Multi trait ,Genome-wide association study ,Computational biology ,Biology - Abstract
We introduce Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS (MTAG), a method for joint analysis of summary statistics from GWASs of different traits, possibly from overlapping samples. We apply MTAG to summary statistics for depressive symptoms (Neff = 354,862), neuroticism (N = 168,105), and subjective well-being (N = 388,538). Compared to 32, 9, and 13 genome-wide significant loci in the single-trait GWASs (most of which are themselves novel), MTAG increases the number of loci to 64, 37, and 49, respectively. Moreover, association statistics from MTAG yield more informative bioinformatics analyses and increase variance explained by polygenic scores by approximately 25%, matching theoretical expectations.
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- 2017
45. An epigenome-wide association study of educational attainment (n = 10,767)
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George Davey Smith, Sara Hägg, Antti Latvala, Khadeeja Ismail, Cisca Wijmenga, Karen A. Mather, Laura Baglietto, Miina Ollikainen, Allison M. Hodge, Jari Lahti, Ian J. Deary, Andrew J Simpkin, Nicholas G. Martin, Ilkka Seppälä, Annette Peters, Silva Kasela, Riccardo E. Marioni, Mikko Hurme, Lisette Stolk, Pooja R. Mandaviya, Tõnu Esko, Kirsi Auro, Gianluca Severi, Jadwiga Buchwald, Silvia Polidoro, Yunzhang Wang, Neil M Davies, Pauliina Karell, Danielle Posthuma, Paolo Vineis, Roger L. Milne, Clemens Baumbach, Magnus Johannesson, Erdogan Taskesen, Richard Karlsson Linnér, Steve Horvath, Jaakko Kaprio, André G. Uitterlinden, Kyoko Watanabe, Christian Gieger, John M. Starr, Anni Joensuu, Melanie Waldenberger, Alison Pattie, Cornelius A. Rietveld, Pekka Jousilahti, Nicola J. Armstrong, Giovanni Fiorito, Sarah E. Medland, Lude Franke, Joyce B. C van Meurs, Graham G. Giles, Mika Kähönen, Andres Metspalu, Marc Jan Bonder, Lili Milani, Margaret J. Wright, Caroline L Relton, Terho Lehtimäki, Philipp Koellinger, Nancy L. Pedersen, Markus Perola, Elisabeth B. Binder, Allan F. McRae, Stella Iurato, Katri Räikkönen, Daniel J. Benjamin, Sarah E. Harris, Johan G. Eriksson, Perminder S. Sachdev, and Olli T. Raitakari
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Genetics ,0303 health sciences ,Epigenome ,Biology ,Bioinformatics ,Educational attainment ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,CpG site ,DNA methylation ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Epigenetics ,Association (psychology) ,Body mass index ,030304 developmental biology ,Cohort study - Abstract
The epigenome has been shown to be influenced by biological factors, such as disease status, and environmental factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index. Although there is a widespread perception that environmental influences on the epigenome are pervasive and profound, there has been little evidence to date in humans with respect to environmental factors that are biologically distal. Here, we provide evidence on the associations between epigenetic modifications—in our case, CpG methylation—and educational attainment (EA), a biologically distal environmental factor that is arguably among of the most important life-shaping experiences for individuals. Specifically, we report the results of an epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis of EA based on data from 27 cohort studies with a total of 10,767 individuals. While we find that 9 CpG probes are significantly associated with EA, only two remain associated when we restrict the sample to never-smokers. These two are known to be strongly associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, and thus their association with EA could be due to correlation between EA and maternal smoking. Moreover, their effect sizes on EA are far smaller than the known associations between CpG probes and biologically proximal environmental factors. Two analyses that combine the effects of many probes—polygenic methylation score and epigenetic-clock analyses—both suggest small associations with EA. If our findings regarding EA can be generalized to other biologically distal environmental factors, then they cast doubt on the hypothesis that such factors have large effects on the epigenome.
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- 2017
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- View/download PDF
46. Polygenic scores associated with educational attainment in adults predict educational achievement and ADHD symptoms in children
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Sang Hong Lee, Danielle Posthuma, Debbie A Lawlor, Michael B. Miller, Igor Rudan, Jürgen Wellmann, François Bastardot, Lawrence F. Bielak, Anu Realo, William G. Iacono, Lude Franke, Matthew Kowgier, Marika Kaakinen, Helena Schmidt, Jorma Viikari, Jennifer A. Smith, David R. Van Wagoner, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Veronique Vitart, Robert F. Krueger, Pamela A. F. Madden, Jan Emmanuel De, Andrew Heath, David Cesarini, Najaf Amin, Dale R. Nyholt, Juliette Harris, Nicholas J. Timpson, George Dedoussis, Stefania Bandinelli, W. Hoffmann, Albert V. Smith, Beate St Pourcain, Stavroula Kanoni, Martin F. Elderson, Maria Dimitriou, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Min A. Jhun, Daniel S. Evans, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Lei Yu, Krista Fischer, Jae Hoon Sul, Jennifer R. Harris, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Antti-Pekka Sarin, Ida Surakka, Arpana Agrawal, Bo Jacobsson, Klaus Berger, Matt McGue, Christopher F. Chabris, Marisa Loitfelder, Veikko Salomaa, David Schlessinger, Mina K. Chung, Erik A. Ehli, Kati Kristiansson, Eva Albrecht, Niina Eklund, Aarno Palotie, Sarah E. Medland, Reinhold E. Schmidt, Kurt Lohman, Luigi Ferrucci, Osorio Meirelles, Ivana Kolcic, Vilmundur Gudnason, Nicholas G. Martin, Tomi E. Mäkinen, Robert M. Kirkpatrick, Thomas Illig, Peter M. Visscher, Håkon K. Gjessing, Sebastian E. Baumeister, Carla A. Ibrahim-Verbaas, Per Hall, Elisabeth Widen, Panos Deloukas, Ronny Myhre, Michelle N. Meyer, Jonathan P. Beauchamp, Caroline Hayward, Eveline L. de Zeeuw, Penelope A. Lind, Erik Ingelsson, Ian J. Deary, George Davey-Smith, Dalton Conley, Peter Lichtner, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Samuli Ripatti, Dena G. Hernandez, Albert Hofman, George McMahon, Thais S. Rizzi, Wei Zhao, Patrick K.E. Magnusson, Jingmei Li, Mariza de Andrade, Ben A. Oostra, Abdel Abdellaoui, Andres Metspalu, Patricia A. Peyser, Jessica D. Faul, David C. Liewald, Christina Holzapfel, Lydia Quaye, John Barnard, Meike Bartels, Christian Gieger, John P. Rice, Christiaan de Leeuw, Patricia A. Boyle, Nicholas D. Hastie, David R. Weir, Adriaan Hofman, Astanand Jugessur, Tamara B. Harris, Catharina E. M. van Beijsterveldt, Gail Davies, H.-Erich Wichmann, Lynn Cherkas, Polasek Ozren Polasek, Harm-Jan Westra, Yongmei Liu, Jari Lahti, Matthijs J. H. M. van der Loos, Rodney J. Scott, Gérard Waeber, Peter Vollenweider, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh, Frank J. A. van Rooij, Susan M. Ring, Judith M. Vonk, Lyle J. Palmer, Alexander Teumer, John M. Starr, Antonio Terracciano, Sara Hägg, Erkki Vartiainen, David Laibson, Eco J. C. de Geus, Mika Kähönen, Marco Masala, Peng Lin, Nicolas W. Martin, André G. Uitterlinden, Dorret I. Boomsma, Harry Campbell, Sutapa Mukherjee, Konstantin Shakhbazov, Henning Tiemeier, Zó Ltan Kutalik, Grant W. Montgomery, Eva Reinmaa, Aldo Rustichini, Wouter J. Peyrot, David M. Evans, Martin Preisig, Cornelius A. Rietveld, T.J. Glasner, J Kaprio, John Attia, Pedro Marques Vidal, Sharon L.R. Kardia, Peter K. Joshi, Toshiko Tanaka, Rauli Svento, Magnus Johannesson, Terho Lethimäki, Jüri Allik, Philip L. De Jager, Antti Latvala, Marja-Liisa Nuotio, Juha Karjalainen, Henry Völzke, Roy Thurik, Rolf Holle, Kelly S. Benke, Christopher Oldmeadow, Esko Toñu Esko, Johan G. Eriksson, Alan F. Wright, Francesco Cucca, Ute Bültmann, Olli T. Raitakari, Melissa E. Garcia, Patrick J. F. Groenen, Maria M. Groen-Blokhuis, Gonneke Willemsen, Jian Yang, Lili Milani, Fernando Rivadeneira, David A. Bennett, Gudny Eiriksdottir, Katri Räikkönen, Harold Snieder, Laura J. Bierut, James J. Hudziak, James F. Wilson, Rudolf S N Fehrmann, Jaime Derringer, Gareth E. Davies, K. Petrovic, Markus Perola, Lenore J. Launer, Daniel J. Benjamin, Paul Lichtenstein, Philipp Koellinger, Andreas Mielck, Jeffrey A. Boatman, Henrik Grönberg, Groningen Institute for Gastro Intestinal Genetics and Immunology (3GI), Public Health Research (PHR), Damage and Repair in Cancer Development and Cancer Treatment (DARE), Guided Treatment in Optimal Selected Cancer Patients (GUTS), Stem Cell Aging Leukemia and Lymphoma (SALL), Life Course Epidemiology (LCE), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), EMGO+ - Mental Health, Biological Psychology, Methods and Techniques, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychology, Ophthalmology, and Epidemiology
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Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) ,Multifactorial Inheritance ,genetic association ,genotype ,Academic achievement ,Educational achievement ,single nucleotide polymorphism ,genetic variability ,Genetics (clinical) ,Netherlands ,child ,article ,symptom ,academic achievement ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,priority journal ,achievement test ,Regression Analysis ,Psychology ,SDG 4 - Quality Education ,Clinical psychology ,Adult ,phenotype ,effect size ,attention deficit disorder ,gene frequency ,educational status ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,reading ,study skills ,mental disorders ,Genetics ,medicine ,Humans ,ADHD ,Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ,Achievement test ,controlled study ,human ,Association (psychology) ,Genetic association ,attention disturbance ,language ,School performance ,medicine.disease ,arithmetic ,major clinical study ,Polygenic scores ,Educational attainment ,gene linkage disequilibrium ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Study skills - Abstract
The American Psychiatric Association estimates that 3 to 7 per cent of all school aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Even after correcting for general cognitive ability, numerous studies report a negative association between ADHD and educational achievement. With polygenic scores we examined whether genetic variants that have a positive influence on educational attainment have a protective effect against ADHD. The effect sizes from a large GWA meta-analysis of educational attainment in adults were used to calculate polygenic scores in an independent sample of 12-year-old children from the Netherlands Twin Register. Linear mixed models showed that the polygenic scores significantly predicted educational achievement, school performance, ADHD symptoms and attention problems in children. These results confirm the genetic overlap between ADHD and educational achievement, indicating that one way to gain insight into genetic variants responsible for variation in ADHD is to include data on educational achievement, which are available at a larger scale. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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- 2014
47. Can Marginal Rates of Substitution Be Inferred from Happiness Data? Evidence from Residency Choices
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Daniel J. Benjamin, Alex Rees-Jones, Ori Heffetz, and Miles S. Kimball
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jel:C81 ,Economics and Econometrics ,Matching (statistics) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Marginal rate of substitution ,Life satisfaction ,jel:D12 ,Article ,Preference ,jel:D03 ,jel:D69 ,jel:I31 ,Revealed preference ,Well-being ,Happiness ,Economics ,Subjective well-being ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
We survey 561 students from US medical schools shortly after they submit choice rankings over residencies to the National Resident Matching Program. We elicit (i) these choice rankings, (ii) anticipated subjective well-being (SWB) rankings, and (iii) expected features of the residencies (such as prestige). We find substantial differences between choice and anticipated-SWB rankings in the implied trade-offs between residency features. In our data, evaluative SWB measures (life satisfaction and Cantril's Ladder) imply trade-offs closer to choice than does affective happiness (even time-integrated), and as close as do multimeasure SWB indices. We discuss implications for using SWB data in applied work. (JEL D12, I31)
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- 2014
48. Genetic variants linked to education predict longevity
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Chris Power, Gail Davies, Ilaria Gandin, Panagiotis Deloukas, Jennifer E. Huffman, Pascal Timshel, Albert V. Smith, A. Kong, Paul Lichtenstein, Joseph K. Pickrell, Philipp Koellinger, P. L. De Jager, Reedik Mägi, G. B. Chen, Neil Pendleton, B. V. Halldórsson, George Dedoussis, Antti-Pekka Sarin, Natalia Pervjakova, Veikko Salomaa, Simona Vaccargiu, Ozren Polasek, K. H. Jöckel, Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen, Y. Milaneschi, Jessica D. Faul, Patricia A. Boyle, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Igor Rudan, Christopher P. Nelson, Vilmundur Gudnason, John Attia, Jürgen Wellmann, Kristi Läll, Konstantin Strauch, Stuart J. Ritchie, Markus Perola, Nicola Pirastu, Klaus Bønnelykke, Robert Karlsson, R. de Vlaming, Liisa Keltigangas-Jarvinen, Thomas Meitinger, Riccardo E. Marioni, Anu Loukola, Barbera Franke, Reinhold Schmidt, Maël Lebreton, Sven Oskarsson, E. Mihailov, Harm-Jan Westra, David R. Weir, Aldi T. Kraja, Niek Verweij, Peter M. Visscher, Hans-Jörgen Grabe, Johannes H. Brandsma, Mark Adams, R. J. Scott, G. Thorleifsson, Tõnu Esko, Mika Kähönen, Saskia P. Hagenaars, Patrick Turley, Johannes Waage, Peter Lichtner, Dragana Vuckovic, Antonietta Robino, Henry Völzke, Lydia Quaye, C. de Leeuw, Marika Kaakinen, Wei Zhao, Abdel Abdellaoui, Reka Nagy, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Johan G. Eriksson, Alan F. Wright, Andres Metspalu, Lavinia Paternoster, Momoko Horikoshi, Jan A. Staessen, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Tian Liu, Martin Kroh, Aldo Rustichini, Giorgia Girotto, Cristina Venturini, Lili Milani, Jennifer A. Smith, Ginevra Biino, Tessel E. Galesloot, Michael A. Horan, Gerardus A. Meddens, James F. Wilson, Francesco Cucca, Peter Vollenweider, Erika Salvi, P. J. van der Most, Jari Lahti, Campbell A, David Laibson, Andrew Bakshi, Wolfgang Hoffmann, Tomi Mäki-Opas, Andreas J. Forstner, C M van Duijn, Nicholas G. Martin, Jonathan Marten, Ute Bültmann, Olli T. Raitakari, David A. Bennett, A.G. Uitterlinden, J. E. De Neve, Ingrid B. Borecki, WD Hill, Bo Jacobsson, Antti Latvala, Katri Räikkönen, Michael B. Miller, Jonathan P. Beauchamp, S. J. van der Lee, Ilja Demuth, Stavroula Kanoni, Veronique Vitart, Elina Hyppönen, N. Eklund, Francesco P. Cappuccio, Robert F. Krueger, Maria Pina Concas, Jaime Derringer, F. J.A. Van Rooij, Helena Schmidt, Patrick J. F. Groenen, Valur Emilsson, Rico Rueedi, Aysu Okbay, Georg Homuth, Edith Hofer, W. E. R. Ollier, Hannah Campbell, Paolo Gasparini, Mark Alan Fontana, Magnus Johannesson, Seppo Koskinen, Christopher F. Chabris, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Christine Meisinger, Kari Stefansson, Jun Ding, Tia Sorensen, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Michelle N. Meyer, James J. Lee, Diego Vozzi, Gonneke Willemsen, K. Petrovic, Sarah E. Medland, Mary F. Feitosa, Henning Tiemeier, L. J. Launer, William G. Iacono, Massimo Mangino, Tune H. Pers, S. E. Baumeister, Christopher Oldmeadow, Grant W. Montgomery, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Jaakko Kaprio, Catharine R. Gale, S.F.W. Meddens, Kevin Thom, Klaus Berger, Pablo V. Gejman, Lude Franke, Gyda Bjornsdottir, Daniel J. Benjamin, Steven F. Lehrer, Krista Fischer, Alan R. Sanders, S. Ulivi, Katharina E. Schraut, Tim D. Spector, Amy Hofman, Matt McGue, Terho Lehtimäki, D. C. Liewald, Hans Bisgaard, L. Eisele, Astanand Jugessur, George Davey Smith, T.B. Harris, A.R. Thurik, Cornelius A. Rietveld, David Schlessinger, Z. Kutalik, David J. Porteous, Lynne J. Hocking, N J Timpson, A. Palotie, Lambertus A. Kiemeney, Ian J. Deary, Sharon L.R. Kardia, Peter K. Joshi, Nilesh J. Samani, Michael A. Province, Börge Schmidt, Richa Gupta, Carmen Amador, Erin B. Ware, Joyce Y. Tung, Ioanna-Panagiota Kalafati, Lars Bertram, Caroline Hayward, P. van der Harst, Penelope A. Lind, Kadri Kaasik, N.A. Furlotte, Sarah E. Harris, B. St Pourcain, Susan M. Ring, Zhihong Zhu, Alexander Teumer, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh, Judith M. Vonk, Blair H. Smith, A Payton, Wouter J. Peyrot, Jacob Gratten, Douglas F. Levinson, C Gieger, Leanne M. Hall, Andrew Heath, Mario Pirastu, Peter Eibich, Nancy L. Pedersen, Ronny Myhre, Antonio Terracciano, David M. Evans, Raymond A. Poot, Uwe Völker, Dorret I. Boomsma, Clemens Baumbach, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Ivana Kolcic, Jia-Shu Yang, Dalton Conley, A. A. Vinkhuyzen, Danielle Posthuma, Karl-Oskar Lindgren, Olga Rostapshova, Jonas Bacelis, Daniele Cusi, Yong Qian, Bjarni Gunnarsson, George McMahon, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Pamela A. F. Madden, David A. Hinds, David Cesarini, Jianxin Shi, Najaf Amin, Dale R. Nyholt, Applied Economics, Epidemiology, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Groningen Institute for Gastro Intestinal Genetics and Immunology (3GI), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Aletta Jacobs School of Public Health, Public Health Research (PHR), Stem Cell Aging Leukemia and Lymphoma (SALL), Cardiovascular Centre (CVC), Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, EMGO - Mental health, Complex Trait Genetics, Biological Psychology, Marioni, RE, Ritchie, SJ, Joshi, PK, Hagenaars, SP, Hypponen, E, Benjamin, DJ, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Marioni, Re, Ritchie, Sj, Joshi, Pk, Hagenaars, Sp, Okbay, A, Fischer, K, Adams, Mj, Hill, Wd, Davies, G, Nagy, R, Amador, C, Läll, K, Metspalu, A, Liewald, Dc, Campbell, A, Wilson, Jf, Hayward, C, Esko, T, Porteous, Dj, Gale, Cr, Deary, Ij, Beauchamp, Jp, Fontana, Ma, Lee, Jj, Pers, Th, Rietveld, Ca, Turley, P, Chen, Gb, Emilsson, V, Meddens, Sf, Oskarsson, S, Pickrell, Jk, Thom, K, Timshel, P, de Vlaming, R, Abdellaoui, A, Ahluwalia, T, Bacelis, J, Baumbach, C, Bjornsdottir, G, Brandsma, Jh, Concas, MARIA PINA, Derringer, J, Furlotte, Na, Galesloot, Te, Girotto, Giorgia, Gupta, R, Hall, Lm, Harris, Se, Hofer, E, Horikoshi, M, Huffman, Je, Kaasik, K, Kalafati, Ip, Karlsson, R, Kong, A, Lahti, J, van der Lee, Sj, de Leeuw, C, Lind, Pa, Lindgren, Ko, Liu, T, Mangino, M, Marten, J, Mihailov, E, Miller, Mb, van der Most, Pj, Oldmeadow, C, Payton, A, Pervjakova, N, Peyrot, Wj, Qian, Y, Raitakari, O, Rueedi, R, Salvi, E, Schmidt, B, Schraut, Ke, Shi, J, Smith, Av, Poot, Ra, St Pourcain, B, Teumer, A, Thorleifsson, G, Verweij, N, Vuckovic, Dragana, Wellmann, J, Westra, Hj, Yang, J, Zhao, W, Zhu, Z, Alizadeh, Bz, Amin, N, Bakshi, A, Baumeister, Se, Biino, G, Bønnelykke, K, Boyle, Pa, Campbell, H, Cappuccio, Fp, De Neve, Je, Deloukas, P, Demuth, I, Ding, J, Eibich, P, Eisele, L, Eklund, N, Evans, Dm, Faul, Jd, Feitosa, Mf, Forstner, Aj, Gandin, Ilaria, Gunnarsson, B, Halldórsson, Bv, Harris, Tb, Heath, Ac, Hocking, Lj, Holliday, Eg, Homuth, G, Horan, Ma, Hottenga, Jj, de Jager, Pl, Jugessur, A, Kaakinen, Ma, Kähönen, M, Kanoni, S, Keltigangas Järvinen, L, Kiemeney, La, Kolcic, I, Koskinen, S, Kraja, At, Kroh, M, Kutalik, Z, Latvala, A, Launer, Lj, Lebreton, Mp, Levinson, Df, Lichtenstein, P, Lichtner, P, Loukola, A, Madden, Pa, Mägi, R, Mäki Opas, T, Marques Vidal, P, Meddens, Ga, Mcmahon, G, Meisinger, C, Meitinger, T, Milaneschi, Y, Milani, L, Montgomery, Gw, Myhre, R, Nelson, Cp, Nyholt, Dr, Ollier, We, Palotie, A, Paternoster, L, Pedersen, Nl, Petrovic, Ke, Räikkönen, K, Ring, Sm, Robino, Antonietta, Rostapshova, O, Rudan, I, Rustichini, A, Salomaa, V, Sanders, Ar, Sarin, Ap, Schmidt, H, Scott, Rj, Smith, Bh, Smith, Ja, Staessen, Ja, Steinhagen Thiessen, E, Strauch, K, Terracciano, A, Tobin, Md, Ulivi, Sheila, Vaccargiu, S, Quaye, L, van Rooij, Fj, Venturini, C, Vinkhuyzen, Aa, Völker, U, Völzke, H, Vonk, Jm, Vozzi, Diego, Waage, J, Ware, Eb, Willemsen, G, Attia, Jr, Bennett, Da, Berger, K, Bertram, L, Bisgaard, H, Boomsma, Di, Borecki, Ib, Bultmann, U, Chabris, Cf, Cucca, F, Cusi, D, Dedoussis, Gv, van Duijn, Cm, Eriksson, Jg, Franke, B, Franke, L, Gasparini, Paolo, Gejman, Pv, Gieger, C, Grabe, Hj, Gratten, J, Groenen, Pj, Gudnason, V, van der Harst, P, Hinds, Da, Hoffmann, W, Iacono, Wg, Jacobsson, B, Järvelin, Mr, Jöckel, Kh, Kaprio, J, Kardia, Sl, Lehtimäki, T, Lehrer, Sf, Magnusson, Pk, Martin, Ng, Mcgue, M, Pendleton, N, Penninx, Bw, Perola, M, Pirastu, Nicola, Pirastu, M, Polasek, O, Posthuma, D, Power, C, Province, Ma, Samani, Nj, Schlessinger, D, Schmidt, R, Sørensen, Ti, Spector, Td, Stefansson, K, Thorsteinsdottir, U, Thurik, Ar, Timpson, Nj, Tiemeier, H, Tung, Jy, Uitterlinden, Ag, Vitart, V, Vollenweider, P, Weir, Dr, Wright, Af, Conley, Dc, Krueger, Rf, Smith, Gd, Hofman, A, Laibson, Di, Medland, Se, Meyer, Mn, Johannesson, M, Visscher, Pm, Koellinger, Pd, Cesarini, D, and Benjamin, Dj
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Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) ,0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Parents ,education: longevity: prediction: polygenic score [genetics] ,Multifactorial Inheritance ,polygenic ,Lebenserwartung ,Cohort Studies ,0302 clinical medicine ,Databases, Genetic ,Medicine ,genetics ,polygenic score ,longevity, education, gene ,Soziales und Gesundheit ,media_common ,Aged, 80 and over ,education ,Multidisciplinary ,Longevity ,Middle Aged ,Biobank ,humanities ,3. Good health ,Urological cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 15] ,Cohort ,Educational Status ,Female ,Cohort study ,Estonia ,education, longevity, polygenic ,Offspring ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Kultursektor ,Prognose ,Lernen ,Lower risk ,Education ,03 medical and health sciences ,longevity ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Commentaries ,Polygenic score ,Journal Article ,Genetics ,Humans ,Non-Profit-Sektor ,Genetic Association Studies ,Aged ,Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7] ,business.industry ,ta1184 ,Genetic Variation ,prediction ,Educational attainment ,United Kingdom ,Gesundheitsstatistik ,030104 developmental biology ,Genetic epidemiology ,Scotland ,Gesundheitszustand ,Genetische Forschung ,business ,Prediction ,Bildung ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Demography - Abstract
Educational attainment is associated with many health outcomes, including longevity. It is also known to be substantially heritable. Here, we used data from three large genetic epidemiology cohort studies (Generation Scotland, n = ∼17,000; UK Biobank, n = ∼115,000; and the Estonian Biobank, n = ∼6,000) to test whether education-linked genetic variants can predict lifespan length. We did so by using cohort members' polygenic profile score for education to predict their parents' longevity. Across the three cohorts, meta-analysis showed that a 1 SD higher polygenic education score was associated with ∼2.7% lower mortality risk for both mothers (total n deaths = 79,702) and ∼2.4% lower risk for fathers (total n deaths = 97,630). On average, the parents of offspring in the upper third of the polygenic score distribution lived 0.55 y longer compared with those of offspring in the lower third. Overall, these results indicate that the genetic contributions to educational attainment are useful in the prediction of human longevity. Marioni RE, Ritchie SJ, Joshi PK, Hagenaars SP, Okbay A, Fischer K, Adams MJ, Hill WD, Davies G, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Nagy R, Amador C, Läll K, Metspalu A, Liewald DC, Campbell A, Wilson JF, Hayward C, Esko T, Porteous DJ, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016, vol. 113, no. 47, pp. 13366-13371, 2016 Refereed/Peer-reviewed
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- 2016
49. Author Correction: Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG
- Author
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Omeed Maghzian, David Laibson, Magnus Johannesson, Daniel J. Benjamin, James J. Lee, Mark Alan Fontana, Meghan Zacher, Aysu Okbay, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet, David Cesarini, Peter M. Visscher, Patrick Turley, Robbee Wedow, Sven Oskarsson, Nicholas A. Furlotte, Raymond K. Walters, Benjamin M. Neale, Economics, and Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics
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Competing interests ,Statement (logic) ,Published Erratum ,Multi trait ,Genetics ,MEDLINE ,Genome-wide association study ,Genomics ,Biology ,Summary statistics ,Data science - Abstract
In the version of the paper initially published, no competing interests were declared. The ‘Competing interests’ statement should have stated that B.M.N. is on the Scientific Advisory Board of Deep Genomics. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
- Published
- 2019
50. Corrigendum to 'Rejection odds and rejection ratios: A proposal for statistical practice in testing hypotheses' [Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 90–103]
- Author
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James O. Berger, Daniel J. Benjamin, Maria J. Bayarri, and Thomas Sellke
- Subjects
Mathematical psychology ,Applied Mathematics ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,Odds ,Clinical psychology - Published
- 2019
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