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Worldwide, unreinforced earthen buildings have shown poor performance during earthquakes, causing deaths and loss of property. The Spaniards that conquest the Americas built with earthen materials for about four centuries and therefore, there are a large number of historic buildings in the northern Andean zone of South America. This territory is geographically located in intermediate and high seismic hazard zones. Over the last few years, the authors proposed a seismic reinforcement system for historic earthen buildings based on A36 steel plates (100 mm x 6.35 mm) installed on both sides of the walls. However, to date, the studies had been focused on tests of one-story buildings subjected to in-plane pseudo-static loads or uniaxial dynamic loads. For this reason, this research assesses the seismic performance of two-story rammed-earth (RE) walls subjected to ground motions using a bidirectional shaking table. Two 1:2 scale RE walls (one retrofitted with steel plates and another unreinforced) were tested. The specimens were two-story walls with a "C" shape, similar to that found in heritage buildings of the Historic Center of Bogota (HCB). Based on the experimental tests, the unretrofitted wall presented irreparable damage at acceleration levels higher than 0.34g. In contrast, the retrofitted wall had excellent performance with lower damage levels and residual drifts; this specimen was highly resilient, withstanding earthquakes with peak ground acceleration (PGA) greater than 0.76g.

La Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) es una enfermedad genética ligada al cromosoma X, se caracteriza clínicamente por causar una debilidad muscular progresiva. Dicha patología tiene una incidencia de 1 por cada 3500-6000 varones nacidos, causada por la mutación del gen DMD, que codifica la distrofina. Esta proteína es subsarcolémica, caracterizada por ser esencial para la estabilidad muscular estructural. En la actualidad no existe un tratamiento terapéutico eficaz, el único fármaco que ha demostrado modificar la historia natural de la enfermedad han sido los corticoides. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar un método neutrosófico para la recomendación en la identificación de Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne. Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal de origen descriptivo con características retrospectivas y fines prospectivos. También, se usó un muestreo aleatorio en la historia clínica y su enfermedad de DMD en el Hospital Docente Ambato durante el periodo 2022. Esta información es registrada en un formulario diseñado para nutrir la información de entrada del método neutrosófico de recomendación. A pesar de que en la actualidad no se dispone de un tratamiento curativo, existen estrategias que permiten retrasar la evolución natural de la enfermedad y la aparición de las complicaciones.

In December 2019, an unprecedented outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) began to spread internationally, now impacting more than 293,750,692 patients with 5,454,131 deaths globally as of January 5, 2022. COVID-19 is highly pathogenic and contagious which has caused a large-scale epidemic impacting more deaths than the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2002-2003 or the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemic in 2012-2013. Although COVID-19 symptoms are mild in most people, in those with pre-existing comorbidities there is an increased risk of progression to severe disease and death. In an attempt to mitigate this pandemic, urgent public health measures including quarantining exposed individuals and social distancing have been implemented in most states, while some states have even started the process of re-opening after considering both the economic and public health consequences of social distancing measures. While prevention is crucial, both novel agents and medications already in use with other indications are being investigated in clinical trials for patients with COVID-19. The collaboration between healthcare providers, health systems, patients, private sectors, and local and national governments is needed to protect both healthcare providers and patients to ultimately overcome this pandemic. The purpose of this review is to summarize the peer-reviewed and preprint literature on the epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, and available therapies as well as to propose a preventive strategy to overcome the present global pandemic.

The internalization of multi-cellular tissues is a key morphogenetic process during animal development and organ formation. A good example of this is the initial stages of vertebrate central nervous system formation whereby a transient embryonic structure called the neural plate is able to undergo collective cell rearrangements within the dorsal midline. Despite the fact that defects in neural plate midline internalization may result in a series of severe clinical conditions, such as spina bifida and anencephaly, the biochemical and biomechanical details of this process remain only partially characterized. Here we review the main cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying midline cell and tissue internalization during vertebrate neural tube formation. We discuss the contribution of collective cell mechanisms including convergence and extension, as well as apical constriction facilitating midline neural plate shaping. Furthermore, we summarize recent studies that shed light on how the interplay of signaling pathways and cell biomechanics modulate neural plate internalization. In addition, we discuss how adhesion-dependent cell-cell contact appears to be a critical component during midline cell convergence and surface cell contraction via cell-cell mechanical coupling. We envision that more detailed high-resolution quantitative data at both cell and tissue levels will be required to properly model the mechanisms of vertebrate neural plate internalization with the hope of preventing human neural tube defects.

Objetivo: Identificar la relación que la autoestima tiene sobre la felicidad subjetiva de las funcionariasdel área de la salud de un centro de salud primaria en Chillán. Metodología: De enfoque cuantitativo,diseño no experimental, de corte transversal, y de tipo correlacional.; la población estudiada correspondióa 250 funcionarios analizados en una muestra no probabilística intencional de 105 personas. Seutilizaron como instrumentos de medición la Escala de Autoestima de Rosemberg y la Escala deFelicidad Subjetiva de Lyubomirsky y Lepper. Resultados: Existe relación entre las medianas de lasvariables promedio de autoestima y promedio de felicidad subjetiva, con una significancia de (P

La autonomía territorial es una de las principales demandas de los pueblos indígenas en Latinoamérica en tiempos contemporáneos. Este artículo es el resultado de una experiencia etnográfica que tuvo como objetivo explorar las configuraciones sociopolíticas de la comunidad mixe de San Pedro y San Pablo Ayutla (México) y observar la administración local de un sistema normativo interno, también llamado de "usos y costumbres". Aproximarse a las formas de convivencia y en los entramados comunitarios de este pueblo permitió reconocer la relevancia de una organización política local para mantener y potenciar la comunalidad y autonomía de este territorio. Territorial autonomy is one of the main demands of indigenous peoples in Latin America in contemporary times. This article is the result of an ethnographic experience that aimed to explore the socio-political configurations of the Mixe community of San Pedro and San Pablo Ayutla (Mexico) and observe the local administration of an internal normative system, also called "uses and customs". Approaching the forms of coexistence and the community frameworks of this town allowed us to recognize the relevance of a local political organization to maintain and enhance the communality and autonomy of this territory.

Aquaculture activities in southern Chile demand floating devices to produce electricity powered by diesel generators. It has been recently proposed to replace this fuel with propane. However, little is known about the behaviour and possible environmental impacts of an accidental release of propane underwater. In this study we evaluated the impact of water temperature and salinity on the saturation and further release of propane under controlled laboratory experiments. Results showed that under extreme environmentally relevant scenarios (high and low temperature and salinity), propane saturated the water more quickly. However, while it is important to consider that saturation times can be similar (∼2 h), the magnitudes of propane dissolved can be different. Experiments showed that cold waters (5 °C) propane is dissolved twice than warm waters (20 °C). Residence time was more affected by water temperature and almost independent of water salinity. Propane may take at least 2 days to be released from waters (around 90% of the initial amount dissolved under laboratory conditions). Additionally, we evaluated the impact on dissolved oxygen displacement and the embryotoxicity of the dissolved fraction by using Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Assay. Results showed that dissolved oxygen was quickly removed. However, the levels of dissolved oxygen were promptly recovered in the studied systems. We also observed that propane can generate genotoxic effects (3–10% mortality), but after 2 days the system can be almost free of propane and the effects may become much lower. Comparatively with the literature, propane showed to be less toxic than diesel and it is a viable and less environmentally hazardous replacement for diesel.

Massive foreground galaxy clusters magnify and distort the light of objects behind them, permitting a view into both the extremely distant and intrinsically faint galaxy populations. We present here the $z\sim 6\mbox{--}8$ candidate high-redshift galaxies from the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS), a Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescope survey of 41 massive galaxy clusters spanning an area of ≈200 arcmin2. These clusters were selected to be excellent lenses, and we find similar high-redshift sample sizes and magnitude distributions as the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH). We discover 257, 57, and eight candidate galaxies at z ∼ 6, 7, and 8 respectively, (322 in total). The observed (lensed) magnitudes of the z ∼ 6 candidates are as bright as AB mag ∼23, making them among the brightest known at these redshifts, comparable with discoveries from much wider, blank-field surveys. RELICS demonstrates the efficiency of using strong gravitational lenses to produce high-redshift samples in the epoch of reionization. These brightly observed galaxies are excellent targets for follow-up study with current and future observatories, including the James Webb Space Telescope.

Flow can be understood as an experience in which awareness merges with the action itself and there is a perfect balance between activity and challenge that produces an optimal functioning a...

It is not currently known which individuals with chronic Chagas disease (ChD) will develop cardiopathy in a determined period and which will be maintained asymptomatic with normal routine laboratory tests all their lives. The parasite burden is a factor that could explain this different evolution. The objective of this study was to quantify Trypanosoma cruzi burden by real-time PCR in blood (qPCR-B) and dejections of triatomines fed by xenodiagnosis (qPCR-XD) in 90 individuals with chronic ChD untreated, classified according to XD results and the presence or absence of cardiopathy. All individuals came from hyperendemic areas of Chile and participated in the study under Informed Consent. The standard qPCR curves for qPCR-B and qPCR-XD were elaborated with a mixture of known concentrations of T. cruzi strains, performing DNA serial dilutions (1/10) with a dynamic range between 105 and 10−1 parasite equivalents/mL. The TaqManⓇ detection system was applied in a Stratagene Mx3000P thermocycler (Agilent Technologies, USA) with cruzi 1 and cruzi 2 satellite primers. 22.2% and 15.6% of cases with cardiopathy or without cardiopathy were XD positive. There was no significant difference between the groups. The positivity of qPCR-B and qPCR-XD in the positive XD group was 82.35% and 100%, respectively, while in the negative XD group was 55.26% and 42.10%, respectively. A superior qPCR value in chronic ChD patients with and without cardiopathy was determined for qPCR in cases with positive XD and positive qPCR-XD. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses show better accuracy for detecting parasite burden (area under the curve, AUC) for qPCR-XD in comparison to qPCR-B. That is to say, major performance in DNA samples obtained of positive XD (gold standard for viable T. cruzi) detected and quantified by qPCR-XD. A high percentage of cases with XD and qPCR-XD positive (80–100%) have result concordant with qPCR-B. In absence of XD, future challenges are especially related to the low parasitic load of chronic ChD patients treated with trypanocidal drugs and post-therapy parasitological evaluations by qPCR-B. Finally, no statistically significant differences were found between presence or absence of cardiopathy and XD, qPCR-B or qPCR-XD.

Strong gravitational lensing by clusters of galaxies probes the mass distribution at the core of each cluster and magnifies the universe behind it. MACS J0417.5-1154 at z=0.443 is one of the most massive clusters known based on weak lensing, X-ray, and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich analyses. Here we compute a strong lens model of MACS J0417 based on Hubble Space Telescope imaging observations collected, in part, by the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS), and recently reported spectroscopic redshifts from the MUSE instrument on the Very Large Telescope (VLT). We measure an Einstein radius of ThetaE=36'' at z = 9 and a mass projected within 200 kpc of M(200 kpc) = 1.78+0.01-0.03x10**14Msol. Using this model, we measure a ratio between the mass attributed to cluster-member galaxy halos and the main cluster halo of order 1:100. We assess the probability to detect magnified high-redshift galaxies in the field of this cluster, both for comparison with RELICS HST results and as a prediction for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Guaranteed Time Observations upcoming for this cluster. Our lensing analysis indicates that this cluster has similar lensing strength to other clusters in the RELICS program. Our lensing analysis predicts a detection of at least a few z~6-8 galaxies behind this cluster, at odds with a recent analysis that yielded no such candidates in this field. Reliable strong lensing models are crucial for accurately predicting the intrinsic properties of lensed galaxies. As part of the RELICS program, our strong lensing model produced with the Lenstool parametric method is publicly available through the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST)., 20 pages, 8 figures. Accepted to ApJ

We present constraints on the physical properties (including stellar mass, age, and star formation rate) of 207 $6\lesssim z \lesssim8$ galaxy candidates from the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS) and companion Spitzer-RELICS surveys. We measure photometry using T-PHOT and perform spectral energy distribution fitting using EA$z$Y and BAGPIPES. Of the 207 candidates for which we could successfully measure Spitzer fluxes, 23 were demoted to likely low redshift ($z, Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures

Large surveys of galaxy clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Spitzer, including the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble and the Frontier Fields, have demonstrated the power of strong gravitational lensing to efficiently deliver large samples of high-redshift galaxies. We extend this strategy through a wider, shallower survey named RELICS, the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey, described here. Our 188-orbit Hubble Treasury Program observed 41 clusters at 0.182 ≤ z ≤ 0.972 with Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and WFC3/IR imaging spanning 0.4-1.7 μm. We selected 21 of the most massive clusters known based on Planck PSZ2 estimates and 20 additional clusters based on observed or inferred lensing strength. RELICS observed 46 WFC3/IR pointings (∼200 arcmin) each with two orbits divided among four filters (F105W, F125W, F140W, and F160W) and ACS imaging as needed to achieve single-orbit depth in each of three filters (F435W, F606W, and F814W). As previously reported by Salmon et al., we discovered over 300 z ∼ 6-10 candidates, including the brightest z ∼ 6 candidates known, and the most distant spatially resolved lensed arc known at z ∼ 10. Spitzer IRAC imaging (945 hr awarded, plus 100 archival, spanning 3.0-5.0 μm) has crucially enabled us to distinguish z ∼ 10 candidates from z ∼ 2 interlopers. For each cluster, two HST observing epochs were staggered by about a month, enabling us to discover 11 supernovae, including 3 lensed supernovae, which we followed up with 20 orbits from our program. Reduced HST images, catalogs, and lens models are available on MAST, and reduced Spitzer images are available on IRSA.© 2019. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved., We thank Lindsey Bleem for providing Magellan Megacam LDSS3 images of SPT0254-58 and AS295 prior to RELICS to inform our HST observations of these clusters. We thank Florian Pacaud and Matthias Klein for discussions regarding our AS295 HST pointings. We thank Dale Kocevski for an image of RXC 0142+44 obtained with the University of Hawaii 2.2 m telescope. And we thank Stella Seitz et al. for sharing their HST observations of PLCK G287+32 obtained during the same cycle. We thank the STScI and SSC directors and time allocation committees for enabling these large observing programs. We are grateful to our HST program coordinator William Januszewski for implementing the RELICS HST observations. We thank Jennifer Mack for expert mentoring of our HST image reduction gurus RA and SO. And we thank Gabriel Brammer for providing an updated WFC3/IR hot pixel mask derived from science observations from GO 14114. The RELICS Hubble Treasury Program (GO 14096) consists of observations obtained by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope (HST). HST is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA), under NASA contract NAS5-26555. Data from the NASA/ESA HST presented in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST), operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc..(AURA), under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. The HST Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) was developed under NASA contract NAS 5-32864. Spitzer Space Telescope data presented in this paper were obtained from the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive (IRSA), operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Spitzer and IRSA are operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. We gratefully acknowledge support from JPL for the Spitzer analysis. M.B. and V.S. also acknowledge support by NASA through ADAP grant 80NSSC18K0945, NASA/HST through HST-GO-14096, HST-GO-13666, and two awards issued by Spitzer/JPL/Caltech associated with the SRELICS_DEEP and SRELICS programs. Part of this work by W.D. was performed under the auspices of the U.S..DOE by LLNL under contract DE-AC5207NA27344. K.U. acknowledges support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (grant MOST 106-2628M-001-003-MY3) and from Academia Sinica (grant AS-IA107-M01). O.G. is supported by an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Fellowship under award AST-1602595. S.A.R. was supported by NASA grant HST-GO-14208 from STScI, which is operated by Associated Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA), under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. A.M. acknowledges the financial support of the Brazilian funding agency FAPESP (Post-doc fellowshipprocess No. 2014/11806-9). J.H. was supported by a VILLUM FONDEN Investigator grant (project No. 16599).

Resumen El artículo constituye parte del trabajo de discusión de resultados inscrito en una iniciativa Fondecyt, sobre relatos y prácticas de lo corporal en jóvenes urbanos en Chile, desarrollado entre los años 2015 y 2017. El objetivo del texto es analizar los principales significados, hábitos y cuidados que las juventudes desarrollan en torno a la experiencia corporal y la imagen personal; identificando imaginarios, procesos de subjetivación y agentes sociales que alimentan, regulan y tensionan dichas dinámicas; en un escenario social de marcada incertidumbre y malestar social, particularmente visible en las nuevas generaciones. La metodología utilizada fue de carácter biográfico e incluyó 40 relatos de vida de jóvenes de diversos mundos sociales, segmentos socioeconómicos, intereses y estilos de vida, en las ciudades de Concepción y Santiago. El trabajo propone una tipología de experiencias corporales y una corpografía que sintetiza las visiones de lo corporal expresadas al interior de cada tipología, mediante la cual se pueden observar algunas tensiones y alternativas presentes en diversas generaciones y mundos juveniles.

The luminosity function is a fundamental observable for characterizing how galaxies form and evolve throughout the cosmic history. One key ingredient to derive this measurement from the number counts in a survey is the characterization of the completeness and redshift selection functions for the observations. In this paper we present GLACiAR, an open python tool available on GitHub to estimate the completeness and selection functions in galaxy surveys. The code is tailored for multiband imaging surveys aimed at searching for high-redshift galaxies through the Lyman Break technique, but it can be applied broadly. The code generates artificial galaxies that follow Sersic profiles with different indexes and with customizable size, redshift and spectral energy distribution properties, adds them to input images, and measures the recovery rate. To illustrate this new software tool, we apply it to quantify the completeness and redshift selection functions for J-dropouts sources (redshift z~10 galaxies) in the Hubble Space Telescope Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies Survey (BoRG). Our comparison with a previous completeness analysis on the same dataset shows overall agreement, but also highlights how different modelling assumptions for artificial sources can impact completeness estimates., Comment: Accepted for publciation in PASA. 14 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables

Strong gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters magnifies background galaxies, enhancing our ability to discover statistically significant samples of galaxies at z>6, in order to constrain the high-redshift galaxy luminosity functions. Here, we present the first five lens models out of the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS) Hubble Treasury Program, based on new HST WFC3/IR and ACS imaging of the clusters RXC J0142.9+4438, Abell 2537, Abell 2163, RXC J2211.7-0349, and ACT-CLJ0102-49151. The derived lensing magnification is essential for estimating the intrinsic properties of high-redshift galaxy candidates, and properly accounting for the survey volume. We report on new spectroscopic redshifts of multiply imaged lensed galaxies behind these clusters, which are used as constraints, and detail our strategy to reduce systematic uncertainties due to lack of spectroscopic information. In addition, we quantify the uncertainty on the lensing magnification due to statistical and systematic errors related to the lens modeling process, and find that in all but one cluster, the magnification is constrained to better than 20% in at least 80% of the field of view, including statistical and systematic uncertainties. The five clusters presented in this paper span the range of masses and redshifts of the clusters in the RELICS program. We find that they exhibit similar strong lensing efficiencies to the clusters targeted by the Hubble Frontier Fields within the WFC3/IR field of view. Outputs of the lens models are made available to the community through the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes, Accepted to ApJ

El presente estudio cualitativo exploró los cambios en la significación otorgada al propio cuerpo, en mujeres adultas jóvenes y obesas, que se sometieron a cirugías bariátricas. Se utilizaron entrevistas individuales, cuyo contenido fue analizado según los conceptos del marco teórico escogido. La muestra consistió en cuatro participantes mujeres de 18 a 35 años. Los resultados indican que después de las cirugías bariátricas no sólo hubo cambios en el cuerpo físico, sino también en la significación de éste por parte de las mujeres. Junto con ello, hubo un aumento en los autocuidados, un desarrollo en la relación con el cuerpo y con el entorno social y una mejora en la autoestima. Se concluye que las operaciones bariátricas contribuyen a la unión mente cuerpo que se había fragmentado, y también que la inclusión en el período post operatorio de una terapia psicológica, que refuerce dicha integración, es valorada por las entrevistadas y vista como una forma de evitar futuras rupturas en esta integración psique- soma.

AURA under NASA [NAS 5-26555]; ACS under NASA [NAS 5-32864]; JPL; U.S. Department of Energy by LLNL [DE-AC52-07NA27344]; [GO-14096]; [GO-12757]; [GO-12477]; [G03-14131X]

Strong gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters has become a powerful tool for probing the high-redshift Universe, magnifying distant and faint background galaxies. Reliable strong lensing (SL) models are crucial for determining the intrinsic properties of distant, magnified sources and for constructing their luminosity function. We present here the first SL analysis of MACS J0308.9+2645 and PLCK G171.9-40.7, two massive galaxy clusters imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope in the framework of the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey (RELICS). We use the Light-Traces-Mass modeling technique to uncover sets of multiply imaged galaxies and constrain the mass distribution of the clusters. Our SL analysis reveals that both clusters have particularly large Einstein radii ($��_E>30"$ for a source redshift of $z_s=2$), providing fairly large areas with high magnifications, useful for high-redshift galaxy searches ($\sim2$ arcmin$^{2}$ with $��>5$ to $\sim1$ arcmin$^{2}$ with $��>10$, similar to a typical \textit{Hubble Frontier Fields} cluster). We also find that MACS J0308.9+2645 hosts a promising, apparently bright (J$\sim23.2-24.6$ AB), multiply imaged high-redshift candidate at $z\sim6.4$. These images are amongst the brightest high-redshift candidates found in RELICS. Our mass models, including magnification maps, are made publicly available for the community through the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes., 14 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

Limited studies have demonstrated that low intensity laser therapy (LILT) may have a therapeutic effect on the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Sixty (60) patients with MPS and having one active trigger point in the anterior masseter and anterior temporal muscles were selected and assigned randomly to six groups (n=10): Groups I to Ill were treated with GaAIAS (780 nm) laser, applied in continuous mode and in a meticulous way, twice a week, for four weeks. Energy was set to 25 J/cm2, 60 J/cm2 and 105 J/cm2, respectively. Groups IV to VI were treated with placebo applications, simulating the same parameters as the treated groups. Pain scores were assessed just before, then immediately after the fourth application, immediately after the eighth application, at 15 days and one month following treatment. A significant pain reduction was observed over time (p0.001). The analgesic effect of the LILT was similar to the placebo groups. Using the parameters described in this experiment, LILT was effective in reducing pain experienced by patients with myofascial pain syndrome. Thus, it was not possible to establish a treatment protocol. Analyzing the analgesic effect of LILT suggests it as a possible treatment of MPS and may help to establish a clinical protocol for this therapeutic modality.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of different in-office bleaching systems on the surface morphology of bovine dentin. Thirty tooth fragments measuring 4 x 4mm, containing enamel and dentin, were obtained from the crowns of extracted bovine incisors. Samples were subjected to simulated intracoronal bleaching techniques using conventional (Opalescence Endo and Whiteness Super Endo) and light-activated systems (Opalescence Xtra) and Whiteness HP Maxx). Controls were treated with either sodium perborate mixed with 10% hydrogen peroxide or no bleaching agent. The samples were observed under SEM and the recorded images were evaluated for topographic alterations. The ultrastructural alterations of dentin observed in this study varied greatly between groups according to the products used. Higher pH products (Whiteness HP Maxx) and Opalescence Xtra) associated with in-office techniques yielded better maintenance of dentin ultrastructure. Apparently, both low pH and hydrogen peroxide oxidation play a role in altering the ultrastructure of dentin during internal dental bleaching. The use of alkaline products with reduced time of application (in-office techniques) may decrease such morphological alterations.

We present the first results and design from the redshift z~9-10 Brightest of the Reionizing Galaxies {\it Hubble Space Telescope} survey BoRG[z9-10], aimed at searching for intrinsically luminous unlensed galaxies during the first 700 Myr after the Big Bang. BoRG[z9-10] is the continuation of a multi-year pure-parallel near-IR and optical imaging campaign with the Wide Field Camera 3. The ongoing survey uses five filters, optimized for detecting the most distant objects and offering continuous wavelength coverage from {\lambda}=0.35{\mu}m to {\lambda}=1.7{\mu}m. We analyze the initial ~130 arcmin$^2$ of area over 28 independent lines of sight (~25% of the total planned) to search for z>7 galaxies using a combination of Lyman break and photometric redshift selections. From an effective comoving volume of (5-25) $times 10^5$ Mpc$^3$ for magnitudes brighter than $m_{AB}=26.5-24.0$ in the $H_{160}$-band respectively, we find five galaxy candidates at z~8.3-10 detected at high confidence (S/N>8), including a source at z~8.4 with mAB=24.5 (S/N~22), which, if confirmed, would be the brightest galaxy identified at such early times (z>8). In addition, BoRG[z9-10] data yield four galaxies with $7.3 \lesssim z \lesssim 8$. These new Lyman break galaxies with m$\lesssim26.5$ are ideal targets for follow-up observations from ground and space based observatories to help investigate the complex interplay between dark matter growth, galaxy assembly, and reionization., Comment: Accepted for publication on ApJ. 21 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables

Este estudo teve como objetivos: 01.Avaliar ex vivo o efeito de diferentes sistemas clareadores na microdureza dentinária em dentes bovinos submetidos ao clareamento dental interno. 02.Avaliar ex vivo o efeito de diferentes sistemas clareadores na morfologia superficial da dentina bovina. Fragmentos de 4 x 4mm, contendo esmalte e dentina, foram obtidos de coroas de incisivos bovinos extraídos. Os espécimes foram submetidos ao clareamento dental interno com peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% e peróxido de carbamida a 37% utilizando sistemas convencionais (Opalescence Endo® and Whiteness Super Endo®) e fotoativados (Opalescence Xtra® and Whiteness HP Maxx®). Os controles foram tratados com perborato de sódio misturado com peróxido de hidrogênio a 10% ou nenhum tratamento foi realizado. A microdureza dentinária foi mensurada antes e após os tratamentos clareadores, e os valores de dureza Knoop (KHN) foram submetidos à análise estatística (two-way ANOVA, Tukey\'s port-test). Os espécimes foram observados e fotografados sob microscópio eletrônico de varredura e avaliados com relação às alterações morfológicas da superfície da dentina. Houve uma redução significante na microdureza dentinária para todos os grupos testados quando comparados aos grupos controles. Opalescence Xtra® (-11.36 ± 8.14 KHN), Opalescence Endo® (-13.71 ± 8.02 KHN), Whiteness HP Maxx® (-15.18 ± 9.58 KHN) e Whiteness Super Endo® (-16.97 ± 6.55 KHN) foram semelhantes estatisticamente. O grupo do perborato de sódio misturado com peróxido de hidrogênio 10% (2.10 ± 8.58 KHN) e o grupo sem tratamento clareador (-2.71 ± 2.40 KHN) também foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre si. Ocorreu uma grande variação no padrão de alterações da morfologia superficial da dentina com os sistemas clareadores utilizados. Todos os produtos testados apresentaram redução significativa da microdureza dentinária, exceto o grupo de perborato de sódio misturado com peróxido de hidrogênio a 10%. Ambos, pH e oxidação do peróxido de hidrogênio apresentam o papel de alterar a estrutura da dentina durante o clareamento interno. A utilização de produtos alcalinos com um tempo reduzido de aplicação (técnicas fotoativadas) pode diminuir as alterações morfológicas na dentina. The aim of this study was: 01. To evaluate in vitro the effect of different in-office bleaching systems on the surface morphology of bovine dentin. 02. To evaluate ex vivo the effect of different bleaching systems on the microhardness of bovine dentine. Tooth fragments measuring 4 x 4mm, containing enamel and dentin, were obtained from the crowns of extracted bovine incisors. Samples were submitted to simulated intracoronal bleaching techniques with 35% hydrogen peroxide and 37% carbamide peroxide using conventional (Opalescence Endo® and Whiteness Super Endo®) and light activated systems (Opalescence Xtra® and Whiteness HP Maxx®). Controls were treated either with sodium perborate mixed with 10% hydrogen peroxide or no bleaching agent. Dentine microhardness values were measured before and after bleaching procedures, recorded as KHN (Knoop Hardness Number), and the differences between them analyzed (two-way ANOVA, Tukey\'s port-test). The samples were observed under SEM and the recorded images were evaluated for topographic alterations. Significant reductions of dentine microhardness were observed for all treatments when compared to the control groups. Opalescence Xtra® (-11.36 ± 8.14 KHN), Opalescence Endo® (-13.71 ± 8.02 KHN), Whiteness HP Maxx® (-15.18 ± 9.58 KHN) and Whiteness Super Endo® (- 16.97 ± 6.55 KHN) presented similar differences. The walking bleach technique (2.10 ± 8.58 KHN) and the untreated groups (-2.71 ± 2.40 KHN) were statistically alike.The ultrastructural alterations of dentin observed in this study varied greatly between groups, according to the products used. Apparently, higher pH products associated to in-office techniques yielded to better maintenance of dentin ultrastructure. The in-office products tested in the present study caused a significant reduction in dentine microhardness. The walking bleach technique did not affect dentine microhardness. Both low pH and hydrogen peroxide oxidation play a role in altering the ultrastructure of dentin during internal dental bleaching. The use of alkaline products with reduced time of application (in-office techniques) may decrease such morphological alterations.

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess quantitatively dentin permeability of pulpless teeth after intracoronal bleaching therapy with three different agents. Twenty-four maxillary central incisors were randomly assigned to four groups according to the bleaching agent used: I--non-bleached control; II--37% carbamide peroxide; III--sodium perborate/20% hydrogen peroxide paste; IV--27% carbamide peroxide. After standard access and root-canal preparation the access opening, biomechanical preparation and root-canal filling, a cervical glass ionomer plug was prepared and intracoronal bleaching procedures were carried out in a standardized fashion. The access cavities were opened and the teeth were externally sealed and immersed in a 10% copper sulfate aqueous solution for 30 min, in vacuum for the first 5 min. Then, samples were removed, dried with absorbing paper and immersed in a 1% rubianic acid alcohol solution, for the same above-mentioned period in solution and in vacuum. Copper ion penetration was indicated by the rubianic acid staining. Mean values and SD for the experimental groups were: I--7.88% (+/-1.33), II--16.94% (+/-5.72); III--11.45% (+/-3.90) and IV--8.98% (+/-4.19). Data were submitted to one-way anova. The results showed that the 37% carbamide peroxide provided the highest increase in dentin permeability, followed by sodium perborate with 20% hydrogen peroxide. The 27% carbamide peroxide provided the lowest results and showed statistical similarity to the control group. On basis of these findings, it may be concluded that, among the tested intracoronal bleaching agents, 37% carbamide peroxide presented an optimized overall performance in increasing dentinal permeability.

espanolEl objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la intensidad del dolor en los recien nacidos frente a procedimientos de enfermeria, que les fueron realizados con ocasion de los cuidados y tratamiento. Se sustento desde la vision humanista del cuidado de Jean Watson. Metodologia: Estudio descriptivo-correlacional, de corte transversal, cuya poblacion estuvo constituida por recien nacidos hospitalizados en la Unidad de Neonatologia del Hospital Clinico Herminda Martin de Chillan, en el periodo de junio a septiembre del ano 2015. Para Valorar el dolor se aplico la escala de valoracion del dolor de Susan Givens Bell y un cuestionario semiestructurado de variables sociodemograficas. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 52 Recien Nacidos en un porcentaje igual de hombres y mujeres El mayor numero de procedimientos realizados fueron instalacion de sonda orogastrica, puncion venosa y arterial, siendo esta ultima la causante de dolor moderado en el R.N. El nivel de dolor presentado por la muestra, fue en un 42,3% dolor intenso, el 23,1% dolor moderado y en un 34,6 % no presento dolor. El Instrumento presento una confiabilidad con un alfa de Crombach de 0,802. Conclusiones: Los prematuros menores de 37 semanas sintieron mayor dolor que los RN de termino.El peso de nacimiento se observo que a mayor peso mayor es el dolor. El APGAR de nacimiento en el estudio se observo que hay una relacion directa, pero debil, que a mayor APGAR al nacer, mayor es dolor. EnglishABSTRACT: This study was aimed to assess the intensity of pain in newborns against nursing treatments, which were performed during care and treatment. This was sustained from the humanist view of Jean Watson. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive-correlational study, whose population consisted of newborns hospitalized at the Neonatology Unit of the Herminda Martin Clinical Hospital of Chillan, Chile, in the period between June and September, 2015. In order to assess pain, Susan Givens Bell Assessment Scale was applied, as well as a semi-structured Questionnaire of sociodemographic variables. Results: The sample consisted of 52 newborns in an equal percentage of men and women. The greatest number of procedures was the nasogastric tube insetion, venipuncture and arterial puncture, being the latter the cause of moderate pain in newborns. The level of pain presented by the sample was 42.3% intense pain, 23.1% moderate pain and in 34.6% no pain was presented. The instrument presented reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.802. Conclusions: Premature infants under 37 weeks felt greater pain than full-term newborns. Regarding Barth weight, it was observed that the greater the weight, the grater the pain. Birth APGAR in the study indicated that there is a direct but weak relation and the higher APGAR at birth, the greater the pain.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effectiveness of different home bleaching agents on color alteration and their influence on surface and subsurface microhardness of discolored bovine enamel. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five fragments of bovine incisors were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n=15) according to the bleaching agent: 10% carbamide peroxide gel (CP10), 16% carbamide peroxide gel (CP16) and 6.5%-hydrogen-peroxide-based strip (HP6.5). Before bleaching treatment, initial values of Knoop surface microhardness and color (CIEL*a*b*) were obtained and the fragments were artificially stained in hemolyzed rat blood. Then, bleaching treatments were performed over a 21-day period. Color changes (ΔE) were assessed at 7, 14 and 21 days, and final surface microhardness reading was done after 21 days. Thereafter, the fragments were bisected to obtain subsurface microhardness. Data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α=5%). RESULTS: Color changes produced by CP16 were similar to those of CP10, and the color changes produced by these materials were significantly superior to those produced by HP6.5. Color changes at 21 days were superior to 7 days and similar to 14 days. The time did not influence color changes for CP16, which showed similarity between the 14- and 21-day results. No statistically significant differences were found among the home bleaching agents for surface and subsurface microhardness. CONCLUSIONS: Microhardness of bovine enamel was not affected by the bleaching agents. The 16% carbamide peroxide gel was the most effective for bleaching the stained substrate.

El propósito de la investigación fue la exploración de factores emocionales en adolescentes que presentan obesidad y a raíz de los hallazgos encontrados hacer recomendaciones psicoterapéuticas. Para conocer la vida emocional y las relaciones significativas de estos adolescentes se aplicaron cuatro instrumentos diagnósticos: Entrevista clínica, TRO, PBI y OQ45, a dos grupos de adolescentes con y sin diagnóstico de obesidad, grupo de estudio y grupo de control respectivamente, con un n= 25. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que los adolescentes obesos presentan tanto sintomatología psíquica, ansiedad y depresión, como una dificultad en la tolerancia y manejo de afectos intensos relacionada con fallas anteriores provenientes del contexto parental.

Aim To evaluate ex vivo the efficacy of 35% hydrogen peroxide for intracoronal bleaching when activated by LEDs, halogen lamp or by the walking bleach technique. Methodology Forty extracted human maxillary central incisors had their crowns resected 1 mm below the amelo-cemental junction and were submitted to artificial staining in centrifuged rat haemolysed blood. A 2-mm thick glass ionomer cervical plug was placed inside the canal, at the level of the amelo-cemental junction. Samples were divided randomly into five groups: group I received 35% hydrogen peroxide gel activated by LEDs. Group II received 35% hydrogen peroxide gel activated by a halogen lamp-based light curing unit. Group III received 35% hydrogen peroxide gel followed by the walking bleach technique. Group IV was neither artificially stained nor bleached (positive control) and group V was stained, but not bleached (negative control). The shade of the teeth was assessed visually by three independent and calibrated evaluators, before and after bleaching. The results were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Dunn's post-test. Results No statistical differences regarding sample shades were found amongst groups for the tested internal bleaching techniques (P > 0.05). Conclusions Hydrogen peroxide for intracoronal bleaching when activated either by LEDs, halogen lamp or by the walking bleach technique presented similar efficacy.