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As the majority of experimental studies suggest cadmium being metalloestrogen, we examined cadmium/breast cancer (BC) association by histological and tumor receptor subtype in 509 invasive BC patients and 1170 controls. Urinary cadmium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, and categorized using tertiles of its distribution in the controls: &lt, 0.18, 0.18&ndash, 0.33, &gt, 0.33 kg &times, 10&minus, 9/kg &times, 3 creatinine. Relative to the lowest category of urinary cadmium adjusted odds ratio (OR) of ductal BC was 1.18 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89&ndash, 1.58) in the intermediate and 1.53 (95% CI: 1.15&ndash, 2.04) in the highest category. There was a significant association for hormone receptor-positive ductal BC: ORs per category increase were 1.34 (95% CI: 1.14&ndash, 1.59) for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), 1.33 (95% CI: 1.09&ndash, 1.61) for progesterone receptor-positive (PR+) and 1.35 (95% CI: 1.11&ndash, 1.65) for ER+/PR+ BC. We found a significant association between cadmium and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2&minus, ) ductal BC. The strongest association with cadmium was for ER+/PR+/HER2&minus, ductal BC. The associations between cadmium and lobular BC with hormone receptor-positive and HER2&minus, were positive but insignificant. There was no evidence that the associations with cadmium differed for cancers with different tumor histology (p-heterogeneity &gt, 0.05). This study provides evidence that urinary cadmium is associated with the risk of hormone receptor-positive and HER2&minus, breast cancer independent of tumor histology.

Darbo tikslas. Įvertinti krūties vėžio morfologinių, kinetinių ir neoangiogenezinių požymių magnetinio rezonanso tomografijos vaizduose sąsajas su prognoziniais veiksniais. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Atlikta retrospektyvi 74 pacienčių, kurioms 2014 m. atlikus stulpelinę biopsiją buvo patvirtintas krūties vėžys ir prieš operacinį gydymą atliktas krūtų magnetinio rezonanso tomografijos tyrimas, duomenų analizė. Magnetinio rezonanso tomografijos vaizduose vertinti naviko dydis ir forma, kontrastinės medžiagos kaupimo pobūdis bei patologinė kraujotaka krūtyje. Radiologiniai požymiai sieti su naviko diferenciacijos laipsniu, receptorių ekspresija ir metastazavimu į pažastų limfmazgius. Rezultatai. Tiriamųjų amžius svyravo nuo 26 iki 56 metų (vidurkis – 52,91 m.). Naviko dydis varijavo nuo 5 iki 92 mm (vidutinis dydis – 29,91 ± 2,13 mm). 26 atvejais navikas buvo 2 cm ar mažesnis, 39 atvejais – 2,1–5 cm, 9 atvejais – didesnis nei 5 cm. Patologinės kraujagyslės buvimas buvo reikšmingai susijęs su naviko dydžiu (p < 0,05). Platesnės nei 3 mm skersmens kraujagyslės buvimas ir padidėjusi pažeistos krūties kraujotaka reikšmingai koreliavo su naviko dydžiu ir metastazavimu į limfmazgius (p < 0,05). Nustatytas patikimas ryšys tarp kontrastinės medžiagos kaupimo kreivės tipo ir metastazių limfmazgiuose buvimo (p < 0,05). Ryšio tarp kitų morfologinių ir kinetinių požymių bei prognozinių veiksnių nebuvo nustatyta. Išvados. Patologinės kraujotakos atsiradimas daugiausia priklauso nuo naviko dydžio. Neoangiogeneziniai požymiai turi reikšmingą ryšį su naviko metastazavimu į limfmazgius.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Tumor-infiltrating macrophages are believed to play an important role in growth, progression, and metastasis of tumors. In NSCLC, the role of macrophages remains controversial; therefore, we aimed to evaluate the distribution of macrophages (M1 and M2) in tumor islets and stroma and to analyze their relations to patients’ survival. Lung tissue specimens from 80 NSCLC patients who underwent surgical resection for NSCLC (pathological stage I-III) and 16 control group subjects who underwent surgery because of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax were analyzed. Immunohistochemical double staining of CD68/iNOS (markers for M1 macrophages) and CD68/CD163 (markers for M2 macrophages) was performed and evaluated in a blinded manner. The numbers of M1 and M2 macrophages in tumor islets and stroma were counted manually. Predominant infiltration of M1 and M2 macrophages was observed in the tumor stroma compared with the tumor islets. M2 macrophages predominated over M1 macrophages in the tumor tissue. Tumor islets-infiltrating M1 macrophages and the number of total tumor-infiltrating M2 macrophages were independent predictors of patients survival: high infiltration of M1 macrophages in tumor islets was associated with increased overall survival in NSCLC (P

Objective In vitro fertilization (IVF) is increasingly used for the treatment of infertile couples worldwide. The association between IVF and cancer risk in offspring is conflicting. We present a case of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) in a girl conceived by IVF and present results of systematic review of literature of primary intracranial neoplasms diagnosed in children conceived by IVF. Methods A systematic review of literature was conducted on April 12, 2017, to identify previously published reports of intracranial brain tumors in patients conceived after IVF. Results A 21-month-old girl born after IVF and uneventful pregnancy presented with progressive nausea, vomiting, irritability, and right-side weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated large heterogeneous contrast enhancing left frontotemporoparietal tumor. The operation was aborted due to asystole after subtotal tumor removal. The patient passed away on postoperative day 3. Histologic examination demonstrated AT/RT. We identified 7 previously published case reports of intracranial neoplasms in children conceived by IVF. Patient age at brain tumor diagnosis ranged from 31st week of gestation to 3 years of age. The most common histological diagnosis was AT/RT (3 cases), followed by glioblastoma multiforme, gliosarcoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, and choroid plexus papilloma. Three of five operated patients died during perioperative period. Outcomes were dismal in 7 patients. Conclusions IVF-associated brain tumors are usually malignant and associated with high mortality. Future studies investigating possible causal relationship between IVF and brain tumor risk are encouraged.

The study aimed to examine the association between cadmium (Cd) and the risk of breast cancer according to estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). A hospital-based case-control study was carried out in 585 cases and 1,170 controls. Information on possible risk factors was collected via a structured questionnaire. Urinary Cd was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The ER and HER2 levels in tumor tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer by creatinine-adjusted urinary Cd. Women with greater creatinine-adjusted urine Cd (3rd quartile: 0.241-0.399 μg/g and 4th quartile: ≥ 0.4 μg/g) experienced 1.6 times higher risk of breast cancer compared with those having Cd concentration lower than 0.147 μg/g (1st quartile) [OR = 1.6, (95 % CI 1.19, 2.17) and OR = 1.62 (95 % CI 1.19, 2.21), respectively, P trend = 0.001] after adjustment for age and other confounders. Both ER+ and HER2- cases from the highest quartile of urine Cd exhibited approximately twice the breast cancer risk of those in the lowest quartile [OR = 1.9, (95 % CI 1.31, 2.74) and OR = 1.87, (95 % CI 1.33, 2.62), respectively, P trend

Introduction. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Tumor infiltrating macrophages are believed to play essential role in the immune response to cancer cells. Study aim was to evaluate the tumor infiltrating macrophages (M1 and M2) and to analyze their relations to patients9 survival. Methods. We recruited 80 patients with primary NSCLC (stages I-III) with median age 66 years (ranges 45-77). Paraffin-embedded sections of surgically resected tumor were analyzed. Immunohistochemical double staining of CD68/iNOS (markers for M1 macrophages) and CD68/CD163 (markers for M2 macrophages) was performed and evaluated in blinded manner. Quantitative evaluation of these cells was done in 10 most representative high-power fields (HPFs ×400 magnification) per tissue section. Results . Predominant infiltration of M1 and M2 macrophages was observed in tumor stroma compared to tumor islets (P Conclusions. Our study demonstrated that tumor islets infiltrating M1 macrophages are associated with improved NSCLC patients9 survival, while increased total number of tumor infiltrating M2 macrophages is associated with poor survival.

There is evidence that cadmium (Cd) may be a risk factor for breast cancer. We examined the association between Cd and breast cancer subtypes by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), ...

The study aimed to determine and compare cadmium (Cd) concentration in different biological media of breast cancer and benign breast tumor patients. Concentration of Cd was determined in breast tissue, urine, and blood of 57 breast cancer and 51 benign tumor patients. Two samples of breast tissue from each patient, i.e., tumor and healthy tissue were taken for the analysis. Cd in biological media was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer, Zeeman 3030). The mean Cd concentration in breast cancer patients was 0.053 μg/g (95% confidence intervals, CI 0.042-0.065) for tumor sample and 0.02 μg/g (95% CI 0.014-0.026) for healthy breast tissue sample (P0.001). In benign tumor patients, the figures were as follows: 0.037 μg/g (95% CI 0.023-0.051) and 0.032 μg/g (95% CI 0.018-0.047) (P0.05). Cd content in malignant tumor significantly differed from that in benign tumor (P0.01). Cancer patients with positive estrogen receptors (ERs) had significantly greater concentration of breast tissue Cd compared to patients with negative ERs (P = 0.035). Adjusted for creatinine, Cd in urine was significantly higher in cancer patients than in controls (P0.001). In cancer patients, a positive Spearman's correlation was found between Cd in tumor and healthy breast tissue, blood (r = 0.44 and r = 0.39, respectively, P0.01). Correlation between Cd in urine of cancer patients and number of cigarettes smoked during lifetime was suggestive (r = 0.59, P = 0.075). The data obtained show higher concentration of cadmium in breast tumor and urine of cancer patients and support a possible relationship between cadmium and breast cancer.

Background and Objective: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is a minimally invasive endobronchial technique, which uses ultrasound along with a bronchoscope to visualize the airway wall and structures that are adjacent to it. Indications for endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) are samplings of mediastinal, hilar lymph nodes, and tumors adjacent to airway walls. EBUS-TBNA has been used in our clinic since 2009. The aim of the study is to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of cytological and histological specimens, and the safety of EBUS-TBNA in an unselected patient population that has been referred to our hospital. Materials and Methods: We have retrospectively analyzed the medical documentation of 215 patients who had EBUS-TBNA performed in our clinic from April 2009 to February 2014. Results: There were 215 patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA. A total of 296 lymph nodes were sampled. EBUS-TBNA was diagnostic in 176 (81.9%) cases of cytological, 147 (68.4%) cases of histological, and 191 (88.9%) cases of the combined evaluation. In the lung cancer patients, EBUS-TBNA cytology had a sensitivity of 72.9% and histology of 72.9%, and in the sarcoidosis group, it had a cytology of 55.8% and histology of 64.5%. As all positive cytology and histology specimens were assumed to be true positive, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were 100%. The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy was significantly higher when cytology and histology specimens were combined, compared with cytology or histology results evaluated separately (p < 0.05) (for lung cancer 84.1% and for sarcoidosis 78.8%). The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA procedures increased significantly over time, with increased experience. There were no complications with EBUS-TBNA in our clinical practice. Conclusions: EBUS-TBNA had a high diagnostic yield and was safe in the diagnosis of lung cancer and sarcoidosis. It was most informative when cytology and histology were combined. The informative value of EBUS-TBNA histology increased with our experience.

The majority of surgeons agree that ampullary adenocarcinoma should be removed by partial pancreatoduodenectomy. Favoring extended resection, based on the uncertainty of the preoperative diagnosis and the higher probability of clear resection margins, we aimed to disclose the results of this surgical procedure in terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality, and to identify prognosticators of long-term survival. We documented, prospectively, 25 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the papilla of Vater in whom pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy was performed. Clinical data, pathology reports, International Union Against Cancer (UICC) tumor stage, postoperative morbidity, mortality, and long-term follow-up results were evaluated. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were applied for univariate analysis. The Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis. Postoperative mortality was 4%, overall morbidity was 32%, and pancreas-associated morbidity was 8%. Mean survival time was 53.8 months. Tumor size, N status, UICC stage, lymphatic invasion, blood vessel infiltration, R0 resection, and age of patient at the cutoff of 70 years were independent predictors of survival on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis, however, disclosed no independent predictors of prognosis. Pancreatoduodenectomy for ampullary carcinoma is reasonable in terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Tumor-related factors, R0 resection, and advanced age appeared as the main predictors of survival.

Background Alcohol is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer, but pathways involved in alcohol-related breast carcinogenesis are not clearly defined. We examined the association between low-to-moderate alcohol intake and breast cancer subtypes by tumor hormone receptor status. Materials and Methods A hospital-based case-control study was performed in 585 cases and 1,170 controls. Information on alcohol intake and other risk factors was collected via a questionnaire. Logistic regression was used for analyses. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results The odds ratio of breast cancer was 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–2.53) in women who consumed ≤5 drinks/week, and 3.13 (95% CI: 1.81–5.43) in women who consumed >5 drinks/week, both compared with non-drinkers for ≥10 years, after adjustment for age and other confounders. The association of alcohol intake with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer was stronger than with estrogen receptor-negative: the odds ratio per 1 category increase was 2.05 (95% CI: 1.49–2.82) and 1.29 (95% CI: 0.85–1.94) (P-heterogeneity = 0.07). There was no evidence of an interaction between alcohol intake and menopausal status (P = 0.19) in overall group; however, it was significant in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (P = 0.04). Conclusions Low-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer with the strongest association in postmenopausal women. Since alcohol intake is a modifiable risk factor of breast cancer, every woman should be informed and advised to control alcohol use.

Introduction. It is believed that patient9s immune cells affect tumor development. Immunosuppressive lymphocytes represented by CD4+Foxp3+T cells participate in immunosurveillance in lung cancer and in the immunological tolerance. Study aim was to investigate tumor infiltrating T cells (CD4+Foxp3+, CD4+ and CD8+) in NSCLC. Methods: We studied 48 NSCLC patients (stages I-III) with median age 65.5 years (ranges 46-77) and 10 control group individuals (patients without NSCLC) with median age 20 years (ranges 20-77). Immunohistochemical analysis of surgical lung biopsy samples was performed. Quantitative evaluation of CD4+Foxp3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumor islets and stroma was analyzed in 10 most representative high-power fields (HPFs x 400 magnification) per tissue section. Results. Greater amount of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells was found in NSCLC tumor tissue comparing with control group patients (50[11-92] vs. 9[7-10], P Conclusions. Increased amount of CD4+Foxp3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in non-small cell lung cancer tumor tissue was observed.

Background/Aims: Ampullary carcinoma is a rare tumour with a high resectability rate. There is an increasing body of evidence indicating not only tumour-related factors, but also jaundice influence survival following curative resection. Several modalities for preoperative biliary drainage are available; however, routine preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage (PEBD) is not recommended. There is no sufficient data regarding the impact of PEBD on long-term outcomes. The aim of our study was to identify predictive factors of survival with special regard to PEBD in patients undergoing curative resection for ampullary carcinoma. Patients and Methods: Data from 64 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the papilla of Vater who have been operated on was analysed. Overall survival was defined from the date of surgery to the date of death, or censored at the last patient contact. Survival analysis was determined by means of the Kaplan-Meier method. The significance of the demographic, clinical and histopathologic factors was ascertained by the log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine independent prognostic factors of survival. Results: Twenty patients (31.2%) underwent PEBD. Univariate analysis revealed tumour-related factors, age over 70, and PEBD to negatively influence survival. Five of them (excluding T stage) were identified as the independent prognosticators, while PEBD appeared to be the most decisive factor. Median survival for patients who underwent PEBD was 25.3 months as compared to 112.9 months for those who did not. In conclusion, PEBD negatively affected long-term outcomes in our patients with resected ampullary carcinoma.

Background and objective: The immune system plays an important role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the infiltration patterns of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in NSCLC and to analyze their relation to COPD, smoking status and other clinicopathologic variables. Materials and methods: Lung tissue specimens from 50 patients who underwent surgery for NSCLC (stages I–III) and 10 control group subjects were analyzed immunohistochemically. Results: NSCLC patients had a greater number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating the lung tissue than the control group (P = 0.001) with predominant infiltration in the tumor stroma. We found a significant association between the number of total and tumor stroma-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and smoking status (P &lt, 0.05). There were more CD8+ T cells in the tumor stroma and fewer in the tumor islets in NSCLC patients with COPD as compared to NSCLC patients without COPD (P &lt, 0.05). However, there was no such association between CD4+ T cells and COPD status. A high level of CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor stroma was independently associated with the coexistence of COPD in multivariate analysis (P &lt, 0.05). Conclusions: According to our data, COPD but not smoking seems to be associated with higher infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the tumor stroma of patients with NSCLC. It allows us to hypothesize that NSCLC patients with coexisting COPD may have a more favorable outcome due to anticancer properties of stromal CD8+ T cells.

Background: It is supposed that a prolonged lifetime will be associated with increased incidence of PDAC among the elderly. Some studies show a tendency toward decreased survival in the elderly patients following pancreatoduodenectomy for PDAC. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors, influencing survival following pancreatoduodenectomy for PDAC in different age groups. Methods: Data of 251 patients after pancreatoduodenectomy for PDAC between 1999 and 2012 were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to calculate survival and to compare differences between groups. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to indentify independent prognosticators. Results: The overall median survival was 14.9 months. Postoperative morbidity was 25.5% with a 5.1% mortality rate. No significant differences in the overall morbidity (22.4 vs. 29.6%) or mortality (2.8 vs. 8.3%) rates were observed between different patients' age groups (70 years). Multivariate analysis revealed R1 resection (HR 1.76) and poor tumor differentiation (G3-G4) (HR 1.48) were independent negative factors for survival in patients Conclusions: Our study highlighted different factors influencing long-term survival after pancreatoduodenectomy: R1 resection and poor tumor differentiation (G3-G4) were independent negative factors for survival in patients

Surgery remains the main treatment modality for gastric cancer. Adjuvant radiochemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy are becoming more and more popular in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy as one of the methods of adjuvant chemotherapy is currently being extensively investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity of early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy and its impact on postoperative complications as well as long-term survival.A prospective study including 46 patients with gastric cancer who underwent radical resection was carried out during 2004-2005. Fourteen patients who received early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy with 5-FU (EPIC group) were compared with 32 patients not receiving intraperitoneal chemotherapy (control group). All patient, except one patient in the EPIC group, received adjuvant radiochemotherapy or adjuvant chemotherapy. The toxicity of early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy was evaluated using the WHO scale, and survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method.The rate of postoperative complications was similar in both the groups (14.3% in the EPIC group vs. 12.5% in the control group). Four patients (28.6%) in the EPIC group developed grade III toxicity. There was no difference in survival comparing the EPIC group with the control group (median survival, 30 months and 34 months, respectively; P=0.500).Early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracile demonstrated acceptable toxicity and was relatively simple to perform. No survival benefit was documented combining early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy with adjuvant radiochemotherapy or adjuvant chemotherapy.

To assess the prognostic significance and impact of p53 protein and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression on 5-year survival in young patients with stage II breast cancer (aged less than 50 years).Material from medical records and archived tumor tissues from 34 young women diagnosed with stage II breast cancer and obtained between 2001 and 2003 was analyzed retrospectively. Twelve (35%) patients died from breast cancer. Using archived tumor tissues, p53 protein and HER2 over-expression was determined immunohistochemically. Using medical records, and adjuvant chemotherapy, adequacy of anthracycline dose, and hormonotherapy administered for the patients were analyzed.p53 protein and HER2 overexpression was documented in 20.6% and 26.4% of women, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with tumors positive for p53 protein and negative estrogen receptors, and treated with an inadequate dose of anthracyclines died within shorter period after diagnosis (log-rank P=0.016, log-rank P=0.027, log-rank P=0.013, respectively). There were no significant associations between HER2 overexpression and 5-year survival in this population (log-rank P=0.51). Multivariate analysis revealed that an inadequate dose of anthracyclines (P=0.028) was the only independent factor for poor outcome.p53 protein overexpression, negative estrogen receptors in tissue samples, and inadequate chemotherapy with anthracyclines were associated with reduced overall survival in young women with stage II breast cancer. Inadequate adjuvant therapy with anthracyclines was the only independent prognostic factor.

Leiomyosarcoma is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin usually affecting the inferior vena cava. Early diagnosis is essential before surgical resection, which is the only therapeutic modality that prolongs patients' survival. Ultrasonography, computer tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are the main imaging modalities in this case. Combined with guided biopsies, they form the mainstay of reliable diagnosis. We report a case with retroperitoneal tumor arising from the middle segment of the inferior vena cava. Radiological examination revealed retroperitoneal tumor and helped to choose surgical treatment. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava.

Background. According to the current guidelines of proper TNM staging, 12 lymph nodes per specimen are crucial. This study assessed the role of preoperative radiochemotherapy on the number of lymph nodes detected in the tumor-bearing specimen. Material and methods. Retrospective data of 138 patients who underwent surgery for stage II and III rectal cancer without preoperative radiochemotherapy during the period of 2004–2006 (control group) were compared with prospective data of 38 patients who received preoperative radiochemotherapy during the period of 2007–2008 (study group). The number of patients with metastatic lymph nodes, number of lymph nodes per specimen, number of metastatic lymph nodes per specimen, and the size of the tumor between the groups were compared. Results. Positive lymph nodes were detected in 88 (64%) patients in the control group as compared with 9 (21%) patients in the study group (P&lt, 0.05). The mean number of lymph nodes per specimen in the control group was 13.5, while in the study group, the mean number of lymph nodes per specimen was 6.29 (P&lt, 0.05). There was a significant difference in the mean number of metastatic lymph nodes per specimen between the groups (5.12 in the control group versus 2.11 in the study group, P&lt, 0.05). The mean size of the tumor was 4.37 cm in the control group and 2.45 cm in the study group (P&lt, 0.01). Conclusions. Preoperative radiochemotherapy for advanced rectal cancer significantly decreased the number of lymph nodes detected in the tumor-bearing specimen. This also resulted in a significant decrease in the number of metastatic lymph nodes detected in the specimen, and fewer patients with stage III (N+) cancer were diagnosed. Preoperative radiochemotherapy could induce a significant downsizing and downstaging of advanced rectal cancer, but great care in operative and pathologic examination techniques must be taken to ensure appropriate staging.

Tyrimo tikslas. Ištirti p53 baltymo ir HER2 (c-erbB-2) receptorių padidėjusios raiškos įtaką II stadijos krūties vėžiu sirgusių jaunų moterų penkerių metų išgyvenamumui, atsižvelgiant į hormonų receptorių bei gydymo savitumų reikšmę. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Retrospektyviai analizuojama 34 Kauno apskrities moterų, gydytų 2001–2003 m. Kauno onkologijos ligoninėje, medicininė dokumentacija ir archyvinė histologinė medžiaga. Tiriamųjų kontingentas – jaunos, iki 50 metų moterys, kurioms diagnozuotas ir morfologiškai patvirtintas II stadijos krūties vėžys. 22 moterys išgyveno penkerius metus, 12 mirė penkerių metų laikotarpiu. Panaudojant archyvinę histologinę medžiagą de novo, tuometinėje KMUK Patologinės anatomijos klinikoje buvo atliktas p53 baltymo ir HER2 receptorių raiškos tyrimas imunohistocheminiu metodu. Panaudojant medicininę dokumentaciją, analizuota pacientėms skirta adjuvantinė chemoterapija, antraciklinų suminė dozė ir hormoninis gydymas. Rezultatai. Tarp visų 34 tiriamųjų 20,6 proc. atvejų rasta padidėjusi p53 baltymo raiška, 26,4 proc. atvejų – HER2 baltymo raiška. Analizuojant išgyvenamumą Kaplan-Meier metodu, nustatyta, kad mirties tikimybė penkerių metų laikotarpiu didesnė, kai naviko histologinėje medžiagoje rastas padidėjęs p53 baltymo kaupimasis, neigiami estrogenų receptoriai ir kai pacientės gydytos nepakankama antraciklino doze (log rank p=0,013, log rank p=0,02, log rank p=0,027, atitinkamai). Nerasta sąsajų tarp padidėjusios HER2 baltymo raiškos ir pacienčių penkerių metų išgyvenimo (log rank p=0,51). Daugiamatės analizės metodu nustatyta, kad vienintelis nepriklausomas veiksnys yra nepakankama antraciklinų dozė (p=0,028). Išvada. Jaunų moterų, susirgusių II stadijos krūties vėžiu, trumpesnei gyvenimo trukmei įtakos turi padidėjusi p53 baltymo raiška, sumažinta antraciklinų dozė ir neigiami estrogenų receptoriai, o HER2 baltymo padidėjusios raiškos įtakos penkerių metų gyvenimo trukmei nepavyko įrodyti. Nepriklausomas prognozinis veiksnys yra nepakankamas adjuvantinis gydymas antraciklinais.

Mucinous adenocarcinoma in association with chronic anal fistula is a rare case in clinical practice. The aim of this article was to report a rare case of anal gland mucinous adenocarcinoma in a patient who was treated in the Hospital of Kaunas University of Medicine. Case report. A 70-year-old male was treated for anorectal fistula in the surgical department. Four operations were performed for perineal abscess during the period of 15 years. During the period of 15 years, the patient complained of purulent secretion from the perineal abscess. After the last operation, anorectal fistula developed. Multiple biopsies and scrapings of the fistulous track were taken for histological examination. Histological examination revealed mucinous adenocarcinoma, G2. Subsequently, the patient underwent endoanal ultrasound, computed tomography scan, and colonoscopy. The computed tomography scan did not show pathology in the abdomen, but showed soft tissue induration at the site of anorectal fistula. Colonoscopy investigation did not show any pathology in the rectum and bowels. Endoanal ultrasound findings showed soft tissue induration at the site of anorectal fistula, no tumor in the rectum wall. The patient underwent abdominoperineal resection. Histological examination after abdominoperineal resection revealed anal duct mucinous adenocarcinoma pT2 N0 L0 V0 R0, G2. Metastases to the mesenteric lymph nodes were not detected. On the eight day after abdominoperineal resection, the patient was discharged from the hospital for follow-up. Summary. Mucinous adenocarcinoma in anorectal fistula is a rare condition. If surgical treatment for perineal abscess or anorectal fistula is not successful for a long time, mucinous adenocarcinoma should be suspected.

Cadmium is a known human lung carcinogen, although some studies indicate a link between cadmium exposure and human breast cancer. The objective of this study was to assess cadmium concentration in breast tissue samples of patients with breast cancer and benign breast tumor. Material and methods. The concentration of cadmium was determined in breast tissue samples of 21 breast cancer and 19 benign tumor patients. Two samples of breast tissue from each patient, i.e. tumor and normal tissue close to tumor, were taken for the analysis. Cadmium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer, Zeeman 3030). Results. In patients with breast cancer, the mean cadmium concentration was 33.1 ng/g (95% CI, 21.9– 44.4) in malignant breast tissue and 10.4 ng/g (95% CI, 5.6–15.2) in normal breast tissue (P=0.002). In patients with benign tumor, the corresponding values were 17.5 ng/g (95% CI, 8.4–26.5) and 11.8 ng/g (95% CI, 5.1– 18.5) (P=0.3144). There was a statistically significant difference in cadmium concentration between malignant and benign breast tissues (P=0.009). Conclusion. The data obtained show that cadmium concentration is significantly higher in malignant breast tissue as compared with normal breast tissue of the same women or benign breast tissue. Further studies are necessary to determine the association between cadmium concentration in malignant breast tissue and estrogen receptor level, and smoking.

The epicardiac neural ganglia of the adult human heart are distributed in the seven neural ganglionated subplexuses. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the distribution of the epicardiac ganglia in human fetuses of different age, because intrinsic cardiac nervous system of the human fetus has not been enough investigated so far.In the present study seventeen human fetus hearts were investigated, in which epicardiac neural ganglionated plexus was visualized by histochemical method for acetylcholinesterase.Analysis of the total hearts preparations showed that: (1) the epicardiac neural ganglionated plexus of the fetus at fifteen weeks of gestation has already differentiated into seven ganglionated subplexuses, structure of which is typical for the adult human heart; (2) the epicardiac plexus of fetuses at 15-40 weeks of gestation contains on average 865+/-40 epicardiac ganglia, that may widely range in number from 644 to 1193; (3) the largest number of the neural ganglia is concentrated on the posterior surface of both atria, where up to 76% of all ganglia maybe located; (4) the difference between the number of epicardiac ganglia in the human fetuses at the early (15-25 weeks) and late (26-40 weeks) stages of fetogenesis is not statistically significant (p0.05). In conclusion, both the distribution and the number of the epicardiac ganglia of fetuses ranging from 15 to 40 weeks of gestation are not age-dependent but varied substantially from heart to heart.

The purpose of this prospective randomized clinical study was to compare the outcomes of mosaic type autologous osteochondral transplantation (OAT) and microfracture (MF) procedures for the treatment of the articular cartilage defects of the knee joint in athletes. Between 1998 and 2002, a total of 57 athletes with a mean age of 24.3 years and with a symptomatic lesion of the articular cartilage in the knee were randomized to undergo either OAT or MF procedure. There were 28 athletes in OAT group and 29 in MF group. Patients were evaluated using a modified Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) and International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) scores, MRI and clinical assessment after 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after the surgery. According to the modified HSS and ICRS scores, functional and objective assessment showed that 96% had excellent or good results after OAT compared with 52% after MF procedure (P

Gliomas are the most common type of primary intracerebral neoplasm. They carry a dismal prognosis. The main prognostic factors are patient age, performance status and malignancy grade. Because patients with the same histologic diagnosis have variable outcomes, there is a need to develop better prognostic markers with the aim of predicting tumor behaviour and response to therapies. This paper reviews different morphological, genetic, molecular factors and their association with survival. Tumor associated morphological features such as predominant cell type, cellularity, cytological atypia, proliferation activity, microvascular proliferation, necrosis and apoptosis are discussed in some detail.

Preoperative adjuvant radiation combined with chemotherapy is a recent development in the management of patients with rectal cancer invading perirectal tissue and regional lymph nodes. This study was performed to assess the impact of preoperative adjuvant therapy in patients judged by endorectal ultrasound to have extramural invasion of rectal cancer and/or regional lymph node involvement on tumor regression in bowel wall T and lymph nodes N. The predictive value of ultrasound in staging wall penetration and lymph node involvement after preoperative adjuvant therapy was also assessed.Fifty-one patients were selected by ultrasound to have preoperative irradiation (40-50 Gy over 5-6 weeks). In 29 patients this was combined with 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Assessments of ultrasound were compared with pathologic findings in the resected specimen in all patients.Partial downstaging was seen in 37 (72.5%) patients with wall invasion T and in five (9.8%) of 51 patients with lymph node involvement N. Complete downstaging was achieved in one (2.0%) patient with wall invasion T and in 20 (39.2%) of 51 patients with lymph node involvement N. Positive predictive values of ultrasound after irradiation were 47 (92.2%) and 45 (82.2%) for wall penetration and lymph node status, respectively. Negative predictive values of ultrasound after irradiation were rare 3.9% and 5.9%, respectively.In the majority of patients with rectal cancer invading perirectal tissues or lymph nodes, lesions downstages by preoperative chemo radiotherapy. Endorectal ultrasound examination before and after chemo radiotherapy for rectal cancer is one of the most recommended in staging rectal cancer.

Rimtautas Gudas 1 , Romas Jonas Kalesinskas 1 , Giedrius Bernotavicius 1 , Eglė Monastyreckienė 2 , Angelija Valanciūtė 3 , Darius Pranys 4 1 Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų Ortopedijos ir traumatologijos klinika Eivenių g. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas el pastas: rimtautas@kmu.lt 2 Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų Radiologijos klinika 3 Kauno medicinos universiteto Embriologijos ir histologijos katedra 4 Kauno medicinos universiteto Patologinės anatomijos klinika Tikslas Mūsų prospektyvaus klinikinio tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti mozaikinės autologinės transplantacijos rezultatus gydant kelio sąnario kremzlės pažeidimus. Ligoniai ir metodai 1998–2002 metais KMU Ortopedijos ir traumatologijos klinikoje atliktos 87 autologinės mozaikinės transplantacijos operacijos esant kelio sąnario kremzlės ir kaulo pažeidimams. Pacientų amžiaus vidurkis operacijų metu buvo 24,74 ± 7,20 metų (14–40 metų). Simptomai vidutiniskai truko 21,32 ± 5,57 mėnesio, o pacientai įvertinti praėjus vidutiniskai 24,4 mėnesio (nuo 12 iki 60 mėnesių) po operacijos. Rezultatai apibendrinti naudojant ICRS (International Cartilage Repair Society) anketą, 13 (15%) atvejų – remiantis kartotinių artroskopijų metu atliktu makroskopiniu įvertinimu, 9 (11%) atvejais – histologiniu tyrimu, 57 (67%) atvejais – BMR ir visais atvejais – rentgeno tyrimais. Visus anketinius įvertinimus atliko nepriklausomas gydytojas ortopedas pries operacijas ir po operacijų praėjus dvylikai, dvidesimt keturiems, trisdesimt sesiems, keturiasdesimt astuoniems ir sesiasdesimciai mėnesių. Nepriklausomi nuo tyrimo gydytojai, radiologas ir patologas, atliko visus BMR ir histomorfologinius įvertinimus. Rezultatai Praėjus vidutiniskai 24,4 mėnesio po mozaikinės transplantacijos, ICRS anketos būdu nustatytas klinikinis rezultatų pagerėjimas (p < 0,05). Funkcinis ir objektyvus įvertinimas pagal ICRS anketą buvo toks: 93% atvejų gauti geri ir labai geri operacinio gydymo rezultatai, kitais atvejais (7%) gydymo rezultatai buvo patenkinami. Kartotinių artroskopijų metu (remiantis ICRS protokolu), po operacijų praėjus vidutiniskai 12,4 mėnesio, 11 (84%) is 13 atvejų buvo nustatytas geras ir labai geras sąnario kremzlės makroskopinis atsitaisymas. Sąnario kremzlės biopsijos ir histologinis tyrimas buvo atliktas 11% pacientų, ir daugumos jų (remiantis ICRS protokolu) sąnario kremzlės ir pokremzlinio kaulo atitaisymo koeficientas buvo geras. BMR tyrimas parodė, kad 94% pacientų sąnario pavirsius atkurtas gerai arba labai gerai. Isvados Mūsų tyrimas parodė, kad po mozaikinės autologinės transplantacijos praėjus vidutiniskai 24,4 mėnesio (nuo 12 iki 60 mėn.) fiziskai aktyvių pacientų, kuriems buvo pažeista kelio sąnario kremzlė, klinikinė ir funkcinė būklė labai pagerėjo. Dauguma pacientų po kremzlės mozaikinės autologinės transplantacijos atgauna pries pažeidimą buvusį fizinio aktyvumo lygį. Histomorfologinis persodintų transplantatų tyrimas parodė, kad visais tirtais atvejais issilaikė hialininės kremzlės struktūra ir fibroelastinio audinio intarpai tarp transplantatų. Reiksminiai žodžiai: sąnario kremzlės pažeidimai, mozaikinė transplantacija Mosaic-like autologous osteochondral transplantation for the treatment of knee joint articular cartilage injuries Rimtautas Gudas 1 , Romas Jonas Kalesinskas 1 , Giedrius Bernotavicius 1 , Eglė Monastyreckienė 2 , Angelija Valanciūtė 3 , Darius Pranys 4 Objective The purpose of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the outcomes of mosaic type autologous osteochondral transplantation procedure for the treatment of the articular cartilage defects of the knee joint. Patients and methods Between 1998 and 2002, a total of 85 patients underwent an osteochondral autologous transplantation (mosaicplasty) procedure for osteochondral or chondral knee joint injury. The patients were evaluated using the ICRS score, arthroscopically, histologically, with MRI and X-ray examinations. The mean duration of symptoms was 21.32 ± 5.57 months and the mean follow-up was 24.4 months (range, 12 to 60 months). The mean age of the patients during the surgery was 24.74 ± 7.20 years (range, 14 to 40 years). An independent observer performed a follow-up examination after six, twelve, twenty-four, thirty-six and forty-eight months. In 13 (15%) of 85 cases 12.4 months postoperatively, arthroscopy with biopsy for histological evaluation was carried out. A radiologist and a pathologist, both blinded to each patient’s treatment, did the radiological and histological evaluations. Results After 24.4 months all the patients showed a significant clinical improvement (p < 0.05). The cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) score, functional and objective assessment revealed 93% to have excellent or good results after mosaicplasty; 7% were fair 24.4 months (range, 12–60 months) after the operations. The ICRS evaluation showed a significant improvement after the mosaicplasty procedure 24.4 months following operations (p = 0.005). No serious complications were reported. The ICRS for macroscopic evaluation during arthroscopy 12.4 months after mosaicplasty demonstrated excellent or good repair in 11 (84%) of 13 cases. Biopsy specimens were obtained from 9 (69%) of 13 patients, and histological evaluation of repair showed good scores (according to ICRS) for most samples after mosaicplasty. A MRI evaluation demonstrated excellent or good repairs in 94% after mosaicplasty. Conclusions On an average after 24.4 months (range, 12 to 60 months) of follow-up, our clinical study has shown a significant improvement of the clinical status of the physically active patients after the mosaic type autologous osteochondral transplantation for the repair of articular cartilage defects in the knee. Histologically, the osteochondral cylinder transplants retained hyaline cartilage. Keywords: articular cartilage injury, osteochondral mosaic-like transplantation

The factors influencing failure of pancreaticojejunostomy following pancreatoduodenectomy are still ill-defined. Our previous study showed that age of patient, bilirubinemia or malignant nature of peripancreatic tumor had no impact on pancreas-related morbidity following pancreatoduodenectomy. The hypothesis is that it could be influenced by the level of pancreatic fibrosis, diameter of the main pancreatic duct, and exocrine pancreatic function. Aim of the study was to analyze the impact of morphologic and physiologic peculiarities of pancreatic remnant on development of pancreas-related morbidity after Whipple procedure.We have analyzed retrospectively clinical data of 122 patients who have undergone pancreatoduodenectomy in the Department of Surgery of Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital during 1995-2001. Fibrosis of pancreatic parenchyma, diameter of main pancreatic duct, and preoperative exocrine function were evaluated. Pancreas-related morbidity was determined as either peripancreatic sepsis or pancreatic fistula. Fibrosis of pancreatic remnant was determined by computer-aided morphometric analysis. The exocrine pancreatic function was tested the day before surgery by Pancreatic Elastase-1 Stool test.One hundred twenty two patients have undergone pancreatoduodenectomy during 1995-2001. Pancreas-related morbidity was encountered in 27 (22.13%) cases, pancreatic fistula in 13 (10.65%) and peripancreatic sepsis in 14 (11.47%). Univariate analysis shows that diameter of main pancreatic duct and level of postoperative amylasemia were significantly different between the groups with and without pancreatic complications (p=0.001 and p=0.002, respectively) as well as there was significant difference of pancreatic exocrine function and fibrosis between the groups of patients who developed pancreas-related complications and who did not (p=0.003 and p=0.026, respectively). When logistic regression analysis was applied on those 4 variables, only one independent risk factor - exocrine pancreatic function at the cut-off of stool Elastase 100 micro g/g was revealed (odds ratio 21.6). The sensitivity of the Stool Elastase-1 test was 0.86, specificity 0.78, positive predictive value - 0.55 and negative predictive value - 0.95.The level of pancreatic fibrosis, diameter of the main pancreatic duct, and exocrine pancreatic function mainly influence pancreas-related morbidity following pancreatoduodenectomy. Exocrine pancreatic function measured by Stool Elastase-1 test is helpful for the detection of the group of patients with minimal risk for pancreas-related morbidity after pancreatoduodenectomy.

The aim of the present study was to compare the accuracy of transrectal ultrasound in staging rectal carcinoma. 30 consecutive patients with rectal carcinoma proven pathomorphological were staged transrectal ultrasound and computed tomography imaging, and then underwent radical surgery. The data of preoperative staging were compared with pathomorphological findings of the specimens according to Surgical excised the TNM classification system. Transrectal ultrasound showed better results than computed tomography in evaluating N (sensitivity 45.2%, specificity 45.2%), because the parameters of sensitivity and specificity were high enough (76.6%). Computed tomography has limited usefulness in staging rectal tumors because the layers of the rectal wall are not resolved by computed tomography. In T staging transrectal ultrasound sensitivity and specificity ranges 87.54% and 94.82% respectively and that enables to perform adequate surgical procedure.

February 2005. Case report of a 10‐month‐old boy with a large tumor located in the pineal gland, consisting of glia, ganglion cells, pigmented neuroepithelium and striated muscle, without immature components. The combination of neuroectodermal and mesenchymal constituents includes entities as pineal anlage tumor (melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, MNTI), ectomesenchymoma, medullomyoblastoma, and teratoma in the differential diagnosis. Lack of immature elements in this case, however, eliminates ectomesenchymoma and medullomyoblastoma from the differential diagnosis. Retinal anlage tumors, to be considered as MNTI at the site of the pineal gland, usually harbor immature components as well. Therefore, the present case does not match strict criteria of any of the categories mentioned and therefore we have designated it as a “pineal anlage tumor (without immature components)”.

Background Different subsets of tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes are believed to play essential role in the immune response to cancer cells. The data of these cells in NSCLC are relatively rare and controversial therefore we aimed to evaluate the infiltration patterns of Foxp3 + CD4+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in NSCLC and to analyze their relations to survival. Methods Lung tissue specimens from 80 newly diagnosed and untreated patients who underwent surgery for NSCLC (stages I-III), and 16 control group subjects, who underwent surgery due to recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax, were analyzed. Foxp3 + CD4+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumor stroma and islets were evaluated immunohistochemically. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0. Results Tumor infiltrating CD4+, CD8+ T cells were associated with neither overall survival nor disease-free survival. The presence of high tumor stroma infiltrating Foxp3 + CD4+ T cells was independently associated with improved NSCLC patients overall survival (P

Background The extent of angiogenesis is an important prognostic factor for colorectal carcinoma, however, there are few studies concerning changes in angiogenesis with radiotherapy (RTX). Our aim was to investigate changes in tumor angiogenesis influenced by radiotherapy to assess the prognostic value of angiogenesis the microvessel density (MVD) in overall survival after radiotherapy. Methods Tumor specimens were taken from 101 patients resected for rectal cancer. The patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment they received before surgery (not treated, a short course, or long course of RTX). Tumor specimens were paraffin-embedded and immunohistochemistry was performed with primary antibody against CD-34 to count MVD. Results MVD was significantly lower in the group of patients treated with a long course of RTX (p 2) (1953.047; p = 0.002), if the histological grade is moderate/poor (127.407; p = 0.013), if the tumor is T3/T4 (111.618; p = 0.014), and if the patient is male (17.92; p = 0.034) adjusted by other variable in model. Conclusion Our results show that a long course of radiotherapy significantly decreased angiogenesis in rectal cancer tissue. MVD was found to be a favourable marker for tumor behaviour during RTX and a predictor of overall survival after long course of RTX. Further investigations are now needed to determine the changes in angiogenesis during a shorter course of RTX.

Introduction Liver and lungs are common locations of distant metastases of colorectal cancer. Skin metastases of colorectal cancer are very rare, and facial lesions are extremely uncommon. Case presentation An anterior resection of the rectum was performed for rectal cancer T3N0M0G3. A small ulcer on the upper lip developed 3.5 years after primary operation. Metastasis of adenocarcinoma was confirmed histologically, and local excision was performed. At the same time, a solitary metastasis in the right lung was diagnosed, and the right lower lobectomy was performed. No other metastasis or local recurrences were observed during the next 7 months. Conclusion Skin metastases in the face from colorectal cancer are very rare and may indicate tumour relapse several years after primary resection. These patients have a worse prognosis.