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Background: Bleeding per vagina following established menopause is called Post-Menopausal bleeding; even without amenorrhea or irregularity menstruation continuing after age of 55 years should be investigated. The objective of this study was to study the correlation of findings in TVS and Pipelle sampling biopsy in diagnosis of endometrial pathology. Methods: The present Prospective Observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Radiology, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India between March 2022 to February 2023. Outdoor patients in postmenopausal age group presenting with Post-menopausal bleeding per vagina during same period after fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Statistical data were analysed by using Microsoft Excel and SPSS V.20 software. Results: We found that, out of 50 patients, 26(52%) patients were <50 years of age, 22(44.0%) patients were 51-60 years of age, 2(4.0%) patients were >61 years of age. The mean age of patients was 51.7600 years. We observed 32(64.0%) patients had 1-3 months duration of post-menopausal bleeding and 18(36.0%) patients had 4-6 months duration of PMB. We found that, 46(92.0%) patients had Successful entry of Pipelle's into endometrial cavity which was statistically significant. Our study showed that, 09(100.0%) patients were with detected endometrial carcinoma and atypical endometrial hyperplasia in TVS and was statistically significant. About 07(87.78%) patients were detected with endometrial carcinoma and atypical complex endometrial hyperplasia in Pipelle's biopsy which was statistically significant. Conclusion: The clinical approach to post-menopausal bleeding requires prompt and efficient evaluation to exclude or diagnose endometrial carcinoma and endometrial hyperplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It has been proposed that, thrombocytopenia is the most common haematological abnormality in pregnancy after anaemia. The incidence of severe immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in pregnancy has been difficult to report because of the rarity of the disease. Aims and objectives: Objectives were to determine the prevalence, pregnancy outcomes, treatment modalities of ITP mothers in a tertiary health care hospital in West Bengal, India. Methods: Our study was a retrospective record study. Records of the in-patient medical record department (MRD) folders of patients with ITP who delivered at Dept of G&O, N.R.S. Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India from November 2018 to November 2022. Statistical data were analysed by using SPSS V.20 software. Results: Most common age group of the mother found to 19-25 years 10 (43.5%). Gravida 1 was 11 (47.8%), followed by gravida 2 was 8 (34.83%). IUFD was 1 (4.3%), preterm was 7 (30.4%), SA was 2 (8.7%), term was 12 (52.2%) and neonatal death was 2 (8.7%). Associated Haematological Disorder of B Thal Trait and HbE Carrier was 3 (10.3%) each. Platelet Count during AN Period as <49000 was 13 (56.5%) and 50000-99,999 was 10 (43.5%). Myasthenia gravis during pregnancy was 7 (30.4%), Methylprednisolone was 3 (13.0%), thyroid disorder was among 5 (21.7%). Conclusion: Chronic ITP in pregnancy poses more risks to mother and foetus as seen with the higher chance of PPH etc. Mothers with ITP should be screened antenatally as the chances of anomalies are high in foetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thrombocytopenia develops in 5% to 10% of women during pregnancy or in the immediate postpartum period. A low platelet count is often an incidental feature of pregnancy, but it might also provide a biomarker of a coexisting systemic or gestational disorder and a potential reason for a maternal intervention or treatment that might pose harm to the fetus. Maternal thrombocytopenia is commonly diagnosed during routine prenatal complete blood count. Aims: To determine various etiologies of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy and to study fetal outcome & maternal outcome of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Material and Methods: This study was a Prospective Observational Study conducted in the Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, NRSMC&H & Department of Haematology, NRSMC&H Kolkata, West Bengal, India from April 2019 to March 2020. 100 Pregnant women with thrombocytopenia attending ANC clinic & Haematology OPD were included in the study. A suitable predesigned pretested Proforma for data collection was used. Template was generated in MS excel sheet and analysis was done on SPSS software. Result: In the present study 23(23.0%) patients were ≤20 years old, 75(75.0%) patients were 21-30 years old Pre-term delivery (69%) is significantly higher than subjects with no Pre-term delivery (20%). 31(31.0%) patients had SNCU admission, 7(7.0%) patients had neonatal thrombocytopenia, 13(13.0%) patients had IUD, 28(28.0%) patients had LBW, 11(11.0%) patients had Spontaneous miscarriage, 26(26.0%) patients had FGR. In ITP Group, 9 (25.0%) patients had preterm delivery. In PPH Group, 3(8.1%) patients were had Preclamsia. A significant higher proportion of patients had been given spinal anaesthesia (76.92%) followed by epidural anaesthesia (23.08%). Conclusion: It was found that 7 (7.0%) patients had neonatal thrombocytopenia and 50 (50%) patients had gestational thrombocytopenia. From this study, conclusion can be made that, platelet count may not be included in routine antenatal investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most common surgeries performed worldwide is cesarean section (CS). The World Health Organization has identified an ideal CS rate for a nation of around 10-15%. In recent times, the proportion of delivery conducted by CS has increased. However, it can lead to significant increase in maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to analyze determine rate of CS and factors that lead to increased number of CS in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This analytical prospective study has been carried out on pregnant women undergoing CS in Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital from March 2019 to February 2020. Total 1000 cases undergoing emergency CS during study period were included in the study. Template was generated and analysis was done on SPSS software. Results: In this study, lower segment CS (LSCS) rate is highest in age group of 20-25 years (47.2%), followed by <19 years age group (24%) and lowest LSCS rates seen in >35 years age group. Relationship between parity and LSCS rate is also considered in the present study. Primipara contributes around 76% LSCS rate, where multipara shows only 24% of total LSCS in this study. In respect to total number of LSCS in this study, Robson Group 2B is maximum contributor (37.4%), followed by 2A (14.4%), 4B (13.2%), and Group 6 (7.6%). Conclusion: The LSCS rate in the present study is far higher than standards which are statistically significant also. Hence, it is mandatory to assess risk and benefit ratio of mother and fetus before taking any measure to reduce LSCS rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10-year study to evaluate the time trends of ectopic pregnancy showed a gradual but steady rise of incidence from 1/179 to 1/108. Reproductive failure constituted the major bulk but contraceptive failure is gradually increasing. Interestingly failure of emergency contraception has emerged as another risk factor in recent years. Laparotomy is still the major modality of treatment with medical management possible in only 3.1% of cases. Laparoscopic management has been adopted from 2003 and only 20.2% of cases were managed by laparoscopy in 2006, which is much lower than that of our western counterparts.