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ABSTRACT: Introduction: The circulating GM antigen is considered an important and reliable biomarker according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycosis Study Group (EORTC/MSG) guidelines. However several possible causes of false-positive reactions have been reported, including intake of certain antibiotics, cross-reactivity with other fungi (e.g. Histoplasma capsulatum, Alternaria spp., Candida spp, and Fusarium spp etc), food (Carba beans and fava beans) and food supplements. In this context, the occurrence of false-positive results may lead to an unjustified invasive investigation and anti-fungal therapy. Purpose: The study was conducted to analyse of causal association of false positive galactomannan factors. Material and Methods: BAL samples from suspected respiratory tract infections were submitted for direct microscopic examination, GM detection and fungal culture. Results: Out of a total of 530 patients, 70 patients were in the case group (False positive GM) and 50 were in the control group (True positive). The average GMI of the case group was 2(1-4.2). and control group was 1.8(1-3.5). At a cut-off index of >1 false positive galactomannan results were observed maximum in patients who received Amoxiclav(48.5%), Piperacillin-tazobactam(33.3%), Amoxicillin(12.5%) followed by Meropenem(8.3%). The results showed a significant association(p-value <0.001) with false positive GM.. Other fungal agent colonization also had a higher GM index in the BAL sample but it is difficult to comment on association as the odds ratio was low (0.187). The odds were also lower (0.167) in dietary history to get false positive results and similarly with those on dietary supplements, but in contrast to these findings it was seen that the odd ratio was higher in patients suffering from tuberculosis(3.777) which can be attributed to increased colonization of aspergillus in TB patients. Conclusion: Galactomannan is the key biomarker of whether to start antifungal therapy for patients with IA and a higher mortality risk. Test results should be critically interpreted in the clinical context concerning potential causes of false-positive findings, especially with concomitant Piperacillin-tazobactam and amoxiclav use, other fungal infections and dietary history to prevent unnecessary antimycotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value education is an integral part of holistic learning, focusing on instilling ethical, moral, social, religious, cultural, educational, personal, spiritual, and behavioral values. It aims to develop character, empathy, and a sense of responsibility, fostering well-rounded individuals capable of contributing positively to society. Research and surveys played a very important role in giving value education a place in the list of priorities. Research also shows a direction to solve the problems. In this paper, we will discuss the trend of research on value education in the faculty of education, at CSJMU, Kanpur. The data was collected from the Shodhganga@INFLIBNET platform. This trend research has covered different aspects such as year-wise thesis, gender of researcher and supervisor, language of research, approach of research, research design, methods of research, population, sampling method, nature of tools, data collection tools, statistical techniques, etc. A total 8 theses were submitted of value education in ten years of the period of study. To find the trend of research researcher uses the self-made checklist of trend analysis for the Doctoral thesis. We found the result in frequency and percentage base. The collected data revealed that 8.89% of theses were of value education contributed from 2011 to 2020. So there is lack of research on value education. There is no equal distribution of basic information which shows huge number gap and some lack of methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The education system in India is undergoing various changes to improve it. The Choice-Based Credit System (CBCS) has been introduced in higher education, allowing students to select elective courses based on their interests. This system offers advanced learning opportunities, the flexibility to transfer between institutions, and improvements in academic quality. The CBCS is designed to meet the evolving socio-economic environment and the educational needs of future generations. However, its implementation has posed challenges for students, faculty, and institutions. Thus, the goal of this research is to analyze the challenges of implementing CBCS and researchers also surveyed the opinion of faculty members on CBCS. A study conducted on 140 faculty members of CSJM University, Kanpur, revealed that there is no significant difference in opinions on CBCS between Arts and Science faculty members. It also showed that there is a significant difference in opinions on CBCS between male and female faculty members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal value of cow milk is well defined in ancient Indian literature of Ayurveda and Charak Samhita. Cow milk contains protein, fats and carbohydrates as its constituents. The ancient literature did not reveal which constituent of the milk carries its biological activities. With the advent of glycoscience it was postulated that the carbohydrates present in milk, in the form of oligosaccharide are responsible for its medicinal values. The oligosaccharide content of the milk depends on various factors i.e., breed of the animal, their food and geographical fauna around them. The cow milk carries brain stimulating, immunostimulant and bone developing properties. Keeping the above facts in mind we have collected the Kankerej cow milk from Rajasthan for the study of its oligosaccharide constituents. The milk was collected in bulk and was processed by modified method of Kobata and Ginsburg for obtaining its oligosaccharide contents. Further, it was chromatographed and purified by different chromatographic techniques for isolating the oligosaccharides in its purest derivatized form. Further, the structure elucidation of the purified oligosaccharide/oligoglycoside was performed by chemical transformation, chemical degradation, spectroscopic techniques such as 1H, 13C, HSQC, TOCSY, COSY, HMBC NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The structure of the isolated compound was deduced as pentaglycoside (Kankaroside). The structure of this novel oligosaccharide was established as under: β-Gal(1→4)-β-Gal(1-→4)-β-GalNAc(1→3)-β-Gal(l→4)-β-Glc-OCH3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Position of glycosidic linkages in oligosaccharide was confirmed by alditol acetate. methylation/acid hydrolysis in traditional studies. Later. core units and structure reporter group theory along with comparison of chemical shifts of natural and acetylated oligosaccharides were used for confirming the position of glycosidic linkages. These methods were. however. inappropriate and imperfect in certain cases. In recent times. 2D heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) NMR experiments are being used for this purpose. making it possible to fix the position of glycosidic linkages unequivocally. In this experiment the multiple bond correlation of anomeric carbon of next monosaccharide gives a cross peak with the methine proton of the previous monosaccharide in an oligosaccharide chain. It becomes more complicated when the oligosaccharide is comprised of long or branched chains. but due to some proximal and steric hindrances this correlation is often not observed restricting the process of sequencing in milk oligosaccharides. In these circumstances. an alternative experiment. Reverse HMBC is used and is explained for the first time. meaning thereby. we observe the cross peak between methine carbon of the monosaccharide under observation with the anomeric proton of the next monosaccharide. In the present paper. Reverse HMBC technique for structure elucidation of novel heptaglycoside named Arkaroside from Tharparkar cow milk has been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is a biofluid. essential for growth and development of infants and is comprised of protein. fat and carbohydrates in the form of lactose and oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides are responsible for any specific biological activity of the particular milk. Camel milk is called gold of dessert and has antitubercular. antiviral and antitumor properties. Camel milk also contains disease-fighting properties and have hypogylcemic activity. Keeping in mind, the usefulness of camel's milk and role of oligosaccharides present in it for treatment of various diseases. It was collected in bulk and processed by modified method of Kobata and Ginsberg method followed by Gel filtration. HPLC and silica column chromatography which led to isolation of a novel nonasaccharide. Ramedrose and its structure was elucidated with the help of ¹H, 13C NMR and 2D NMR i.e. HMBC. HSQC. COSY and TOCSY and Mass spectrometry which is as under (1→3)-α-D-Glc(1→3)-β-D-Glc(1→3)-β-D-Glc(1→3)-β-D-Gal(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc(1→4)-β-D-Glc ... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The passage of the transfer catheter through the cervical canal is primarily a crucial challenge for a successful embryo transfer (ET) during in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. Patients scheduled for IVF/ICSI are subjected to MOCK Transfer (Trial Embryo transfer), to get an idea of the cervical anatomy. It can be extremely challenging and painful to navigate a catheter through the cervix in certain circumstances. Due to cervical stenosis or blockages, which pose a significant obstacle during ET, some women experience IVF failures. Cervical stenosis refers to the narrowing or closure of the cervix at the level of the internal OS, which obstructs the passage between the uterus and the vagina. Such a disorder affects the menstrual cycle as well as pregnancy in women and requires cervical dilatation. Simple cervical dilatation may lead to re-stenosis. Such patients especially those undergoing IVF treatment are found to benefit by cervical shaving. Hence, this study aims to highlight the role of hysteroscopic cervical shaving, enabling smooth passage for ET in patients undergoing IVF, and eventually resulting in successful outcomes. This study focussed on women with a history of failed IVF attempt(s) in whom ET was extremely difficult and also those, who had failed MOCK transfer test. The study involved performing operative hysteroscopy with correction/ creation of a cervical tract. Ease of postoperative ET and successful outcome of IVF treatment after the hysteroscopic procedure were observed. Cervical canal shaving resulted in a markedly easier ET and better outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yak (Bosgrunniens) is an inhabitant of the Himalayan regions like Sikkim, Bhutan and China. It belongs to the cow family and its milk is used for enema therapy in Tibet and also has immunostimulant properties. For isolation of its oligosaccharide contents, the milk was collected and processed by the modified method of Kobata and Ginsburg and was purified by combining gel filtration, HPLC and silica column chromatography resulting in the isolation of an undescribed branched chain octasaccharide 'Uniose'. The stereoscopic structure of Uniose was elucidated with the help of 1D (¹H, 13C), 2D NMR (HSQC, TOCSY, COSY and HMBC) and Mass spectrometry as under: ... Uniose [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goat milk oligosaccharides have anti-inflammatory properties and are involved in the repairing process after dextran sodium sulphate induced colitis. Keeping in mind the biological importance of goat milk oligosaccharides, goat milk was analyzed for its oligosaccharide content which led to the isolation of a novel heptasaccharide, Egarose, C48H81O36N3. The structure of the isolated oligosaccharide was elucidated by chemical transformation, chemical degradation, ¹H, 13C, 2D-NMR (HSQC, TOCSY, COSY, and HMBC) and Mass spectrometry as under- ... The geometry of compound Egarose was optimized by B3LYP method and 6-31 G (d,p) basis set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cow milk oligosaccharides (CMOs) are complex carbohydrates found in cow milk that resemble the oligosaccharides in human milk and are essential for regulating the immune system and forming the gut flora of infants. As prebiotics, they promote the growth of specific beneficial gut bacteria, such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, thus promoting the creation of short-chain fatty acids for gut health. Furthermore, CMOs correlate with enhanced infant immune system development, offering safeguards against pathogens and anti-inflammatory benefits. The results of recent CMO research are revealed in this review, together with their biological importance and potential applications. Their relevance to infant nutrition is highlighted, as is their potential to be used as bioactive ingredients in novel functional foods and nutraceuticals. This study also describes upcoming obstacles and opportunities for CMO research, such as understanding their structures and functions, improving extraction methods, and expanding applications to different age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimum nutrition is necessary for any infant fed with mother's milk, which facilitates in the development of the infant's growth, bones, brain, immune system and other parameters. All these factors are in turn facilitated largely by the oligosaccharides present in the milk. These oligosaccharides are made up of various monosaccharides as their building blocks comprising of different combinations of sugars. A number of animals have been investigated for their milk oligosaccharide contents; they have shown different biological activities like immuno-stimulants, liver stimulating, pre biotic, anti-viral and many more. In search for some more novel oligosaccharides, milk of Bactarian camel was studied for its oligosaccharide contents. Keeping in mind the biological activities of camel milk as anti-hepatitis, liver stimulant, anti-hypertensive, anti-asthmatic and anti-diabetic, the Bactarian camel's milk was collected in bulk and processed by the modified method of Kobata and Ginsburg incorporating deproteination, microfiltration, gel-filtration and lyophilisation, resulting in isolation of crude milk oligosaccharide mixture. For its further studies, it was acetylated by acetic anhydride in pyridine affording the acetylated oligosaccharide mixture. This was purified by silica gel column chromatography which gave a novel tetrasaccharide Bacuose. Its structure was elucidated by chemical degradation, chemical transformation and physico-chemical techniques such as 1H, 13C and 2D (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC) NMR experiments and Mass Spectrometry. The stereoscopic structure of the novel tetrasaccharide Bacuose was determined as under .... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is an excellent source of balanced nutrients and is also responsible for growth of children and nourishment of adults. The oligosaccharides present in milk have numerous biological activities such as antitumor, anticancer, antiviral, antiinflammatory, anticoagulant, antioxidant and immunostimulant activities. These biological activities of milk oligosaccharides depend upon the monosaccharide constituents, their sequence and appended groups. Camel milk contains higher concentration of sialyl oligosaccharides which have shown anti-adhesive effects against certain pathogens as well as important nutrients for brain development. Keeping in mind the biological activities of camel milk and oligosaccharide present therein, it was collected in bulk and was processed by modified method of Kobata and Ginsberg for obtaining its oligosaccharide constituents. During the process camel milk was deproteinated, centrifugated and filtered by microfilter and lyophilized followed by gel filtration HPLC, column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, which resulted in the isolation of a novel milk oligoglycoside namely Camiloside. The stereoscopic structures of this purified compound were elucidated with the help of chemical degradation, chemical transformation and spectroscopic techniques like NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC) and mass spectrometry. The isolated novel camiloside contains a methyl group at its reducing end. It is the first report of any milk oligosaccharide as its methyl glycoside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oligosaccharides are an important class of biologically active natural products found in various natural sources including the mammalian milk, these oligosaccharides act as a potent drug against fatal diseases like AIDS, and cancer and used as an immunostimulant. Several oligosaccharides have been isolated from different mammalian milk and were examined in many models for the treatment of human diseases. Large number of bioactive oligosaccharides have been reported and isolated from cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, camel, mare, yak, elephant, and human milk. The medicinal properties of sheep's milk are well defined in Vedic literature. Unani and Ayurvedic medicinal system has also elaborated many biological activities of sheep milk. The sheep milk oligosaccharides have shown anti-inflammatory properties and have also given promising results against tuberculosis in tribal medicinal systems. It was also used for increase of blood platelets reduced after dengue fever. Keeping in mind, the bio efficacy of sheep's milk and the role of oligosaccharides present there in, it was analyzed for its oligosaccharide contents. After processing it by Modified method of Kobata and Ginsberg and its isolation by chromatographic techniques, a novel pentasaccharide, Ariesose, C36H61O26N3, was isolated from sheep's milk. The structure of this novel oligosaccharide was elucidated by chemical transformation, chemical degradation, 1H, 13C, 2D-NMR (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC) and mass spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]