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Dendrocalamus latiflorus, a species of giant bamboo, holds significant ecological and economic value. This review delves into the intricate interplay between phytohormones and sugar metabolism in Dendrocalamus latiflorus, emphasizing species-specific mechanisms that enhance its ecological adaptability and rapid growth. By synthesizing recent research, this work highlights how phytohormones, including auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid, regulate sugar metabolism pathways such as glycolysis and starch degradation in response to environmental stimuli. These hormones influence crucial plant processes, including cell division, elongation, stress responses, and sugar metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Geographic variations in these processes are examined, demonstrating their role in environmental adaptation and ecological resilience. For instance, populations in nutrient-rich soils exhibit enhanced cytokinin activity and sugar transport efficiency, while those in water-limited areas display elevated abscisic acid levels, aiding drought tolerance. This targeted focus on D. latiflorus provides novel insights into its potential applications in sustainable forestry and agroforestry systems. By integrating recent advances, this review highlights the critical role of phytohormone–sugar interplay in improving the productivity and stress resilience of D. latiflorus, with implications for agroforestry systems and climate change adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) gene family is a crucial regulator in plants, orchestrating various developmental processes, particularly flower formation, and mediating responses to hormonal signals. The molecular mechanism of bamboo flowering regulation remains unresolved, limiting bamboo breeding efforts. In this study, we identified 309 bHLH genes and divided them into 23 subfamilies. Structural analysis revealed that proteins in specific DlbHLH subfamilies are highly conserved. Collinearity analysis indicates that the amplification of the DlbHLH gene family primarily occurs through segmental duplications. The structural diversity of these duplicated genes may account for their functional variability. Many DlbHLHs are expressed during flower development, indicating the bHLH gene's significant role in this process. In the promoter region of DlbHLHs, different homeopathic elements involved in light response and hormone response co-exist, indicating that DlbHLHs are related to the regulation of the flower development of D. latiflorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The study was conducted to analyze the effects of single and mixed fermentation of Dendrocalamus latiflorus with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Limosilactobacillus fermentum on their quality, to explore suitable fermentation agents for D. latiflorus.【Method】L. plantarum S1 and L. fermentum G9 were used as fermentation strains to study the effects of single and mixed fermentation of the two Lactobacillus strains on the lactic acid bacteria count, reducing sugars, pH values, total acids, nitrites, antioxidants, organic acids, biogenic amines and volatile compounds of fermented D. latiflorus.【Result】Compared with the natural fermentation group, fermentation with L. plantarum S1 and L. fermentum G9 significantly increased the lactic acid bacteria count, total acids, organic acids and antioxidant activity (P < 0.05) of fermented D. latiflorus, while its pH value and reducing sugar content were reduced. At the 4th day of fermentation, the lactobacillus count in G9 fermentation group was the highest, 8.70 lg (CFU/mL), and at the end of fermentation, the lactobacillus count in inoculated fermentation group was higher than 6.31 lg (CFU/mL), which was significantly higher than that in natural fermentation group. Moreover, the inoculated fermentation groups showed higher total acids and lactic acid contents in comparison with the naturally fermented D. latiflorus. The highest total acid (5.86 g/kg) and lactic acid content (3.66 g/kg) were both found in S1 fermentation group. In addition, inoculated fermentation with lactic acid bacteria could effectively reduce the nitrite and biogenic amine contents of fermented D. latiflorus, and the nitrite and biogenic amine contents of inoculated fermentation groups were significantly lower than those of natural fermentation group during the fermentation. The results of volatile flavor substances analysis showed that 26, 33, 29 and 31 compounds were detected in the natural, S1, G9 and mixed fermentation groups with the relative contents of 12.75, 22.58, 15.15 and 20.81 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with the inoculated fermentation group, the natural fermentation group had relatively fewer types of volatile substances, and the relative content of volatile substances (12.75 mg/kg) was lower than that of other fermentation groups.It was shown that inoculated fermentation could effectively enhance the types and relative contents of volatile flavor substances in fermented D. latiflorus.【Conclusion】The above findings indicated that both L. plantarum S1 and L. fermentum G9 could better enhance the quality and flavor of fermented D. latiflorus, which could be used as potential fermentation agents for D. latiflorus.

Copyright of Guangdong Agricultural Sciences is the property of South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Transcription factors (TFs) are crucial pre-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that can modulate the expression of downstream genes by binding to their promoter regions. DOF (DNA binding with One Finger) proteins are a unique class of TFs with extensive roles in plant growth and development. Our previous research indicated that iron content varies among bamboo leaves of different colors. However, to our knowledge, genes related to iron metabolism pathways in bamboo species have not yet been studied. Therefore, in the current study, we identified iron metabolism related (IMR) genes in bamboo and determined the TFs that significantly influence them. Among these, DOFs were found to have widespread effects and potentially significant impacts on their expression. We identified specific DOF members in Dendrocalamus latiflorus with binding abilities through homology with Arabidopsis DOF proteins, and established connections between some of these members and IMR genes using RNA-seq data. Additionally, molecular docking confirmed the binding interactions between these DlDOFs and the DOF binding sites in the promoter regions of IMR genes. The co-expression relationship between the two gene sets was further validated using q-PCR experiments. This study paves the way for research into iron metabolism pathways in bamboo and lays the foundation for understanding the role of DOF TFs in D. latiflorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrocalamus latiflorus, a species of giant bamboo, holds significant ecological and economic value. This review delves into the intricate interplay between phytohormones and sugar metabolism in Dendrocalamus latiflorus, emphasizing species-specific mechanisms that enhance its ecological adaptability and rapid growth. By synthesizing recent research, this work highlights how phytohormones, including auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid, regulate sugar metabolism pathways such as glycolysis and starch degradation in response to environmental stimuli. These hormones influence crucial plant processes, including cell division, elongation, stress responses, and sugar metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Geographic variations in these processes are examined, demonstrating their role in environmental adaptation and ecological resilience. For instance, populations in nutrient-rich soils exhibit enhanced cytokinin activity and sugar transport efficiency, while those in water-limited areas display elevated abscisic acid levels, aiding drought tolerance. This targeted focus on D. latiflorus provides novel insights into its potential applications in sustainable forestry and agroforestry systems. By integrating recent advances, this review highlights the critical role of phytohormone–sugar interplay in improving the productivity and stress resilience of D. latiflorus, with implications for agroforestry systems and climate change adaptation.

The aim of this study was to isolate biocontrol bacteria that could antagonize brown rot of Dendrocalamus latiflorus, optimize the culture conditions, and develop an effective biocontrol preparation for brown rot of D. latiflorus. This study isolated a bacterium with an antagonistic effect on bamboo brown rot from healthy D. latiflorus rhizosphere soil. Morphology, molecular biology, and physiological biochemistry methods identified it as Bacillus siamensis. The following culturing media and conditions improved the inhibition effect of B. siamensis: the best culturing media were 2% sucrose, 1.5% yeast extract, and 0.7% potassium chloride; the optimal culturing time, temperature, pH, and inoculation amount were 48 h, 30°C, 6, and 20%. The optimum formula of the applying bacterial suspension was 14% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate emulsifier, 4% Na2HPO4·2H2O, 0.3% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose thickener, and 20% B. siamensis. The pot experiment results showed the control effect of applying bacterial suspension, diluted 1,000 times is still better than that of 24% fenbuconazole suspension. The applying bacterial suspension enables reliable control of brown rot in D. latiflorus.

Cupin&lowbar;1 domain-containing protein (CDP) family, which is a member of the cupin superfamily with the most diverse functions in plants, has been found to be involved in hormone pathways that are closely related to rhizome sprouting (RS), a vital form of asexual reproduction in plants. Ma bamboo is a typical clumping bamboo, which mainly reproduces by RS. In this study, we identified and characterized 53 Dendrocalamus latiflorus CDP genes and divided them into seven subfamilies. Comparing the genetic structures among subfamilies showed a relatively conserved gene structure within each subfamily, and the number of cupin&lowbar;1 domains affected the conservation among D. latiflorus CDP genes. Gene collinearity results showed that segmental duplication and tandem duplication both contributed to the expansion of D. latiflorus CDP genes, and lineage-specific gene duplication was an important factor influencing the evolution of CDP genes. Expression patterns showed that CDP genes generally had higher expression levels in germinating underground buds, indicating that they might play important roles in promoting shoot sprouting. Transcription factor binding site prediction and co-expression network analysis indicated that D. latiflorus CDPs were regulated by a large number of transcription factors, and collectively participated in rhizome buds and shoot development. This study significantly provided new insights into the evolutionary patterns and molecular functions of CDP genes, and laid a foundation for further studying the regulatory mechanisms of plant rhizome sprouting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a main dual-purpose cluster bamboo for bamboo shoots and timbers in southern China, Dendrocalamus latiflorus is the rare tree species that can be processed and utilized with high utilization value. As an important economic tree species, Dendrocalamus latiflorus can be used as high-quality industrial material and plays an important role in the development of bamboo processing industry. Moreover, Dendrocalamus latiflorus has strong environmental adaptability, water conservation and slope protection. In this paper, the processing and utilization of Dendrocalamus latiflorus were discussed, and the natural distribution, biological characteristics, bamboo processing and utilization, bamboo shoot processing and utilization, processing and utilization of forest by-products were summarized. The problems and countermeasures of the development of Dendrocalamus latiflorus processing industry were put forward, in order to provide theoretical guidance for high-quality, efficient and sustainable industrial development, and promote the related research and development and utilization of Dendrocalamus latiflorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo has great potential in restoring degraded lands while providing multiple environmental benefits and harvestable products at regular intervals due to its unique characteristics of rapid growth. However, a comprehensive and species-specific knowledge of biomass productivity, nutrient dynamics, and potential harvest-induced nutrient losses is lacking. This study compared the biomass and nutrient dynamics of four bamboo species Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro, Bambusa tulda Roxburgh, and Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz in Northern Thailand. Field measurements, laboratory analyses, and statistical modeling were used to estimate their aboveground biomass (AGB), nutrient use efficiency (NUE), and nutrient stocks. Culm diameter at breast height (DBH) and age were identified as the most reliable predictors of AGB. The study revealed that D. brandisii had superior productivity and NUE compared to the other species, particularly the introduced non-native bamboo species. These findings emphasize the need for species-specific strategies that consider both biomass productivity and nutrient dynamics. Furthermore, D. brandisii can be suggested as a native candidate for bamboo plantations in Northern Thailand and similar environments, given its high productivity and efficient nutrient use, underpinning its potential contribution to environmental rehabilitation and rural livelihoods. However, more research is required to minimize nutrient losses and maintain a productive age structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The selection of superior lines is extremely important to improve the utilization rate and economic value of bamboo. In this research, 120 anther-regenerated bamboo lines were planted in the field, and the survival rate reached 84.2% one year after planting. During five years of observations, we continuously measured and recorded the number of shoots and the size of the new bamboo of these regenerated lines. The results showed that there were considerable differences in culm size and growth rate among the different lines. After comprehensive evaluation, we found that one of the lines (P82) had obvious advantages in culm size and growth rate compared with the others. The chromosome ploidy of line P82 and the other three lines (P38, P84, and P34) was detected. It was found that P82 was hexaploid, while the other three lines were dodecaploid. Nutritional components of the P82 shoots were further detected. The results showed that the content of soluble sugar was 1.4%, the content of free amino acid was 3.5 g·kg−1 (FW, fresh weight), and the content of protein was 14.8 g·kg−1 (FW), and there were no significant differences compared with the local wild mature bamboo. Anatomical analysis showed that the vascular bundle size of the line P82 (hexaploid) was significantly larger than that of line P38 (dodecaploid), and the length of parenchyma cells in the culm wall of line P82 was similar to that of line P38, however, the cell width of line P82 was significantly wider than that of line P38. In this study, the breeding of superior lines of regenerated bamboo plants from an anther culture was realized, which provided an example for a new method for selecting superior lines from an anther culture, and also enriched the resources of superior lines of D. latiflorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve germplasm innovation and study genetic variation of important traits of bamboo plants, we used Bambusa multiplex, B. chungii, and Dendrocalamus latiflorus as parent materials for distant and inbred hybridizations. Two hybrid populations and three inbred populations were obtained: two populations consisted of 57 hybrid progenies from B. multiplex × B. chungii, 26 hybrid progenies from B. multiplex × D. latiflorus, and three inbred progenies were from B. multiplex, B. chungii, and D. latiflorus. Traits for growth, morphology, and fiber were examined from the five populations when plants were 3 years old. Two hybrid populations had significant growth advantages in terms of height, diameter at ground level and internodal length. In terms of variability in morphological traits, the two hybrid populations followed the same trend, namely, seven morphological traits showed phenotypes that were intermediate to those of their parents; three morphological traits showed strong maternal effects, and three other morphological traits showed strong paternal effects. Among the five populations, the two hybrid populations had high arithmetic average fiber length, length-weighted average fiber length and mass-weighted average fiber length, moreover, extensive variations of these three traits were observed within these two hybrid populations. The establishment of distant hybrid populations from these three bamboo species increased the genetic diversity more than in the other species examined. This work provides excellent materials for breeding new varieties and lays the foundation for understanding the genetics of important traits by analyzing related functional genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 81 compounds provisionally identified in bamboo leafs; • 29 of these compounds were found for the first time in bamboo leafs; • Out of the 11 leaves, 10 have never been studied for bioactive characterization; • 5 classes of phenolics found, with a predominance of flavones (luteolin/apigenin); • Orientin and Schaftoside are the major compounds in bamboo leafs. Bamboo is a highly sustainable plant with a wide variety of leaves, yet little is known about its bioactive composition. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of 11 different varieties of bamboo leaves using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. As a result, 81 phenolic compounds were tentatively identified, 29 of which were identified for the first time in the literature for bamboo leaves. The tentatively identified compounds fell into five classes (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, flavones, flavanones, and flavonols). The concentration of phenolic compounds ranged from 103 to 1291 mg/100 g. Among the provisionally identified compounds, there was a predominance of derivatives from the luteolin and apigenin group, with orientin and schaftoside being the majority in each group, respectively. The leaves also showed significant variation in antioxidant activity, highlighting the potential bioactive composition of bamboo leaves for future applications in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Utilizando el microscopio electrónico de barrido, se evaluaron ultraestructuralmente, culmo joven (dos años de edad), brácteas del culmo, yemas, superficie abaxial de la lámina foliar y flores de Dendrocalamus latiflorus, un bambú susceptible a cambios bruscos de temperatura y precipitación, que lo hacen florecer con facilidad. Los rasgos más notables fueron la presencia de dos tipos de células operculadas en las glumas estériles de las flores, la abundancia de cera cuticular, la presencia de puntuaciones reticuladas en el xilema y los granos de polen especializados, por la presencia de discos o ventosas para su acople. Las células operculadas y los discos de acople son caracteres taxonómicos importantes.The bamboo Dendrocalamus latiflorus is easily affected by sudden changes in temperature and humidity, which cause it to bloom. We used a scanning electron microscope to describe the ultrastructure of young culm (2 years old), culm bracts, buds, abaxial surface of the leaf lamina and flowers. The most noticeable ultrastructural features were the presence of two types of operculated cells in the sterile flower glums, the abundant cuticular wax, the presence of reticulated punctuations in the xylem and pollen grains with interlocking disks or cups. The operculated cells and the interlocking disks are taxonomically important features. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(Suppl. 2): 43-50. Epub 2006 Dec. 01.

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in various developmental and physiological processes ( e.g. seed germination, vegetative growth, flowering, seed production, and responses to abiotic or biotic stimuli) by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression at the post-transcriptional level. Bamboo flowering is an unusual physiological phenomenon relative to the typical graminaceous plants. In this study, we focused on the microRNAome of developing Dendrocalamus latiflorus inflorescences. Solexa high-throughput small RNA (sRNA) sequencing technology was used to sequence and quantify the miRNAs expressed during two phases of D. latiflorus flower development. A total of 118 conserved miRNAs and 47 novel miRNAs was identified in the developing flowers. The transcript levels of most of the miRNAs were similar between the two phases. However, five miRNAs showed distinct changes as the flowering developed, with the novel miRNA dla-miR18 in particular showing a large difference in transcript abundance between the two phases. Fifteen of the D. latiflorus miRNAs found in this study appeared likely to be specific to flower development. Moreover, 130 of the floral unigenes of D. latiflorus were determined to be putative targets of the miRNAs, and the miRNA cleavage sites of seven of these putative targets were validated by 5′-RACE. The results of this study provide the first broad survey of the microRNAomes of Bambusoideae and yield valuable insights into the potential roles of microRNAs in bamboo inflorescence development. Our findings represent a starting point for future functional research on the role of miRNA in the flower development in D. latiflorus and related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three kinds of polysaccharides, namely, BSP1A, BSP2A, and BSP3B, were isolated from raw bamboo shoot (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) after purification and classification by DEAE cellulose-52 (ion-exchange chromatography) and Sephadex G-50. The molecular weights of BSP1A, BSP2A, and BSP3B were 10.2, 17.0 and 20.0 kDa, respectively, which were measured through GPC (gel performance chromtatography) methods. BSP1A contained arabinose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.0:40.6:8.7. BSP2A and BSP3B contained arabinose, xylose, glucose, and galactose in molar ratios of 6.6:1.0:5.2:10.4 and 8.5:1.0:5.1:11.1, respectively. The existence of the O-glycopeptide bond in BSP1A, BSP2A, and BSP3B was demonstrated by β-elimination reaction. FTIR spectra of the three polysaccharides showed that both BSP2A and BSP3B contained β-D-pyranose sugar rings. However, BSP1A exhibited both β-D-pyranose and α-D-pyranose sugar rings. Congo red test indicated that BSP1A and BSP2A displayed triple helix structures, but BSP3B did not. NMR spectroscopy revealed that BSP1A may exhibit a β-1,6-Glucan pyran type as the main link, and few 1,6-glycosidic galactose pyranose and arabinose bonds were connected; BSP2A mainly demonstrated →5)β-Ara(1→and→3)β-Gal(1→connection. Furthermore, BSP3B mainly presented →3)β-Glu(1→and→3)β-Gal(1→connection and may also contain few other glycosidic bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of floral transition in bamboo remains unclear. Dendrocalamus latiflorus (Bambusease, Bambusoideae, Poaceae) is an economically and ecologically important clumping bamboo in tropical and subtropical areas. We evaluated morphological characteristics and gene expression profiling to study floral induction and early flower development in D. latiflorus. The detailed morphological studies on vegetative buds and floral organography were completed using paraffin sectioning and scanning electron microscopy. The 3 mm floral buds commence the development of stamen primordia and pistil primordium. Furthermore, homologs of floral transition-related genes, including AP1, TFL1, RFL, PpMADS1, PpMADS2, SPL9, FT, ID1, FCA, and EMF2, were detected and quantified by reverse transcriptase PCR and real-time PCR in vegetative and floral buds, respectively. Distinct expression profiles of ten putative floral initiation homologues that corresponded to the developmental stages defined by bud length were obtained and genes were characterized. Six of the genes (including DlTFL1, DlRFL, DlMADS2, DlID1, DlFCA, DlEMF2) showed statistically significant changes in expression during floral transition. DlAP1 demonstrated a sustained downward trend and could serve as a good molecular marker during floral transition in D. latiflorus. The combined analysis provided key candidate markers to track the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorusMunro) is the most distributed bamboo species in Taiwan, and its newly grown biomass within one growing season is the highest compared to the other local bamboo species. However, little is known about the cell wall chemical composition variations and distributions in Ma bamboo during its growth. In this study, we use chemical analyses along with lignin staining and immunolocalization to characterize the distributions of cell wall components from a Ma bamboo shoot at different growing stages. The results show that lignin, crystalline cellulose, and xylan are preferentially accumulated at later stage of developments. Lignin heterogeneity varies among different growing stages, and their lignins contain significant amounts of acylated p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Depositions of xyloglucan in differentiating cell walls are associated with that of pectin and xylan; they might be masked with each other. Galactan and mannan are minor constituents of bamboo shoots, and galactan is potentially masked by other polysaccharides in specific growing stages. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to search for appropriate environmental-benign preservatives as green-colour protectors for the culms and leaves of ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus), moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makinoi). Five water-borne copper-based preservatives, namely ammoniacal copper quaternary compound-type B (ACQ-B), copper azole-type A (CBA-A), copper azole-type B (CA-B), tanalith CY (TCY) and micronized copper quaternary (MCQ), were tested as green-colour protectors. Results revealed that excellent green-colour protection (a* values of −13.2, −7.6 and −6.3, respectively) was obtained when the culms and leaves of ma bamboo, moso bamboo and makino bamboo culms were treated with 0.25% aqueous TCY solution in a 100°C water bath for 2h. Furthermore, to evaluate the effects of 0.25% TCY treatment on the green-colour fastness of bamboo culms, two exposure tests including indoor exposure and outdoor weathering were employed in this study. Results from the 6-month exposure tests in both indoor and outdoor environment demonstrated that specimens treated with 0.25% TCY exhibited good colourfastness. To improve the treatment efficacy in bamboo culms, both atmospheric pressure impregnation and vacuum pressure impregnation were used. The results indicated that green-colour protection could be obtained by the two impregnation treatments in 0.25% TCY solution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A cDNA named DlMADS8 was isolated from the young spikelets of the sweet bamboo, Dendrocalamus lauflorus by rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE). DNA sequence analysis showed that DlMADS8 was composed of full ORF and 3′UTR, but without 5′UTR. The cDNA contained 1059 nucleotides and encoded a putative protein of 244 amino acid residues. The gene displayed the structure of a typical plant MADS-box gene, which consisted of a MADS domain, K domain, a short I region, and the C-terminal region. Phylogenetic analysis of plant MADS-box genes based on amino acid sequences revealed that DlMADS8 was grouped into the AGAMOUS-LIKE 2 (AGL2)-like subfamily. It was homologous to the LEAFY HULL STERILE1 (LHS1) genes of grasses. To study the functions of it, DlMADS8 cDNA clone driven by the CaMV 35S promoter was transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic plants of DlMADS8 exhibited the phenotypes of curled leaves and early flowering. After bolting, three novel phenotypes related to inflorescence development were observed in different transgenic plants. No obvious homeotic conversions of floral organs were observed in all of the 35S::DlMADS8 transgenic Arabidopsis plants. These results indicated that DlMADS8 probably plays a role in floral meristem determinacy and is involved in controlling the flowering time of D. latiflorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cDNA namedDlMADS18 was isolated from the young spikelets of the sweet bamboo,Dendrocalamus latiflorus by RACE. DNA sequence analysis showed thatDlMADS18 was composed of full ORF and 3′UTR, but without 5′UTR. The cDNA contained 1039 nucleotides and encoded a putative protein of 249 amino acid residues. The gene displayed the structure of a typical plant MADS box gene, which consisted of an MADS domain, K domain, a short I region, and the C-terminal region. Phylogenetic analysis of plant MADS box genes based on amino acid sequences revealed thatDlMADS18 was grouped into theAGAMOUS-LIKE 6 (AGL6)-like subfamily. It was most likely homologous to theOsMADS6 of rice (Oryza sativa), with 88% sequence identity for the entire amino acid sequences. TheDlMADS18 also showed relatively high amino acid sequence identity (59%) toAGL6 ofArabidopsis thaliana. To study the functions ofDlMADS18, DlMADS18 cDNA clone driven by the CaMV 35S promoter was transformed intoArabidopsis plants. Transgenic plants ofDlMADS18 exhibited the phenotypes of curled leaves, dwarfism, and early flowering with clustered terminal flowers. These results indicated thatDlMADS18 may probably be involved in controlling the flowering time ofD. latiflorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SQUAMOSA (SQUA) subfamily includes important perianth identity genes of MADS-box gene family. SQUA genes of Dendrocalamus latiflorus were sequenced, and phylogenetic form on SQUA genes in angiosperms was analyzed. Relative rate and adaptive evolution after SQUA gene duplication in recent common ancestor of monocots and eudicots were analyzed using the methods of relative rate test, statistic on synonymous and non-synonymous coden substitution sites and likelihood rate test. The results show that both of relative rate and synonymous and non-synonymous coden substitution in eudicot clade are significantly higher than those in monocot clade, and the value of dN/dS uncovered possible positive selective pressure in eudicot clade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to find an appropriate method and process for treating ma bamboo ( Dendrocalamus latiflorus ) with a chromium-free copper-phosphorous salt (CuP). The effects of the constituent ratios and concentrations of CuP as well as treatment conditions on the green colour protection were investigated. In addition, accelerated UV light fastness tests, indoor exposure tests, and outdoor weathering tests were also carried out to evaluate the colour fastness and durability of bamboo culms. The results demonstrated that an attractive green colour was obtained by treating ma bamboo with 1% CuP at 60 °C for 3 h, using a 60:40 ratio of CuSO 4 to H 3 PO 4 in an aqueous solution. Compared with untreated bamboo culms, the CuP-treated samples had the brighter greenish skin and also provided better green colour fastness. After 180 days of indoor exposure, the a * value was slightly increased from −5.8 to −5.4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo has a unique flowering characteristics of long and unpredictable vegetative period, which differs from annual herbs and perennial woody plants. In order to understand the molecular regulatory mechanism of bamboo flowering, a comprehensive study was conducted in ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro), including morphological, physiological and transcriptiome analyses. Differentially expressed genes related to the flowering pathway were identified by comparative transcriptome analysis. DlFT1, a homologous gene of FT/Hd3a, was significantly upregulated in flowering bamboo. Direct differentiation of spikelets from calli occurred and the downstream gene AP1 was upregulated in the transgenic bamboo overexpressing DlFT1. Transgenic rice overexpressing DlFT1 showed a strong early flowering phenotype. DlFT1 and DlTFL1 could interact with DlFD, and DlTFL1 delayed flowering. It is presumed that DlTFL1 plays an antagonistic role with DlFT1 in ma bamboo. In addition, the expression of DlFT1 was regulated by DlCO1, indicating that a CO-FT regulatory module might exist in ma bamboo. These results suggest that DlFT1 is a florigen candidate gene with conservative function in promoting flowering. Interestingly, the results have shown for the first time that DlFT2 can specifically interact with E3 ubiquitin ligase WAV3, while DlFT3 transcripts are mainly nonsense splicing. These findings provide better understanding of the roles of the florigen gene in bamboo and lay a theoretical basis for regulating bamboo flowering in the future., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)