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337 results on '"Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW)"'

1. Empirical H/V spectral ratios at the InSight landing site and implications for the martian subsurface structure

Author: Sebastián Carrasco, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Ludovic Margerin, Cédric Schmelzbach, Keisuke Onodera, Lu Pan, Philippe Lognonné, Sabrina Menina, Domenico Giardini, Eléonore Stutzmann, John Clinton, Simon Stähler, Martin Schimmel, Matthew Golombek, Manuel Hobiger, Miroslav Hallo, Sharon Kedar, William Bruce Banerdt, University of Cologne, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Graduate University for Advanced Studies [Hayama] (SOKENDAI), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), and ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019)
Subjects: Geophysics, Seismic noise, Coda waves, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Geochemistry and Petrology, Site effects, Martian seismology, Marsquakes
Abstract: SUMMARY The horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio inversion is a traditional technique for deriving the local subsurface structure on Earth. We calculated the H/V from the ambient vibrations at different wind levels at the InSight landing site, on Mars, and also computed the H/V from the S-wave coda of the martian seismic events (marsquakes). Different H/V curves were obtained for different wind periods and from the marsquakes. From the ambient vibrations, the recordings during low-wind periods are close to the instrument self-noise level. During high-wind periods, the seismic recordings are highly contaminated by the interaction of the lander with the wind and the martian ground. Therefore, these recordings are less favourable for traditional H/V analysis. Instead, the recordings of the S-wave coda of marsquakes were preferred to derive the characteristic H/V curve of this site between 0.4 and 10 Hz. The final H/V curve presents a characteristic trough at 2.4 Hz and a strong peak at 8 Hz. Using a full diffuse wavefield approach as the forward computation and the Neighbourhood Algorithm as the sampling technique, we invert for the 1-D shear wave velocity structure at the InSight landing site. Based on our inversion results, we propose a strong site effect at the InSight site to be due to the presence of a shallow high-velocity layer (SHVL) over low-velocity units. The SHVL is likely placed below a layer of coarse blocky ejecta and can be associated with Early Amazonian basaltic lava flows. The units below the SHVL have lower velocities, possibly related to a Late Hesperian or Early Amazonian epoch with a different magmatic regime and/or a greater impact rate and more extensive weathering. An extremely weak buried low velocity layer (bLVL) between these lava flows explains the data around the 2.4 Hz trough, whereas a more competent bLVL would not generate this latter feature. These subsurface models are in good agreement with results from hammering experiment and compliance measurements at the InSight landing site. Finally, this site effect is revealed only by seismic events data and explains the larger horizontal than vertical ground motion recorded for certain type of marsquakes.
Published: 2022
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2. First observations of core-transiting seismic phases on Mars

Author: Jessica C. E. Irving, Vedran Lekić, Cecilia Durán, Mélanie Drilleau, Doyeon Kim, Attilio Rivoldini, Amir Khan, Henri Samuel, Daniele Antonangeli, William Bruce Banerdt, Caroline Beghein, Ebru Bozdağ, Savas Ceylan, Constantinos Charalambous, John Clinton, Paul Davis, Raphaël Garcia, null Domenico Giardini, Anna Catherine Horleston, Quancheng Huang, Kenneth J. Hurst, Taichi Kawamura, Scott D. King, Martin Knapmeyer, Jiaqi Li, Philippe Lognonné, Ross Maguire, Mark P. Panning, Ana-Catalina Plesa, Martin Schimmel, Nicholas C. Schmerr, Simon C. Stähler, Eleonore Stutzmann, Zongbo Xu, University of Bristol, School of Earth Sciences, Department of Geology, University of Maryland, Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics & Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics & Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA, Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, DLR-Berlin, Institute of Planetary Research, Germany, Department of Geology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, Geosciences Barcelona - CSIC, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA, S-CAPAD/DANTE, MAGIS, ANR-19-CE31-0008-08, and ANR-18-IDEX-0001
Subjects: Core evolution, Mars, Planetary structure, Multidisciplinary, marsquake, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], planetary structure, Impact, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Mars InSight Seismology SKS Core, core evolution, Core, Seismology
Abstract: We present the first observations of seismic waves propagating through the core of Mars. These observations, made using seismic data collected by the InSight geophysical mission, have allowed us to construct the first seismically constrained models for the elastic properties of Mars' core. We observe core-transiting seismic phase SKS from two farside seismic events detected on Mars and measure the travel times of SKS relative to mantle traversing body waves. SKS travels through the core as a compressional wave, providing information about bulk modulus and density. We perform probabilistic inversions using the core-sensitive relative travel times together with gross geophysical data and travel times from other, more proximal, seismic events to seek the equation of state parameters that best describe the liquid iron-alloy core. Our inversions provide constraints on the velocities in Mars' core and are used to develop the first seismically based estimates of its composition. We show that models informed by our SKS data favor a somewhat smaller (median core radius = 1,780 to 1,810 km) and denser (core density = 6.2 to 6.3 g/cm3) core compared to previous estimates, with a P-wave velocity of 4.9 to 5.0 km/s at the core-mantle boundary, with the composition and structure of the mantle as a dominant source of uncertainty. We infer from our models that Mars' core contains a median of 20 to 22 wt% light alloying elements when we consider sulfur, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. These data can be used to inform models of planetary accretion, composition, and evolution., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120 (18), ISSN:0027-8424, ISSN:1091-6490
Published: 2023
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3. Largest recent impact craters on Mars: Orbital imaging and surface seismic co-investigation

Author: L. V. Posiolova, P. Lognonné, W. B. Banerdt, J. Clinton, G. S. Collins, T. Kawamura, S. Ceylan, I. J. Daubar, B. Fernando, M. Froment, D. Giardini, M. C. Malin, K. Miljković, S. C. Stähler, Z. Xu, M. E. Banks, É. Beucler, B. A. Cantor, C. Charalambous, N. Dahmen, P. Davis, M. Drilleau, C. M. Dundas, C. Durán, F. Euchner, R. F. Garcia, M. Golombek, A. Horleston, C. Keegan, A. Khan, D. Kim, C. Larmat, R. Lorenz, L. Margerin, S. Menina, M. Panning, C. Pardo, C. Perrin, W. T. Pike, M. Plasman, A. Rajšić, L. Rolland, E. Rougier, G. Speth, A. Spiga, A. Stott, D. Susko, N. A. Teanby, A. Valeh, A. Werynski, N. Wójcicka, G. Zenhäusern, Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS), UAR-Institut de physique du globe de Paris (IPGP-UAR / UAR3454), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Institut für Geophysik [Zürich], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division [Los Alamos], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences [UMR_C 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of Bristol [Bristol], Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-18-IDEX-0001,Université de Paris,Université de Paris(2018), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Multidisciplinary, General Science & Technology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [NLIN]Nonlinear Sciences [physics]
Abstract: International audience; Two >130-meter-diameter impact craters formed on Mars during the later half of 2021. These are the two largest fresh impact craters discovered by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter since operations started 16 years ago. The impacts created two of the largest seismic events (magnitudes greater than 4) recorded by InSight during its 3-year mission. The combination of orbital imagery and seismic ground motion enables the investigation of subsurface and atmospheric energy partitioning of the impact process on a planet with a thin atmosphere and the first direct test of martian deep-interior seismic models with known event distances. The impact at 35°N excavated blocks of water ice, which is the lowest latitude at which ice has been directly observed on Mars.
Published: 2022
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4. Finding SEIS North on Mars: Comparisons Between SEIS Sundial, Inertial and Imaging Measurements and Consequences for Seismic Analysis

Author: P. H. Lognonné, D. Savoie, K. J. Hurst, John Clinton, Nathan R. Williams, Eléonore Stutzmann, M. Goutaudier, William B. Banerdt, Justin N. Maki, Matthew P. Golombek, David Mimoun, A. Richard, M. van Driel, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), NASA, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO)
Subjects: Inertial frame of reference, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Astronomy, lcsh:QE1-996.5, True north, Mars, Sundial, Mars Exploration Program, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Geodesy, 01 natural sciences, Seismic analysis, lcsh:QB1-991, lcsh:Geology, Gnomon, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Seismology, Geology, InSight, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; In this paper, we present the results obtained in the determination of the true north direction on Mars by using a gnomon on the InSight mission and compare the measurements with either the North determination from the Inertial Measurement Unit and imaging analysis. The obtained measurement has been used to populate the SEIS orientation information in the archived SEIS data. Images taken during December 2018 and January 2019 allow to determine the gnomon shadow position and length over a target. By calculating the Sun local coordinates using planetary ephemeris VSOP87, the images are used to estimate the true North direction on the landing site. By using eight different images selected, we obtain the true North direction with an accuracy up to 2.5°, which is confirmed by the IMU and imaging analysis. The true North direction is also confirmed by an image taken near local noon, when the sun crosses the meridian. The North determination precision is then discussed in view of the seismic determination of the back azimuth.
Published: 2021
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5. Reframing Lake Geneva ecological trajectory in a context of multiple but asynchronous pressures

Author: Marie-Elodie Perga, Pierre Sabatier, Jean-Louis Reyss, Christian Crouzet, Katrina Kremer, Rosalie Bruel, A. Marchetto, Stéphanie Girardclos, Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques et Ecosystèmes Limniques (CARRTEL), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institute for Environmental Sciences [Geneva] (ISE), University of Geneva [Switzerland], CNR Water Research Institute (IRSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), and University Savoie-Mont BlancCOOPERA (Region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes) grantPaleo5D grant
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010506 paleontology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, EarthArXiv|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Climate warming, bepress|Life Sciences, Effects of global warming, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, EarthArXiv|Life Sciences, 11. Sustainability, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, EarthArXiv|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology, bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology, Temporal ecology, Resilience, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Global warming, Pelagic zone, Plankton, 15. Life on land, Eutrophication, Monitoring program, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, Paleoecology, Interactive carryover, sense organs
Abstract: International audience; Regime shifts are major reorganization of ecological processes, creating new sets of mechanisms that drive the new ecological regime. Such rearrangements can affect how and how much the system responds to pressures other than those that created the shift (interactive carryover). Lake Geneva still exhibits high levels of productivity despite reductions in phosphorus to its reference baseline; the continued high productivity is likely due to the synergistic effects of climate change. We tested whether the contemporary Lake Geneva plankton community response to air temperature, one symptom of climate change, differed from the responses to past changes in air temperature. We used paleoecology to quantify the changes in plankton communities, as a proxy of general ecological changes, over the past 1500 years. Our results show that from 563 AD (beginning of the record) to the twentieth century, the cladoceran assemblage remained stable, despite climate variability of 3 °C in air temperature. The plankton community of Lake Geneva appeared to shift for the first time in the 1500 year record in 1946, and dynamic linear models suggested that 1958–1961 was a critical transition period when the ecosystem changed state. Littoral species were lost, and the assemblage became dominated by pelagic species. The shift took place around the beginning of the current long-term monitoring program, when local perturbations (eutrophication) were escalating. Our results suggest that eutrophication acted as a switch towards a lake more vulnerable to climate change.
Published: 2021
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6. High‐Frequency Seismic Events on Mars Observed by InSight

Author: Philippe Lognonné, William T. Pike, John Clinton, Amir Khan, Ludovic Margerin, Domenico Giardini, Constantinos Charalambous, Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, Nicholas Schmerr, Maren Böse, Guenolé Orhand-Mainsant, William B. Banerdt, Martin Knapmeyer, Fabian Euchner, Taichi Kawamura, John‐R. Scholz, Martin van Driel, Savas Ceylan, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Imperial College London, Institute for Theoretical Physics [ETH Zürich] (ITP), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), and ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014)
Subjects: Seismometer, Martian, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scattering, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Attenuation, Crust, Mars Exploration Program, Mars InSight Marsbeben, 01 natural sciences, Coda, Geophysics, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Layering, Seismology, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The seismometer deployed on the surface of Mars as part of the InSight mission (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) has recorded several hundreds of marsquakes in the first 478 sols after landing. The majority of these are classified as high-frequency (HF) events in the frequency range from approximately 1 to 10 Hz on Mars' surface. All the HF events excite a resonance around 2.4 Hz and show two distinct but broad arrivals of seismic energy that are separated by up to 450 s. Based on the frequency content and vertical-to-horizontal energy ratio, the HF event family has been subdivided into three event types, two of which we show to be identical and only appear separated due to the signal-to-noise ratio. We show here that the envelope shape of the HF events is explained by guided Pg and Sg phases in the Martian crust using simple layered models with scattering. Furthermore, the relative travel times between these two arrivals can be related to the epicentral distance, which shows distinct clustering. The rate at which HF events are observed varies by an order of magnitude over the course of one year and cannot be explained by changes of the background noise only. The HF content and the absence of additional seismic phases constrain crustal attenuation and layering, and the coda shape constrains the diffusivity in the uppermost shallow layers of Mars.
Published: 2021
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7. Fault sealing and caprock integrity for CO2 storage: an in situ injection experiment

Author: Zappone, Alba, Rinaldi, Antonio, Rinaldi, Antonio Pio, Grab, Melchior, Wenning, Quinn, Roques, Clément, Madonna, Claudio, Obermann, Anne, Bernasconi, Stefano, Brennwald, Matthias, Kipfer, Rolf, Soom, Florian, Cook, Paul, Guglielmi, Yves, Nussbaum, Christophe, Giardini, Domenico, Mazzotti, Marco, Wiemer, Stefan, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering [Zürich] (D-MAVT), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Swiss Geological Survey at Swisstopo, ETH Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences
Abstract: International audience; The success of geological carbon storage depends on the assurance of permanent containment for injected carbon dioxide (CO2) in the storage formation at depth. One of the critical elements of the safekeeping of CO2 is the sealing capacity of the caprock overlying the storage formation despite faults and/or fractures, which may occur in it. In this work, we present an ongoing injection experiment performed in a fault hosted in clay at the Mont Terri underground rock laboratory (NW Switzerland). The experiment aims to improve our understanding of the main physical and chemical mechanisms controlling (i) the migration of CO2 through a fault damage zone, (ii) the interaction of the CO2 with the neighboring intact rock, and (iii) the impact of the injection on the transmissivity in the fault. To this end, we inject CO2-saturated saline water in the top of a 3 m thick fault in the Opalinus Clay, a clay formation that is a good analog of common caprock for CO2 storage at depth. The mobility of the CO2 within the fault is studied at the decameter scale by using a comprehensive monitoring system. Our experiment aims to close the knowledge gap between laboratory and reservoir scales. Therefore, an important aspect of the experiment is the decameter scale and the prolonged duration of observations over many months. We collect observations and data from a wide range of monitoring systems, such as a seismic network, pressure temperature and electrical conductivity sensors, fiber optics, extensometers, and an in situ mass spectrometer for dissolved gas monitoring. The observations are complemented by laboratory data on collected fluids and rock samples. Here we show the details of the experimental concept and installed instrumentation, as well as the first results of the preliminary characterization. An analysis of borehole logging allows for identifying potential hydraulic transmissive structures within the fault zone. A preliminary analysis of the injection tests helped estimate the transmissivity of such structures within the fault zone and the pressure required to mechanically open such features. The preliminary tests did not record any induced microseismic events. Active seismic tomography enabled sharp imaging the fault zone.
Published: 2021
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8. Diffracted wave-field decomposition and multi-dimensional site effects in the Argostoli valley, Greece

Author: Cécile Cornou, Manuel Hobiger, Pierre-Yves Bard, Afifa Imtiaz, Swiss Seismological Service, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), European Project: 262330,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2010-1,NERA(2010), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: Diffraction, Wave propagation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Site effects, Geometry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Geophysics, Geochemistry and Petrology, Time-series analysis, Wave scattering and diffraction, Decomposition (computer science), Time series, Earthquake ground motions, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: SUMMARYEffects of seismic ground motion induced by surface geology and geometry are known to be associated with the generation of a substantial proportion of surface waves. As a consequence, surface waves significantly contribute to ground-motion variability and site amplification. There is a growing body of literature recognizing that an understanding of physical patterns of the wavefield crossing a site is the key aspect to characterize and quantify them. However, this task remains technically challenging due to the complexity of such effects as well as the limitations of geophysical investigations, especially in case of small sedimentary valleys. The present study attempts to investigate the waves propagating across two 2-D dense seismic arrays from a number of earthquakes and explore the extent to which they are contributing to the multidimensional site effects. The arrays were deployed in the small-size, shallow alluvial valley of Koutavos-Argostoli, located in Cephalonia Island, Greece, and consisted of three-component velocimeters with interstation distances ranging from 5 to 160 m. A set of 46 earthquakes, with magnitudes between 2 and 5 and epicentral distances up to 200 km, was analysed by using an advanced seismic array processing technique, MUSIQUE. The phase velocity, backazimuth and energy of the dominant waves crossing the array were extracted, and their identification as Love or prograde/retrograde Rayleigh waves was obtained. The results clearly indicate a predominance of scattered surface waves (up to 60 per cent of total energy), mainly from the closest valley edges, above the fundamental frequency (∼1.5 Hz) of the valley. Love waves dominate the low-frequency wavefield (
Published: 2021
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9. CS-D: an In-Situ Experiment to Monitor Fault Sealing in Caprock for CO2 Geological Storage

Author: Zappone, Alba, Rinaldi, Antonio Pio, Grab, Melchior, Wenning, Quinn, Roques, Clément, Al., Et, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), American Geophysical Union, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), and Dubigeon, Isabelle
Subjects: [SDU.STU.AG] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology, [SDU.STU.AG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology
Abstract: International audience; Assessing the potential for leakage through faults plays a key role for the long-term containment of CO2. Faults through a caprock represent one of the possible pathways for CO2 to escape deep storage reservoir. Thus, the presence of faults in caprocks will strongly affect the site characterization process, and consequently the monitoring, verification, and risk management plans.Here we present the results of an experiment performed at the Mont Terri underground rock laboratory (NW Switzerland) located in a clay formation that is a good analogue of common caprock for CO2 storage. The experiment goal was to improve our understanding on the main mechanisms controlling the migration of CO2 through a fault, and the impact of a prolonged injection on the transmissivity in the fault. To this end, we injected for more than one year CO2-saturated saline water in the top of a 3 m thick fault in the clay. The mobility of the CO2 within the fault was studied at decameter scale, by using a comprehensive monitoring system. The experiment offered a unique opportunity to develop improved, and more integrated monitoring technologies. In particular, a multi-component monitoring network integrates strain monitoring, micro-seismicity and active seismic monitoring, electrical resistivity monitoring, and in situ dissolved gas monitoring via a portable mass spectrometer.The in situ monitoring was complemented by lab tests on geochemistry of fluid samples and geomechanical tests on rock samples. The monitoring program will be continued well after the end of injection in order to allow for studying not only the short-term poro-visco-elastic response, but also the geochemical and mineralogical changes within the damaged zone. This experiment will help improving the methods for monitoring and imaging fluid flow.
Published: 2020

10. Geophysical Observations of Phobos Transits by InSight

Author: Aymeric Spiga, L. Pou, Ralph D. Lorenz, Nils Müller, Catherine L. Johnson, M. van Driel, Mark P. Panning, W. Zürn, John Clinton, Francis Nimmo, Don Banfield, K. Hurst, Mark T. Lemmon, Domenico Giardini, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Philippe Lognonné, Simon Stähler, Savas Ceylan, Anna Mittelholz, Constantinos Charalambous, William B. Banerdt, John-Robert Scholz, Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver] (UBC EOAS), University of British Columbia (UBC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Santa Cruz], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science (CCAPS), Cornell University [New York], Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Imperial College London, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), We acknowledge NASA, CNES, partner agencies and institutions (UKSA, SSO, DLR, JPL, IPGP‐CNRS, ETHZ, IC, and MPS‐MPG), and the operators of JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS‐DMC, and PDS for providing SEED SEIS data. French teams acknowledge support from CNES as well as Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR‐14‐CE36‐0012‐02 and ANR‐19‐CE31‐0008‐08). The Swiss contribution in implementation of the SEIS electronics was made possible through funding from the federal Swiss Space Office (SSO) and the contractual and technical support of the ESA‐PRODEX office. The MPS‐MPG SEIS team acknowledges funding for development of the SEIS leveling system by the DLR German Space Agency. Numerical simulations were supported by a grant from the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) under project ID s922. A. M. and C. L. J. acknowledge partial support from the Canadian Space Agency. M. L., F. N., and R. L. acknowledge partial support from the InSight PSP program under Grants 80NSSC18K1621, 80NSSC18K1627, and 80NSSC18K162, ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014), and ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mars, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Transits, Planetary Sciences, Phobos, InSight, Seismic instruments, Physics::Geophysics, Planetenphysik, Transit (astronomy), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Photovoltaic system, Mars landing, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, Planetary science, Physics::Space Physics, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Current (fluid), Geology
Abstract: Since landing on Mars, the NASA InSight lander has witnessed eight Phobos and one Deimos transits. All transits could be observed by a drop in the solar array current and the surface temperature, but more surprisingly, for several ones, a clear signature was recorded with the seismic sensors and the magnetometer. We present a preliminary interpretation of the seismometer data as temperature‐induced local deformation of the ground, supported by terrestrial analog experiments and finite‐element modeling. The magnetic signature is most likely induced by changing currents from the solar arrays. While the observations are not fully understood yet, the recording of transit‐related phenomena with high sampling rate will allow more precise measurements of the transit times, thus providing additional constraints for the orbital parameters of Phobos. The response of the seismometer can potentially also be used to constrain the thermoelastic properties of the shallow regolith at the landing site. © 2020 American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (19), ISSN:0094-8276, ISSN:1944-8007
Published: 2020
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11. A New Crater Near InSight: Implications for Seismic Impact Detectability on Mars

Author: Domenico Giardini, Philippe Lognonné, Carene Larmat, Maria E. Banks, Jeremie Vaubaillon, Taichi Kawamura, Foivos Karakostas, L. Posiolova, Gareth S. Collins, Raphaël F. Garcia, Aymeric Spiga, Bruce Banerdt, K. Onodera, Michael C. Malin, Maren Böse, Sebastien Rodriguez, Ross Maguire, Savas Ceylan, Nicholas Schmerr, T. Pike, John Clinton, N. Wójcicka, M. van Driel, Quancheng Huang, Alfred S. McEwen, James Wookey, Benjamin Fernando, Kuangdai Leng, A. Rajsic, Antoine Lucas, Nicholas A Teanby, Lucie Rolland, Ingrid Daubar, Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, Katarina Miljković, Jennifer Stevanović, Ludovic Margerin, Constantinos Charalambous, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Swiss Seismological Service, Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Standards and Technology [Gaithersburg] (NIST), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique (LGCGM), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Department of Geology [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Centre d'Etude de Saclay, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), DP180100661 and DE180100584, Australian Research Council, ST/S000615/1 and ST/S001514/1, Science and Technology Facilities Council, ETH‐06 17‐02, International Foundation for Ethical Research, ST/R002096/1, UK Space Agency, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), University of Arizona, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014), and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mars, Context (language use), seismology, 01 natural sciences, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Impact crater, Geochemistry and Petrology, impact cratering, Martian surface, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 0402 Geochemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Event (probability theory), InSight, crater, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, Amplitude, Mars cratering, 0403 Geology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Seismology, Geology, Noise (radio)
Abstract: A new 1.5 m diameter impact crater was discovered on Mars only ~40 km from the InSight lander. Context camera images constrained its formation between 21 February and 6 April 2019; follow‐up High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images resolved the crater. During this time period, three seismic events were identified in InSight data. We derive expected seismic signal characteristics and use them to evaluate each of the seismic events. However, none of them can definitively be associated with this source. Atmospheric perturbations are generally expected to be generated during impacts; however, in this case, no signal could be identified as related to the known impact. Using scaling relationships based on the terrestrial and lunar analogs and numerical modeling, we predict the amplitude, peak frequency, and duration of the seismic signal that would have emanated from this impact. The predicted amplitude falls near the lowest levels of the measured seismometer noise for the predicted frequency. Hence, it is not surprising this impact event was not positively identified in the seismic data. Finding this crater was a lucky event as its formation this close to InSight has a probability of only ~0.2, and the odds of capturing it in before and after images are extremely low. We revisit impact‐seismic discriminators in light of real experience with a seismometer on the Martian surface. Using measured noise of the instrument, we revise our previous prediction of seismic impact detections downward, from ~a few to tens, to just ~2 per Earth year, still with an order of magnitude uncertainty. ISSN:0148-0227 ISSN:2169-9097 ISSN:2169-9100
Published: 2020
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12. Deep Learning-Driven Detection and Mapping of Rockfalls on Mars

Author: Susan J. Conway, Simon Loew, Andrea Manconi, Urs Mall, Valentin Tertius Bickel, Pierre-Antoine Tesson, Planets and Comets Department, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Engineering Geology Group [ETH Zürich], Geological Institute [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Object detection, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Magnitude (mathematics), Mars, 01 natural sciences, Multidomain learning, Rockfall, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Martian surface, 0103 physical sciences, Computers in Earth Sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Image resolution, TC1501-1800, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Martian, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, QC801-809, Mars Exploration Program, Ocean engineering, Scale (map), Geology
Abstract: The analysis of rockfall distribution and magnitude is a useful tool to study the past and current endogenic and exogenic activity of Mars. At the same time, tracks left by rockfalls provide insights into the mechanical properties of the Martian surface. While a wealth of high-resolution spaceborne image data are available, manual mapping of displaced boulders with tracks is inefficient and slow, resulting in: 1) a small total number of mapped features; 2) inadequate statistics; and 3) a suboptimal utilization of the available big data. This study implements a deep learning-driven approach to automatically detect and map Martian boulders with tracks in high resolution imaging science experiment (HiRISE) imagery. Six off-the-shelf neural networks have been trained either on Martian or lunar rockfall data, or a combination of both, and are able to achieve a maximum overall recall of up to 0.78 and a maximum overall precision of up to 1.0, with a mean average precision of 0.71. The fusion of training data from different planets and sensors results in an increased detection precision, highlighting the value of domain generalization and multidomain learning. Average processing time per HiRISE image is ~45 s using an NVIDIA Titan Xp, which is more than one order of magnitude faster than a human operator. The developed deep learning-driven infrastructure can be deployed to map Martian rockfalls on a global scale and within a realistic timeframe., IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 13, ISSN:1939-1404, ISSN:2151-1535
Published: 2020
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13. Initial results from the InSight mission on Mars

Author: Sharon Kedar, Don Banfield, Scott M. McLennan, Nicholas Schmerr, Justin N. Maki, Gareth S. Collins, John Clinton, Anna Mittelholz, Paul Morgan, Mélanie Drilleau, Sabine Stanley, Chloé Michaut, Nicholas A Teanby, Daniele Antonangeli, Jeroen Tromp, W. Bruce Banerdt, James B. Garvin, Mark A. Wieczorek, Jerzy Grygorczuk, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Catherine L. Johnson, Aymeric Spiga, Peter Chi, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Raphaël F. Garcia, Claire E. Newman, Seiichi Nagihara, Matthias Grott, W. Thomas Pike, Philippe Lognonné, Véronique Dehant, Ana-Catalina Plesa, Matthew Fillingim, Domenico Giardini, Taichi Kawamura, Mark T. Lemmon, Antoine Mocquet, Naomi Murdoch, Ebru Bozdag, David Mimoun, Ludovic Margerin, Matthew P. Golombek, Jessica C. E. Irving, Troy L. Hudson, Sami W. Asmar, Günter Kargl, Martin Knapmeyer, Mark P. Panning, Francis Nimmo, Scott D. King, John A. Grant, Sebastien Rodriguez, Martin van Driel, Nicholas H. Warner, Nils Mueller, José Antonio Rodríguez-Manfredi, Christopher T. Russell, Caroline Beghein, Clément Perrin, Ulrich R. Christensen, William M. Folkner, Renee Weber, Neil Bowles, Ingrid Daubar, Simon Stähler, Tilman Spohn, Eléanore Stutzmann, Ralph D. Lorenz, Matthew A. Siegler, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science (CCAPS), Cornell University, Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver] (EOAS), University of British Columbia (UBC), Département de géophysique spatiale et planétaire (DGSP (UMR_7096)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], Department of Geosciences [Princeton], Princeton University, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels], Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (IRSGIS), School of Earth and Space Sciences [Beijing], Peking University [Beijing]-Peking University [Beijing], Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Graphics and Vision Research Laboratory (Graphics Lab), University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), AstraZeneca, Aeolis Research, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Santa Cruz], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida [Gainesville], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences [Los Angeles] (EPSS), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Southern California (USC), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cornell University [New York], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver] (UBC EOAS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of California, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Tromp, J. [0000-0002-2742-8299], Rodríguez, S. [0000-0003-1219-0641], Lognonné, P. [0000-0002-1014-920X], Perrin, C. [0000-0002-7200-5682], Murdoch, N. [0000-0002-9701-4075], Knapmeyer, M. [0000-0003-0319-2514], Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A. [0000-0003-0461-9815], Spiga, A. [0000-0002-6776-6268], Panning, M. P. [0000-0002-2041-3190], García, R. [0000-0003-1460-6663], Johnson, C. [0000-0001-6084-0149], Stutzmann, E. [0000-0002-4348-7475], Knapmeyer-Endrun, B. [0000-0003-3309-6785], Schmerr, N. [0000-0002-3256-1262], Irving, J. C. E. [0000-0002-0866-8246], Morgan, P. [0000-0001-8714-4178], Mueller, N. [0000-0001-9229-8921], Pike, W. [0000-0002-7660-6231], Kawamura, T. [0000-0001-5246-5561], Clinton, J. [0000-0001-8626-2703], Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), ANR-10LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-0, Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF- ANR project), 157133, ETH Research grant, ETH-06 17-02, Lunar and Planetary Institute, 2250, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and Science & Technology Facilities Council
Subjects: Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Mars, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Impact crater, Autre, Planet, Inner planets, InSight Mars Geophysik, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Seismology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Atmospheric dynamics, Geomorphology, Moment magnitude scale, Mars InSight, Geomagnetism, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Intraplate earthquake, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Timekeeping on Mars, [SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other, InSight mission, Geology
Abstract: Banerdt, William B. et al., NASA’s InSight (Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission landed in Elysium Planitia on Mars on 26 November 2018. It aims to determine the interior structure, composition and thermal state of Mars, as well as constrain present-day seismicity and impact cratering rates. Such information is key to understanding the differentiation and subsequent thermal evolution of Mars, and thus the forces that shape the planet’s surface geology and volatile processes. Here we report an overview of the first ten months of geophysical observations by InSight. As of 30 September 2019, 174 seismic events have been recorded by the lander’s seismometer, including over 20 events of moment magnitude M = 3–4. The detections thus far are consistent with tectonic origins, with no impact-induced seismicity yet observed, and indicate a seismically active planet. An assessment of these detections suggests that the frequency of global seismic events below approximately M = 3 is similar to that of terrestrial intraplate seismic activity, but there are fewer larger quakes; no quakes exceeding M = 4 have been observed. The lander’s other instruments—two cameras, atmospheric pressure, temperature and wind sensors, a magnetometer and a radiometer—have yielded much more than the intended supporting data for seismometer noise characterization: magnetic field measurements indicate a local magnetic field that is ten-times stronger than orbital estimates and meteorological measurements reveal a more dynamic atmosphere than expected, hosting baroclinic and gravity waves and convective vortices. With the mission due to last for an entire Martian year or longer, these results will be built on by further measurements by the InSight lander., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. The atmosphere of Mars as observed by InSight

Author: Justin N. Maki, A. Jacob, Stephen R. Lewis, Nicholas A Teanby, Mercedes Marin-Jimenez, Anna Mittelholz, Constantinos Charalambous, Sara Navarro, M. M. Baker, Mark T. Lemmon, Tristram Warren, Javier Gómez-Elvira, Alexander E. Stott, Matthew P. Golombek, Antoine Lucas, Jorge Pla-Garcia, J. Torres, Eric Beucler, Balthasar Kenda, Aymeric Spiga, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Philippe Lognonné, Veronique Ansan, V. Peinado, Özgür Karatekin, William T. Pike, Nils Mueller, Savas Ceylan, K. Hurst, Daniel Viúdez-Moreiras, Christopher T. Russell, Antonio Molina, Sebastien Rodriguez, Clément Perrin, Naomi Murdoch, David Mimoun, Claire E. Newman, Ralph D. Lorenz, L. Martire, Luis Mora-Sotomayor, Simon Stähler, Tilman Spohn, Lucie Rolland, Stephen Sackett, Ingrid Daubar, Raphaël F. Garcia, W. Bruce Banerdt, Catherine L. Johnson, Domenico Giardini, Brian Carcich, Don Banfield, Suzanne E. Smrekar, John Clinton, François Forget, Ehouarn Millour, Taichi Kawamura, J. A. Rodríguez-Manfredi, Bart Van Hove, A. Lepinette, Anni Määttänen, J. B. McClean, Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science (CCAPS), Cornell University, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Aeolis Research, Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels], School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Imperial College London, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver] (EOAS), University of British Columbia (UBC), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Sorbonne Université (SU), School of Physical Sciences [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Physics [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Center for Earth and Planetary Studies [Washington] (CEPS), Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution-Smithsonian Institution, Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences [Los Angeles] (EPSS), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Cornell University [New York], École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver] (UBC EOAS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Määttänen, A. [0000-0002-7326-8492], Martire, L. [0000-0002-9402-6150], Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A. [0000-0003-0461-9815], Lognonné, P. [0000-0002-1014-920X], Rodríguez, S. [0000-0003-1219-0641], Spiga, A. [0000-0002-6776-6268], Perrin, C. [0000-0002-7200-5682], Molina, A. [0000-0002-5038-2022], García, R. [0000-0003-1460-6663], Murdoch, N. [0000-0002-9701-4075], Lorenz, R. [0000-0001-8528-4644], Mittelholz, A. [0000-0002-5603-7334], Kawamura, T. [0000-0001-5246-5561], Widmer Schnidrig, R. [0000-0001-9698-2739], McClean, J. [0000-0002-7863-0120], Mueller, N. [0000-0001-9229-8921], Lewis, S. [0000-0001-7237-6494], Teanby, N. [0000-0003-3108-5775], Warren, T. [0000-0003-3877-0046], Milliour, E. [0000-0003-4808-9203], Lemmon, M. [0000-0002-4504-5136], Clinton, J. [0000-0001-8626-2703], Ceylan, S. [0000-0002-6552-6850], Banfield, D. [0000-0003-2664-0164], Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)
Subjects: Martian, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmosphere, Mars, Mars Exploration Program, Atmosphere of Mars, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Mars Atmosphere, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, Astrobiology, Autre, 13. Climate action, Dust storm, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Aeolian processes, [SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other, Meteorologie, InSight mission, Dust devil, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, InSight
Abstract: Banfield, D. et al., The atmosphere of Mars is thin, although rich in dust aerosols, and covers a dry surface. As such, Mars provides an opportunity to expand our knowledge of atmospheres beyond that attainable from the atmosphere of the Earth. The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) lander is measuring Mars’s atmosphere with unprecedented continuity, accuracy and sampling frequency. Here we show that InSight unveils new atmospheric phenomena at Mars, especially in the higher-frequency range, and extends our understanding of Mars’s meteorology at all scales. InSight is uniquely sensitive to large-scale and regional weather and obtained detailed in situ coverage of a regional dust storm on Mars. Images have enabled high-altitude wind speeds to be measured and revealed airglow—faint emissions produced by photochemical reactions—in the middle atmosphere. InSight observations show a paradox of aeolian science on Mars: despite having the largest recorded Martian vortex activity and dust-devil tracks close to the lander, no visible dust devils have been seen. Meteorological measurements have produced a catalogue of atmospheric gravity waves, which included bores (soliton-like waves). From these measurements, we have discovered Martian infrasound and unexpected similarities between atmospheric turbulence on Earth and Mars. We suggest that the observations of Mars’s atmosphere by InSight will be key for prediction capabilities and future exploration., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737); Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico e Industrial (CDTI), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA).
Published: 2020
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15. Very- and ultra-long-period seismic signals prior to and during caldera formation on La Réunion Island

Author: Valérie Ferrazzini, Geneviève Roult, Fabrice R. Fontaine, Dominique Reymond, Babak Hejrani, Hrvoje Tkalčić, A. Di Muro, Aline Peltier, Guilhem Barruol, Frédérick Massin, Laurent Michon, Thomas Staudacher, Laboratoire GéoSciences Réunion (LGSR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Laboratoire de Détection et de Géophysique (CEA) (LDG), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Seismometer, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Population, Volcanology, lcsh:Medicine, Induced seismicity, Fault (geology), Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Caldera, 14. Life underwater, education, lcsh:Science, Seismology, geography, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Explosive eruption, lcsh:R, Natural hazards, 030104 developmental biology, Volcano, Magma, lcsh:Q, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Geology
Abstract: International audience; early detection of the onset of a caldera collapse can provide crucial information to understand their formation and thus to minimize risks for the nearby population and visitors. Here, we analyse the 2007 caldera collapse of piton de la Fournaise on La Réunion Island recorded by a broadband seismic station. We show that this instrument recorded ultra-long period (ULP) signals with frequencies in the range (0.003-0.01 Hz) accompanied by very-long period (VLP) signals (between 0.02 and 0.50 Hz) prior to and during the caldera formation suggesting it is possible to detect the beginning of the collapse at depth and anticipate its surface formation. Interestingly, VLP wave packets with a similar duration of 20 s are identified prior to and during the caldera formation. We propose that these events could result from repeating piston-like successive collapses occurring through a ring-fault structure surrounding a magma reservoir from the following arguments: the source mechanism from the main collapse, the observations of slow source processes as well as observations from the field and the characteristic ring-fault seismicity. Caldera collapses are rare (only seven events over the last 100 years) and particularly destructive volcanic events that can induce catastrophic changes in the shape of a volcanic edifice and its environment 1. Identifying the occurrence of the first collapse at depth is of major importance in evaluating the triggering factors and anticipating the caldera surface formation. This detection can help to predict or at least indicate early future caldera collapses and subsequent consequences such as explosive eruptions, (e.g. those that followed the major Kīlauea Caldera collapse in 1470-1510 2), or atmospheric impacts 3. In the past two decades only four caldera collapses have been monitored by dense geophysical networks: chronologically, the 2000 Miyake-jima, Japan; the 2007 Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion/France; the 2014-2015 Bárðarbunga, Iceland; and the 2018 Kīlauea, Hawai'i 4-7. Laboratory experiments and numerical analyses predicted the occurrence of precursory collapses at depth before the onset of the surface subsidence 8-12 but observations obtained from adequate broadband seismometers were lacking. Until the present study, the Miyake-jima caldera formation was the only known case with evidence of such deep collapses before the faults reached the surface. The deep collapses were suggested from observations of VLP seismic pulses of 20 s width 13. However, the timing of the first collapse at depth was not reported. VLP signals observed at volcanoes are generally considered having frequencies between 0.01-0.5 Hz (ref. 14) and until the 2000 Miyake-jima event, they were generally considered to result from inertial forces associated with changes in the flow of magma and gases through conduits 14. The VLP signals detected during the Miyake-jima caldera formation were explained by different physical mechanisms: (i) a buried geyser model 15 , (ii) a piston-like model 4,13,16 , and (iii) ring-faulting mechanisms related to shear failure on curved or cone-shaped fault structures 17,18. 46 step-like tilt changes (TC) were observed during the Miyake-jima caldera formation and among them 39 were accompanied by the VLP seismic signals 4,19,20. The origin of these TC associated with the VLP pulses have been attributed to either a piston model with a vertical rock column intermittently sinking into a magma reservoir 4,21 or to a magma sheet model with a large sill-like
Published: 2019
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16. The Marsquake catalogue from InSight, sols 0–478

Author: Don Banfield, Alexander E. Stott, Maren Böse, Philippe Lognonné, Guenolé Orhand-Mainsant, William T. Pike, Fabian Euchner, Eric Beucler, Mark P. Panning, Amir Khan, Raphaël F. Garcia, Constantinos Charalambous, Savas Ceylan, John Clinton, Aymeric Spiga, Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, Sharon Kedar, Taichi Kawamura, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Nikolaj Dahmen, William B. Banerdt, John-Robert Scholz, Clément Perrin, Domenico Giardini, Martin van Driel, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Imperial College London, School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science (CCAPS), Cornell University [New York], Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE)
Subjects: Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Marsquakes, Mars seismicity catalogue, InSight mission, Induced seismicity, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mars Seismology, Autre, Long period, Short duration, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Data collection, Event (computing), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Key features, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geology, Seismology
Abstract: The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission began collecting high quality seismic data on Mars in February 2019. This manuscript documents the seismicity observed by SEIS, InSightâ€™s seismometer, from this time until the end of March 2020. Within the InSight project, the Marsquake Service (MQS) is responsible for prompt review of all seismic data collected by InSight, detection of events that are likely to be of seismic origin, and curation and release of seismic catalogues. In the first year of data collection, MQS have identified 465 seismic events that we interpret to be from regional and teleseismic marsquakes. Seismic events are grouped into 2 different event families: the low frequency family is dominated by energy at long period below 1 s, and the high frequency family primarily include energy at and above 2.4 Hz. Event magnitudes, from Mars-specific scales, range from 1.3 to 3.7. A third class of events with very short duration but high frequency bursts have been observed 712 times. These are likely associated with a local source driven by thermal stresses. This paper describes the data collected so far in the mission and the procedures under which MQS operates; summarises the content of the current MQS seismic catalogue; and presents the key features of the events we have observed so far, using the largest events as examples. ISSN:0031-9201 ISSN:1872-7395
Published: 2021
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17. Active strike-slip faulting in the Chablais area (NW Alps) from earthquake focal mechanisms and relative locations

Author: Jean-Daniel Champagnac, Christian Sue, François Thouvenot, Nicholas Deichmann, Bastien Delacou, Martin Burkhard, Institut de Géologie et d'Hydrogéologie, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Prealpes, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Active fault, Fault (geology), Chablais, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Nappe, relative location, seismotectonics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Focal mechanism, geography.geographical_feature_category, Western Alps, Seismotectonics, Geology, Strike-slip tectonics, [SDE.MCG.CPE]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes/domain_sde.mcg.cpe, Relative location, Active faulting, Tectonics, Sinistral and dextral, active faulting, Seismology
Abstract: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 98 (2), ISSN:0012-9402, ISSN:1420-9128
Published: 2018
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18. Comparison between seismic vulnerability models and experimental dynamic properties of existing buildings in France

Author: Philippe Guéguen, Pierre-Yves Bard, Clotaire Michel, Pierino Lestuzzi, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Applied Computing and Mechanics Lab. (IMAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), VULNERALP project, ARVISE n ◦ ANR-06-PRGCU-007-01,ARVISE n ◦ ANR-06-PRGCU-007-01, Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-06-RGCU-0007,ARVISE,Analyse et Réduction de la Vulnérabilité sISmique du bâti Existant(2006)
Subjects: Identification, Engineering, Earthquake engineering, Ambient vibrations, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Capacity curve, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 020101 civil engineering, Rc Buildings, 02 engineering and technology, Seismic noise, Vibration, 0201 civil engineering, Seismic analysis, Vulnerability assessment, 11. Sustainability, Frequency relationships, Shear wall, Variability, Periods, Resonance frequency, Civil and Structural Engineering, Formulas, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, business.industry, Systems, Experimental data, Building and Construction, Structural engineering, Fundamental frequency, Masonry, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Geophysics, business, Seismology
Abstract: International audience; Elastic fundamental frequency is a key-parameter of simplified seismic design and vulnerability assessment methods. Empirical relationships exist in codes to estimate this frequency but they miss experimental data to validate them accounting for national feature of building design and, above all, corresponding uncertainties. Even if resonance frequency extracted from ambient vibrations may be larger than the elastic frequency (at yield) generally used in earthquake engineering, ambient vibration recordings may provide a large set of data for statistical analysis of periods versus building characteristics relationships. We recorded ambient vibrations and estimated the fundamental frequency of about 60 buildings of various types (RC and masonry) in Grenoble City (France). These data complete the set existing yet, made of 26 RC-buildings of Grenoble (Farsi and Bard 2004) and 28 buildings in Nice (France) (Dunand 2005). Statistical analysis of these experimental data was performed for fundamental frequencies of RC shear wall structures and the results are compared with existing relationships. Only building height or number of stories has a statistical relevancy to estimate the resonance frequency but the variability associated to the proposed relationships is large. Moreover, we compared the elastic part of capacity curves of RC and masonry buildings used in the European Risk-UE method for vulnerability assessment with the experimental frequencies. The variability is also large and the curves may not be consistent with French existing buildings.
Published: 2018
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19. Active tectonics of the eastern Himalaya: New constraints from the first tectonic geomorphology study in southern Bhutan

Author: Rodolphe Cattin, Phuntsho Pelgay, Jean-François Ritz, Théo Berthet, Dowchu Drukpa, Matthieu Ferry, Régis Braucher, Gyoergy Hetenyi, Géosciences Montpellier, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Risques (Géosciences Montpellier), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geology and Mines, Thimphu, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, geography, Plateau, geography.geographical_feature_category, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Fluvial, Geology, Tectonics, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, Bhutan, Tectonic geomorphology, Seismic hazard assessment, Seismology, Holocene
Abstract: International audience; How convergent systems distribute strain among frontal thrusts is a major concern regarding seismic hazard assessment. Along the 2500 km Himalayan arc, the seismic behavior of the Bhutan region is unknown, because it corresponds to the only portion of the arc where no evidence of major earthquakes has been reported. This can be due either to the fact that no active tectonic studies have been conducted or to continental shortening being absorbed by the Shillong plateau 150 km farther south. Analyzing offset fluvial terraces in south-central Bhutan shows that two major earthquakes ruptured the Himalayan frontal thrust during the last millennium, and that a comparable rate of Holocene deformation (∼20 mm/yr) is accommodated across the Himalaya in Bhutan as in central Nepal. Thus, the propensity for great earthquakes in Bhutan is similar to what is observed in neighboring portions of the Himalaya arc. This in turn suggests that the shortening process beneath the Shillong plateau has little effect on how strain accumulates within the Bhutanese Himalaya.
Published: 2014
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20. Joint approach combining damage and paleoseismology observations constrains the 1714AD Bhutan earthquake at magnitude 8 +/- 0.5

Author: Hetényi, György, Le Roux-Mallouf, Romain, Berthet, Théo, Cattin, Rodolphe, Cauzzi, Carlo, Phuntsho, Karma, Grolimund, Remo, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Uppsala University, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Shejun Agency for Bhutan's Cultural Documentation and Research, Thimphu
Subjects: [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, Earth and Related Environmental Sciences, Bhutan
Abstract: International audience; The region of Bhutan is thought to be the only segment of the Himalayas not having experienced a major earthquake over the past half millennium. A proposed explanation for this apparent seismic gap is partial accommodation of the India-Asia convergence further south across the Shillong Plateau, yet the seismic behavior of the Himalayan megathrust in Bhutan is unknown. Here we present historical documents from the region reporting on an earthquake in 1714 A.D. and geological evidence of surface rupture to constrain the latest large event in this area. We compute various earthquake scenarios using empirical scaling relationships relating magnitude with intensity, source location and rupture geometry. Our results constrain the 1714 A.D. earthquake to have ruptured the megathrust in Bhutan, most likely during a M7.5–8.5 event. This finding reclassifies the apparent seismic gap to a former information gap and implies that the entire Himalayan arc has a high level of earthquake potential.
Published: 2016
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21. Complex force history of a calving-generated glacial earthquake derived from broadband seismic inversion

Author: Jean-Paul Montagner, Amandine Sergeant, Eléonore Stutzmann, Olivier Castelnau, Fabian Walter, Anne Mangeney, Laurent Moretti, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux (PIMM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), ERC. Grant Number: ERC-CG-2013-PE10-617472ANR. Grant Number: ANR-11-BS01-0016LANDQUAKES, CNCS‐UEFISCDI. Grant Number: PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0045, Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux [Paris] (PIMM), École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Inversion (meteorology), glacial earthquake, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Collision, Sciences de l'ingénieur, 01 natural sciences, Iceberg, source inversion, iceberg calving, Geophysics, Amplitude, Glacial earthquake, glacial earthquake - iceberg calving - source inversion, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, A priori and a posteriori, Seismic inversion, Seismogram, Seismology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The force applied to the Earth by the calving of two icebergs at Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland, has been quantified. The source force history was recovered by inversion of regional broadband seismograms without any a priori constraint on the source time function, in contrast with previous studies. For periods 10-100 s, the three-component force can be obtained from distant stations alone and is proportional to the closest station seismograms. This inversion makes it possible to quantify changes of the source force direction and amplitude as a function of time and frequency. A detailed comparison with a video of the event was used to identify four forces associated with collision, then bottom-out and top-out rotation of the first and second icebergs, and ice mélange motion. Only the two iceberg rotations were identified in previous studies. All four processes are found here to contribute to the force amplitude and variability. Such a complete time-frequency force history provides unique dynamical constraints for mechanical calving models. ERC. Grant Number: ERC-CG-2013-PE10-617472 ANR. Grant Number: ANR-11-BS01-0016 LANDQUAKES, CNCS‐UEFISCDI. Grant Number: PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0045
Published: 2016
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22. Earth’s composition was modified by collisional erosion

Author: Paul Frossard, Claudine Israel, Audrey Bouvier, Maud Boyet, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bayerisches Geoinstitut (BGI), Universität Bayreuth, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, and University of Western Ontario (UWO)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry
Abstract: The samarium-146 ( 146 Sm)–neodymium-142 ( 142 Nd) short-lived decay system (half-life of 103 million years) is a powerful tracer of the early mantle-crust evolution of planetary bodies. However, an increased 142 Nd/ 144 Nd in modern terrestrial rocks relative to chondrite meteorites has been proposed to be caused by nucleosynthetic anomalies, obscuring early Earth’s differentiation history. We use stepwise dissolution of primitive chondrites to quantify nucleosynthetic contributions on the composition of chondrites. After correction for nucleosynthetic anomalies, Earth and the silicate parts of differentiated planetesimals contain resolved excesses of 142 Nd relative to chondrites. We conclude that only collisional erosion of primordial crusts can explain such compositions. This process associated with planetary accretion must have produced substantial loss of incompatible elements, including long-term heat-producing elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium.
Published: 2022
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23. Biotite as a recorder of an exsolved Li-rich volatile phase in upper-crustal silicic magma reservoirs

Author: Ellis, B.S., Neukampf, J., Bachmann, O., Harris, C., Forni, F., Magna, T., Laurent, Oscar, Ulmer, P., Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Cape Town, Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Czech Geological Survey [Praha], Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Geology
Abstract: The magmatic-hydrothermal transition is key in controlling the fate of many economically important elements due to the change in partitioning when melt and magmatic fluid coexist. Despite its increasing economic importance, the behavior of lithium (Li) in such environments remains poorly known. We illustrate how compositionally unusual biotites from the rhyolitic Bishop Tuff (California, USA) and Kos Plateau Tuff (Greece) may contain a magmatic volatile phase trapped between layers of biotite crystals. Despite originating in pristine deposits and showing the expected X-ray diffraction spectra, these biotites return low (2300 ppm, exceptionally light Li isotopic compositions (δ7Li as low as –27.6‰), and large isotopic fractionation between biotite and corresponding bulk samples (Δ7Libt–bulk as low as –36.5‰). Other mineral phases, groundmass glass, and melt inclusions from the same units do not support an extremely Li-rich melt prior to eruption. Biotites from phonolitic systems (Tenerife [Canary Islands] and Campi Flegrei [Italy]) do not show such extreme compositional differences, with biotite and melt showing roughly equivalent Li contents, underscored by significantly reduced Δ7Libt–bulk to a maximum of –10.9‰. We ascribe the difference in behavior to the near-liquidus appearance of biotite in alkaline magmatic suites, before widespread exsolution of a magmatic volatile phase in the magma reservoir, while in rhyolitic suites, biotite crystallizes at low temperature, trapping the coexisting exsolved fluid phase in the reservoir., Geology, 50 (4), ISSN:0091-7613, ISSN:1943-2682
Published: 2022
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24. Evaluating probabilistic forecasts of extremes using continuous ranked probability score distributions

Author: Maxime Taillardat, Anne-Laure Fougères, Philippe Naveau, Raphaël de Fondeville, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Probabilités, statistique, physique mathématique (PSPM), Institut Camille Jordan (ICJ), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ANR-20-CE40-0025,T-REX,nouveaux challenges pour la prédiction des extremes et sa validation(2020), ANR-19-CE46-0011,MeLODy,Bridging geohysics and MachinE Learning for the modeling, simulation and reconstruction of Ocean DYnamics(2019), ANR-10-LABX-0070,MILYON,Community of mathematics and fundamental computer science in Lyon(2010), ANR-11-IDEX-0007,Avenir L.S.E.,PROJET AVENIR LYON SAINT-ETIENNE(2011), European Project: 824158,H2020-EU.1.4. - EXCELLENT SCIENCE - Research Infrastructures ,EoCoE-II(2019), Météo-France, Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and CMCS-EPFL (CMCS-EPFL)
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, Mathematics - Statistics Theory, Machine Learning (stat.ML), Statistics Theory (math.ST), CRPS, Scoring rules, [STAT.OT]Statistics [stat]/Other Statistics [stat.ML], Statistics - Applications, Methodology (stat.ME), Extreme events, Probabilistic forecasting, Calibration, Verification, Statistics - Machine Learning, [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], FOS: Mathematics, Applications (stat.AP), Business and International Management, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Statistics - Methodology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [STAT.AP]Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ensemble forecasts, [STAT.ME]Statistics [stat]/Methodology [stat.ME]
Abstract: Verifying probabilistic forecasts for extreme events is a highly active research area because popular media and public opinions are naturally focused on extreme events, and biased conclusions are readily made. In this context, classical verification methods tailored for extreme events, such as thresholded and weighted scoring rules, have undesirable properties that cannot be mitigated, and the well-known continuous ranked probability score (CRPS) is no exception. In this paper, we define a formal framework for assessing the behavior of forecast evaluation procedures with respect to extreme events, which we use to demonstrate that assessment based on the expectation of a proper score is not suitable for extremes. Alternatively, we propose studying the properties of the CRPS as a random variable by using extreme value theory to address extreme event verification. An index is introduced to compare calibrated forecasts, which summarizes the ability of probabilistic forecasts for predicting extremes. The strengths and limitations of this method are discussed using both theoretical arguments and simulations., International Journal of Forecasting, 39 (3), ISSN:0169-2070, ISSN:1872-8200
Published: 2023
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25. Hydrogen Concentrations and He Isotopes in Olivine From Ultramafic Lamprophyres Provide New Constraints on a Wet Tarim Plume and Earth's Deep Water Cycle

Author: Changhong Wang, Zhaochong Zhang, Andrea Giuliani, Sylvie Demouchy, Catherine Thoraval, Lukáš Krmíček, Hongze Bo, Wanfeng Zhang, Xiaoping Xia, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Brno University of Technology [Brno] (BUT), and State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
Subjects: Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography
Abstract: International audience; Water enters Earth's mantle via subduction of hydrated oceanic slab and largely returns to the ocean-atmosphere system through arc volcanism. However, the extent to which H 2O is transferred into the deep mantle is poorly constrained. Here, we address this question by combining mineral chemistry and bulk-rockgeochemistry data for aillikites related to the deep mantle plume which generated the Permian Tarim large igneous province (NW China). The water contents of olivine phenocrysts are 75–168 ppm H 2O and positively correlated with Ti contents. These results, combined with infrared hydroxyl peaks at 3,572 and 3,525 cm −1 , suggest that H is mainly present in the form of Ti-clinohumite-like point defects. Hydrogen concentration profiles across olivine reveal that H loss during decompression was limited to the outermost rims, and yield dehydration durations of 15–417 min. Based on the water contents of the highest-Fo olivine cores, the water contents of the primitive aillikite melts and their mantle source are estimated as 1.6–4.7 wt% and 150–1,200 ppm H 2O, respectively. 3He/ 4He ratios (5.31–5.84 Ra) of olivine phenocrysts are slightly lower than MORBs and suggest involvement of recycled slab containing U (and hence radiogenic 4He) in the plume source. This interpretation is consistent with Pb isotope compositions of the aillikites which are intermediate between PREMA (Prevalent Mantle) and EM (Enriched Mantle) compositions. These lines of evidence combined with the depleted Sr-Nd isotopes and moderately radiogenic Os isotopes of the aillikites suggest that water in these rocks derived from a plume source marginally contaminated by deeply subducted hydrated material.
Published: 2022
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26. Contrasting Export of Particulate Organic Carbon From Greenlandic Glacial and Nonglacial Streams

Author: L. Bröder, C. Hirst, S. Opfergelt, M. Thomas, J. E. Vonk, N. Haghipour, T. I. Eglinton, J. Fouché, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) - Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Geological Institute [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Ion Beam Physics [ETH Zürich], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), The authors received funding for the field campaign from INTERACT under the European Union H2020 Grant 871120 to L.B. Further funding for this work came from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC Starting Grant,714617) to S.O. and (ERC Starting Grant,Thawsome, Grant 676982) to J.V. Lastbut not least, Earth and Climate, Department of Earth Sciences [Amsterdam], and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU)
Subjects: particulate organic carbon, glacier, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, stream, Greenland, particulate organic carbonGreenlandglacierstreamradiocarbonpermafrost, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Geophysics, radiocarbon, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, permafrost
Abstract: On-going shrinkage of Greenland's icecap, permafrost thaw, and changes in precipitation are exposing its landscapes to erosion and remobilization of ancient organic carbon (OC) held in soils and sedimentary rocks. The fate of this OC and potential feedbacks to climate are still unclear. Here, we show that the glacial Zackenberg river (Northeastern Greenland) exports aged particulate OC (POC, uncalibrated radiocarbon ages of ∼4,000 years). Many of the smaller periglacial streams affected by abrupt permafrost thaw transport substantially older POC (up to 32,000 years), especially with enhanced discharge following intense precipitation. Mineralogical analysis, and density and size fractionation of soils and both glacial and nonglacial river sediments reveal that OC is largely associated with phyllosilicate minerals, suggesting stabilization against microbial processing. Enhanced export of ancient, mineral-associated OC as a consequence of summer rainfall may accelerate translocation of OC from terrestrial to marine environments, but could have limited consequences for climate., Geophysical Research Letters, 49 (21), ISSN:0094-8276, ISSN:1944-8007
Published: 2022
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27. The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1000–1899

Author: Konstantinos Makropoulos, J. M. Martinez Solares, Massimiliano Stucchi, Pierre Alexandre, V. Kouskouna, Andrea Rovida, Paolo Gasperini, Thierry Camelbeeck, Ruben E. Tatevossian, D. Viganò, Josep Batlló, C. Papaioannou, M. B. Demircioglu, Donat Fäh, Oona Scotti, W. Lenhardt, Roger M.W. Musson, Mladen Živčić, Carlo Meletti, Mircea Radulian, Domenico Giardini, Hilmar Bungum, Mario Locati, Susana Vilanova, Paola Albini, David Baumont, A. A. Gomez Capera, Karin Sesetyan, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI), Boğaziçi University [Istanbul], Università di Bologna, British Geological Survey [Edinburgh], British Geological Survey (BGS), National Institute for Earth Physics [Bucharest] (NIEP), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), NORSAR, Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik [Vienna] (ZAMG), Instituto Geografico Nacional, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Institute of Physics of the Earth [Moscou], Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Boǧaziçi üniversitesi = Boğaziçi University [Istanbul], Stucchi, M, Rovida, A., Gomez Capera, A.A., Alexandre, P., Camelbeeck, T., Demircioglu, M.B., Gasperini, P., Kouskouna, V., Musson, R.M.W., Radulian, M., Sesetyan, K., Vilanova, S., Baumont, D., Bungum, H., Fäh, D., Lenhardt, W., Makropoulos, K., Martinez Solares, J.M., Scotti, O., Živčić, M., Albini, P., Batllo, J., Papaioannou, C., Tatevossian, R., Locati, M., Meletti, C., Viganò, D., and Giardini, D.
Subjects: Earthquake parameter, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, earthquake magnitude, Computer science, Magnitude (mathematics), Harmonization, data set, earthquake event, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, seismic data, Set (abstract data type), hazard assessment, Geochemistry and Petrology, Parameters uncertainty, uncertainty analysis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Parametric statistics, Frame (networking), Magnitude, Europe, Data point, Seismic hazard, Earthquake catalogue, Earthquake parameters, Geophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], earthquake epicenter, harmonic analysis, Scale (map), Seismology
Abstract: In the frame of the European Commission project “Seismic Hazard Harmonization in Europe” (SHARE), aiming at harmonizing seismic hazard at a European scale, the compilation of a homogeneous, European parametric earthquake catalogue was planned. The goal was to be achieved by considering the most updated historical dataset and assessing homogenous magnitudes, with support from several institutions. This paper describes the SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC), which covers the time window 1000–1899. It strongly relies on the experience of the European Commission project “Network of Research Infrastructures for European Seismology” (NERIES), a module of which was dedicated to create the European “Archive of Historical Earthquake Data” (AHEAD) and to establish methodologies to homogenously derive earthquake parameters from macroseismic data. AHEAD has supplied the final earthquake list, obtained after sorting duplications out and eliminating many fake events; in addition, it supplied the most updated historical dataset. Macroseismic data points (MDPs) provided by AHEAD have been processed with updated, repeatable procedures, regionally calibrated against a set of recent, instrumental earthquakes, to obtain earthquake parameters. From the same data, a set of epicentral intensity-to-magnitude relations has been derived, with the aim of providing another set of homogeneous Mw estimates. Then, a strategy focussed on maximizing the homogeneity of the final epicentral location and Mw, has been adopted. Special care has been devoted also to supply location and Mw uncertainty. The paper focuses on the procedure adopted for the compilation of SHEEC and briefly comments on the achieved results., Journal of Seismology, 17 (2), ISSN:1383-4649, ISSN:1573-157X
Published: 2013
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28. High-frequency ground motion amplification during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake explained by soil dilatancy

Author: Luis Fabian Bonilla, Donat Fäh, D. Roten, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Séismes et Vibrations (IFSTTAR/GERS/SV), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Communauté Université Paris-Est, Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Ground motion, Dilatant, [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Geophysics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, EFFET DE SITE, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, SEISME, SISMOLOGIE, Geology, Seismology, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Computational seismology
Abstract: Gheophysical Journal International, 193 (2), ISSN:1365-246X, ISSN:0956-540X
Published: 2013
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29. Newly formed craters on Mars located using seismic and acoustic wave data from InSight

Author: Raphael F. Garcia, Ingrid J. Daubar, Éric Beucler, Liliya V. Posiolova, Gareth S. Collins, Philippe Lognonné, Lucie Rolland, Zongbo Xu, Natalia Wójcicka, Aymeric Spiga, Benjamin Fernando, Gunnar Speth, Léo Martire, Andrea Rajšić, Katarina Miljković, Eleanor K. Sansom, Constantinos Charalambous, Savas Ceylan, Sabrina Menina, Ludovic Margerin, Rémi Lapeyre, Tanja Neidhart, Nicholas A. Teanby, Nicholas C. Schmerr, Mickaël Bonnin, Marouchka Froment, John F. Clinton, Ozgur Karatekin, Simon C. Stähler, Nikolaj L. Dahmen, Cecilia Durán, Anna Horleston, Taichi Kawamura, Matthieu Plasman, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Domenico Giardini, Mark Panning, Mike Malin, William Bruce Banerdt, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences [UMR_C 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS), Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford, Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), UAR-Institut de physique du globe de Paris (IPGP-UAR / UAR3454), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division [Los Alamos], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut für Geophysik [Zürich], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), and ANR-18-IDEX-0001,Université de Paris,Université de Paris(2018)
Subjects: Science & Technology, EXPLOSION, Natural hazards, Geology, ATMOSPHERE, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Inner planets, Meteoritics, Physical Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, MOON, Seismology, METEORITE IMPACTS
Abstract: International audience; Meteoroid impacts shape planetary surfaces by forming new craters and alter atmospheric composition. During atmospheric entry and impact on the ground, meteoroids excite transient acoustic and seismic waves. However, new crater formation and the associated impact-induced mechanical waves have yet to be observed jointly beyond Earth. Here we report observations of seismic and acoustic waves from the NASA InSight lander’s seismometer that we link to four meteoroid impact events on Mars observed in spacecraft imagery. We analysed arrival times and polarization of seismic and acoustic waves to estimate impact locations, which were subsequently confirmed by orbital imaging of the associated craters. Crater dimensions and estimates of meteoroid trajectories are consistent with waveform modelling of the recorded seismograms. With identified seismic sources, the seismic waves can be used to constrain the structure of the Martian interior, corroborating previous crustal structure models, and constrain scaling relationships between the distance and amplitude of impact-generated seismic waves on Mars, supporting a link between the seismic moment of impacts and the vertical impactor momentum. Our findings demonstrate the capability of planetary seismology to identify impact-generated seismic sources and constrain both impact processes and planetary interiors.
Published: 2022
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30. Analysis of thermal dilution experiments with Distributed Temperature Sensing for fractured rock characterization

Author: Klepikova, Maria, Brixel, Bernard, Roubinet, Delphine, Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geological Institute [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Swiss Commission for Technology and Innovation (CTI) grant 838508, ETH Foundation, Royal Dutch Shell, Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research - Supply of Electricity (SCCER-SoE) Grant SEED-17, and European Project: 838508
Subjects: Fluid flow, Thermal property estimates, Analytical and numerical solutions, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Fractured media, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Distributed temperature sensing, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: International audience; Thermal dilution experiments with Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (FO-DTS) were conducted at the In-situ Stimulation and Circulation (ISC) rock laboratory, at the Grimsel Test Site (GTS) in Switzerland. The experiment consists in replacing the total volume of a borehole with a warmer water and monitoring the rate of temperature increase and decrease during the heating and cooling periods, respectively. The changes in temperature monitored in depth and time under various hydraulic conditions and in different boreholes, are used to investigate the information provided by thermal dilution experiments in terms of groundwater flow and thermal properties in low-permeable fractured crystalline rock. The data analysis, and the use of analytical and numerical solutions for reproducing this data in the context of pure diffusion and advection-diffusion scenarios, lead to the following improvements and conclusions. (i) The formation thermal conductivity is estimated along the borehole by inverting the data collected under ambient conditions with a simple analytical solution. The estimated values are consistent with laboratory estimates. The method presents the advantage of requiring much shorter experiments than existing methods based on standard active-line-source (ALS) experiments, i.e., several hours versus the traditional 1-2 days. (ii) Hydraulically active fractures connecting boreholes are detected from experiments conducted under cross-borehole forced hydraulic conditions. (iii) The formation thermal conductivity and fracture flow velocity have a distinguished impact on the temperature anomalies for some ranges of these property values, implying that both properties can be estimated from well-parametrized experiments.
Published: 2022
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31. Adaptively smoothed seismicity earthquake forecasts for Italy

Author: Maximilian J. Werner, Agnès Helmstetter, Stefan Wiemer, David D. Jackson, Yan Y. Kagan, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Department of Earth and Space Sciences [Los Angeles], University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, EXTREMES EAR-0711515, ANR: ASEISMIC,ASEISMIC, Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-08-JCJC-0112,ASEISMIC,ASEISMIC: Detecting and characterizing episodic aseismic forcing(2008)
Subjects: Independent and identically distributed random variables, Inverse methods, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Active fault, Induced seismicity, lcsh:QC851-999, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Geophysics, Seismic risk, Earthquake interactions and probability, Statistical Analysis, Mathematical Geophysics, Predictability, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:QC801-809, Probability and statistics, Geodesy, Geophysics (physics.geo-ph), lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Geophysics, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, Predictive power, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an), Smoothing, Geology
Abstract: We present a model for estimation of the probabilities of future earthquakes of magnitudes m ≥ 4.95 in Italy. This model is a modified version of that proposed for California, USA, by Helmstetter et al. [2007] and Werner et al. [2010a], and it approximates seismicity using a spatially heterogeneous, temporally homogeneous Poisson point process. The temporal, spatial and magnitude dimensions are entirely decoupled. Magnitudes are independently and identically distributed according to a tapered Gutenberg-Richter magnitude distribution. We have estimated the spatial distribution of future seismicity by smoothing the locations of past earthquakes listed in two Italian catalogs: a short instrumental catalog, and a longer instrumental and historic catalog. The bandwidth of the adaptive spatial kernel is estimated by optimizing the predictive power of the kernel estimate of the spatial earthquake density in retrospective forecasts. When available and reliable, we used small earthquakes of m ≥ 2.95 to reveal active fault structures and 29 probable future epicenters. By calibrating the model with these two catalogs of different durations to create two forecasts, we intend to quantify the loss (or gain) of predictability incurred when only a short, but recent, data record is available. Both forecasts were scaled to five and ten years, and have been submitted to the Italian prospective forecasting experiment of the global Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP). An earlier forecast from the model was submitted by Helmstetter et al. [2007] to the Regional Earthquake Likelihood Model (RELM) experiment in California, and with more than half of the five-year experimental period over, the forecast has performed better than the others., Annals of Geophysics, 53 (3), ISSN:1593-5213
Published: 2010
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32. Formation of the Lened W-(Be) Skarn Deposit by Neutralization of a Magmatic Fluid—Evidence from H3BO3-Rich Fluids

Author: Hélène Legros, Vanessa Elongo, Oscar Laurent, Erin Adlakha, Cyril Chelle-Michou, Hendrik Falck, Pilar Lecumberri-Sanchez, University of Alberta, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Saint Mary's University [Halifax], and Northwest Territories Geological Survey
Subjects: Falck, 236 fluid inclusion, Laurent, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, Adlakha, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, O, C, scheelite, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, fluid inclusion, sassolite, Lened, boron, emerald, E, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Lecumberri-Sanchez, V, H, Elongo, Chelle-Michou, Legros, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, P. Formation of the Lened W-(Be) Skarn Deposit by Neutralization of a Magmatic Geosciences 2022
Abstract: Magmatic-hydrothermal systems, especially those causing the formation of tungsten deposits, may be enriched in boron, as is suggested by the presence of hydrothermal tourmaline. This study examines the boron and metal (including tungsten) concentrations of quartz-hosted fluid inclusions in the Lened W-(Be) deposit of the Canadian Cordillera and resolves (i) the analytical challenges involved during fluid salinity calculations of B-rich fluids and (ii) the relationship between fluid chemical composition and ore-forming processes involved at Lened. The aqueous fluid inclusions from this study have high CO2 and boron contents, indicated by the presence of a carbonic phase and sassolite crystals (H3BO3) in fluid inclusions. The boron content of the aqueous liquid phase (0.5 wt. %) was determined using microthermometric and Raman spectroscopic analyses. Boron was judged the most appropriate internal standard for quantifying the LA-ICP-MS data from these inclusions after calculation of salinity in the H2O-NaCl-H3BO3 system (3.5 to 5 wt. % NaCleq). Trace element data of the fluids show relatively high concentrations of Li (40 to 474 ppm), Al (56 to 1003 ppm), As (36 to 490 ppm) and Cs (68 to 296 ppm); and lower concentrations of Rb (3.6 to 77 ppm), Sr (0.4 to 23 ppm), Sb (1 to 32 ppm), Ba (0.6 to 163 ppm), Mg (6.9 to 7.6 ppm) and other metals, such as Be (2.4 to 10.2 ppm), W (2.4 to 27 ppm) and Cu (5.1 to 73 ppm). The high Cs and Li concentrations suggest a magmatic origin of the metals, while the moderate concentrations in Sr and Ba are indicative of fluid-rock interaction with the surrounding limestone. The presence of sassolite suggests that these fluids were highly acidic. The neutralization of this fluid through interaction with the surrounding limestone is the most probable trigger for scheelite precipitation. The presence of such high boron content in the magmatic fluid at Lened indicates the potential role in the enrichment of the source melt before fluid exsolution., Geosciences, 12 (6), ISSN:2076-3263
Published: 2022
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33. the Li elemental and isotopic record from rhyolitic melt inclusions and host quartz in a Yellowstone rhyolite

Author: Neukampf, Julia, Laurent, Oscar, Tollan, Peter, Bouvier, Anne-Sophie, Magna, Tomas, Ulmer, Peter, France, Lydéric, Ellis, Ben, Bachmann, Olivier, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des sciences de la terre [Lausanne] (ISTE), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Czech Geological Survey [Praha], and ANR-10-LABX-0021,RESSOURCES21,Strategic metal resources of the 21st century(2010)
Subjects: Diffusion, Open system degassing, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, H2O, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Quartz, Melt inclusions, Lithium isotopes
Abstract: International audience; Lithium and hydrogen are volatile elements which diffuse rapidly in crystals and melt, making them powerful geochemical tools to reconstruct geological processes that take place on short time scales, such as syn- and post-eruptive degassing. Although the dynamics of hydrogen are fairly well understood to better constrain such processes, the assessment of Li behaviour within the magma reservoir relevant for ascent-related degassing still lacks detailed evaluation. Here, the first in situ Li concentrations and isotopic compositions (using SIMS analysis) of rhyolitic quartz-hosted, naturally glassy and crystallised melt inclusions (MIs) and groundmass glass (Mesa Falls Tuff, Yellowstone) are used to reconstruct Li elemental and isotopic evolution in the magma reservoir. Lithium concentrations in quartz-hosted glassy MIs (10–61 ppm) from a fallout deposit overlap with their groundmass glass (32–46 ppm) and their host quartz (8–15 ppm). Crystallised MIs from a later erupted flow pumice clast sample have higher Li concentrations (8–190 ppm) compared to the groundmass glass (32–51 ppm) and their host quartz (15–24 ppm). Lithium content in quartz from the early erupted sample is relatively homogenous, whereas it is up to a factor of two higher and heterogeneous in the later erupted sample, with a simultaneous increase in Li versus a decrease in H towards crystal rims. The δ7Li difference (expressed as Δ7LiMI–glass) between MIs (−8.0‰ to + 12.3‰) and groundmass glass (+9.0‰ to + 20.5‰) of two pyroclastic deposits reaches up to 29‰. Glassy MIs are internally heterogeneous in δ7Li and Li abundance. The cores of the glassy MIs record the δ7Li of the least modified melt during entrapment and the data distribution can be modelled by equilibrium fractionation between the melt and vapour phase during early open-system degassing in the magma reservoir. Late degassing during eruption triggers Li–H diffusional exchange between quartz and melt, as the degassing of H2O and the accompanying pressure change trigger H diffusion out of the host quartz and the MIs, which is charge balanced by inward Li diffusion. This results in the modification of Li contents in quartz and δ7Li values in the rims of the glassy MIs. Crystallised MIs reflect the loss of H2O from the MIs and the resulting enrichment of Li during the crystallisation. Additionally, the variations of δ7Li in the groundmass glass can be explained through modelling by kinetic fractionation between the melt and vapour during late stage open-system degassing linked with magma ascent.
Published: 2022
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34. Early winter barium excess in the Southern Indian Ocean as an annual remineralisation proxy (GEOTRACES GIPr07 cruise)

Author: Natasha René van Horsten, Hélène Planquette, Géraldine Sarthou, Thomas James Ryan-Keogh, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Thato Nicholas Mtshali, Alakendra Roychoudhury, Eva Bucciarelli, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Earth Sciences [Stellenbosch], Stellenbosch University, and ANR-17-EURE-0015,ISBlue,Interdisciplinary Graduate School for the Blue planet(2017)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Barium excess, Mesopelagic remineralisation, barium, winter, mesopelagic zone, remote sensing, remineralization, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Southern Ocean, biological pump, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, primary production, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: The Southern Ocean (SO) is of global importance to the carbon cycle, and processes such as mesopelagic remineralisation that impact the efficiency of the biological carbon pump in this region need to be better constrained. During this study early austral winter barium excess (Baxs) concentrations were measured for the first time, along 30° E in the southern Indian Ocean. Winter Baxs concentrations of 59 to 684 pmol L−1 were comparable to those observed throughout other seasons. The expected decline of the mesopelagic Baxs signal to background values during winter was not observed, supporting the hypothesis that this remineralisation proxy likely has a longer timescale than previously reported. A compilation of available SO mesopelagic Baxs data, including data from this study, shows an accumulation rate of ∼0.9 µmol m−2 d−1 from September to July that correlates with temporally integrated remotely sensed primary productivity (PP) throughout the SO from data spanning ∼20 years, advocating for a possible annual timescale of this proxy. The percentage of mesopelagic particulate organic carbon (POC) remineralisation as calculated from estimated POC remineralisation fluxes over integrated remotely sensed PP was ∼2-fold higher south of the polar front (19 ± 15 %, n=39) than north of the polar front (10 ± 10 %, n=29), revealing the higher surface carbon export efficiency further south. By linking integrated remotely sensed PP to mesopelagic Baxs stock, we could obtain better estimates of carbon export and remineralisation signals within the SO on annual and basin scales., Biogeosciences, 19 (13), ISSN:1726-4170
Published: 2022
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35. detrital zircon geochronologic and provenance signals from the Kopet Dagh basin (NE Iran)

Author: Mohammadi, Ali, Ruh, Jonas, Guillong, Marcel, Laurent, Oscar, Aghajari, Lotfollah, Istanbul Technical University (ITÜ), Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
Subjects: Paleo-Tethys, Collision, Gondwana, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Kopet Dagh Basin, Rifting, Hf isotopes, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Detrital zircon, Neo-Tethys, Provenance anlysis
Abstract: International audience; The Kopet Dagh mountains in NE Iran exhibit a 7-km-thick continuous sedimentary sequence recording detritus from exposed surrounding terranes from the last 175 Myr. This work presents a multidisciplinary geochronologic and provenance analysis in an attempt to identify and date major geologic events along the northern segment of the Tethys and reconstruct the regional tectonic history from Gondwana-related rifting until Alpine orogeny. Sandstone framework, heavy mineral analysis, U-Pb dating of detrital zircons, and Hf-isotope ratio measurements on dated zircons from Triassic to Paleocene sandstones indicate three main tectonic events that include early Silurian intracontinental rifting (opening of Paleo-Tethys), early Carboniferous rifting of a back-arc basin (Aghdarband Basin), and Late Triassic collisional to post-collisional magmatism(Paleo-Tethys collision). Mineralogical and age peak considerations indicate that detritus was supplied from the south into the extensional Kopet Dagh Basin during Middle Jurassic, while Cretaceous to Paleocene sandstones show signs of increasing cannibalism.
Published: 2022
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36. Evaluating hazard results for Switzerland and how not to do it: A discussion of 'Problems in the application of the SSHAC probability method for assessing earthquake hazards at Swiss nuclear power plants' by J-U Klugel

Author: Hilmar Bungum, Fabrice Cotton, Norman A. Abrahamson, Gabriel R. Toro, Julian J. Bommer, Frank Scherbaum, Kevin J. Coppersmith, Nicholas Deichmann, Roger M.W. Musson, Dario Slejko, British Geological Survey [Edinburgh], British Geological Survey (BGS), Risk Engineering, Inc., Coppersmith Consulting, Inc., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), NORSAR/ICG, Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Epistemic uncertainty, Computer science, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0211 other engineering and technologies, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Ground-motion prediction, law, PEGASOS, Nuclear power plant, Validation, Strong ground motion, Forensic engineering, Seismic risk, Uncertainty quantification, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Seismic hazard analysis, business.industry, Geology, Nuclear power, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, [SDE.MCG.CPE]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes/domain_sde.mcg.cpe, Hazard, Seismic hazard, Hazard methodology, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Risk assessment, business, Aleatory variability
Abstract: The PEGASOS project was a major international seismic hazard study, one of the largest ever conducted anywhere in the world, to assess seismic hazard at four nuclear power plant sites in Switzerland. Before the report of this project has become publicly available, a paper attacking both methodology and results has appeared. Since the general scientific readership may have difficulty in assessing this attack in the absence of the report being attacked, we supply a response in the present paper. The bulk of the attack, besides some misconceived arguments about the role of uncertainties in seismic hazard analysis, is carried by some exercises that purport to be validation exercises. In practice, they are no such thing; they are merely independent sets of hazard calculations based on varying assumptions and procedures, often rather questionable, which come up with various different answers which have no particular significance. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Published: 2005
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37. Particulate Trace Element Export in the North Atlantic (GEOTRACES GA01 Transect, GEOVIDE Cruise)

Author: Maxi Castrillejo, Frank Dehairs, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Catherine Jeandel, Morgane Gallinari, Frédéric Planchon, Hélène Planquette, Stephane Roig, Géraldine Sarthou, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), ANR-12-PDOC-0025,BITMAP,Biodisponibilité du fer et des métaux traces dans les particules marines(2012), ANR-13-BS06-0014,GEOVIDE,GEOVIDE, Une étude internationale GEOTRACES le long de la section OVIDE en Atlantique Nord et en Mer du Labrador(2013), ANR-10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean(2010), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ion Beam Physics [ETH Zürich], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: multiple carrier phases, 0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geotraces, export fluxes, Cruise, 01 natural sciences, Geochemistry and Petrology, 14. Life underwater, Transect, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, ACL, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Trace element, Biogeochemistry, Particulates, residence times, particulate trace elements, Trace (semiology), GEOTRACES, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Vertical export of particulate trace elements (pTEs) is a critically underconstrained aspect of their biogeochemistry. Here, we combine elemental analyses on large (>53 μm) particles and 234Th measurements to determine downward export fluxes from the upper layers (40-110 m) of pTEs (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Ti, V, Zn) and mineral phases (lithogenic, Fe-and Mn-oxides, calcium carbonate, and opal) in the North Atlantic along the GEOVIDE transect (Portugal-Greenland-Canada; GEOTRACES GA01 cruise). The role of lithogenic particles in controlling TE fluxes is obvious at proximity of the Iberian margin where the highest pTE export fluxes were estimated (up to 3912 μg/m2/d for pFe). However, high lithogenic and pTE fluxes are also observed up to 1700 km off this margin in the west European and Icelandic basins (up to 931 μg/m2/d for pFe). The lowest pTE export fluxes are determined in the Labrador Sea (as low as 501 μg/m2/d for pFe). High Mn-and Fe-oxide fluxes are estimated at the open ocean stations, suggesting that authigenic particles are an important vector of pTEs. All along the transect, biogenic particles also drive the pTE export fluxes, as shown by the similar pTE/POC ratios between exports and phytoplankton quotas. The shortest residence times (dissolved + particulate) are generally observed where lithogenic particles control the pTE fluxes (as low as 2 days for Fe) whereas pTEs seem to be longer retained when the contribution of biogenic particles become greater (residence times up to 147 days for Fe).
Published: 2020
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38. Garnet petrochronology reveals thVesuviuse lifetime and dynamics of phonolitic magma chambers at Somma-Vesuvius

Author: Jörn-Frederik Wotzlaw, Lena Bastian, Marcel Guillong, Francesca Forni, Oscar Laurent, Julia Neukampf, Roberto Sulpizio, Cyril Chelle-Michou, Olivier Bachmann, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Bologna (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria (IGAG), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), and Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, Earth, Environmental, Ecological, and Space Sciences, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, SciAdv r-articles, Geology, Research Article
Abstract: Somma-Vesuvius is one of the most iconic active volcanoes with historic and archeological records of numerous hazardous eruptions. Petrologic studies of eruptive products provide insights into the evolution of the magma reservoir before eruption. Here, we quantify the duration of shallow crustal storage and document the evolution of phonolitic magmas before major eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius. Garnet uranium-thorium petrochronology suggests progressively shorter pre-eruption residence times throughout the lifetime of the volcano. Residence times mirror the repose intervals between eruptions, implying that distinct phonolite magma batches were present throughout most of the volcano’s evolution, thereby controlling the eruption dynamics by preventing the ascent of mafic magmas from longer-lived and deeper reservoirs. Frequent lower-energy eruptions during the recent history sample this deeper reservoir and suggest that future Plinian eruptions are unlikely without centuries of volcanic quiescence. Crystal residence times from other volcanoes reveal that long-lived deep-seated reservoirs and transient upper crustal magma chambers are common features of subvolcanic plumbing systems., Science Advances, 8 (2), ISSN:2375-2548
Published: 2022
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39. Standardized analysis of juvenile pyroclasts in comparative studies of primary magma fragmentation; 1. Overview and workflow

Author: Ross, Pierre-Simon, Dürig, Tobias, Comida, Pier Paolo, Lefebvre, Nathalie, White, James D. L., Andronico, Daniele, Thivet, Simon, Eychenne, Julia, Gurioli, Lucia, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS), Department of Geology, University of Otago, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Catania (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Now at Section for Mineralogy, Petrology & Geochemistry, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, ANR-10-LABX-0006,CLERVOLC,Clermont-Ferrand centre for research on volcanism(2010), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), Jarðvísindastofnun (HÍ), Institute of Earth Sciences (UI), Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, and University of Iceland
Subjects: volcanology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Jarðefnaeldsneyti, Geochemistry and Petrology, particle shape analysis, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], volcanic ash, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, morphometry, Eldfjallafræði, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Pre-print version (óritrýnt handrit), Juvenile pyroclasts, especially in the ash size range, provide important information on primary fragmentation processes, i.e., initial explosive magma fragmentation, and on the state of the magma both prior to and at the point of fragmentation and quenching. There exists an extensive body of literature focusing on the quantification of juvenile particle morphology (shape), internal textures, and surface features spanning several decades; however, a standardized method has yet to emerge for comparative studies. No community-wide consensus currently exists (i) regarding the most representative size fraction(s) to be examined, (ii) on sample preparation procedures (such as whether to use whole-particle silhouettes or 2D cross-sections), (iii) on imaging techniques and image acquisition parameters, or (iv) on the optimal morphometric parameters to measure. Lack of a standardized method precludes robust comparison between different studies and laboratories. We propose here a preliminary “best practices” and workflow for characterization of juvenile pyroclasts, for comparative studies of primary fragmentation. If the community follows such a standardized method, it will become possible to accumulate a large volume of consistent data on juvenile pyroclasts from a range of eruption styles, fragmentation mechanisms, and magma compositions. This will ultimately allow deeper insights into the full panoply of magma-to-pyroclast processes that drive particle-producing volcanic eruptions. One or more “fragmentation diagrams” may eventually be developed to allow different types of magmatic and phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions to be distinguished based on their products.
Published: 2022
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40. Seismic constraints from a Mars impact experiment using InSight and Perseverance

Author: Manish R. Patel, Nicholas A Teanby, Taichi Kawamura, Matthieu Plasman, Marouchka Froment, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, N. Wójcicka, Philippe Lognonné, Constantinos Charalambous, Nikolaj Dahmen, Lilya Posiolova, A. Stott, Simon Stähler, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Anna Horleston, Benjamin Fernando, Aymeric Spiga, Lucie Rolland, Ingrid Daubar, Bruce Banerdt, Ross Maguire, John Clinton, Carene Larmat, Özgür Karatekin, Gareth S. Collins, Savas Ceylan, Matthew P. Golombek, Domenico Giardini, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford, Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Department of Geology [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Earth and Environmental Sciences Division [Los Alamos], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, This paper constitutes InSight contribution number 218 and LA-UR-21-26319. B.F. and T.N.-M. are supported by the Natural Environment Research Council under the Oxford Environmental Research Doctoral Training Partnership, and the UK Space Agency Aurora grant ST/S001379/1. M.R.P. acknowledges support from the UK Space Agency (grants ST/S00145X/1 and ST/V002295/1). A.H. is funded by the UK Space Agency (grant ST/R002096/1). N.W. and G.S.C. are funded by UK Space Agency grants ST/S001514/1 and ST/T002026/1. S.C.S., G.Z., J.C. and N.D. acknowledge support from ETH Zürich through the ETH+ funding scheme (ETH+02 19-1: ‘Planet Mars’). N.A.T. is funded by UK Space Agency grants ST/R002096/1 and ST/T002972/1. M.F. and C.L. are funded by the Center for Space and Earth Science of Los Alamos National Laboratory. P.L., T.K., A.S., A.E.S., L.R. and M.F. acknowledge the support of CNES and of ANR (MAGIS, ANR-19-CE31-0008-08) for SEIS science support. I.J.D. is supported by NASA InSight Participating Scientist grant 80NM0018F0612. O.K. acknowledges the support of the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through the ESA/PRODEX programme. A portion of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA., and ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019)
Subjects: Martian, Spacecraft, business.industry, Mars landing, Mars, NASA InSight Mission, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atmosphere of Mars, Mars Exploration Program, Seismic wave, Planet, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Inner planets, Martian surface, Impacts, Traitement du signal et de l'image, business, Seismology, Geology
Abstract: NASA's InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission has operated a sophisticated suite of seismology and geophysics instruments on the surface of Mars since its arrival in 2018. On 18 February 2021, we attempted to detect the seismic and acoustic waves produced by the entry, descent and landing of the Perseverance rover using the sensors onboard the InSight lander. Similar observations have been made on Earth using data from both crewed(1,2) and uncrewed(3,4) spacecraft, and on the Moon during the Apollo eras(5), but never before on Mars or another planet. This was the only seismic event to occur on Mars since InSight began operations that had an a priori known and independently constrained timing and location. It therefore had the potential to be used as a calibration for other marsquakes recorded by InSight. Here we report that no signal from Perseverance's entry, descent and landing is identifiable in the InSight data. Nonetheless, measurements made during the landing window enable us to place constraints on the distance-amplitude relationships used to predict the amplitude of seismic waves produced by planetary impacts and place in situ constraints on Martian impact seismic efficiency (the fraction of the impactor kinetic energy converted into seismic energy)., Nature Astronomy, 6 (1), ISSN:2397-3366
Published: 2022
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41. Rupture complexity of a moderate intraplate earthquake in the Alps: the 1996M5 Epagny–Annecy earthquake

Author: Nicholas Deichmann, Françoise Courboulex, Jean-Christophe Gariel, Géoazur (GEOAZUR 6526), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Isochron, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Digital instrumentation, Fault plane, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Slip (materials science), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Intraplate earthquake, Seismogram, Seismology, Geology, Aftershock, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The magnitude 5 Epagny-Annecy earthquake of 1996 July 15 is the largest seismic event to have occurred in the Alps since the introduction of modern digital instrumentation. This strike-slip event was located on the Vuache Fault, near the town of Annecy, in the northern French Alps. The aim of our work was to retrieve the main parameters of the rupture process of this earthquake from seismograms recorded at local and regional distances (20-300 km). To eliminate path and site effects from the seismograms, we compared the main shock recordings at each station with those of the largest aftershocks nearby. We used a combination of techniques, including pulse-width measurements and cross-correlation of velocity traces, comparison of P-wave displacement pulses, and empirical Green's function deconvolution, to retrieve the apparent duration of the rupture process as seen at each station. Our results demonstrate that, in the absence of on-scale data, P-wave pulse-width measurements on clipped signals can be misleading if the rupture process is complex. In the case of the Annecy earthquake, comparisons of on-scale P-wave displacement seismograms and the empirical Green's function deconvolutions show that the rupture process consisted of at least two subevents separated by 0.2-0.3 s, and with a total duration of about 0.5 s. The systematic azimuthal dependence of both the shape and duration of the apparent source-time function is consistent with a nearly unilateral propagation of the main rupture phase in a southeast direction along the fault plane and parallel to the direction of slip. An isochron analysis reveals that the first subevent occurred slightly to the northwest of the nucleation point but that the second subevent was located further to the southeast, thus confirming the overall rupture directivity towards the southeast. An interpretation of our results in light of the previously documented aftershock distribution and of observations of ground cracks in the epicentral area suggests that the main shock occurred on the Vuache Fault, and that rupture in a northwest direction was inhibited by a right-lateral stepover in the fault. Accordingly, the vast majority of the subsequent aftershocks, which include several magnitude 3-4 events, occurred on a fault segment that is slightly offset from the inferred surface trace of the Vuache Fault and that was activated by the main shock.
Published: 1999
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42. Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundances in mid‐21st century lakes depend strongly on future land use and climate projections

Author: Rita Adrian, Karan Kakouei, Lars G. Rudstam, Francesco Pomati, Jennifer L. Graham, Scott N. Higgins, Orlane Anneville, Stephen J. Thackeray, Jason D. Stockwell, Michael J. Vanni, Laurence Carvalho, Heidrun Feuchtmayr, Benjamin M. Kraemer, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques et Ecosystèmes Limniques (CARRTEL), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Lancaster University, Lake Ecosystems Group [Lancaster, U.K.] (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology), Lancaster Environment Centre [Lancaster, U.K.], US Geological Survey [Austin], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), IISD EXPERIMENTAL LAKES AREA CAN, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Cornell University [New York], Université du Vermont, Univeristy of Miami, and Free University of Berlin (FU)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, land use change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, forecast, Drainage basin, Climate change, climate change, freshwater lakes, machine learning, phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Urbanization, Phytoplankton, Environmental Chemistry, Humans, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Land use, Lake ecosystem, 15. Life on land, Lakes, 13. Climate action, Nutrient pollution, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Physical geography, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Land use and climate change are anticipated to affect phytoplankton of lakes worldwide. The effects will depend on the magnitude of projected land use and climate changes and lake sensitivity to these factors. We used random forests fit with long-term (1971-2016) phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundance time series, climate observations (1971-2016), and upstream catchment land use (global Clumondo models for the year 2000) data from 14 European and 15 North American lakes basins. We projected future phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundance in the 29 focal lake basins and 1567 lakes across focal regions based on three land use (sustainability, middle of the road, and regional rivalry) and two climate (RCP 2.6 and 8.5) scenarios to mid-21st century. On average, lakes are expected to have higher phytoplankton and cyanobacteria due to increases in both urban land use and temperature, and decreases in forest habitat. However, the relative importance of land use and climate effects varied substantially among regions and lakes. Accounting for land use and climate changes in a combined way based on extensive data allowed us to identify urbanization as the major driver of phytoplankton development in lakes located in urban areas, and climate as major driver in lakes located in remote areas where past and future land use changes were minimal. For approximately one-third of the studied lakes, both drivers were relatively important. The results of this large scale study suggest the best approaches for mitigating the effects of human activity on lake phytoplankton and cyanobacteria will depend strongly on lake sensitivity to long-term change and the magnitude of projected land use and climate changes at a given location. Our quantitative analyses suggest local management measures should focus on retaining nutrients in urban landscapes to prevent nutrient pollution from exacerbating ongoing changes to lake ecosystems from climate change. ISSN:1354-1013 ISSN:1365-2486
Published: 2021
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43. Multiple tectonic-magmatic Mo-enrichment events in Yuleken porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, NW China and its’ implications for the formation of giant porphyry Mo deposit

Author: Jun Gao, Laurent Oscar, Tao Hong, Mingguo Zhai, Yuejun Wang, Kateřina D. Schlöglová, David Dolejš, Xing-Wang Xu, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics [Beijing] (IGG), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], College of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Beijing], University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Mineralization (geology), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, chemistry.chemical_element, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Hydrothermal circulation, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Phanerozoic, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Trace elements, Geology, Tectonics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Molybdenum, Molybdenite, Economic Geology, Re-Mo Molybdenite, Negative correlation, Porphyry deposits, Multiple Mo enrichment
Abstract: International audience; The Yuleken porphyry Cu-Mo deposit located in the Chinese Altay-East Junggar, a section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, the world's largest Phanerozoic subduction-accretionary orogen, witnessed the multistage tectonic-magmatic evolution and mineralization from arc to syn- and post-collision environment over a time span of about 52 Ma. Four types of molybdenite have been distinguished: (1) primary magmatic-hydrothermal, undeformed molybdenite in porphyry, (2) recrystallized molybdenite associated with ductile deformation, (3) recrystallized, intrafoliational molybdenite, and (4) fracture-related hydrothermal molybdenite, and these are characterized by decreasing Re abundances from magmatic to hydrothermal conditions. Individual molybdenite types are non-stoichiometric and exhibit the following negative correlation between the Mo and Re contents:Re (apfu) = −0.0026 Mo (apfu) + 0.00268.This trend reflects successive stages of tectonic-hydrothermal events from a magmatic island-arc to a post-collisional setting. These repetitive mineralization events produced Mo enrichment and higher overall Mo grade of the Yuleken deposit, and are recorded in progressively decreasing Re concentrations in molybdenite. Statistical evaluation of Mo and Re abundances in giant to small porphyry deposits worldwide also indicates that decreasing Re in molybdenite will lead to lower overall Re resource (in a single deposit) and to greater overall Mo resource (in the same deposit). Multiple mineralization processes related to repetitive tectonomagmatic episodes in large porphyry Mo deposits that display Re depletion in molybdenite suggest that reworking of mantle-derived porphyry systems by successive events of crustal growth may be the responsible for Mo enrichment and higher overall Mo ore grade, and eventually produce giant porphyry molybdenum deposits.
Published: 2021
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44. Metasomatism and cyclic skarn growth along lithological contacts: Physical and geochemical evidence from a distal Pb Zn skarn

Author: Oscar Laurent, Aaron L. Hantsche, Thomas Edward Sheldrake, Andrea Dini, Georgi Milenkov, Rossitsa D. Vassileva, Simone Vezzoni, Kalin Kouzmanov, Marcel Guillong, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Clinozoisite, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Geology, Skarn, Epidote, Pyroxene, engineering.material, distal skarn, skarn formation, metasomatism, mineral geochemistry, pyroxene, epidote, Pb-Zn deposit, Madan, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Fluid transport, 01 natural sciences, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, engineering, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Metasomatism, Protolith, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Gneiss
Abstract: Distal skarns form by the metasomatic reactions of a host rock induced by far-traveled hydrothermal fluids. Physical and structural characteristics and geochemical patterns of distal Pb Zn skarn bodies were studied at the Petrovitsa deposit in southern Bulgaria. Skarn bodies formed from the interaction of hydrothermal fluids with reactive host lithologies (marble and gneiss). These fluids were transported along sub-vertical feeder structures and lithological contacts. Epidote skarn developed in gneiss protolith, and pyroxene (johannsenite) skarn developed in marble. Detailed geological mapping, complimented by measurements of the internal structure of the skarn body using pyroxene growth versors, quantifies the propagation direction of the skarn body: 1) away from the major local fluid conduit (feeder structure), and 2) away from lithological contacts between aluminosilicate rock and marble. Such growth suggests that fluid flow was generally orthogonal to the skarn front propagation direction in the pyroxene skarn. Textural, mineralogical and geochemical data from skarn samples reveal multiple growth generations of major skarn calc-silicates epidote and pyroxene. The epidote skarn is characterized by limited spatial distribution and fine-grained epidote/clinozoisite growth associated with massive replacement and sulfide mineralization. The pyroxene skarn consists of acicular clinopyroxene crystals which form spheroidal aggregates with discrete growth banding. These bands are the physical representation of the cyclic fluid pulses which resulted in rhythmic skarn growth marked by geochemical banding. In situ geochemical analyses in the epidote skarn reveal early Al-rich epidote overprinted by Fe-rich epidote associated with higher Mn and Sr contents and irregular compositional banding. Clinopyroxene (Jo60–95) shows general increase in Na, Al, Mn, and REE + Y with distance from the feeder structure and lithologic contacts. These elements correlate with the distance traveled by the hydrothermal fluid from the feeder to the site of skarnification, which we define using a proxy based on the Al content of pyroxene crystals. This reflects an increasing degree of fluid “contamination” by interaction with the aluminosilicate host rocks and functions as a proxy for fluid transport distance. The spatial distribution of trace-elements in pyroxene on an outcrop scale is indicative of discrete pulses of hydrothermal fluid resulting in precipitation of skarn calc-silicates along the increasingly tortuous fluid pathway between the feeder structure and the skarn front, resulting in both the macro- and micro-scale chemical and textural variability of the skarn body.
Published: 2021
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45. Modeling Zircon growth during open-system crystallization

Author: R. C. Economos, Oscar Laurent, Jörn-Frederik Wotzlaw, Olivier Bachmann, Cyril Chelle-Michou, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Southern Methodist University Dallas, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], and The Geological Society of America
Subjects: Materials science, law, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Crystallization, Petrology, Open system (systems theory), Zircon, law.invention
Abstract: International audience; Recent advances in zircon geochronology by isotope dilution thermal-ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) techniques allow for age precision beyond the 0.02 % level for single zircon 206Pb/238U dates [1] and can resolve zircon crystallization heterogeneities in a dispersed age population. As zircon saturation is dependent on melt temperature and composition, quantitative analysis of dispersed zircon age populations can provide insight into the timing and magnitude of intensive parameter variations during the lifetime of magma reservoirs.
Published: 2021
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46. Two different cell-cycle processes determine the timing of cell division in Escherichia coli

Author: Gabriele Micali, Sven van Teeffelen, Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino, Alexandra Colin, Louis Faure, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Physiologie cellulaire et végétale (LPCV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Dipartimento di Fisica, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Universita¨t Paris Descartes, Volkswagen Foundation, Italian Association for CancerResearch23258, National Science Foundation 310030_188642, ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), and European Project: 679980,H2020,ERC-2015-STG,RCSB(2016)
Subjects: cell division, Cell division, QH301-705.5, Systems biology, Chromosome replication, Science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Cell, cell cycle control, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Replication (statistics), medicine, Biology (General), Escherichia coli, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, General Immunology and Microbiology, single-cell correlations, 030306 microbiology, General Neuroscience, single-cell correlation, theoretical modeling, General Medicine, E coli, Cell cycle, Division (mathematics), Slow growth, Cell biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Medicine, slive-cell microscopy, live-cell microscopy, chromosome replication, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Cells must control the cell cycle to ensure that key processes are brought to completion. In Escherichia coli, it is controversial whether cell division is tied to chromosome replication or to a replication-independent inter-division process. A recent model suggests instead that both processes may limit cell division with comparable odds in single cells. Here, we tested this possibility experimentally by monitoring single-cell division and replication over multiple generations at slow growth. We then perturbed cell width, causing an increase of the time between replication termination and division. As a consequence, replication became decreasingly limiting for cell division, while correlations between birth and division and between subsequent replication- initiation events were maintained. Our experiments support the hypothesis that both chromosome replication and a replication-independent inter-division process can limit cell division: The two processes have balanced contributions in non-perturbed cells, while our width perturbations increase the odds of the replication-independent process being limiting., eLife, 10, ISSN:2050-084X
Published: 2021
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47. Active tectonics along the Khazar fault (Alborz, Iran)

Author: Mohamadali Shokri, Jean-François Ritz, Jean-Pierre Burg, Mohamadreza Ensani, Ara Avagyan, Mehdi Mohammadi Vizheh, H. Nazari, Hasan Fazeli Nashli, Negar Haghipour, Geological Survey of Iran, Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Natl Acad Sci Armenia, Inst Geol Sci, Geological Institute [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleoseismology, Active fault, Fold (geology), Iran, Alborz, Fault (geology), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Khazar Fault Active tectonics Thrust fault Detachment fold (foreberg) Slip rate Paleoseismology, Strain partitioning, Tectonics, Seismic hazard, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Thrust fault, Seismology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: International audience; The Alborz Mountain accommodates some of the convergence between Central Iran and Eurasia, is characterized by active range-parallel fold and thrust structures. At present, the kinematics of the range involves a strain partitioning mechanism and clockwise rotation of the South Caspian Basin. Range-parallel, left-lateral strikeslip faulting dominates the central part of the mountain range, while reverse faulting affects its northern and southern borders. Several slip-rate studies have been carried out along active faults in the internal and southern parts of the range. However, the characteristics of the main northern bounding fault (the Khazar [Persian: Caspian] Fault) remain poorly known. Our analysis provides new constraints on the activity of this fault. We first show that the fault generally is a hidden thrust fault, often associated with fault-bend and fault-propagation folds (forebergs). In the central part of the fault, the radiocarbon dating of an uplifted terrace allows estimating minimum vertical and average horizontal slip rates of 2.0 ± 0.5 mm/yr and 3 mm/yr respectively. hence, minimum slip rate along the fault reach to 3.6 mm/yr. About 150 km further east, near the city of Behshahr, within the archeological site of Gohar-Tappe, a paleoseismological trench study on a young detachment foldsuggests that at least 5 events occurred in the past 5,300 years, 3 of them with surface-rupturing between 5300and 3900-years cal BP, our results confirm that the Khazar Fault is a major active structure in northern Iran, and represents a significant seismic hazard for the entire Central Alborz region.
Published: 2021
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48. An unshakable carbon budget for the Himalaya

Author: Sean F. Gallen, Negar Haghipour, Fanny Leuenberger-West, Christian France-Lanord, Timothy I. Eglinton, Ananta Prasad Gajurel, Maarten Lupker, Jérôme Lavé, Lena Märki, Geological Institute [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Tribhuvan University, Ion Beam Physics [ETH Zürich], and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Total organic carbon, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sediment, Carbon sink, chemistry.chemical_element, Weathering, 15. Life on land, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, chemistry, Total inorganic carbon, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Erosion, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Carbon, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The erosion and weathering of mountain ranges exert a key control on the long-term (105–106 yr) cycling of carbon between Earth’s surface and crust. The net carbon budget of a mountain range reflects the co-existence of multiple carbon sources and sinks, with corresponding fluxes remaining difficult to quantify. Uncertain responses of these carbon fluxes due to the stochastic nature of erosional processes further complicate the extrapolation of short-term observations to longer, climatically relevant timescales. Here, we quantify the evolution of the organic and inorganic carbon fluxes in response to the 2015 Gorkha earthquake (Mw 7.8) in the central Himalaya. We find that the Himalayan erosion acts as a net carbon sink due mainly to efficient biospheric organic carbon export. Our high-resolution time series encompassing four monsoon seasons before and after the Gorkha earthquake reveal that coseismic landslides did not significantly perturb large-scale Himalayan sediment and carbon fluxes. This muted response of the central Himalaya to a geologically frequent perturbation such as the Gorkha earthquake further suggests that our estimates are representative of at least interglacial timescales. Carbon fluxes in the central Himalaya did not change after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake and its accompanying landslides, according to observations of riverine sediment and carbon fluxes over four monsoon seasons spanning the event.
Published: 2021
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49. AMBITION – comet nucleus cryogenic sample return

Author: Hervé Cottin, Carsten Güttler, Stavro Ivanoski, Colin Snodgrass, Claudio Codella, Jean-Baptiste Vincent, Kelly E. Miller, Pierre Henri, Maria Drozdovskaya, Alain Herique, Gianrico Filacchione, Kathrin Altwegg, Nicolas Thomas, Martin Bizzarro, Maria Cristina De Sanctis, Rosita Kokotanekova, E. Bianchi, Björn Davidsson, Lydie Bonal, Stefan Ulamec, Cécile Engrand, Cecilia Tubiana, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Mathieu Choukroun, Anny Chantal Levasseur-Regourd, Marina Galand, Alessandra Rotundi, Jürgen Blum, M. Schönbächler, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Centre for Star and Planet Formation (STARPLAN), Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), European Southern Observatory (ESO), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie [Napoli] (DIST), Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' = University of Naples (PARTHENOPE), Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), University of Edinburgh, German Aerospace Center (DLR), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Universität Bern [Bern], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Universita degli studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' [Napoli], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space and Atmospheric Physics Group [London], Blackett Laboratory, and Imperial College London-Imperial College London
Subjects: Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, Context (language use), 01 natural sciences, Space missions, Space exploration, Astrobiology, Comet nucleus, 0103 physical sciences, Comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Solar system, 520 Astronomy, Giant planet, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Formation and evolution of the Solar System, Geology
Abstract: We describe the AMBITION project, a mission to return the first-ever cryogenically-stored sample of a cometary nucleus, that has been proposed for the ESA Science Programme Voyage 2050. Comets are the leftover building blocks of giant planet cores and other planetary bodies, and fingerprints of Solar System’s formation processes. We summarise some of the most important questions still open in cometary science and Solar System formation after the successful Rosetta mission. We show that many of these scientific questions require sample analysis using techniques that are only possible in laboratories on Earth. We summarize measurements, instrumentation and mission scenarios that can address these questions. We emphasize the need for returning a sample collected at depth or, still more challenging, at cryogenic temperatures while preserving the stratigraphy of the comet nucleus surface layers. We provide requirements for the next generation of landers, for cryogenic sample acquisition and storage during the return to Earth. Rendezvous missions to the main belt comets and Centaurs, expanding our knowledge by exploring new classes of comets, are also discussed. The AMBITION project is discussed in the international context of comet and asteroid space exploration.
Published: 2021
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50. Science Goals and Objectives for the Dragonfly Titan Rotorcraft Relocatable Lander

Author: Simon Stähler, E. R. Stofan, Kevin P. Hand, C. D. Neish, William B. Brinckerhoff, Colin Wilson, Ralph D. Lorenz, Scot Rafkin, R. A. Yingst, Tetsuya Tokano, Kris Zacny, Jani Radebaugh, Christopher P. McKay, Patrick N. Peplowski, Alexander Hayes, Erich Karkoschka, Juan M. Lora, Jorge I. Nunez, Jason W. Barnes, Claire E. Newman, Melissa G. Trainer, Alice Le Gall, A. M. Parsons, Caroline Freissinet, Mark P. Panning, Lynnae C. Quick, David J. Lawrence, Carolyn M. Ernst, Cyril Szopa, Thomas P. Wagner, Jeffrey R. Johnson, Hiroaki Shiraishi, R. S. Miller, Kristin S. Sotzen, Sarah M. Hörst, Shannon MacKenzie, Elizabeth P. Turtle, Morgan L. Cable, Scott L. Murchie, Jason M. Soderblom, Angela Stickle, Department of Physics [Moscow,USA], University of Idaho [Moscow, USA], Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Astronomy [Ithaca], Cornell University [New York], Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Department of Earth Sciences [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), Aeolis Research, Department of Geological Sciences [BYU], Brigham Young University (BYU), Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Cambridge, USA] (EPS), Harvard University [Cambridge], Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie [Köln], Universität zu Köln, NASA Headquarters, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], Honeybee Robotics Ltd, Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Aquifer, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Astrobiology, Pre-biotic astrochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, Extant taxon, Impact crater, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Planetary surfaces, 14. Life underwater, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Habitability, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Prebiotic chemistry, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], symbols, Water ice, Titan (rocket family), Titan, Planetary atmospheres
Abstract: NASA’s Dragonfly mission will send a rotorcraft lander to the surface of Titan in the mid-2030s. Dragonfly's science themes include investigation of Titan’s prebiotic chemistry, habitability, and potential chemical biosignatures from both water-based “life as we know it” (as might occur in the interior mantle ocean, potential cryovolcanic flows, and/or impact melt deposits) and potential “life, but not as we know it” that might use liquid hydrocarbons as a solvent (within Titan’s lakes, seas, and/or aquifers). Consideration of both of these solvents simultaneously led to our initial landing site in Titan’s equatorial dunes and interdunes to sample organic sediments and water ice, respectively. Ultimately, Dragonfly's traverse target is the 80 km diameter Selk Crater, at 7° N, where we seek previously liquid water that has mixed with surface organics. Our science goals include determining how far prebiotic chemistry has progressed on Titan and what molecules and elements might be available for such chemistry. We will also determine the role of Titan’s tropical deserts in the global methane cycle. We will investigate the processes and processing rates that modify Titan’s surface geology and constrain how and where organics and liquid water can mix on and within Titan. Importantly, we will search for chemical biosignatures indicative of past or extant biological processes. As such, Dragonfly, along with Perseverance, is the first NASA mission to explicitly incorporate the search for signs of life into its mission goals since the Viking landers in 1976.
Published: 2021
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