1. Microbe-Independent Entry of Oomycete RxLR Effectors and Fungal RxLR-Like Effectors Into Plant and Animal Cells Is Specific and Reproducible
- Author
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Katharyn J. Affeldt, Qinghe Chen, Christopher B. Lawrence, Thierry Rouxel, Qunqing Wang, Amanda Rumore, Vincenzo Antignani, Jonathan M. Plett, Nancy P. Keller, Tristan Hayes, Francis Martin, Daolong Dou, Helen R. Clark, Erwin Berthier, Gregory J. Fischer, Kelly Drews, Weixing Shan, Isabelle Fudal, Biao Gu, Shiv D. Kale, Kai Tao, Brett M. Tyler, Ctr Genome Res & Biocomp, Oregon State University (OSU), Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Coll Plant Protect, Yangling 712100, Northwest A and F University, State Key Lab Crop Stress Biol Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, University of Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Nanjing Agricultural University, National Science Foundation [IOS-0924861], National Institutes of Health NIAID [1R21A1094071-01], Oregon State University, NSF [IOS-0965649], American Asthma Foundation, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,genetic structures ,LACCARIA-BICOLOR ,Physiology ,Phytophthora infestans ,Virulence Factors ,Amino Acid Motifs ,INFESTANS ,PHYTOPHTHORA-SOJAE ,Article ,Microbiology ,Fungal Proteins ,03 medical and health sciences ,AVIRULENCE PROTEINS ,Animals ,Humans ,Phytophthora sojae ,PATHOGEN ,Triticum ,030304 developmental biology ,ASSOCIATIONS ,Oomycete ,index medicus ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Host (biology) ,Effector ,030306 microbiology ,GENE ONTOLOGY ,fungi ,Algal Proteins ,food and beverages ,Reproducibility of Results ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Entry into host ,Transport protein ,Cell biology ,Protein Structure, Tertiary ,AVR1B ,Protein Transport ,Oomycetes ,Cytoplasm ,Host-Pathogen Interactions ,INTERNALIZATION ,Soybeans ,HOST-CELLS ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
A wide diversity of pathogens and mutualists of plant and animal hosts, including oomycetes and fungi, produce effector proteins that enter the cytoplasm of host cells. A major question has been whether or not entry by these effectors can occur independently of the microbe or requires machinery provided by the microbe. Numerous publications have documented that oomycete RxLR effectors and fungal RxLR-like effectors can enter plant and animal cells independent of the microbe. A recent reexamination of whether the RxLR domain of oomycete RxLR effectors is sufficient for microbe-independent entry into host cells concluded that the RxLR domains of Phytophthora infestans Avr3a and of P. sojae Avr1b alone are NOT sufficient to enable microbe-independent entry of proteins into host and nonhost plant and animal cells. Here, we present new, more detailed data that unambiguously demonstrate that the RxLR domain of Avr1b does show efficient and specific entry into soybean root cells and also into wheat leaf cells, at levels well above background nonspecific entry. We also summarize host cell entry experiments with a wide diversity of oomycete and fungal effectors with RxLR or RxLR-like motifs that have been independently carried out by the seven different labs that coauthored this letter. Finally we discuss possible technical reasons why specific cell entry may have been not detected by Wawra et al. (2013).
- Published
- 2016