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Introduction: There is growing interest in identifying genetic predispositions to dental caries using non-invasive tools. Dermatoglyphics, examining dermal ridge patterns on the hands and feet, is linked to genetic foundations. Galton’s theory asserts fingerprint constancy. In dentistry, dermatoglyphics gains attention for its correlation with students pathologies. This study evaluates the association of dental caries in students with dermatoglyphics. Materials and Methods: The research at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dharmsinh Desai University, involved 50 subjects (28 females and 22 males) with normal fingerprints. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institute’s Ethics Committee. Fingerprints were recorded using the conventional method, employing ink, paper, roller, glass slab and sponging pad. The prints were examined, classified and analysed through the Cummins method, categorising them into whorls, loops and arches. The dental caries were assessed through the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) scores of the participants. The DMFT score was tested for association and difference according to the type of fingerprint pattern. Results: Females commonly exhibit loop patterns, while males show an equal distribution between loops and whorls. The connection between fingerprint patterns and DMFT scores is notable. A Chi-square test for left-side patterns (Chi-square = 27.74, P = 0.002) reveals a strong association, linking specific patterns to distinct DMFT scores. Similarly, for right-side patterns (Chi-square = 11.349, P = 0.045), there is significance, emphasising the relationship between fingerprint types and dental caries. Conclusion: The study examined the connection between fingerprint patterns and dental caries in children, discovering a positive correlation. Specific patterns such as arch, loop and whorl were linked to caries presence or absence, suggesting their potential as an early detection tool, although accuracy might vary based on genetic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The science of fingerprints is very crucial in criminal investigation as it helps identify perpetrators or victims of a crime. Fingerprint ridge density (FPRD), which refers to the number of ridges within a specific area on the epidermal skin layer of the distal phalanges in humans, has been found to differ between males and females. This study attempts to estimate the sex from FPRD and evaluates the diversity in FPRD across several topological areas. The study involves 208 participants (120 males, 88 females) between the ages 18 to 25 years from a North-west Indian population. Fingerprints were collected, and FPRD was accessed in radial, ulnar, and proximal areas as recommended by Gutierrez-Redomero et al. (Forensic Sci Int 180(1):17–22, 2008). FPRD has been quantified using the techniques described by Acree (Forensic Sci Int 102(1):35–44, 1999). When evaluating FPRD in the lateral pocket loops and twin loops, the proximal-side core was considered. The study reveals that males have a mean fingerprint ridge density of 12.82 ridges/25 mm2 while females have 13.01 ridges/25 mm2. Females have higher fingerprint ridge density solely in the proximal area; males have higher fingerprint ridge density in both radial and ulnar areas. In conclusion, this research underscores the potential of fingerprint ridge density as a parameter for investigating population variations and individual identification. Future studies on fingerprint ridge density in India's diverse population will help establish reference ranges, allowing for sex and likely population group estimation, making it a valuable tool for preliminary examinations and exclusion criteria for sex estimation in crime scene investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic pattern analysis requires examiners to compare the patterns of items such as fingerprints or tool marks to assess whether they have a common source. This article uses signal detection theory to model examiners' reported conclusions (e.g., identification, inconclusive, or exclusion), focusing on the connection between the examiner's decision threshold and the probative value of the forensic evidence. It uses a Bayesian network model to explore how shifts in decision thresholds may affect rates and ratios of true and false convictions in a hypothetical legal system. It demonstrates that small shifts in decision thresholds, which may arise from contextual bias, can dramatically affect the value of forensic pattern-matching evidence and its utility in the legal system.

Background: Dermatoglyphics and obesity both are genetically affected and so there may be a correlation between pattern of fingerprint and body mass index. This study aims at finding such correlation if it persists which can be an effective predictor tool for development of obesity in future. Material and Methods: This study was done on 167 patients coming to general OPD of G K General Hospital, Bhuj. After taking informed consent finger print pattern of all fingers and thumb of both the hands was taken and their BMI was measured. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and statistical analysis was done. Results: In this study the loop pattern was most common in all the 167 participants in both the hands followed by whorl pattern and the least common was arch pattern. The patterns in the individual fingers of the right and left hand were almost similar. In the participants with normal weight, whorl was the most common pattern seen in the thumb compared to thumb of obese and overweight participants who had loop as the common pattern. Conclusions: In our study, no significant correlation was found between any fingerprint pattern and body mass index. This study can be carried out on larger scale with a greater number of participants to establish any correlation in future.

Introduction: The disruptions in the ectodermal layer during intrauterine growth in the process of the formation of epidermal ridges can be linked to the association between dermatoglyphics and abnormalities of the tooth and periodontium. Given the genetic linkage of periodontal disease this study was hypothesized at observing the association of chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and individuals with healthy periodontium as per the 1999 AAP classification of periodontitis with their fingerprint patterns and ridge count. Materials and Methods: Patients belonging to an age cohort of 18–50 who visited the department of periodontics and implantology were included in the study. Patients’ periodontal status was determined and was enrolled in the study. A total of 114 subjects were compared, where 38 subjects belonged to the individual group of periodontal condition that are designated as Group A (healthy), Group B (chronic periodontitis), and Group C (aggressive periodontitis). A total of 1140 fingerprints were collected. They were analyzed and classified according to their patterns and also the ridges were counted. Results: The comparison between three groups showed a statistically significant difference between increased percentage frequency of radial loops (28%) in chronic periodontitis and plain whorls (26.3%) in aggressive periodontitis. There was a significant difference between ridge count among all the three groups, the highest being in healthy and the least between aggressive periodontal conditions. Conclusion: Observations of the study show that there was a difference in fingerprint pattern between patients of all the three periodontal conditions indicating a link between epidermal ridges and condition of periodontium.

Forensic feature-comparison examiners compare-or "match"-evidence samples (e.g., fingerprints) to provide judgments about the source of the evidence. Research demonstrates that examiners in select disciplines possess expertise in this task by outperforming novices-yet the psychological mechanisms underpinning this expertise are unclear. This article investigates one implicated mechanism: statistical learning, the ability to learn how often things occur in the environment. This ability is likely important in forensic decision-making as samples sharing rarer statistical information are more likely to come from the same source than those sharing more common information. We investigated 46 fingerprint examiners' and 52 novices' statistical learning of fingerprint categories and application of this knowledge in a source-likelihood judgment task. Participants completed four measures of their statistical learning (frequency discrimination judgments, bounded and unbounded frequency estimates, and source-likelihood judgments) before and after familiarization to the "ground-truth" category frequencies. Compared to novices, fingerprint examiners had superior domain-specific statistical learning across all measures-both before and after familiarization. This suggests that fingerprint expertise facilitates domain-specific statistical learning-something that has important theoretical and applied implications for the development of training programs and statistical databases in forensic science. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Friction ridges are important and unique biometric features that have been studied in fingerprint science since antiquity and used for human identification. This study aimed to analyze palmprints and soleprints of Callithrix penicillata, including the description of flexion creases, regions, minutiae classification, and delta counting, in order to evaluate the uniqueness of these data and feasibility of using this information as an identification method. Palmprints and footprints were collected using commercial fingerprint ink on A4 size paper. Following image digitalization using the GIMP (2.10.14) image editing program, regions and flexion creases were identified. A total of 600 minutiae were classified in females (288 palms and 312 soles) and 732 in males (360 palms and 372 soles), and all deltas were counted. It was possible to identify three main inconstant flexion creases, in both palmprints and soleprints, with different distribution and orientation when compared to those in humans. Less variety in the types of minutiae and differences in the distribution of deltas were found when compared to human studies. In addition, the hypothesis of non-coincident characteristics in each sample was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The disruptions in the ectodermal layer during intrauterine growth in the process of the formation of epidermal ridges can be linked to the association between dermatoglyphics and abnormalities of the tooth and periodontium. Given the genetic linkage of periodontal disease this study was hypothesized at observing the association of chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and individuals with healthy periodontium as per the 1999 AAP classification of periodontitis with their fingerprint patterns and ridge count. Materials and Methods: Patients belonging to an age cohort of 18-50 who visited the department of periodontics and implantology were included in the study. Patients' periodontal status was determined and was enrolled in the study. A total of 114 subjects were compared, where 38 subjects belonged to the individual group of periodontal condition that are designated as Group A (healthy), Group B (chronic periodontitis), and Group C (aggressive periodontitis). A total of 1140 fingerprints were collected. They were analyzed and classified according to their patterns and also the ridges were counted. Results: The comparison between three groups showed a statistically significant difference between increased percentage frequency of radial loops (28%) in chronic periodontitis and plain whorls (26.3%) in aggressive periodontitis. There was a significant difference between ridge count among all the three groups, the highest being in healthy and the least between aggressive periodontal conditions. Conclusion: Observations of the study show that there was a difference in fingerprint pattern between patients of all the three periodontal conditions indicating a link between epidermal ridges and condition of periodontium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forensic Science & Technology is the property of Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: To Determine and correlate between fingerprint patterns and blood group in type II diabetes mellitus. Results: One hundred individuals with type II diabetes mellitus and One hundred normal individuals as controls were selected for study. Fingerprints were obtained by dactyloscopy. Various fingerprint patterns like arches, whorls, loops were studied and correlated with the respective blood group based on ABO system among the volunteer controls and diabetics. After obtaining results, the analysis was made using Chi square test and One way ANOVA which showed, the most predominant fingerprint pattern among the 100 diabetic volunteers is "Arch pattern" and the most predominant blood group was "O" positive among the diabetic volunteers. Also correlating both finger print and blood group "Whorl pattern" with "B" blood group showed higher predominance among the healthy volunteers. Conclusions: This is the first study correlating finger print pattern with blood grouping in subjects of Diabetes mellitus. Our study findings showed that O positive blood group with arch pattern type of finger print was the most common findings among diabetes. Thus correlating fingerprint pattern and blood grouping act as a early predictor tool for diagnosing Type II Diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fingerprint patterns are unique and reliable for identification. This research paper focuses on a comparative analysis to determine the inheritance of fingerprint patterns within Indian families. The sample collection process for this comparative analysis involved working with 10 families. The study aims to gain insights into the hereditary aspects of fingerprint characteristics among the Indian population. The research methodology involves the collection of fingerprints and the analysis of patterns using microscopes, magnifying lenses, and software. The results reveal both class and individual characteristics within fingerprints, contributing to our understanding of dermatoglyphics. The average class characteristics percentage totals around 71.5%, with an average individual characteristic percentage of approximately 13.6%. The research has implications for forensic investigations, genetics, and personal identification systems. Further studies with larger sample sizes and genetic analysis integration are recommended for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hand and finger determination will expedite identification on isolated fingerprints. • Determining the hand in fingerprints with a two or one-delta pattern is possible. • Hand determination from isolated fingerprints is possible. The individuality and permanence of fingerprints make of them a very useful feature in the identification of individuals. There are now automated computer programmes that allow a quick comparison between a fingermark and a database. However, in order to assess the strength of evidence in fingerprint identification, complementary information on the frequencies of the different morphological features of the dermopapillary ridges is required. This idea is used in this work as a starting point to evaluate the frequencies of the parameters used in the determination of the hand and finger in a large sample of 2600 fingerprints taken from 134 male and 127 female Spanish population. Based on these fingerprints, the frequencies of different categories of the following parameters were obtained: type of pattern, slope of the apex ridge, subtype of two-delta pattern, ridge tracing, major angle, major ridge count, bisector, rotation of the central ridge, assimilation to loops and slant. Moreover, the results have shown that these characters are useful for the determination of the hand in whorls (two-delta pattern) and loops (one-delta pattern), but not for the determination of the finger. The most useful and classificatory parameter when determining the hand of origin of a two-delta fingerprint is the slope of the apex ridge, and for the one-delta pattern, knowing the location of the delta allows the correct estimation of the hand of a fingerprint in more than 93% of the cases. The data presented in this paper are novel and can be used by latent print examiners to improve the statistical basis of their decisions in reaching conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apart from the flexion crease and secondary folds, dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of naturally existing epidermal ridges and their arrangement on the digits, palms, and soles. In medicolegal cases, fingerprints can be used to identify suspects, victims, and other people who touch a surface as well as to diagnose inherited diseases. ABO blood group is divided into A, B, AB, and O. ABO type is determined by two antigens and two antibodies. Due to the presence or absence of the D antigen, it is further divided into Rh-positive and Rh-negative. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to find correlation between ABO and Rh blood group with dermatoglyphic pattern in human beings. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 107 medical students studying at RMCHRC, Kanpur, UP, India. Rubber stamp ink pads were utilized to smear each finger. Imprints were obtained, and each fingerprint pattern was inspected and documented using a strong hand lens on a sturdy white piece of paper. Results: Among 1070 fingerprint patterns studied, the most common pattern observed was whorl. This pattern was present in 226 male’s digits (49.23%) and 233 female’s digits (50.26%), totaling to 459 forming 42.89% of the total patterns observed. B + blood group was the most common blood group present with whorl pattern, seen in 92 males and 99 females. Conclusion: This study shows the association between the distribution of dermatoglyphics, ABO, Rh blood group, and gender.

Introduction. Artificial neural networks are widely utilized in medical fields, such as dentistry, molecular genetics, immunology, cardiology, and others. Forensic medicine is no exception, as artificial neural networks are also beginning to find applications in this field. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential for predicting human anthropometric parameters using dermatoglyphic parameters, which could enhance the method of dermatoglyphic identification. Materials and methods. We analyzed dermatoglyphs of the hands and feet from 567 individuals aged 18 to 59 years, with no genetic or endocrine disorders and no musculoskeletal problems. Results and discussion. The outcome of our work resulted in the development of the "Dermatoglyphics For Prediction (DFP)" program [Author's Certificate No. 74561. Computer program "Forensic Medical Identification Program using Artificial Neural Networks" Registration date: 07.11.2017]. This software device, after appropriate training, enables the prediction of an individual's ethnic-territorial affiliation and the presence of specific anthropometric parameters using such input data as dermatoglyphs of the hands and feet. Conclusions. The increasing needs of the Ukrainian community for the identification of unknown individuals, given the geopolitical situation related to Russian invasion in Ukraine (the constant threat of ballistic missile attacks and unmanned aerial vehicles across the entire territory of Ukraine, which could lead to mass casualties), justify the relevance and the search for innovative approaches to dermatoglyphic identification expertise, utilizing state-of-the-art technologies, particularly neural network-based prediction of anthropometric parameters, sex, and ethnic-territorial affiliation of an unknown person, using input parameters such as dermatoglyphs of the hands and feet, with the aim of enhancing the evidentiary value of identification expertise. This software device, after appropriate training, allows for the prediction of ethnic-territorial affiliation and the presence of specific anthropometric parameters in the examined individual using such input data as dermatoglyphs of the hands and feet.

Background:The myocardial infarction, commonly known as heart attack, is caused by coronary artery disease, and it remains a major cause of mortality globally. Since MI is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, there is need for a simple and cost effective tool for screening. Hereby we shall study the north Indian population with its genetic disposition on myocardial infarction in co-relation with the dermatoglyphic pattern of palm and fingers. According to the available literature, there has been found a genetic correlation between the dermatoglyphics and myocardial infarction. The present study is also to test the same hypothesis to find out any correlation and its uses as a diagnostic tool. The present study was conducted after taking informed consent form from 150 patients of myocardial infarction as cases while 150 normal health individual were included in the study as controls. Fingerprints were taken using the method described by Cummin and Mildo [1,2]. The earlier studies shows that the important palmar dermatoglyphics pattern that are a-b ridge count and atd angle have a specific position and pattern which is markedly different in Myocardial infarction cases and control. On statistical analysis a small decrease in the mean value of ab ridge count was reported in Myocardial Infarction males and Myocardial Infarction (M+F), when compared with controls. On the contrary there was a small increase in mean value of ab ridge count in Myocardial Infarction females as compared to control females. In case of atd angle, it was reported that there is increase in the mean value of at angle in Myocardial infarction males and females as compared to controls. Similarly the increase was also found in both right and left hands in Myocardial Infarction when compared between the two groups. Dermatoglyphics and Myocardial infarction has shown a close correlation due to genetic disposition. Thus it can be used as one of the cost effective diagnostic tool for early diagnosis of pre disposition of Myocardial Infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to decipher the digital and palmar dermatoglyphic patterns among the Ahom community in Assam's Lakhimpur district. It examines the sexual dimorphism in the dermatoglyphic characteristics of the population's fingers. Additionally, it compares current results with those from other ethnic groups previously studied to evaluate group heterogeneity. The study relies on the finger and palm prints of 100 Ahom individuals (50 males and 50 females) from Lakhimpur, using established dermatographic techniques. The male Ahom display a 'Mongoloid' ethnic affinity according to the Dankmeijer index, while the female samples slightly exceed the Mongoloid threshold. Both genders exhibit a broad variation in the pattern intensity index, characteristic of Mongoloid populations. A more comprehensive study with a larger sample size is crucial for a thorough understanding of all dermatoglyphic features related to ethnic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Dermatoglyphic is a science that study the lines in the skin of the palms and fingertips properly. There are some certain points at these lines that called minutiae. In some studies, the relationship between dermatoglyphic patterns with some diseases has been proven IQ is one of the important tools of development. The aim of the present study is to easily use the characteristics of the hand for the early recognition of IQ. Material and methods: In this observational analytical study that was conducted in 2022, 50 Intellectual Disabilities students, 60 intelligent students and 100 normal students in the age group of 7 to 18 years living in Birjand city were investigated. The fingerprint was recorded by the scanner. Then dermatoglyphic and minutia patterns were determined. Data were processed with Excel and spss software. Results According to the results, the maximum frequency of dermatoglyphic patterns in both legs was related to the loop type. Examining the frequency of minutia patterns in the thumb of the right and left leg in three intelligent, Intellectual Disabilities and normal groups showed the difference between them. The variety of minutiae patterns was further in intelligent student than in other student. Also, in all three groups, the average line count of the left hand was lower than of the right hand. Conclusion: It seems, this information in prognosis of psychological, medical and therapeutic plans, determining students' educational talent level, issues related to anthropology and social sciences can also be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses fingerprint patterns as a predictive tool for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis. It emphasizes early detection and prevention. It suggests dermatoglyphic analysis as a screening method for T2DM risk assessment. It highlights the global prevalence of T2DM and the need for innovative methods to identify early biomarkers and enhance prevention strategies.

Background: Apart from the flexion crease and secondary folds, dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of naturally existing epidermal ridges and their arrangement on the digits, palms, and soles. In medicolegal cases, fingerprints can be used to identify suspects, victims, and other people who touch a surface as well as to diagnose inherited diseases. ABO blood group is divided into A, B, AB, and O. ABO type is determined by two antigens and two antibodies. Due to the presence or absence of the D antigen, it is further divided into Rh-positive and Rh-negative. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to find correlation between ABO and Rh blood group with dermatoglyphic pattern in human beings. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 107 medical students studying at RMCHRC, Kanpur, UP, India. Rubber stamp ink pads were utilized to smear each finger. Imprints were obtained, and each fingerprint pattern was inspected and documented using a strong hand lens on a sturdy white piece of paper. Results: Among 1070 fingerprint patterns studied, the most common pattern observed was whorl. This pattern was present in 226 male's digits (49.23%) and 233 female's digits (50.26%), totaling to 459 forming 42.89% of the total patterns observed. B + blood group was the most common blood group present with whorl pattern, seen in 92 males and 99 females. Conclusion: This study shows the association between the distribution of dermatoglyphics, ABO, Rh blood group, and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dermatoglyphic patterns identify genetic conditions as they develop early in pregnancy and remain constant throughout life. Multiple studies suggest that there is a genetic link to smokeless tobacco use. So, this study has been conducted to assess dermatoglyphic patterns among smokeless tobacco users in the North Gujarat population with nonconsumers. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 cases were investigated for “ATD” angle and patterns, of which 250 subjects of smokeless tobacco are assessed for statistical significance via comparing them to 250 subjects of nonconsumers. Student's t-test was employed for evaluating quantitative factors (also known as the “ATD” angle), and the Chi-square test was used to analyze qualitative variables (also known as fingerprint patterns). A P value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. Results: In this study, the angle “ATD” was found to be reduced in both the palms of males (P 0.001) and females (P 0.001) when compared to controls, which was statistically highly significant. In our study, we discovered that the number of whorls and arches is lower in male cases as compared to male controls, which is highly significant (P = 0.020 and P = 0.010). Male cases had a greater number of loops than male controls, which was statistically significantly greater (P 0.001). Conclusion: In this latest study, an association between smokeless tobacco users and palmar dermatoglyphics was identified. Though dermatoglyphics solely is unable to identify individuals who abuse alcohol and/or cigarette packs, the results of this research could serve to further develop diagnostic guidelines.

This article discusses a rare case of Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn Syndrome (NFJS), a genetic disorder characterized by reticulate hyperpigmentation and other associated symptoms. The patient, a 9-year-old girl, presented with hyperpigmentation predominantly on the neck, axilla, groins, and flexural aspects of the extremities. Additional symptoms included sparse and thin hair, photophobia, watering from the eyes, hypohidrosis, and heat intolerance. The diagnosis was confirmed through clinical examination and histopathological findings. NFJS is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the KRT14 gene and is often associated with various dermatological and systemic manifestations. Treatment options are limited to symptomatic management. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Dermatoglyphics is the study of fingerprint pattern which is unique for every individual and remains unchanged after birth. This has been used in criminology for decades together. In the recent past, its role in screening various medical conditions is established. The dermatoglyphic had a well-established correlation with the cognitive ability which can be used as a predictor of academic potential. Aim and Objectives: This study was conducted to study the dermatoglyphic pattern of thumb and its correlation with the academic performance of medical students. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 200 (94 male and 106 female) undergraduate medical students. The fingerprint patterns were obtained by the standard ink method. Results: In the present study the commonest pattern of fingerprint in both right and left thumbs in male and female students was whorl. The most remarkable finding was the absence of an ulnar loop with a central pocket in the left thumb. In the present study correlation of the fingerprint pattern of the thumb to the marks scored in National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test (NEET) showed that the higher academic performers had more frequency of whorl and composites whereas low performers had a high frequency of loops and arches in the thumb. However the same findings were not reflected in performance in first-year university examination and no correlation could be substantiated with marks scored in Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry in the preliminary examination. Conclusion: Though present study is small scale involving a single institution, it indicates definite correlation of finger print pattern of thumb with academic performance of medical students which can be used as predictor of low performers so as to initiate necessary measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the key factors in the prevention of the disease is the identification of the risk factors early in life. Based on multifactorial causation of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), apart from habit history, the genetical predisposition may be considered as an important risk factor in the occurrence of OSMF disease. The dermatoglyphic pattern may prove a salient genetic marker for the determination of OSMF as both are having similar intrauterine development period. Objectives: To find out and compare the association between dermatoglyphics and OSMF. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on total 108 subjects divided in three groups where Group A was subjects with OSMF, Group B was subjects with tobacco related habits but without OSMF, and Group C was healthy controls. Fingerprint patterns of both hands were recorded and classified into whorls, loops and arches. Results: The loop pattern was significantly higher in subjects having OSMF (Group A) as compared Group B and Group C in general as well as for left and right hands. The maximum prominence of loop patterns was noted in the little finger among the subjects with OSMF. Results for subjects with OSMF and without OSMF under five years of having tobacco chewing habits had also clearly demonstrated prominence of loop patterns in the subjects with OSMF. Conclusion: The results of our study show that there is a staunch possibility of genetically determined factors in the form of loop finger prints can be responsible for the occurrence of OSMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fingerprints are a vital and unique identity of a person. These are impressions left by the friction ridges of a human finger on contact with any surface. The primary advantage of a fingerprint is that it does not change over time. Fingerprint identification is a method of identification using the impression formed by the minute ridges seen on the fingertips. Fingerprints have certain individual characteristics that are unique. Fingerprints are most generally recovered from crime scenes. Such prints are obtained when natural oils and perspiration (sweat) existing between the fingertip ridges are transferred to the surface by any contact. Fingerprints are invisible and are much harder to detect and preserve. These prints are obtained by physical and chemical methods. In this paper, my research focuses on detecting latent fingerprints or invisible fingerprints using ophthalmic fiber glass powder on different surfaces. Here I used the ophthalmic fiber glass and turned it into powder which is used for obtaining latent fingerprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mal de Meleda (MDM) is a rare autosomal palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) skin disorder (estimated incidence of 1 per 100,000 people) commonly associated with consanguinity and early childhood onset. MDM is characterized by bilateral diffusion of PPK plaques with delimited yellowish lesions that transgredien to the dorsum of the hands and feet. Additional features include nail dystrophy, lichenoid lesions, hyperhidrotic maceration, involvement of the knees and elbows, malodor, fungal superinfections, and digital constrictions. A male patient aged 42 years presented with asymptomatic, chronic, and diffused PPK lesions that progressed to the dorsal surface of the hands and feet, along with knees and elbows involvement. On clinical examination, asymmetrical lesions were observed on the hands, the left palm with yellowish waxy hyperkeratotic plaques, and the right palm with erythematous scaling and hyperkeratotic interphalangeal rings. The soles of the feet presented with yellow waxy hyperkeratotic plaques. In addition, nail dystrophy and loss of dermatoglyphics were observed. Initially, symptomatic topical treatment was established. However, owing to the lack of clinical response, a biopsy was performed, which revealed thickened corneal layer, acanthosis, spongiosis, and perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate. MDM diagnosis was confirmed based on a personal history of consanguinity, clinical presentation with absence of systemic symptoms, and transgredien pattern of the lesions. Systemic treatment with low doses of isotretinoin (10 mg orally everyday) was initiated, and two months later, slight clinical improvement has been observed until date. The present case report describes MDM in a Hispanic patient, who presented with asymmetric PPK lesions on the hands and received isotretinoin treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atd angle indicates degree of axial triradius distal displacement. Triradius is the central point where ridges meet and radiate in three directions. Digital triradius is around base of digits II to V while axial triradius is near wrist crease of palms proximal portion. Type II diabetes is a polygenic illness that has higher heredity chance and disease susceptibility. Palm dermatoglyphics analysis can be used to study genetic disorders of hereditary origin although its accuracy is in question. Objective: to assess role of atd angle in screening of type II diabetics among adults in Western Kenya. Design: hospital based Cross-sectional study design Setting: Kakamega County Teaching and Referral Hospital, Western Kenya Participants: 150 diabetic patients (cases) compared with 150 non-diabetics (controls). Interventions: Demographic data was recorded and thereafter, palm prints taken using Indian-ink method. Main outcome measures: Atd angle was grouped in to 38º-40º; 41º -43º; 44º - 46º and ≥47º. Chi-square test was used to analyze difference in mean atd angle measurement. Results: Common atd angle measurement was between 38º-40º at 46.69% (280), and least common was ≥47º at 7.84% (47). There was no statistical difference in measurements among both males and female of diabetics and non-diabetics groups. Mean atd angle between non-diabetics and diabetics was 43.97º and 43.15º respectively but difference was not statistically significant (p=0.0998). Conclusion: Palm atd angle measurement did not contribute significantly in early screening of diabetes as there were no significant differences between diabetics and controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic arterial hypertension is a clinical condition of great risk in the development of cardiovascular diseases and it has a high impact on public health. The disease is influenced by modifiable and non-modifiable factors. In that context, Dermatoglyphics is a method of analysis of fingerprints as a mark of biological individuality and that can be related to health, sports, and the prognosis of diseases due to being able to point out the individual with the potential to develop certain diseases. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of the fingerprints of women with systemic arterial hypertension by comparing them with a control group, which does not present the disease. Thus, we intend to find a dermatoglyphic pattern for Brazilian women with systemic arterial hypertension. The sample in the study consisted of 732 women, 366 with a positive clinical diagnosis for systemic arterial hypertension, and 366 individuals forming a control group, which did not present systemic arterial hypertension. All individuals in the sample are of equivalent age and the fingerprints were collected from all fingers. The method used to determine the profile of the individuals is the computerized dermatoglyphic. It was used, for the collection of fingerprints, of the Dermatoglyphic Reader®, which presents results of 400% more precision. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups, and when the Adjusted Residue Analysis was performed, the Ulnar Loop figure on fingers 4 and 5 of the left hand, and fingers 1 and 5 of the right hand, was predominant in the group of women with hypertension. These results demonstrate the existence of a dermatoglyphic mark, characteristic of patients with systemic arterial hypertension. Therefore, it can be concluded that the analysis of fingerprints of the hands by the Dermatoglyphic method can demonstrate the potential that women could have developing systemic arterial hypertension.

The World Health Organization has acknowledged the gap in schizophrenia diagnoses and recommended further research to identify tools and biomarkers for the disease’s early detection. Because the skin and brain have a common ectodermal origin, dermatoglyphics are hypothesized to serve as a potential mirror for the identification of risks and characteristics of neuropsychiatric diseases. This study aimed to determine the digito-palmar dermatoglyphic patterns of schizophrenia patients in Ghana. Digito-palmar dermatoglyphics were obtained using a digital scanner, and the details studied. Individuals living with schizophrenia in Ghana were significantly characterized by low odds of vestige pattern in the hypothenar region, low odds of palmar creases 300, and high and low odds of radial loop (RL) and plain arch (PA) respectively at the finger patterns relative to the control group [OR (95% CI): vestige, 0.2 (0.06–0.69), P = 0.01; palmar creases 300, 0.1 (0.01–0.99), P = 0.049; PA, 0.4 (0.3–0.7), P

Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura (RAPK) is a rare genetic hyperpigmentation disorder that is, characterized by hyperpigmented macules or papules that may interrupt the dermatoglyphics with extra-dermatological manifestations. The characteristic skin lesions are atrophic, reticulate, slightly depressed pigmented macules mainly affecting the dorsa of the hands and feet, which first appear before puberty and subsequently expand to the proximal limb and the trunk. We report the case of 65-year-old male, who presented with multiple bilateral symmetrical, hyper pigmented, well defined, discrete macules and plaque seen over the neck, both shoulders, both axilla, both cubital fossa, both knees, both legs and bilateral dorsum of hands. The gold standard "skin biopsy" confirmed the diagnosis of the RAPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm prints are one of the most important forensic tools for human identification in medico-legal investigation. Palm prints are often used for forensic sex estimation to narrow down the pool of suspects through a process of elimination. The aim of this study was to test whether a novel approach of sex estimation from palmar inter-triradial distances previously posited by Badiye and colleagues [Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 2019; 65(March):22–26] can be used as a primary tool for forensic sexing. For this study the bilateral palm prints from 200 Bengali Hindu adults (100 male, 100 female) were collected using traditional ink printing method and were analysed. Descriptive statistics were presented in tables and linear discriminant analysis was conducted to estimate the extent of sexual dimorphism in the inter-triradial distances and to find out variables with the strongest sex discriminating potential. Binary logistic regression analysis (BLR) was performed to derive sex estimation equations. Sexual dimorphism has been found to be statistically significant (p< 0.001) using linear discriminant analysis with a sexing accuracy of 79.0 percent for the left and 79.5 percent for the right palm. Distance between a and t triradius has been found to be the most influential on this model followed by the combined abcd-t distance. For the BLR analysis, the correct classification percentage was found to be the highest on the a-t distance of the right palm with a success rate of 80.5 percent which is closely followed by the combined abcd-t distance which has a classification success rate of 80.0 percent for the right palm. The present study has concluded that, inter-triradial distance of the palm is fairly dimorphic sexually but can only be used as a supplementary tool in inference of sex for medico-legal investigation. Due to a higher accuracy, the distance between a and t triradius has been proposed to be used instead of combined abcd-t distance which was suggested in the original study conducted by Badiye and colleagues (2019).

Introduction: Essential hypertension is the type of hypertension that has no identifiable explanation. It is connected with age and congenital acquired issues. Positive family ancestry enhances the danger. Dermatoglyphics, the information on exact plans of epidermal ridge in the recognitions and soles, is a solitary and steady indication of uniqueness, perceived in utero. Extension of those ridge is constrained by acquired and eco-accommodating impacts. As there is improved danger of hypertension in people alongside family ancestry because of acquired issues, the investigation of co-connection among dermatoglyphics and hypertension can help in starting recognizable proof of individuals alongside the acquired propensity to develop basic hypertension Materials & Methods: This is a Prospective, Observational and case-control study conducted in the Department of Anatomy and Medicine, Index Medical College over a period of 2 Years. Clinically diagnosed cases of Hypertension was taken from the age group of 20 to 80 years as Case. The Normal (Non-Hypertensive) individuals are all normotensives. The inclusion criteria are normal blood pressure (i.e. never diagnosed as hypertensive) & absence of family history of hypertension as a control Group. Sampling procedure Informed consent was taken from the subjects in a prescribed format after explaining the whole procedure and its outcome to the patient in his/her own vernacular language and stating that the prints will only be used for research purposes. Result: Development of dermatoglyphic configuration is under hereditary control. Subsequently subjective and quantitative investigation of dermatoglyphic attributes may offer us a hint to the weakness of fundamental hypertension. The Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC), Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC) and 'atd' Angle. Analysis fingertip examples of Right hand and left hand independently, right hand and left hand joint and anomalous palmar wrinkles Sydney line (Sy line) and simian line (Sm line). dirty on both hands one by one and prints were taken by progressing the hands from wrist creases to finger tips on the roller enclosed with bond paper. On statistical analysis atd angle was not significant in both the hands of male and female study and control group. Conclusion: The current examination demonstrates that there are some hereditary elements which are associated with the causation of fundamental hypertension and it is conceivable to certain degree to foresee from dermatoglyphics person's possibility of obtaining basic hypertension. Like clinical history, assessment and examinations, the dermatoglyphics will assume a significant job uncovering the hereditary powerlessness to fundamental hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic arterial hypertension is a clinical condition of great risk in the development of cardiovascular diseases and it has a high impact on public health. The disease is influenced by modifiable and non-modifiable factors. In that context, Dermatoglyphics is a method of analysis of fingerprints as a mark of biological individuality and that can be related to health, sports, and the prognosis of diseases due to being able to point out the individual with the potential to develop certain diseases. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of the fingerprints of women with systemic arterial hypertension by comparing them with a control group, which does not present the disease. Thus, we intend to find a dermatoglyphic pattern for Brazilian women with systemic arterial hypertension. The sample in the study consisted of 732 women, 366 with a positive clinical diagnosis for systemic arterial hypertension, and 366 individuals forming a control group, which did not present systemic arterial hypertension. All individuals in the sample are of equivalent age and the fingerprints were collected from all fingers. The method used to determine the profile of the individuals is the computerized dermatoglyphic. It was used, for the collection of fingerprints, of the Dermatoglyphic Reader®, which presents results of 400% more precision. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups, and when the Adjusted Residue Analysis was performed, the Ulnar Loop figure on fingers 4 and 5 of the left hand, and fingers 1 and 5 of the right hand, was predominant in the group of women with hypertension. These results demonstrate the existence of a dermatoglyphic mark, characteristic of patients with systemic arterial hypertension. Therefore, it can be concluded that the analysis of fingerprints of the hands by the Dermatoglyphic method can demonstrate the potential that women could have developing systemic arterial hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dactyloscopy is a branch of dermatoglyphics (the study of epidermal ridges) which involves assessment and classification of fingerprint patterns for identification. All fingerprint patterns are laid down permanently from the third month of the intra-uterine life and they remain unchanged throughout the life. This is also the time when all organs in the body are finalizing their development. Therefore, a positive association of the dermatoglyphic features with different diseases like diabetes, mongolism, schizophrenia and leprosy have been well documented in the literature. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dermatoglyphic patterns and the specific variations which may be used as a valuable diagnostic tool for early detection of diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study, a total of 150 diabetic subjects and 150 non-diabetics (control) were selected from the KIUTH Western Uganda and their fingerprints were taken by the Indian ink method. The print patterns including whorls, arches, ulnar and radial loops were analysed and the variations were cross-tabulated between sex, the side of the hand and pattern distribution indexes. Data was analysed using SPSS version 26 and Dankmeijer's index and Furuhata's index were used to assess variability of the fingerprint patterns. Chi square tests was used to test for significance in variations at a confidence interval of 95%. Results and conclusion: Ulnar loops were the most predominant patterns among diabetic subjects at 35.2% followed closely by whorls at 35.1%. The most common pattern were whorls found in both hands of females at 21% (315/1500), whilst the most common pattern for male group were whorls at 17.5% (262). However, some fingers such as the ring finger completely lacked an arch pattern in both groups. The increase in arches was strongly supported by a significant increase in Dankmeijer's index. The presence of high number of ulnar loops can therefore maybe used as an early indicator of type two diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: A probable association between dermatoglyphics and malocclusions related to skeletal discrepancy may exist as dermal ridges, and craniofacial structures develop from the same embryonic tissues during the same embryonic period. The study aims to assess and correlate the pattern of fingerprints, lip prints, and palatal rugae in individuals with malocclusions related to skeletal discrepancy. Materials and Methods: The 180 samples collected in the study were divided into 3 groups based on cephalometric analysis into class I, II, and III malocclusion. The fingerprints, lip prints, and palatal rugae patterns were obtained for each participant and pattern analysis was done. Results: Class I malocclusion with no skeletal discrepancy showed a statistically significant difference in the loop fingerprint patterns on all fingers except the first finger on the right and left hand, branched lip pattern, and straight palatal rugae pattern in primary rugae 1 and 4. Class II malocclusion related to skeletal discrepancy showed a statistically significant difference in the loop pattern on all fingers except in the fourth finger of the right hand which showed a whorl pattern, branched lip pattern, and straight palatal rugae pattern in primary rugae 1, 4, and 5. Class III malocclusion related to skeletal discrepancy showed a statistically significant difference in the loop pattern on all fingers except in the fourth finger of the right hand which showed an absence of arch pattern, vertical lip print pattern, and straight palatal rugae pattern in primary rugae 1. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics analysis can be used to indicate developing malocclusions related to skeletal discrepancies. at an early age, thereby aiding the development of treatment aiming to establish favorable occlusion. Prospective and various ethnic and racial-based studies would be valuable for the establishment of dermatoglyphic markers of malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Dermatoglyphics is the study of fingerprints and skin patterns. During the intrauterine period, the development of dermatoglyphic patterns and dental hard tissues occurs at the same time. Dermatoglyphics has proved to be a potential tool in predicting dental anomalies. Hence, with the help of dermatoglyphics, we can explore the association between various dermatoglyphic patterns and types of malocclusion. Methods: A case–control study consisting of 150 children aged 12–14 years was selected. Based on the type of occlusion, the participants were grouped into skeletal class I normal occlusion (controls), skeletal class II malocclusion, and skeletal class III malocclusion. The fingerprints were analyzed using the ink method. The molar relation was determined according to Angle’s classification of malocclusion. The relation of fingerprints was studied with the molar relation recorded using the study models. Dermatoglyphic parameters were examined in these subjects. Results: In the study, it was observed that there was a notable increase in the occurrence of whorl pattern among patients with skeletal class II malocclusion (55%) and skeletal class III malocclusion (55.8%). On the other hand, in the skeletal class I group (controls), the frequency of loop pattern (66.6%) was found to be significantly higher. It was also noted that there was a slight decrease in the frequency of whorl patterns in skeletal class II patients as compared to skeletal class III patients. Conclusion: The whorl fingerprint pattern found in the study may indicate a higher likelihood of skeletal class II and III malocclusion in the general population.

Background: One of the key factors in the prevention of the disease is the identification of the risk factors early in life. Based on multifactorial causation of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), apart from habit history, the genetical predisposition may be considered as an important risk factor in the occurrence of OSMF disease. The dermatoglyphic pattern may prove a salient genetic marker for the determination of OSMF as both are having similar intrauterine development period. Objectives: To find out and compare the association between dermatoglyphics and OSMF. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on total 108 subjects divided in three groups where Group A was subjects with OSMF, Group B was subjects with tobacco related habits but without OSMF, and Group C was healthy controls. Fingerprint patterns of both hands were recorded and classified into whorls, loops and arches. Results: The loop pattern was significantly higher in subjects having OSMF (Group A) as compared Group B and Group C in general as well as for left and right hands. The maximum prominence of loop patterns was noted in the little finger among the subjects with OSMF. Results for subjects with OSMF and without OSMF under five years of having tobacco chewing habits had also clearly demonstrated prominence of loop patterns in the subjects with OSMF. Conclusion: The results of our study show that there is a staunch possibility of genetically determined factors in the form of loop finger prints can be responsible for the occurrence of OSMF.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the existence of uniform sexual dimorphism in some radioulnar contrasts between different finger ridge counts within the same hand in a large set of populations, thus confirming the universal nature of this dimorphism in humans.Subjects and methods: We analysed individual finger ridge counts (10 values on each hand) of both hands from archival sources (mainly the Brehme-Jantz database). In total, these included 4412 adults from 21 population samples covering all permanently inhabited continents and encompassing very different and geographically distant human populations. We calculated the contrasts (differences) of all pairs of ridge counts (45 per hand) and used diverse methods to assess the direction and degree of dimorphism of them across all population samples.Results: The highest sexual dimorphism was observed for nine contrasts involving the ridge count of the dermatoglyphic pattern on the radial side of the second finger of the right hand (R2r). Among these contrasts, we then found four that had the same direction of dimorphism in all 21 populations. The most dimorphic was the contrast R1rR2r – the difference between the ridge count of the radial side of the thumb and the radial side of the index finger.Discussion: Thus, these dermatoglyphic traits can be further investigated as potential markers of prenatal sex differentiation from ca. 10th week of intrauterine development. However, it will be useful to address the detailed factors and mechanisms for differences in the degree of dimorphism of these traits in different populations.

Introduction. The history of Tuva’s anthropological study dates back almost a century, and interest in this region never faded to date. In this regard, there is a need to summarize all related research publications, clarify the periodization of stages in the study of Tuvan physical anthropology. Goals. The work primarily aims to summarize all collected data on anthropological appearances of Tuvans and identify problem areas in this topic, as well as prospects for further research. Part One shall introduce a step-by-step history of the study of Tuvan physical anthropology, with due regard of the development of biological anthropology in Russia. Results. The paper provides a detailed analysis of ethnic anthropology results comprising head, face and physique measurements and descriptive data, dental and dermatoglyphic parameters. Data from a number of anthropological systems make it possible to determine the place of Tuvans among Siberian Mongoloids, delineate some local variants within the population of Tuva. Conclusions. Despite there is a most detailed anthropological description of Tuvans, some aspects of their intra-group differentiation remain unresolved — especially taking into account the existing tribal subdivision — just like the case with the formation of Tuvan anthropological appearances during the medieval era and modern times, which sets new vectors for further research of Tuva’s population.

This article discusses the dermoscopic features of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), a viral infection that primarily affects children under five years old. The article highlights the increasing prevalence of atypical manifestations of HFMD, such as extensive lesions and involvement of older children, adolescents, and adults. The authors describe the dermoscopic findings of fifteen PCR-confirmed cases of HFMD, including orange-red erythema, pale-yellow structureless areas, white dots, and retained dermatoglyphics. The article emphasizes the importance of dermoscopy in diagnosing atypical cases of HFMD, particularly in appropriate clinical settings. [Extracted from the article]

Dermatoglyphics can be used as a supporting tool in the early detection of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in women. The present study aims to investigate the fingerprints of women with type 2 diabetes mellitus through the dermatoglyphic method, and to compare them with women without the disease. It was conducted by obtaining the fingerprints of all 10 fingers of 268 women – which is known as the dermatoglyphic method –, using the Dermatoglyphic Reader®, with data processed in SPSS (IBM SPSS), version 20.0, and a significance level of p< 0.05. The researched groups are homogeneous for the age, weight and height variables. The group of women with diabetes had a higher average number of lines on the left thumb, as well as the highest total number of lines on the left hand. Moreover, they had a greater number of deltas, in addition to presenting the whorl shape on fingers 1 to 5 of the left hand, and 1 to 4 of the right hand. We concluded that women with type 2 diabetes had a mark of observation concerning their biological individuality on their fingerprints that differs from that of women without the disease.

The present study is an attempt to study the sex differences in minutiae frequencies of thumbprint with respect to dermatoglyphic patterns. A sample of 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) were gathered from Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (North India). In regards to pattern type, maximum number of minutiae was present in loop pattern followed by whorls and least minutiae were in the arches in the right hand of both the sexes and left hand of females only, whereas in left hand of the males highest frequency of minutiae were noticed in whorls followed by loops and lowest in the arches, thereby indicating the lessened bimanual symmetry in males. It can be inferred from the present study that the simple pattern (arch) has less discontinuance in the regular flow of the ridges, while the complex patterns (loops and whorls) exhibited more interruptions in the dermal ridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Hypothesis The existing developmental bond between fingerprint generation and growth of the central nervous system points to a potential use of fingerprints as risk markers in schizophrenia. However, the high complexity of fingerprints geometrical patterns may require flexible algorithms capable of characterizing such complexity. Study Design Based on an initial sample of scanned fingerprints from 612 patients with a diagnosis of non-affective psychosis and 844 healthy subjects, we have built deep learning classification algorithms based on convolutional neural networks. Previously, the general architecture of the network was chosen from exploratory fittings carried out with an independent fingerprint dataset from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The network architecture was then applied for building classification algorithms (patients vs controls) based on single fingers and multi-input models. Unbiased estimates of classification accuracy were obtained by applying a 5-fold cross-validation scheme. Study Results The highest level of accuracy from networks based on single fingers was achieved by the right thumb network (weighted validation accuracy = 68%), while the highest accuracy from the multi-input models was attained by the model that simultaneously used images from the left thumb, index and middle fingers (weighted validation accuracy = 70%). Conclusion Although fitted models were based on data from patients with a well established diagnosis, since fingerprints remain lifelong stable after birth, our results imply that fingerprints may be applied as early predictors of psychosis. Specially, if they are used in high prevalence subpopulations such as those of individuals at high risk for psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Human Merkel cells (MCs) were first described by Friedrich S. Merkel in 1875 and named "Tastzellen" (touch cells). Merkel cells are mainly located in the basal layer of the epidermis and are concentrated in touchsensitive areas. Their density varies among different anatomical sites. Increased concentration was observed in the palms of hands with a predominance in the finger pads and also in the soles and toes. They can be classified according to the function as mechanoreceptive, endocrine, and chemo-sensitive cells. In the development of primary ridges which establish the future fingerprint patterns is assumed that Merkel cells have a significant importance in this process. At about the 7th week EGA, they first time appear in the volar skin and start to occupy the place of future primary ridges at 10 weeks EGA. It will be interesting to study their presence or absence in individuals suffering with abnormal dermatoglyphics and also to study whether the skin diseases associated with altered dermatoglyphics display some deviation regarding the distribution and density of MCs in primary ridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]