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Wood preservation is carried out to increase the service life of wood with low natural durability. Factors such as wood structure, preservatives, and methods of preservation influence the preservation processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate retention, penetration, and distribution of tuba (Derris elliptica) leaves extract into the candlenut wood (Aleurites molluccana) and agathis (Agathis sp.) wood structures. The wood samples were treated with hot and cold soaking. The duration of hot soaking were 3, 5, and 7 hours, while for cold soaking were 3, 5, and 7 days. The result showed that the highest retention of extract was achieved by cold soaking for 7 days at 9.4 kg m-3, and the lowest retention was achieved by hot soaking for 3 hours at 1.9 kg m‑3. The highest penetration occured by cold soaking for 7 days at 8.08 mm and the lowest was that with hot soaking for 3 hours at 2.81 mm. However, the distribution of the extract in the agathis wood structures could not be detected by stereo microscope. In the the case of the candlenut wood, the extract was distributed in the parenchyma cell.

[THE INFLUENCE OF BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES BASED ON CROTON OIL AND DERRIS ROOT AGAINST BROWN PLANTHOPPER]. Brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stall) is a serious pest in rice. Using synthetic insecticide to control BPH is harmful for human health and can caused environmental pollution. The objective of this research is to find out ecofriendly insecticide to control BPH. Research has been conducted at Entomological laboratory, Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute (ISMECRI), Bogor. It was designed with CRD, 16 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments consisted of botanical insecticides based on Croton tiglium and Derris elliptica. Each material was extracted by water, methanol, and xylene, and then tested by individually and combination, so there were 15 formulas and 1 control treatment (water). Third nymph BPH and IR64 rice variety were used in this research. Research was done in two methods, i.e. contact application and residual application. The result shows that there are 11 formulas which are prospective to be further developed i.e aqueous extraction (6 formulas) and combination extraction (aqueous with xylene and methanol (5 formulas). The aqueous extraction maybe the most prospective formulation since the technique could easily be adopted by farmers. Botanical pesticide based on Croton tiglium and Derris elliptica are very promising, therefore the research should be continued to find out the best formula of botanical insecticides for controlling BPH).

Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. is one of the wild plants found in farmland of Southeast Asia. The root of the tuba plant was traditionally used as the fish poison and crop pest insecticide. It has many kinds of toxic chemical compounds as rotenone, toxicarol, elliptone, sumatrol, tephrosin, and deguelin. Recently, root extract has developed in various bioactive compounds exploration not only for the agricultural field but also public health intervention, especially in Dengue control programs. Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. root extract have larvacidal potential to control the temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti larvae.

Application of extract tuba root bioactive (Derris elliptica L.) as a natural insecticide on the Crocidolomiabinotalis caterpillar on mustard plants ( Brassica juncea L.) has been carried out. The test results indicate that there are differences in antifeedant activity of the Crocidolomiabinotalis caterpillar on mustard plants ( Brassicajuncea L.) which is significant (significant) at various levels of concentration. The research was carried out in several stages, starting from the tubal root extraction stage, phytochemical testing, preparation of caterpillar tests, testing of antifeedant activity. As the treatment is the level of methanol concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm. The parameter observed was the percentage of Feeding Reduction (FR). The test results showed the antifeedant activity of Crocidolom he binotalis caterpillars, which is best at concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm because it is able to inhibit the feeding power or Feeding R eduction of caterpillars test 30.16% and 44.00 %

Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum capsici) is one of the main problem in the cultivation of chili. This study was aimed to discover about the extract of leaf extract of cattapa (Terminalia catappa L) and leaf extract of derris (Derris elliptica) against the growth of Colletotrichum capsici causes anthracnosis in chilli. The study was conducted at the Mycology Laboratory of Institute Vegetables Research Indonesia, on July - September 2018. The study used a randomized design complete (CRD) with nine treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of: leaf extract of derris (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%), leaf extract of cattapa (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%), and control (without treatment). The result showed that the leaf extract of derris more effective to suppress the conidial production of C. capsici. Development of colonies diameter leaf extract of derris was relatively smaller (3.24-4.31 cm), while for the treatment of leaf extract of cattapa showed larger colony size (6.02-6.82 cm).

The research purposed was compared of two extracts as molluscicidal activities from root of Derris elliptica Wallich. and Pangium edule Reinw seed, that assessed to 3-month old snails Pomacea canaliculata L. The Golden apple snails is widely regarded as worst invasive pest species in the rice growing area. It normally destroys the young stems and leaves paddy and could consume 7 – 24 rice seedlings per day. The experiment research started with the mortality test of the golden apple snail, meanwhile hexane extract fraction and etanol extract fraction have completely jumble mode; using the lethal concentration (LC) have mean to describe short term potency of poisonous (toxicity) from materials and can gave little effect or impact for environment; processing phytochemical test from n-hexane extract and etanol extract of root D.elliptica and P.edule showed positive to contain tanin, saponin and fenol. The data of LC 50 from n-hexane fraction measure with probit analyze (9,905 mg L -1 ) by D.elliptica L . with high toxic category, and n-hexane fraction (11,574 mg L -1 ) by P.edule Reinw. with toxic category are more effective for golden apple snail control. The golden apple snail mortality was highest using 5000 ppm n-hexane fraction showed 93,3% from D.elliptica and using 5000 ppm n-hexane fraction from P.edule showed 63,3%. In conclusion, both of extracts from D.elliptica roots and P.edule seeds was showed potency as botanical mollusicicides and it can be apply in the field

Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) is one of rice plants' pests that attack from the nursery to the harvest stage. Controls carried out by farmers generally use synthetic insecticides. Reducing the impact caused by synthetic insecticides, an alternative that can be used to controlling the brown planthopper is by using botanical insecticide tuba root. Tuba root plants have been widely reported to control pests and contain the active ingredient rotenone. Rotenone works as a stomach poison and selective. This study aims to examine the ability of tuba root plant parts extracts (leaves, branches, and roots) with organic solvents to control brown planthopper pests in rice plants. The study was conducted in February-April 2019 at the Plant Pest Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau. The study was conducted experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and six replications to obtain 18 experimental units. The tuba root plant trial test consists of 3 levels: root extract, branch extract, and leaf extract with organic solvents. The parameters observed were the time of death of brown planthopper (hour), lethal meantime (LT50) (hour), daily mortality (%), and total mortality (%). The results showed that the application of root extract caused an initial death of 2.33 hours after application, LT50 17.33 hours after application with a total mortality rate of 100%. Application of botanical insecticide tuba root is effective for controlling brown planthopper pests in rice plants because it causes the death of brown planthopper above 80%.

Promoting the organic farming, much of the plant extracts used for controlling pests and fungi have been imported from China, India and Myanmar. But, it is so worrisome that aquatic animals such as muddy loach inhabiting in paddy field and common carps in river exposed to the pests and fungi likely be harmed. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the risks of aquatic animals influenced by the three plant extracts, i.e. Sophora flavescens, Azadirachta indica and Derris elliptica. The toxicities of common carp (Cyprinus Carpio), muddy loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) and PEC (Predicted environmental concentration) exposed to the three plant extracts were estimated by the typical spray volume method. Risks were determined by the toxicity value as 48-hr LC50 (Lethal concentration, median) or NOEC (No observed effect concentration) into PEC. 48-hr LC 50 of Common carp and NOEC by Sophora flavescens extracts was 7.9 and 6.2 mg/L, 26.8 and 21.8 mg/L by Azadirachta indica extracts and 47.0 and < 24.0 mg/L by Derris elliptica extracts, respectively. 48-hr LC50 of Muddy loach and NOEC by Sophora flavescens extracts was 16.9 and 10.0 mg/L, 35.6 and 30.0 mg/L by Azadirachta indica extracts, and 73.9 and < 40 mg/L by Derris elliptica extracts, respectively. Therefore, acute toxicities of the three plant extracts for aquatic animals were proved to be very low level. PEC of Sophora flavescens extracts in paddy, drainage and river water was 68.0~3.0, 11.33~0.50 and 3.0~0.0018 mg/L, respectively. TER of Sophora flavescens extracts in the three water was 0.2~5.6, 1.5~33.8 and 2.6~4388.9, respectively. PEC of Azadirachta indica extracts in paddy, drainage and river water was 90.9~1.2, 15.2~0.2 and 4.8~0.00075 mg/L, respectively. TER of Azadirachta indica extracts in the three water was 0.4~29.7, 2.3~178.0 and 4.5~35733.3, respectively. PEC of Derris elliptica extracts in river water was 0.0063 mg/L. TER of Derris elliptica extracts in river water was 5222~15667.

Chili ( Capsicum annnum L.) is one of the horticultural commodities that has economic value. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of root extract of tubal ( Derris elliptica ) on various concentration levels to control Trips pavispinnus in red chili plants. The treatment tried is three extra concentrations of the tubal root; 10, 20, and 30 g of tubal root / water and one treatment without tubal roots as a control. The treatment was designed using a randomized block design with three replications. Rensposes observed were percentages of Trips pavispinnus mortality. The results showed that the extract of the root of the tuba can control the pest of Trips pavispinnus. The concentration of 10 g / L of water can kill the Trips pavispinnus to 74.42% on the day after application. To be able to prevent the loss of red chilli plants due to a series of Trips pavispinnus , farmers can take advantage of extracts from the root of the tube, and are an environmentally friendly pest control method. Keywords: Chili, Derris elliptica , Tuba root, Trips pavispinnus

Cockroaches are harmful insects since they act as mechanical vectors. Transmission of the disease can occur through bacteria or germs that are present in waste or food scraps. These germs are carried by the feet or other body parts of the cockroach, then contaminate the food. Based on these facts, it is necessary to conduct research on the effectiveness of tuba roots against the cockroaches. The ethanol extract of tuba roots is effective in reducing the population of annoying insects, fish killers in ponds and reducing rat populations. This study was conducted from March to October 2014. This study used 7 extract concentrations which were : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 g / 100 ml. Extraction of tuba root ethanol using the maceration method. The seven extracts were diluted with water medium then sprayed on all outside body parts of the cockroach using hand sprayer. Observations were performed on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 48th hours. Data were analysed by probit model. The results showed that tube root ethanol extract (Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) was effective to kill Periplaneta americana on with LC50 at concentrations of 3 mg / 100 ml and LC90 was 10.306 mg / 100 ml, while LT50 7 h and LT90 was 11 h . Ethanol extract of tuba plant roots (D. elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) can be used as an alternative natural insecticide that can kill P. americana cockroaches. ABSTRAK Kecoa merupakan serangga yang merugikan karena berperan sebagai vektor mekanis. Penularan penyakit dapat terjadi melalui bakteri atau kuman penyakit yang terdapat pada sampah atau sisa makanan. Kuman tersebut terbawa oleh kaki atau bagian tubuh lainnya dari kecoa, kemudian mengontaminasi makanan. Ekstrak etanol akar tuba efektif dalam mengurangi populasi serangga pengganggu, pembunuh ikan di tambak dan mengurangi populasi tikus. Berdasarkan fakta tersebut, perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai efektivitas dari akar tuba membunuh kecoa. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret hingga Oktober tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan 7 konsentrasi ekstrak yaitu: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, dan 13 g/100 ml. Ekstraksi etanol akar tuba menggunakan metode maserasi. Ketujuh ekstrak diencerkan dengan media air kemudian disemprotkan menggunakan alat sprayer biasa pada seluruh bagian tubuh luar kecoa. Pengamatan dilakukan pada jam ke-1, ke-2, ke-3, ke-4, ke-5, ke-6 dan ke-48. Analisis data menggunakan regresi probit. Hasil analisis menunjukkan ekstrak etanol akar tumbuhan tuba (Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) efektif mematikan Periplaneta americana dengan LC50 pada konsentrasi 3 mg/100 ml dan LC90 adalah 10,306 mg/100 ml, sedangkan LT50 7 jam dan LT90 adalah 11 jam. Ekstrak etanol akar tumbuhan tuba (Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu alternatif insektisida alami yang dapat membunuh kecoa P. americana.

Pests that attack the corn crop are cob borers (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner). The pest control can be done using tubal root botanical insecticide (Derris elliptica Benth.). This study aims to obtain the best concentration of tuba root powder extract in controlling the corn cob borer pests H. armigera. Research has been carried out at the Plant Pest Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty, University of Riau. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments given were several concentrations of tuba root powder extract, namely 0 gr.l−1 of water, 20 gr.l−1 of water, 40 gr.l−1 of water, 60 gr.l−1 of water, 80 gr.l−1 of water and 100 gr.l−1 of water. The parameters observed were initial death, lethal time 50, lethal concentration 50 and 95, daily mortality and total mortality. Daily mortality data obtained from the results of the study were analyzed descriptively and displayed in graphical form, data lethal concentration (LC50 and LC95) were probit analyzed using the POLO-PC program, while other data such as initial death, total mortality, lethal time (LT50), statistically analyzed using a variance. Data from analysis of variance will be continued using the smallest significant difference (LSD) test at the 5% level. The application concentration of tuba root extract with 100 g.l-1 of water is the best concentration to control larvae of H. armigera with an initial time of death 26.50 hours, 67.50 hours of LT50, highest daily mortality on the fourth day by 40% and total larval mortality by 87.5%.

Derris elliptica (Fabaceae) is one of the most important sources of the insecticide rotenone. This plant was first introduced from different Southeast Asian countries to China in the early decades of last century. The purpose of this study is to assess genetic diversity of D. elliptica in China for the conservation of its germplasm resources and for future breeding programs. Genetic diversity and population structure of 14 cultivated populations of D. elliptica in China were detected using 25 microsatellite markers. A moderate level of genetic diversity was found across the whole sample (expected heterozygosity, He = 0.529), indicating a history of multiple sources of introduction and a broad genetic base for the crop cultivated by cuttings. The genetic diversity at the population level (Mean He = 0.31) was relatively lower. Repeated bottlenecks or founder effects in its short cultivated history and also its vegetative reproduction mode may explain the results. FST (Wright F-statistic) values and AMOVA (analysis of the molecular variance) indicated large genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.461; 44.1%, AMOVA), while the cluster analysis showed that the collections belong to two major groups of genotypes. The initial difference in the introduced germplasm from the primary center of origin and the limited gene flows among populations may have played important roles in shaping the genetic variation pattern in D. elliptica of China.

Operationally simple, stereocontrolled semisyntheses of the anticancer rotenoids elliptone and 12aβ-hydroxyelliptone, isolated from Derris elliptica and Derris trifoliata, respectively, are described. Inspired by the work of Singhal, elliptone was prepared from rotenone via a dihydroxylation-oxidative cleavage, chemoselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, and acid-catalyzed elimination sequence. Elaboration of elliptone to 12aβ-hydroxyelliptone was achieved via a diastereoselective chromium-mediated Étard-like hydroxylation. The semisynthesis of elliptone constitutes an improvement over previous methods in terms of safety, scalability, and yield, while the first synthesis of 12aβ-hydroxyelliptone is also described.

The study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of selected herbs on plant growth. Three insecticides containing plants (leaf of Azadirachta indica A. Juss var indica (AI), Nicotiana tabacum L. (NT), and root of Derris elliptica (Roxb.) (DE) were selected for various solvent extractions. Five extraction solvents: methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, butanol and aqueous were used in this study. The test method was lemna phytotoxicity assay which measured the inhibitory effect on duckweed, Lemna minor growth. This toxicity test proved to be a practical bioassay method because this method is simple, sensitive and cost effective. Butanol extracts of AI were shown to have more inhibition activity on duckweed growth than NT (% inhibition growth rate is 66.08, 27.08 respectively). Butanol extracts of AI had inhibitory effect (EC10) of 40.87 μg/ ml while dichloromethane extracts had EC10 of 131.72 μg/ ml. It could therefore be concluded that butanol extracts of AI showed the greatest inhibitory effects. The results from this study suggest that butanol extracts of AI were the most promising candidates for biological weed control and might be used as potential natural herbicides or as alternatives for the reduction of chemical herbicides. The study is worthy of further investigation since this could provide potential bioherbicide and may lead to the discovery of new effective and applicable bioherbicide.

Medicinal plants and the drugs derived from them constitute great economic and strategic value for the African continent. Most of the truly effective medicinal plants and drugs were kept secret by the practitioners and knowledge was handed down only to their descendants and favorite apprentices. African scientists started rather late to evaluate their traditional pharmacopoeias, by exploring the potentialities of the African medicinal plants used through the centuries. The rich flora of Africa of medicinal plants offers good raw material for the pharmaceutical industry, particularly as certain plants grow only in Africa. The fixed oils and fats are important products used pharmaceutically, industrially, and as foods. Several species of Macrocystis, Laminaria, and Fucus are numerous in African waters and algins can be prepared from them. The roots of Derris elliptica L. (Fam. Compositae) produce an important insecticide due to their rotenone content. Rutin from Ruta graveolens is used to treat varicose veins and in retinopathy of the eyes.

Rotenone is a biopesticide with an amazing effect on aquatic life and insect pests. In Asia, it can be isolated from Derris species roots (Derris elliptica and Derris malaccensis). The previous study revealed the comparable efficiency of alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) in extracting a high yield of rotenone (isoflavonoid) to binary ionic liquid solvent system ([BMIM]OTf) and organic solvent (acetone). Therefore, this study intends to analyze the optimum parameters (solvent ratio, extraction time, and agitation rate) in extracting the highest yield of rotenone extract at a much lower cost and in a more environmental friendly method by using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD). By using RSM, linear polynomial equations were obtained for predicting the concentration and yield of rotenone extracted. The verification experiment confirmed the validity of both of the predicted models. The results revealed that the optimum conditions for solvent ratio, extraction time, and agitation rate were 2 : 8 (DES : acetonitrile), 19.34 hours, and 199.32 rpm, respectively. At the optimum condition of the rotenone extraction process using DES binary solvent system, this resulted in a 3.5-fold increase in a rotenone concentration of 0.49 ± 0.07 mg/ml and yield of 0.35 ± 0.06 (%, w/w) as compared to the control extract (acetonitrile only). In fact, the rotenone concentration and yield were significantly influenced by binary solvent ratio and extraction time (P<0.05) but not by means of agitation rate. For that reason, the optimal extraction condition using alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a green additive in the extraction medium cocktail has increased the potential of enhancing the rotenone concentration and yield extracted.

Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth is a wild plant or weed in agricultural fields that was traditionally used for poisoning fish and plant pests. Several studies showed the low lethal concentration of Derris elliptica root extract to control the laboratory strain Aedes aegypti larvae. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Derris elliptica root extract against the temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti larvae from the Dengue endemic areas. This experimental study used post-test only control group design with five different concentrations of methanolic Derris elliptica root extract, namely 0.09%, 0.13%, 0.17%, 0.21%, and 0.25%, respectively. Twenty-five of F1 temephos-resistant of wild-caught Aedes aegypti larvae were subjected to each group of the five different concentrations, and two control groups with aquadest. The temephos-resistant strain of Aedes aegypti larvae was determined by bioassay test with temephos -0.02 ppm compound. Mortality rate and lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) of the larvae were calculated after 24-h contact. Average of mortality rate in each concentration after 24-h contact with Derris elliptica root extract were 32.8%, 49.6%, 72.0%, 95.2%, and 100% with LC50 and LC90 were 1,600 and 2,040 ppm, respectively. The methanolic Derris elliptica root extract have larvacidal potential to control the temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti larvae. Further research to obtain secondary metabolites is needed.

Tuba (Derris elliptica) is one of the insecticide-producing plant which can reduce the pest population due to its active compound, rotenone (C23H2206). The rotenone is deposit in all parts of tuba plant, as such as roots, stems, and leaves. The aim of this research aims was to evaluate the effectiveness of tuba bark extract against subterranean termite Coptotermes sp. The powder of tuba bark extract with 40-60 mesh size macerated with the ethanol by solvent obtains the extract. The extract was made into varions concentration namely 0,5%, 1%, and 1,5%, and applied to the paper disc. There are two types of termite test in this study, namely toxicity test and respiratory test. The mortality of termite and the weight loss of the paper disc were used as indicators of extract activity. The result showed that the concentration of 1,5% indicated the highest mortality from both of two types of test. This study was similar for the lowest weight loss of sample which was also given by concentration 1,5%.

Derris elliptica (Fabaceae) is one of the most important sources of the insecticide rotenone. The present study was aimed at developing microsatellite markers and evaluating their potential for use in germplasm genetics. There were 37 microsatellite markers specific for D. elliptica developed from an AC-enriched genomic library using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats (FIASCO) method. All markers were polymorphic amongst 16 accessions of the cultivated D. elliptica and four accessions of wild relatives, providing evidence for cross-species transferability within the genus Derris. These markers amplified a total of 159 alleles with a range of 2–8 and an average of 4.3 per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value across all loci was 0.53 with a range of 0.05–0.75. There was similar genetic variability within cultivated and wild accessions (both with average expected heterozygosity of 0.54). Cluster analysis clearly distinguished all wild relatives from each other and from the cultivated genotypes. These markers should be used for genetic diversity studies and breeding programs in D. elliptica.

A new coumaronochromone, 6,4'-dihydroxy-7,5' -dimethoxy-coumaronochromone (1), together with eleven known flavonoids (2-12) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the aerial part of Derris elliptica. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 2, 4, 7, 8 and 9 exhibited moderate insecticidal activities against larvae of Aedes albopictus. All compounds showed strong cytotoxic activities against Spodoptera litura (SL) and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn-5B1-4 (Hi-5) cells comparison to positive control of rotenone.

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to study the impact of rhizobial inoculants on the rhizosphere bacterial communities of three medicinal legumes: Indigofera tinctoria, Pueraria mirifica and Derris elliptica Benth. Rhizosphere soils were collected from these legumes grown naturally in 11 provinces of Thailand. The host-specific rhizobial strains were inoculated to their hosts planted in the collected rhizosphere soils of each legume. Four months after planting, total bacterial communities DNA was extracted from the uninoculated rhizosphere soils and the inoculated rhizosphere soils. DGGE fingerprints of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA were obtained from the bacterial communities. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that the bacterial community structures in native rhizospheres of the three legumes were different from each other based on the generated dendrogram and Sorensen’s index. These results suggest that different plant species and soil characteristics synergically affected the rhizosphere bacterial communities. The bacterial diversity of I. tinctoria and P. mirifica native rhizospheres were significantly different from that of D. elliptica Benth. native rhizosphere. Our results also showed that the inoculants contributed to the slight changes in rhizosphere community structures. In comparison with each other, the plants appeared to have a much stronger influence on the bacterial communities rather than the inoculants. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the community structure of the inoculated rhizosphere of D. elliptica Benth. was more divergent from those of inoculated rhizospheres of I. tinctoria and P. mirifica. The ribotype richness which indicates species diversity, was highest in I. tinctoria rhizosphere, followed by P. mirifica rhizosphere and D. elliptica Benth. rhizosphere, respectively.