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What can't freezing hold still? This article surveys the history of substances used to protect cells and organisms from freezing damage, known as cryoprotectants. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has since 1959 been the most widely used of these agents in cryopreservation. Here, its evolution from pulp and paper waste byproduct to wonder drug to all-but-invisible routine element of freezing protocols is used to trace the direct arc from protection to toxicity in theories of how and why cryoprotectants work, from the 1960s to today. The power of these agents to simultaneously protect and degrade is shown to reside in manipulation of chemical time via hydrogen bonding and electron exchange, thereby reframing freezing as a highly active and transformational process. Countering long-held assumptions about cryopreservation as an operation of stasis after which the thawed entity is the same as it was before, this article details recent demonstrations of effects of cryoprotectant exposure that are nonlethal but nonetheless profoundly impactful within scientific and therapeutic practices that depend on freezing infrastructures. Understanding the operationalization of chemical time in the case of cryoprotectants is broadly relevant to other modern technologies dedicated to shifting how material things exist and persist in human historical time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Macular amyloidosis (MA) could be of cosmetic concern with a significant psychological impact for patients, and its treatment is challenging. Aim of the work: To compare the efficacy and safety of combined fractional CO2 laser with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 50% versus fractional CO2 laser alone in the treatment of macular amyloidosis. Patients and methods: Twenty patients with macular amyloidosis were treated with monthly session of fractional CO2 laser only in one side of the lesion (area A), and fractional laser followed by application of DMSO 50% solution in the other side of the lesion (area B). All patients were evaluated clinically, by dermoscope and histopathology before and 3 months after the end of 4 treatment sessions. Results: Both treatments showed significant decrease of pigmentation after treatment (p < 0.001). There was non-significant decrease in rippling on both sides (p = 0.06). The median itching score dropped significantly after treatment from 9 to 3.5 in area A (laser only) and to 2 in area B (laser and DMSO), with non-significant difference between both areas (P = 0.244). Dermoscopic features after treatment showed fading and decreasing in multiple features in both areas A and B, with non-significant difference between the 2 areas. Histopathologically, there was significant reduction in the amyloid deposition after treatment in both areas A and B without significant difference between both areas. Conclusion: both fractional CO2 laser combined with topical DMSO 50% and fractional CO2 laser alone are safe and effective treatment options for MA with significant clinical improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the secondary metabolites of plants, flavonoids are very important active ingredients in natural medicinal plants and have been proved to possess the extensive biological activities. It has been reported that flavonoids can bind to plasma proteins. Lysozyme is a globular protein and can interact with many small molecules for therapeutic applications. Therefore, the studies of interactions between flavonoids and proteins are not only helpful for understanding of the biological action of small natural organic molecules, but also are beneficial for the development of novel drug candidates. Native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been widely applied in the studies of the interactions of proteins and small molecules. During the electrospray ionization (ESI) analysis, some organic solvents are often used as a cosolvent. However, it is not clear for the effects of addition of some organic solvents on the ESI analysis of protein-ligand complexes. The solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is one of cosolvents. There are few studies on the effect of DMSO on proteinsmall molecule interactions by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Here, the effects of DMSO on the ESI-MS analysis of four lysozyme-flavonoids of icariin, rutin, naringin and scutellarin complexes were investigated. The stable, labile and non-specific binding protein complexes with small molecule ligands were determined by ESI-MS, respectively. It was found that the content of DMSO affects the apparent binding constants of lysozyme and small molecule ligand complexes. The low amounts of DMSO lead to increase the apparent affinity of the labile lysozyme-flavonoid complexes to some extent. It also can stabilize the lysozyme complex with N,N',N'-triacetylchitotriose even under the high capillary temperature. The addition of DMSO cannot lead to the non-specific binding of lysozyme complex with maltose. In addition, the content of DMSO also affects the charge states of the lysozyme complexes. Compared with the sample without DMSO, the charge states of the complex initially decrease with the addition of DMSO. Then the charge states of the complex increase with the further increasing content of DMSO and even increase to higher charge states than those without DMSO. Therefore, it is indicated that the addition of DMSO can affect the ESI-MS analysis of the interaction of protein and small ligands, including the apparent binding constants and charge states of protein-ligand complexes. For the labile lysozyme-flavonoid complexes in ESI-MS, DMSO at the optimized content is shown to stabilize these complexes during ESI-MS analysis. It was suggested that the amount of DMSO used in ESI-MS should be carefully controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the secondary metabolites of plants, flavonoids are very important active ingredients in natural medicinal plants and have been proved to possess the extensive biological activities. It has been reported that flavonoids can bind to plasma proteins. Lysozyme is a globular protein and can interact with many small molecules for therapeutic applications. Therefore, the studies of interactions between flavonoids and proteins are not only helpful for understanding of the biological action of small natural organic molecules, but also are beneficial for the development of novel drug candidates. Native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been widely applied in the studies of the interactions of proteins and small molecules. During the electrospray ionization (ESI) analysis, some organic solvents are often used as a cosolvent. However, it is not clear for the effects of addition of some organic solvents on the ESI analysis of protein-ligand complexes. The solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is one of cosolvents. There are few studies on the effect of DMSO on protein-small molecule interactions by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Here, the effects of DMSO on the ESI-MS analysis of four lysozyme-flavonoids of icariin, rutin, naringin and scutellarin complexes were investigated. The stable, labile and non-specific binding protein complexes with small molecule ligands were determined by ESI-MS, respectively. It was found that the content of DMSO affects the apparent binding constants of lysozyme and small molecule ligand complexes. The low amounts of DMSO lead to increase the apparent affinity of the labile lysozyme-flavonoid complexes to some extent. It also can stabilize the lysozyme complex with N,N',N''-triacetylchitotriose even under the high capillary temperature. The addition of DMSO cannot lead to the non-specific binding of lysozyme complex with maltose. In addition, the content of DMSO also affects the charge states of the lysozyme complexes. Compared with the sample without DMSO, the charge states of the complex initially decrease with the addition of DMSO. Then the charge states of the complex increase with the further increasing content of DMSO and even increase to higher charge states than those without DMSO. Therefore, it is indicated that the addition of DMSO can affect the ESI-MS analysis of the interaction of protein and small ligands, including the apparent binding constants and charge states of protein-ligand complexes. For the labile lysozyme-flavonoid complexes in ESI-MS, DMSO at the optimized content is shown to stabilize these complexes during ESI-MS analysis. It was suggested that the amount of DMSO used in ESI-MS should be carefully controlled.

During the key event 1 of skin sensitization defined as covalent binding or haptenization of sensitizer to either thiol or amino group of skin proteins, a sensitizer not only covalently binds with skin proteins but also interacts with nucleophilic small molecules such as glutathione (GSH). Although GSH would not be directly associated with skin sensitization, this interaction may be applied for developing an alternative test method simulating key event 1, haptenization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine whether N-acetyl-L-cysteine methyl ester (NACME), a thiol-containing compound, was selected as an electron donor to determine whether NACME reacted with sensitizers. Following a reaction of NACME with a sensitizer in a 96-well plate, the remaining NACME was measured spectrophotometrically using 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). Following the optimization of test conditions with two different vehicles, such as acetonitrile (ACN) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 64 test chemicals were tested to determine the predictive capacity of current NACME test method. The results obtained showed, the predictive capacity of 94.6% sensitivity, 88.9% specificity, and 92.2% accuracy utilizing DMSO as a vehicle with a cutoff NACME depletion of 5.85%. The three parameters were also over 85% in case of ACN. These values were comparable to or better than other OECD-approved test methods. Data demonstrated that a simple thiol-containing compound NACME might constitute as a reliable candidate for identifying reactive skin sensitizers, and that this method be considered as practical method as a screening tool for assessing a chemical's tendency to initiate skin sensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study and characterization of the biophysical properties of membranes and drug–membrane interactions represent a critical step in drug development, as biological membranes act as a barrier that the drug must overcome to reach its active site. Liposomes are widely used in drug delivery to circumvent the poor aqueous solubility of most drugs, improving systemic bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Further, they can be targeted to deliver to specific disease sites, thus decreasing drug load, and reducing side effects and poor adherence to treatment. To improve drug solubility during liposome preparation, DMSO is the most widely used solvent. This raises concern about the potential effect of DMSO on membranes and leads us to investigate, using DSC and EPR, the influence of DMSO on the behavior of lipid model membranes of DMPC and DPPC. In addition, we tested the influence of DMSO on drug–membrane interaction, using compounds with different hydrophobicity and varying DMSO content, using the same experimental techniques. Overall, it was found that with up to 10% DMSO, changes in the bilayer fluidity or the thermotropic properties of the studied liposomes were not significant, within the experimental uncertainty. For higher concentrations of DMSO, there is a stabilization of both the gel and the rippled gel phases, and increased bilayer fluidity of DMPC and DPPC liposomes leading to an increase in membrane permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This research aims to investigate the protective action of menthol dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on experimental epileptiform activity induced by the intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in male rats. Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly assigned to five equal groups. The control animals received normal saline (200 µL) and the rest four cohorts were considered as treatment. Menthol was dissolved in DMSO and intraperitoneally injected at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg into the first, second, and third groups (M100, M200, and M400 V=200 µL), respectively. The fourth treatment was injected with the solvent (200 µL). The animals were anesthetized, then underwent cranial surgery and a recording electrode was implanted in the stratum radiatum of the hippocampal carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) region (AP=-2.76 mm, ML=-1.4 mm and DV=3 mm). The seizure activity was induced by PTZ (IP) and assessed by counting and measuring amplitudes of the spikes for 10 minutes using the eTrace program. Results: Menthol was observed to significantly reduce the activity level of PTZ-induced epileptiform activity, as well as exert a protective and inhibitory action on proconvulsant effect of DMSO in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Menthol can potentially be used as an adjuvant to prevent seizure activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diverse uses of gold and its crucial role in the global economy are growing, particularly during cycles of economic crises. The broad use of cyanide by conventional gold-mining companies and mercury by artisanal miners poses environmental and health concerns for local communities. This article introduces an innovative gold-leaching process using a non-toxic organic reagent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a water-free lixiviant that extracts gold from ores/concentrates in combination with copper halides. The results of laboratory experiments using dimethyl sulfoxide and a sample of high-grade gold ore from Colombia show that 96.5% of the gold was extracted in 2 h at room temperature. The typical cyanidation process using 5 g/L of CN− at pH 10.5 on the same ore sample obtained 97% gold extraction in 24 h at ambient temperature. The gold extracted using DMSO was precipitated by adding a mild acidic solution, and the reagent can be recycled via distillation and reused in repeating cycles. The results show that DMSO can be used as a promising agent for gold leaching, offering a straightforward, cost-effective, and eco-friendly procedure with minimal chemical waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an amphipathic molecule composed of one highly polar sulfinyl group and two nonpolar methyl groups, is considered an excellent solvent due to its capability to dissolve many polar and nonpolar compounds. Therefore, DMSO is widely used to solubilize drugs for therapeutic applications. DMSO is reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidative capacities, and the anti-inflammatory efficacy of DMSO has been intensively studied in various cell lines and animal models. An in vitro model of mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells has been widely used, among several experimental designs, for evaluation during the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. DMSO, which is used to dissolve samples, is also prone to experimental errors because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, we systematically confirmed the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of DMSO and the related signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. The results show that DMSO at 0.25% to 1.5% did not result in cellular toxicity, with results comparable to the control group where DMSO is absent; at concentrations 2.0%, however, it inhibited the viability of RAW264.7 cells (13.25%). The results demonstrate that pretreatment with DMSO profoundly attenuates the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG)E2, as well as the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Collectively, the DMSO pretreatments appear to notably alleviate LPS-induced damage by reducing phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase proteins (ERKs), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) in addition to NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation. Taken together, the results clearly show that DMSO attenuates the inflammatory response in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by regulating the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. These results contribute to potentially reducing experimental errors or misjudgments when using the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cell model for evaluation during the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.

Current colorimetric methods for quantitative determination of seed viability (SV) with 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) have been plagued by issues of being cumbersome and time-consuming during the experimental process, slow in extraction and staining, and exhibiting inconsistent results. In this work, we introduced a new approach that combines TTC-staining with high-temperature extraction using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The optimization of the germination stage, TTC-staining method, and 1,3,5-triphenylformazan (TTF) extraction method were meticulously carried out as follows: When the majority of wheat seeds had grown the radicle, and the length of radicles was approximately equal to the seed length (24 h-germination), 2 g germinating seeds were placed into a beaker (20 mL) containing 5 mL 10 g·L−1 TTC solution. The seeds were stained with TTC in the dark at 25 °C for 1 h. Following the staining, 1 mL 1 mol·L−1 H2SO4 was added to stop the reaction for 5 min. The H2SO4 solution was then removed, and the seeds were gently rinsed with deionized water. Subsequently, the TTF produced in the seeds was extracted directly with 5 mL DMSO solution at 55 °C for 1 h. The absorbance of the extract was measured at 483 nm, and the index of SV was calculated according to a predetermined TTC calibration curve and expressed by mg TTC·g−1 (seed)·h−1. The new method has been demonstrated to be rapid, stable, and highly sensitive, as evidenced by the accurate measurement of seed viability with different aging degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bile acids are crucial in breaking down and absorbing fats. However, in excessive amounts, they can damage the liver. Our research investigated whether dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) could diminish bile acid production and subsequently protect the liver in mice. Our results showed that DMSO effectively reduced bile acid production in mouse primary hepatocytes and in vivo. Yet, DMSO failed to protect the liver when we evaluated its efficacy in two separate mouse models with liver damage induced or partially induced by excess bile acids. Notably, while DMSO decreases hepatic bile acid levels in healthy mice, the body appears to counterbalance this effect under disease conditions, resulting in persistent liver damage. These outcomes confirm that DMSO is not merely an inert solvent, but a biologically active agent. However, it falls short in treating liver diseases precipitated by elevated bile acid levels. Bile acids serve a vital function in lipid digestion and absorption; however, their accumulation can precipitate liver damage. In our study, we probed the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on bile acid synthesis and the ensuing liver damage in mice induced by bile acids. Our findings indicate that DMSO efficaciously curbs bile acid synthesis by inhibiting key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway, both in cultured primary hepatocytes and in vivo. Contrarily, we observed that DMSO treatment did not confer protection against bile-acid-induced liver damage in two distinct mouse models: one induced by a 0.1% DDC diet, leading to bile duct obstruction, and another induced by a CDA-HFD, resulting in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Histopathological and biochemical analyses unveiled a comparable extent of liver injury and fibrosis levels in DMSO-treated mice, characterized by similar levels of increase in Col1a1 and Acta2 expression and equivalent total liver collagen levels. These results suggest that, while DMSO can promptly inhibit bile acid synthesis in healthy mice, compensatory mechanisms might rapidly override this effect, negating any protective impact against bile-acid-induced liver damage in mice. Through these findings, our study underscores the need to reconsider treating DMSO as a mere inert solvent and prompts further exploration to identify more effective therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of bile-acid-associated liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our laboratory-based study was to investigate the extent of delayed-onset cell death after cryopreservation in endothelial and epithelial cell lines of ovarian origin. We found differences in percentages of vital cells directly after warming and after cultivation for 48 to 72 h. A granulosa cell line of endothelial origin (KGN) and an epithelial cell line (OvCar-3) were used. In both DMSO-containing and DMSO-free protocols, significant differences in vitality rates between the different cell lines when using open and closed vitrification could be shown (DMSO-containing: KGN open vs. OvCar open, p = 0.001; KGN closed vs. OvCar closed, p = 0.001; DMSO-free: KGN open vs. OvCar open, p = 0.001; KGN closed vs. OvCar closed, p = 0.031). Furthermore, there was a marked difference in the percentage of vital cells immediately after warming and after cultivation for 48 to 72 h; whereas the KGN cell line showed a loss of cell viability of 41% using a DMSO-containing protocol, the OvCar-3 cell loss was only 11% after cultivation. Using a DMSO-free protocol, the percentages of late-onset cell death were 77% and 48% for KGN and OvCar-3 cells, respectively. Our data support the hypothesis that cryopreservation-induced damage is cell type and cryoprotective agent dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an amphipathic molecule composed of one highly polar sulfinyl group and two nonpolar methyl groups, is considered an excellent solvent due to its capability to dissolve many polar and nonpolar compounds. Therefore, DMSO is widely used to solubilize drugs for therapeutic applications. DMSO is reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidative capacities, and the anti-inflammatory efficacy of DMSO has been intensively studied in various cell lines and animal models. An in vitro model of mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells has been widely used, among several experimental designs, for evaluation during the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. DMSO, which is used to dissolve samples, is also prone to experimental errors because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, we systematically confirmed the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of DMSO and the related signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. The results show that DMSO at 0.25% to 1.5% did not result in cellular toxicity, with results comparable to the control group where DMSO is absent; at concentrations 2.0%, however, it inhibited the viability of RAW264.7 cells (13.25%). The results demonstrate that pretreatment with DMSO profoundly attenuates the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG)E2, as well as the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Collectively, the DMSO pretreatments appear to notably alleviate LPS-induced damage by reducing phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase proteins (ERKs), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) in addition to NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation. Taken together, the results clearly show that DMSO attenuates the inflammatory response in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by regulating the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. These results contribute to potentially reducing experimental errors or misjudgments when using the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cell model for evaluation during the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are now used instead of conventional antimicrobial substances because they do not induce resistance in microbial cells. The first goal of this study was to investigate how various dissolution solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and autoclaved deionized (DI) water, affect the antimicrobial potency of an AMP (HHC-36) modified with L -propargylglycine (PraAMP) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus sp. The potential application of HHC-36 AMP as a biofouling control agent on water treatment membranes was then investigated using a membrane fouling bacterium as a model. At concentrations greater than 0.5 mg/mL, the AMP demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy against all the bacteria species. However, the initial dissolution of the HHC-36 AMP in DMSO had a significant impact on its antibacterial effects. DMSO alone (= 12.4% vol/vol) exhibited a significant bacterial growth inhibition. This finding is noteworthy because DMSO is commonly used as a solvent for antimicrobial agents that are insoluble in water. Overall, by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, the HHC-36 AMP was able to inactivate bacterial cells on water treatment membrane. This study recapitulates the feasible use of environmentally friendly AMP as antibiofouling agents in water treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study and characterization of the biophysical properties of membranes and drug–membrane interactions represent a critical step in drug development, as biological membranes act as a barrier that the drug must overcome to reach its active site. Liposomes are widely used in drug delivery to circumvent the poor aqueous solubility of most drugs, improving systemic bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Further, they can be targeted to deliver to specific disease sites, thus decreasing drug load, and reducing side effects and poor adherence to treatment. To improve drug solubility during liposome preparation, DMSO is the most widely used solvent. This raises concern about the potential effect of DMSO on membranes and leads us to investigate, using DSC and EPR, the influence of DMSO on the behavior of lipid model membranes of DMPC and DPPC. In addition, we tested the influence of DMSO on drug–membrane interaction, using compounds with different hydrophobicity and varying DMSO content, using the same experimental techniques. Overall, it was found that with up to 10% DMSO, changes in the bilayer fluidity or the thermotropic properties of the studied liposomes were not significant, within the experimental uncertainty. For higher concentrations of DMSO, there is a stabilization of both the gel and the rippled gel phases, and increased bilayer fluidity of DMPC and DPPC liposomes leading to an increase in membrane permeability.

Introduction and Hypothesis: The primary aim of this study was to compare the effect of bladder instillations using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with triamcinolone versus bupivacaine, triamcinolone, and heparin (BTH) in women with newly diagnosed interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. The primary outcome was improvement in symptoms measured using the O'Leary‐Sant Interstitial Cystitis Symptoms Index (ICSI) score. Secondary comparisons included changes in urinary frequency, nocturia, and bladder capacity. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, randomized study. Patients with a recent diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) were randomized 1:1 to treatment with either 6 weekly bladder instillations of DMSO with triamcinolone or BTH. During follow‐up visits, patients completed the ICSI questionnaire, and bladder capacity was determined through the retrograde filling of the bladder. The χ2 test or Student's t test were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 83 patients were randomized, and final analysis included 70 participants who completed the 6 weekly instillations (42 DMSO, 28 BTH). The groups were similar in baseline demographics and clinical characteristics, except for cystometric maximum capacity (DMSO 338.62± 139.44 mL, BTH 447.43 ± 180.38 mL, p = 0.01). In the DMSO group, 63% of patients had a greater than 29.5% reduction in total ICSI score versus 43% in the BTH group (p = 0.15). Nocturia and pain were significantly reduced in the DMSO group. There was a significant increase from baseline in bladder capacity for both groups. Conclusion: In women with newly diagnosed IC/PBS, bladder instillations with DMSO and triamcinolone provide greater improvement in pain and nocturia compared to BTH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of cutaneous applications of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the nociceptive response induced by the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist capsaicin in mice was studied at various concentrations (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100%) and application times (1, 10, 30, and 60 min before injection of the algogen). DMSO applied 1 min before administration of capsaicin solution did not significantly change the pain sensitivity at all studied concentrations. DMSO 10 min after application at concentrations of 50 and 100% significantly increased the response time of mice to an injection of capsaicin solution. Application of DMSO at concentrations from 10 to 100% 30 min before administration of the algogen significantly enhanced the reaction of mice in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of the algogen was significantly enhanced only at 100% DMSO when it was applied 60 min before injection of capsaicin solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a biodegradable, non‐toxic, synthetic solvent swollen polymer. It is soluble in different polar solvents like water (H2O), N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Spectroscopic observations show the coexistence of solvent and polymeric matrix upto high temperature (∼200 °C). The solvents are remained trapped inside the matrix. The XRD study shows a peculiar phase changing phenomenon after 125 °C. A very beautiful fish scale like surface morphology appears in the SEM images of the membrane. The FTIR and Laser Raman spectroscopy support the coexistence of solvent and polymer in the membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diverse uses of gold and its crucial role in the global economy are growing, particularly during cycles of economic crises. The broad use of cyanide by conventional gold-mining companies and mercury by artisanal miners poses environmental and health concerns for local communities. This article introduces an innovative gold-leaching process using a non-toxic organic reagent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a water-free lixiviant that extracts gold from ores/concentrates in combination with copper halides. The results of laboratory experiments using dimethyl sulfoxide and a sample of high-grade gold ore from Colombia show that 96.5% of the gold was extracted in 2 h at room temperature. The typical cyanidation process using 5 g/L of CN− at pH 10.5 on the same ore sample obtained 97% gold extraction in 24 h at ambient temperature. The gold extracted using DMSO was precipitated by adding a mild acidic solution, and the reagent can be recycled via distillation and reused in repeating cycles. The results show that DMSO can be used as a promising agent for gold leaching, offering a straightforward, cost-effective, and eco-friendly procedure with minimal chemical waste.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as extremely important aprotic polar solvent and reaction medium, has attracted widespread attention from chemists in recent years due to its wide range of uses and the multiple functions it displays in various chemical processes. Especially in the past decade, dimethyl sulfoxide has become increasingly favored as a synthon in organic chemistry, resulting in great progress in this research field. In this context, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the literature on the recent progress in organic synthesis using dimethyl sulfoxide as a synthon, covering all the reports from 1 January 2016 to 11 May 2022. This type of reaction is mainly performed by transferring one or more units of dimethyl sulfoxide, such as oxygen (–O–, =O), methyl (–CH3), methylene (–CH2–), methylidene (=CH2), methine (=CH–), donor of formylation (–CHO), sulfur (–S–), methylthio (–SMe), methyl sulfoxide (–SOMe), donor of methyl thiomethylation (–CH2SMe), or donor of methyl sulfoxide methylation (–CH2SOMe), to the target molecules. At the same time, we hope that this review will stimulate future studies and promote developments in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current colorimetric methods for quantitative determination of seed viability (SV) with 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) have been plagued by issues of being cumbersome and time-consuming during the experimental process, slow in extraction and staining, and exhibiting inconsistent results. In this work, we introduced a new approach that combines TTC-staining with high-temperature extraction using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The optimization of the germination stage, TTC-staining method, and 1,3,5-triphenylformazan (TTF) extraction method were meticulously carried out as follows: When the majority of wheat seeds had grown the radicle, and the length of radicles was approximately equal to the seed length (24 h-germination), 2 g germinating seeds were placed into a beaker (20 mL) containing 5 mL 10 g·L−1 TTC solution. The seeds were stained with TTC in the dark at 25 °C for 1 h. Following the staining, 1 mL 1 mol·L−1 H2SO4 was added to stop the reaction for 5 min. The H2SO4 solution was then removed, and the seeds were gently rinsed with deionized water. Subsequently, the TTF produced in the seeds was extracted directly with 5 mL DMSO solution at 55 °C for 1 h. The absorbance of the extract was measured at 483 nm, and the index of SV was calculated according to a predetermined TTC calibration curve and expressed by mg TTC·g−1 (seed)·h−1. The new method has been demonstrated to be rapid, stable, and highly sensitive, as evidenced by the accurate measurement of seed viability with different aging degrees.

Bile acids serve a vital function in lipid digestion and absorption; however, their accumulation can precipitate liver damage. In our study, we probed the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on bile acid synthesis and the ensuing liver damage in mice induced by bile acids. Our findings indicate that DMSO efficaciously curbs bile acid synthesis by inhibiting key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway, both in cultured primary hepatocytes and in vivo. Contrarily, we observed that DMSO treatment did not confer protection against bile-acid-induced liver damage in two distinct mouse models: one induced by a 0.1% DDC diet, leading to bile duct obstruction, and another induced by a CDA-HFD, resulting in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Histopathological and biochemical analyses unveiled a comparable extent of liver injury and fibrosis levels in DMSO-treated mice, characterized by similar levels of increase in Col1a1 and Acta2 expression and equivalent total liver collagen levels. These results suggest that, while DMSO can promptly inhibit bile acid synthesis in healthy mice, compensatory mechanisms might rapidly override this effect, negating any protective impact against bile-acid-induced liver damage in mice. Through these findings, our study underscores the need to reconsider treating DMSO as a mere inert solvent and prompts further exploration to identify more effective therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of bile-acid-associated liver diseases.

Highlight Research • Saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), ∑ ω6 and ∑ ω3 of Moina sp. preserved with 5, 10 and 20% GLY decreased with prolong storage. • FA of Moina sp. preserved with 5, 10 and 20% EG showed a significant reduced only after M3. • Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and PUFA of Moina sp. preserved with 5, 10 and 20% DMSO increased significantly (p

• The study innovatively enhances O 2 reduction efficiency to H 2 O 2 by modifying a hybrid catalyst with cost-effective DMSO. • Carefully fabricated, the hybrid catalyst of carbon black and DMSO demonstrated efficient 850 μM H 2 O 2 generation in 180 mins, showcasing its potential for rapid pollutant degradation. • The 3% DMSO hybrid catalyst showed improved hydrophilicity, vital for sustained electrocatalytic activity, mass transfer, and highlighting its super-hydrophilic nature. • The hybrid catalyst efficiently utilizes oxygen, achieving an impressive 60.49%, contributing to enhanced electrochemical performance. In the face of challenges presented by rapid urbanization and industrialization, the surge in dye wastewater has emerged as a prominent concern. This study introduces a pioneering novel approach aimed at augmenting the electrocatalytic efficiency of O 2 reduction to H 2 O 2 through the modification of a hybrid catalyst with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to construct gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). The hybrid catalyst, consisting of carbon black and DMSO, was meticulously fabricated, and its electrocatalytic activity was thoroughly investigated using various characterization techniques. Within 180 min, the 3 %DM cathode showcased efficient H 2 O 2 generation, reaching 850 μM, and remarkable oxygen utilization, achieving 60.49 %. Intriguingly, the fabricated 3 %DM hybrid catalyst maintained a three-phase interfacial (TPI) due to its super-hydrophilic property. This study elucidates the pivotal role of DMSO in enhancing the performance of hybrid catalysts for O 2 reduction to H 2 O 2. The insights provide valuable perspectives into the development of efficient and resilient electrochemical systems for sustainable energy conversion and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Stable surface layers of water-soluble dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on water. • Poorly soluble multilayer films of DMSO on substrates. • Gibbs layers of DMSO compressed and transferred. • A new robust method and device for forming DMSO spread layers. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is sometimes used as a solvent in the preparation of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. By analogy with standard volatile solvents, it is often assumed that DMSO has no further effect once the solute molecules are distributed over the subphase surface. We hypothesized that this is not always the case and that DMSO may play an important role by remaining on the surface after spreading, contributing to the isotherms, influencing the formation of the LB film, and being incorporated into the resulting film. We studied the spreading of pure DMSO and the properties of Langmuir (spread) and Gibbs (adsorbed) layers of DMSO on water, proposed a robust approach to form the spread layers, and used the LB method to fabricate multilayer films on solid substrates. DMSO, which is completely miscible with water, can itself form a spreading surface layer very similar to the Langmuir layers of insoluble amphiphiles. When transferred repeatedly to a substrate, this layer forms a remarkably stable, poorly soluble multilayer film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) belongs to the group of polymers that are often used for electrospinning, as it can be applied as a pre-cursor for carbon nanofibers and is spinnable from the low-toxic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). While the influence of different spinning parameters on fibre morphology and mass per unit area was investigated in a previous study, here we report on the impact of the spinning solution, using DMSO as a solvent and wire-based (needleless) electrospinning. Our results show that a broad range of solid contents can be applied, providing the opportunity to tailor the fibre diameter distribution or to optimize the areal weight of the nanofibrous mat by changing this parameter, while the chemical composition of the fibres remains identical.

Colorimetric detection by etching based on metal nanoparticles is one of the most commonly portable detection methods, but there are problems such as poor particle controllability and irregular etching. In this paper, a novel Ag lateral coated Au nanobipyramids nanostructure (Au@Ag LCNBPs) for multi-colorimetric detection of Fe3+ is prepared through the mediation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). When DMSO is used to cover the surface of Au nanobipyramids (Au NBPs), it greatly affects the way Ag coated Au NBPs. When the volume ratio of DMSO is 25%, Ag is no longer deposited at the tip, but gradually deposited on the side of the Au NBPs to form the Au@Ag LCNBPs. The long axis cross-section of the Au@Ag LCNBPs takes the shape of a hexagon. As the Ag content increases, the width of the Ag layer gradually increases, the cross-section gradually converts to a positive hexagonal shape, and the aspect ratio of the whole structure decreases, leading to the blueshift of the longitudinal LSPR peak. This mode of deposition is different from the longitudinal deposition reported in the previous literature. A multi-colorimetric detection method for Fe3+ using the etching of the Ag layer by Au@Ag LCNBPs has been developed. This method exhibits a good exponential correlation in the concentration range of 1–210 μM with the detection limit of 200 nM. With the increase of Fe3+, the colloid color shows the change of yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, green and colorless. The etching process can be completed in about 30 s. This nanostructure achieves two etching modes of the Ag layer by Fe3+, uniform etching and concave etching. Moreover, it demonstrates that the enormous potential of Au@Ag LCNBPs in colorimetric etching detection. • The effect of DMSO on Ag laterally coated Au NBPs was discussed. • Fe3+ induced Au@Ag LCNBPs etching has two different patterns. • The detection range is 1 – 210 μM and the detection limit is 200 nM on Fe3+. • During the etching process, there are seven colors in solution. • The detection time is only 30 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C2-formyl indoles are important building blocks for the organic synthesis of alkaloids and small molecules with broad biological activities. Generally, its preparation involves both direct formylation of indoles at the activated C2-position with as unstable carbonyl sources and oxidative cleavage of tedious prepared tetrahydro- β -carbolines (TH β Cs) in the harsh conditions. In continuation of our research on the oxidative functionalization of indoles, in this letter, we report that straightforward effectively oxidation of easily available 2-methylindoles bearing C3-heteroatom functional group proceeds regioselectively C2-formyl indoles in good and excellent yields employing an oxidative combination of NCS/DMSO. This methodology presents a reasonably broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance, thus enabling the preparation of highly versatile building blocks susceptible to further functionalization. An additional feature of this approach includes high efficiency, ease of operation, facile purification, and short reaction time, making it a promising strategy for organic synthesis and drug discovery. To create your abstract, type over the instructions in the template box below.Fonts or abstract dimensions should not be changed or altered. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is subject of constant innovation, as the problems of leakage and drying greatly reduce the long-term stability of a device. One possible way to solve these problems is the use of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) with a gelling structure, which offer different advantages based on the used polymers. Here, potential GPE systems based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent for low-cost, non-toxic and environmentally friendly DSSCs were investigated comparatively. In order to observe a potential improvement in long-term stability, the efficiencies of DSSCs with different GPEs, consisting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and their blends with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), were investigated over a period of 120 days. The results indicate that blending the polymers with PEO achieves better results concerning long-term stability and overall efficiency. Especially the mixtures with PAN and PVDF show only slight signs of deterioration after 120 days of measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote the recovery of cells that undergo intracellular ice formation (IIF), it is imperative that the recrystallization of intracellular ice is minimized. Hepatocytes are more prone to IIF than most mammalian cells, and thus we assessed the ability of novel small molecule carbohydrate-based ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) to permeate and function within hepatocytes. HepG2 monolayers were treated with N-(4-chlorophenyl)- d -gluconamide (IRI 1), N-(2-fluorophenyl)- d -gluconamide (IRI 2), or para-methoxyphenyl-β-D-glycoside (IRI 3) and fluorescent cryomicroscopy was used for real time visualization of intracellular ice recrystallization. Both IRI 2 and IRI 3 reduced rates of intracellular recrystallization, whereas IRI 1 did not. IRI 2 and IRI 3, however, demonstrated a marked reduction in efficiency in the presence of the most frequently used permeating cryoprotectants (CPAs): glycerol, propylene glycol (PG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and ethylene glycol (EG). Nevertheless, IRI 3 reduced rates of intracellular recrystallization relative to CPA-only controls in the presence of glycerol, PG, and DMSO. Interestingly, IRI preparation in trehalose, a commonly used non-permeating CPA, did not impact the activity of IRI 3. However, trehalose did increase the activity of IRI 1 while decreasing that of IRI 2. While this study suggests that each of these compounds could prove relevant in hepatocyte cryopreservation protocols where IIF would be prominent, CPA-mediated modulation of intracellular IRI activity is apparent and warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review and experimental work is presented. In this work, we present data concerning selective permeability of lipid and cell membranes for ions and organic compounds under the action of channel-forming molecules. Polyene antibiotic (PA) levorin А2 with aromatic structure was shown to affect a range of physical-chemical parameters of lipid membranes. It was found that levorin А2 increases the permeability of lipid and cell membranes for monovalent cations as well as monosugar and other neutral molecules. The biological activity of levorin А2 and the rate of delivery of molecules to membranes depend on the surface tension and substrate environment of the membranes. It was showed that the surface tension of aqueous solutions surrounding the membrane reduces by half in the complex with levorin А2, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and citral. Comparative data on the effects of levorin А2 on lipid membranes and on muscle cell membranes are presented. It is supposed that levorin А2, being a channel-forming compound, can induce additional permeability channels in muscle cell membranes and, with intense muscle activity, enhance transport of cations and organic substrates through the membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA), which is an in chemico alternative to the use of animals in testing for skin sensitization potential, offers significant advantages over the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) in that it utilizes nucleophilic reagents that are sensitive enough to be used with test chemical solutions prepared to concentrations of 1 mm, which is one‐hundredth that of DPRA. ADRA testing of hydrophobic or other poorly soluble compounds requires that they be dissolved in a solvent consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetonitrile. DMSO is known to promote dimerization by oxidizing thiols, which then form disulfide bonds. We investigated the extent to which DMSO oxidizes the cysteine‐derived nucleophilic reagents used in both DPRA and ADRA and found that oxidation of both N‐(2‐(1‐naphthyl)acetyl)‐l‐cysteine (NAC) and cysteine peptide increases as the concentration of DMSO increases, thereby lowering the concentration of the nucleophilic reagent. We also found that use of a solvent consisting of 5% DMSO in acetonitrile consistently lowered NAC concentrations by about 0.4 μm relative to the use of solvents containing no DMSO. We also tested nine sensitizers and four nonsensitizers having different sensitization potencies to compare NAC depletion with and without 5% DMSO and found that reactivity was about the same with either solvent. Based on the above, we conclude that the use of a solvent containing 5% DMSO has no effect on the accuracy of ADRA test results. We plan to review and propose revisions to OECD Test Guideline 442C based on the above investigation. The use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in acetonitrile as a solvent for amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA) and direct peptide reactivity assay testing can oxidize thiol groups in cysteine‐derived nucleophilic reagents, with the extent of oxidation dependent on the concentration of DMSO. In ADRA testing, 5% DMSO in acetonitrile lowered concentrations of N‐(2‐(1‐naphthyl)acetyl)‐l‐cysteine (NAC) by about 0.4 μm relative to acetonitrile alone. Nevertheless, this reduction had almost no effect either on the reactivity of NAC with the test chemical or on predictions of sensitization potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used in therapy in animal models and veterinary medicine, due to their capacity of inducing tissue regeneration and immunomodulation. Their clinical application requires a ready off-the-shelf amount of viable therapeutics doses. For this purpose, it is useful to cryopreserve MSCs to gain a ready and controlled source of abundant autologous stem cells. We evaluated the effect of 7 years cryopreservation using 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with different fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentrations (from 10 to 90%) on different passages of MSCs isolated from canine adipose tissue (cAD-MSCs). The study aimed to evaluate the most adequate cell passage and FBS percentage for the long-term cryopreservation of cells by maintaining the stemness features. Phenotype morphology, cell viability, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potentials, proliferative potential and expression of pluripotency markers were analyzed in thawed cells and compared with fresh ones. We demonstrated that cells cryopreserved with at least 80% FBS maintain unaltered the stemness characteristics of the freshly isolated cells. In particular, cells of P0–P1 passages have to be expanded in vitro and subsequently cryopreserved and cells of P2–P4 passages should be considered in the studies on therapeutic application and in vitro study of cAD-MSCs.

The electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is subject of constant innovation, as the problems of leakage and drying greatly reduce the long-term stability of a device. One possible way to solve these problems is the use of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) with a gelling structure, which offer different advantages based on the used polymers. Here, potential GPE systems based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent for low-cost, non-toxic and environmentally friendly DSSCs were investigated comparatively. In order to observe a potential improvement in long-term stability, the efficiencies of DSSCs with different GPEs, consisting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and their blends with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), were investigated over a period of 120 days. The results indicate that blending the polymers with PEO achieves better results concerning long-term stability and overall efficiency. Especially the mixtures with PAN and PVDF show only slight signs of deterioration after 120 days of measurement.

Coleus (Lamiaceae) is a large and widespread genus comprising of species with diverse ethnobotanical uses. In the present study, bacterial endophytes were isolated from Coleus forskohlii and Coleus aromaticus. Endophytes are the microorganisms which reside within the plants without showing any harmful effect on its host. Diverse types of endophytes live symbiotically within almost all plants and in turn help the plant in a number of ways such as imparting resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses, producing compounds involved in attraction of pollinators, inducing the plant defense mechanisms, etc. The bacterial endophytes isolated in this study, were characterized by microscopic examination (using gram staining) and molecularly identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA. Extracts were prepared from endophytic biomass using solvents of different polarities (methanol, ethyl acetate and butanol) and were screened for their bioactive potential (in vitro cytotoxicity anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant activity). Scale-up of endophytes showing promising results is under process, which will help in isolation of pure compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DMSO is a very common solvent for hydrophobic chemicals that may pose a threat to aquatic organisms. Ectoine (ECT) is a protective amino acid produced by various strains of halophilic bacteria with high potential to alleviate detrimental effects induced by environmental stressors. This amino acid is used in many cosmetics and pharmaceuticals may enter aquatic ecosystems interacting with ions and macromolecules. Little is known on the effects of DMSO and its interaction with ECT on behavioral, physiological and biochemical endpoints of aquatic invertebrates. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine protective effects of DMSO alone and in the combination with ECT on hopping frequency, swimming speed, heart rate, thoracic limb activity, catalase activity and NOx level in an animal model, Daphnia magna subjected to 0.1% and 1% DMSO alone and during combinatorial exposure to ECT (0–25 mg/L) and DMSO for 24 h and 48 h. The results showed that swimming speed, heart rate and thoracic limb activity were inhibited by both 0.1% and 1% DMSO alone however alleviating effects were observed in the combination DMSO + ECT. Thoracic limb activity was higher in the animals exposed to both solutions of DMSO alone, however the parameter was more stimulated at DMSO + ECT. The results suggest that DMSO alone may alter Daphnia behavior and physiological parameters, therefore use of the control group of non-treated animals with DMSO alone would be recommended to avoid data misinterpretation. Unlabelled Image • Daphnia behavioral, physiological and biochemical parameters respond to DMSO. • Ectoine modulated Daphnia responses to DMSO. • Use of additional control group is recommended in experiments with DMSO as a solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among various pore formers, Pluronic F127 (F127), an amphiphilic nonionic surfactant, is an attractive additive which has often been used to create surface pores on hollow fibers and improve the permeate flux. Even though F127 has been employed in polymer dopes for membrane fabrication in various applications, most studies mainly focused on the enhancements of membrane properties instead of its influences on the phase inversion process and membrane formation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate its effects on the phase inversion process of a polyacrylonitrile/dimethyl sulfoxide/H 2 O (PAN/DMSO/H 2 O) system and the formation of PAN hollow fiber membranes. It was found that the addition of F127 reduced the dope stability and facilitated the solvent-nonsolvent demixing, resulting in a faster phase inversion process. In addition, F127 formed micelles in polymer dopes and induced large pores at membrane surface. Moreover, F127 enhanced the N 2 permeance and mechanical properties of the resultant hollow fibers. Finally, the PAN/F127 hollow fibers were tested for air filtration and showed excellent filtration performance of >99.999% against NaCl aerosols with a geometric mean size of 43 nm. The hollow fiber spun from the PAN/DMSO dope containing 3 wt% F127 possesses the most balanced filtration performance in terms of filtration efficiency, mechanical properties, and gas permeance. Its filtration performance is also superior to most hollow-fiber air filters in the literature. This study may provide useful insights of using F127 for membrane fabrication for various applications. • The addition of F127 reduces dope stability and causes a faster phase inversion. • Hollow fibers spun from a more concentrated F127 dope show a higher N 2 permeance. • The addition of F127 improves mechanical properties of all hollow fibers. • The PAN/F127-3 hollow fiber has an excellent filtration efficiency of 99.999%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) purification by distillation is difficult due to the existence of its homogeneous, minimum boiling azeotrope with water. Previously conducted extractive distillation runs were used in this work to validate a rigorous model. The validated model was then used to arrive at a feasible range of operating parameters by performing sensitivity analysis. It is shown through simulations that with the correct operating parameters, use of dimethyl sulfoxide can help obtain almost pure THF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigated the impact of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment in the isolation of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) from corn husk by the 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpilperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation method. NFC-A and NFC-B were prepared without and with DMSO treatment before TEMPO oxidation. The extracted NFC were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the dimension of both NFC-A and NFC-B were in nanoscale. The crystalline type of NFC was cellulose I, and the crystallinity of NFC was obviously increased. The thermal stability of NFC was reduced slightly. Compared with NFC-A, NFC-B had a narrower distribution range, higher crystallinity, and better thermal stability. This result demonstrated that DMSO treatment did not change the chemical structure of NFC, but it affected their dimension and distribution and improved their dispersion stability, crystallinity, and thermal stability.

An estimated two billion people worldwide have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite the high infectivity of HBV in vivo, a lack of easily infectable in vitro culture systems hinders studies of HBV. Overexpression of the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) bile acid transporter in hepatoma cells improved infection efficiency. We report here a hepatoma cell culture system that does not require dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for HBV infection. We overexpressed NTCP in Huh7.5 cells and allowed these cells to differentiate in a medium supplemented with human serum (HS) instead of fetal bovine serum (FBS). We show that human serum culture enhanced HBV infection in Huh7.5-NTCP cells, e.g., in HS cultures, HBV pgRNA levels were increased by as much as 200-fold in comparison with FBS cultures and 19-fold in comparison with FBS+DMSO cultures. Human serum culture increased levels of hepatocyte differentiation markers, such as albumin secretion, in Huh7.5-NTCP cells to similar levels found in primary human hepatocytes. N-glycosylation of NTCP induced by culture in human serum may contribute to viral entry. Our study demonstrates an in vitro HBV infection of Huh7.5-NTCP cells without the use of potentially toxic DMSO.

Cnidarian primary cell cultures have a strong potential to become a universal tool to assess stress-response mechanisms at the cellular level. However, primary cell cultures are time-consuming regarding their establishment and maintenance. Cryopreservation is a commonly used approach to provide stable cell stocks for experiments, but it is yet to be established for Cnidarian cell cultures. The aim of this study was therefore to design a cryopreservation protocol for primary cell cultures of the Cnidarian Anemonia viridis, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant, enriched or not with fetal bovine serum (FBS). We determined that DMSO 5% with 25% FBS was an efficient cryosolution, resulting in 70% of post-thaw cell survival. The success of this protocol was first confirmed by a constant post-thaw survival independently of the cell culture age (up to 45 days old) and the storage period (up to 87 days). Finally, cryopreserved cells displayed a long-term recovery with a maintenance of the primary cell culture parameters and cellular functions: formation of cell aggregates, high viability and constant cell growth, and unchanged intrinsic resistance to hyperthermal stress. These results will further bring new opportunities for the scientific community interested in molecular, cellular, and biochemical aspects of cnidarian biology.