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OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by obesity and insulin resistance (IR), which result in elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels. We aimed to assess the changes in PAI-1 levels in PCOS during treatment with metformin and during weight loss. DESIGN: Twenty-three normal weight women with PCOS were given metformin 850 mg bid for 6 months. Fifty overweight/obese women with PCOS were prescribed an energy-restricted diet, were instructed to exercise and were randomized to orlistat 120 mg tid or sibutramine 10 mg qd for 6 months. RESULTS: In normal weight women, treatment with metformin reduced the body mass index (BMI) and circulating androgens, improved markers of IR and lowered PAI-1 levels. In overweight/obese women, sibutramine and orlistat yielded comparable reductions in BMI and markers of IR. In contrast, the effects on the free androgen index (FAI) differed (p=0.027): sibutramine reduced the FAI (p=0.005), whereas orlistat had no effect. The effects of sibutramine and orlistat on PAI-1 levels also differed (p=0.042): sibutramine reduced PAI-1 levels (p

ObjectiveWomen with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) appear to have higher cardiovascular risk than healthy population. Patients diagnosed with PCOS according to the 1990 criteria have a more adverse metabolic profile than those diagnosed with the 2003 criteria. Platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) appear to contribute to atherosclerosis but have not been assessed in PCOS. The aim of this study was to determine plasma PMPs in PCOS patients.DesignA cross-sectional study.MethodsWe assessed plasma PMPs in 76 normal weight women with PCOS (39 belonging to the phenotypes 1 and 2 (group I) and 37 belonging to the phenotypes 3 and 4 (group II)) and 21 healthy normal weight women.ResultsMarkers of obesity and insulin resistance did not differ between women with PCOS and controls. Serum testosterone levels and the free androgen index (FAI) were higher in group I than in group II and controls (PP=0.018) but did not differ between group II and controls or between groups I and II. In the total study population (n=97), plasma PMPs correlated with serum testosterone levels (r=0.207, P=0.042) and the FAI (r=0.207, P=0.042).ConclusionsPlasma PMPs are elevated in women with phenotypes 1 and 2 of PCOS compared with healthy controls, but not in women with phenotypes 3 and 4. Hyperandrogenemia, which is more pronounced in phenotypes 1 and 2, appears to be implicated in the increase in plasma PMPs.

Objective To evaluate LH levels in women with the classic (1990 criteria) and the newer (2003 criteria) PCOS phenotypes, and to examine the impact of BMI and insulin resistance indices on hormone levels. Study design In this controlled clinical study 936 women with PCOS, classified as classic ( n = 729) and newer ( n = 207), and 204 controls were included. All women were divided into normal-weight (BMI 2 ) and overweight plus obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ). Serum LH, FSH, anthropometrics, androgens, fasting insulin and glucose, HoMA-IR, number of follicles, and ovarian volume were assessed. Results Women with classic PCOS presented significantly higher LH and LH/FSH ratios, and lower glucose/insulin levels than those with the newer phenotype and controls. Overweight plus obese women of all groups had lower LH levels than normal-weight women. Independent positive correlations between LH and androgens and negative correlation between LH and BMI were found. Conclusions The higher LH concentrations of the classic phenotypes of PCOS could be attributed to the higher androgen levels, which desensitize the hypothalamus to the negative feedback regulation by progesterone. Moreover, the lower LH levels of overweight plus obese women of all groups could be attributed to the increased peripheral aromatization of androgens to estrogens in adipose tissue leading to suppression of LH secretion. Condensation Both normal-weight and overweight women with classic PCOS phenotypes present higher LH levels and LH-to-FSH ratios than women with similar BMI but the newer phenotypes.

Many patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have insulin resistance, obesity (mostly visceral) and glucose intolerance, conditions associated with abnormalities in the production of vaspin, a novel adipokine that appears to preserve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. The aim of the study was to assess serum vaspin levels in PCOS and the effects on vaspin levels of metformin or of weight loss. We studied 79 patients with PCOS and 50 healthy female volunteers. Normal weight patients with PCOS (n=25) were treated with metformin 850 mg bid for 6 months. Overweight/obese patients with PCOS (n=54) were prescribed a normal-protein, energy-restricted diet for 6 months; half of them were also given orlistat 120 mg tid and the rest were given sibutramine 10 mg qd. At baseline and after 6 months, serum vaspin levels and anthropometric, metabolic and hormonal features of PCOS were determined. Overall, patients with PCOS had higher vaspin levels than controls (p=0.021). Normal weight patients with PCOS had higher vaspin levels than normal weight controls (p=0.043). Vaspin levels were non-significantly higher in overweight/obese patients with PCOS than in overweight/obese controls. In normal weight patients with PCOS, metformin reduced vaspin levels non-significantly. In overweight/obese patients with PCOS, diet plus orlistat or sibutramine did not affect vaspin levels. Vaspin levels were independently correlated with body mass index in women with PCOS (p=0.001) and with waist circumference in controls (p=0.015). In conclusion, serum vaspin levels are elevated in PCOS but neither a small weight loss nor metformin affect vaspin levels significantly.

We conducted a pilot study in female dental school students in Northern Greece in order to assess their awareness and practice of contraception.The study population consisted of 88 female graduating students of the dental school. A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was designed to explore students' awareness and use of contraceptive methods.Condoms were the most widely used contraceptive method (they were used by 52.3% of the students); 20.5% of the students were using condoms in alternation or together with coitus interruptus, and 6.8% were using only coitus interruptus. The oral contraceptive pill (OC) was used as the only contraceptive method by 4.5% of the students and in combination with condoms by 9.1% of them. The majority (53.4%) considered condoms as the most effective contraceptive method; 9.1% of the students answered "sterilization" and the same percentage stated "intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)." Overall, 20.5% of the students believed that the OC increases the risk of cancer, and 36.4% did not know if there is an association between OC use and risk of cancer. Among students not using OC, the respective percentages were 23.7% and 42.1%. among the students, 59.1% had asked their gynecologist about contraception. The contraceptive method used and the perception regarding the most effective contraceptive method did not differ significantly between those who had consulted their gynecologist and those who had not.Dental school students in Greece appear to have inaccurate knowledge on important contraceptive issues, and this is reflected in their contraceptive practices. There is a pressing need to provide scientifically based sexual education if we are to avoid unwanted pregnancies.

Background The present study was designed to measure plasma visfatin levels in normal weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to assess possible correlations between visfatin and the hormonal or metabolic parameters of the syndrome. Methods Twenty-five normal weight [body mass index (BMI) 2 ] women with PCOS, 24 obese and overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m 2 ) controls (ovulating women without clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism), and 24 normal weight controls were studied. Blood samples were collected between the 3rd and the 7th days of a menstrual cycle in the control groups and during a spontaneous bleeding episode in the PCOS groups at 9:00 A.M., after an overnight fast. Circulating levels of LH, FSH, prolactin (PRL), testosterone (T), Δ 4 -androstenedione (Δ 4 -Α), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), 17α-OH-progesterone (17OH-P), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), insulin, glucose, and visfatin were measured. Results Plasma visfatin levels and the visfatin-to-insulin ratio were significantly lower in normal weight controls than in both normal weight women with PCOS and overweight or obese controls. The visfatin-to-insulin ratio was significantly higher in normal weight women with PCOS than in overweight or obese controls. Plasma visfatin levels were found to be positively correlated with LH and Δ 4 A levels, as well as with free androgen index (FAI) values, and negatively correlated with SHBG. LH and SHBG levels were found to be the only independent significant determinants of circulating visfatin. In the control groups, plasma visfatin levels were significantly correlated with BMI, waist (W) measurement, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Conclusions Visfatin levels are positively associated with obesity in healthy women of reproductive age. Moreover, the present study indicates, for the first time, a possible involvement of increased visfatin levels in PCOS-associated metabolic and hormonal disturbances.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of early thromboprophylaxis throughout pregnancy in women with previous history of first trimester recurrent miscarriages of unknown aetiology. Methods: Low dose aspirin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) were administered from the day of detection of the fetal heart up to the 37th week, in two groups of patients of known (Group A, n = 24) and unknown aetiology recurrent miscarriages (Group B, n = 27). Results: The success rate (viable pregnancy >24 weeks) was high and equally effective in both Groups A and B (83.3% and 85.1%, respectively). The complications recorded (pre-eclampsia, IUGR, placenta abruptio, injection site heamatomas and skin reactions) were more prevalent in Group A but of no significant difference. No abnormal bleeding was observed during vaginal delivery or caesarean section. Conclusions: Our results reaffirm previous reports that the use of LMWH in combination with low dose aspirin throughout pregnancy is safe and effective. It was also shown that the treatment is equally effective against recurrent miscarriages in both groups of patients, of known and unknown aetiology.

Non-mosaic trisomy 20 is a rare trisomy and almost all affected fetuses do not survive past the first trimester of the pregnancy. Severe abnormalities are frequently present in these embryos. We report the case of prenatally diagnosed non-mosaic trisomy 20 with only minor anomalies in the fetus. At external examination of the fetus we detected only low-set ears and no other abnormalities. Internally, all organs appeared normal macroscopically.

Although male subfertility has been reported in a variety of malignancies, most notably testicular carcinoma, the literature that refers to semen quality in males with testicular seminoma is very limited. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of testicular seminoma in semen quality and especially in its three main parameters. Semen specimens from 12 men, aged 24-38 years, with testicular seminoma before they underwent orchidectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy to the ipsilateral para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes, and from 60 fertile men, aged 24-44 years, were studied. The results support the view that testicular seminoma exerts a deleterious effect on spermatogenesis and consequently to the three main parameters of the semen. The mechanism though of the deleterious effect of seminoma on spermatogenesis remains unclear.

ObjectiveInsulin resistance (IR) is frequent in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and contributes to the increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease of this population. Several markers of IR are used but most are expensive or have limited sensitivity and specificity. Preliminary data suggest that the menstrual cycle pattern correlates with IR in PCOS but existing studies are small. We aimed to assess the relationship between the type of menstrual cycle irregularities and IR in PCOS.DesignProspective study.MethodsWe studied 1285 women with PCOS, divided according to the menstrual cycle pattern.ResultsPatients with isolated secondary amenorrhea and those with secondary amenorrhea alternating with regular menstrual cycles were more insulin resistant than patients with regular cycles (Group D). Patients with isolated oligomenorrhea were also more insulin resistant than Group D. However, patients with oligomenorrhea alternating with regular cycles, secondary amenorrhea, or polymenorrhea had comparable levels of markers of IR with Group D. Moreover, patients with oligomenorrhea alternating with regular cycles were less insulin resistant than patients with secondary amenorrhea alternating with regular cycles. Finally, patients with isolated polymenorrhea and those with polymenorrhea alternating with regular cycles had comparable levels of markers of IR with Group D.ConclusionsAmenorrhea is associated with more pronounced IR in PCOS, and oligomenorrhea portends a less excessive risk for IR than amenorrhea whereas polymenorrhea appears to be even more benign metabolically. Therefore, the type of menstrual cycle abnormality appears to represent a useful tool for identifying a more adverse metabolic profile in PCOS.

ObjEctIVE: We aimed to assess plasma Von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PcOs) and to compare these levels among the different PcOs phenotypes. DEsIGN: We studied 140 women with PcOs and 40 age and body mass index (bMI)matched healthy women (control group). rEsuLts: Plasma vWF antigen levels were higher in women with PcOs than in controls (p=0.017). Plasma vWF antigen levels were also higher in patients with phenotypes 1 [i.e. with anovulation (ANOV), biochemical hyperandrogenemia or clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenemia (HA) and polycystic ovaries (PcO)] and 2 (i.e. with ANOV and HA but without PcO) than in controls (p=0.017). In contrast, plasma vWF antigen levels did not differ between controls and patients with phenotypes 3 (i.e. with HA and PcO but without ANOV) and 4 (i.e. with ANOV and PcO but without HA) or between patients with phenotypes 1 and 2 and patients with phenotypes 3 and 4. When overweight/obese and normal weight subjects were analyzed separately, plasma vWF antigen levels did not differ between patients with PcOs (regardless of phenotype) and controls. cONcLusIONs: Plasma vWF levels are elevated in women with PcOs. this increase appears to be more pronounced in women with phenotypes 1 and 2 of PcOs. Given the association between vWF levels and increased incidence of cardiovascular events, the evaluation of vWF levels in women with PcOs might be helpful for cardiovascular risk stratification, but prospective studies are needed to support this hypothesis.

Objective To assess the effects of age on the hormonal, metabolic, and ultrasonographic features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design Observational study. Setting University department of obstetrics and gynecology. Patient(s) Patients with PCOS (n = 1,212) and healthy women (n = 254). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Differences in the hormonal, metabolic, and ultrasonographic features of PCOS between age groups. Result(s) A progressive decline in circulating androgens was observed with advancing age. Patients 21–30 years old had lower plasma glucose and insulin levels, lower area under the oral glucose tolerance test curve and lower homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, and higher glucose/insulin and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index than patients 31–39 years old. The prevalence of PCOS phenotypes changed with age. More specifically, the distribution of the phenotypes did not differ substantially between patients ≤20 years old and patients 21–30 years old. However, a decline in the prevalence of phenotype 1 (characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenemia, and polycystic ovaries) and an increase in the prevalence of phenotype 4 (characterized by anovulation and polycystic ovaries without hyperandrogenemia) were observed in patients 31–39 years old. Conclusion(s) In women with PCOS, hyperandrogenemia appears to diminish during reproductive life whereas insulin resistance worsens.

Serum lipocalin-2 levels are elevated in obese patients. We assessed serum lipocalin-2 levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the effects of weight loss or metformin on these levels. Forty-seven overweight/obese patients with PCOS [body mass index (BMI) >27 kg/m 2 ] were instructed to follow a low-calorie diet, to exercise and were given orlistat or sibutramine for 6 months. Twenty-five normal weight patients with PCOS (BMI

Objective: To assess the effects of weight loss on serum adipokine levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: We determined serum leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin levels in 60 overweight/obese women with PCOS and 48 BMI-matched female volunteers. Measurements were repeated after 24 weeks of treatment with orlistat 120 mg 3 times per day along with an energy-restricted diet. Results: At baseline, serum visfatin concentration was higher in patients with PCOS than in controls (p = 0.036); serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin did not differ between the two groups. After 24 weeks, a significant reduction in BMI and waist circumference was observed in both patients with PCOS and controls (p < 0.001 vs. baseline in both groups). Also serum leptin levels decreased in both patients with PCOS and controls (p < 0.001 vs. baseline in both groups). The reduction in serum leptin levels did not differ between groups. Serum adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin levels did not change in either group. Conclusions: Leptin, adiponectin, and resistin do not appear to play major pathogenetic roles in overweight/obese patients with PCOS. In contrast, visfatin emerges as a potentially important mediator of the endocrine abnormalities of these patients. However, serum visfatin levels are not substantially affected by weight loss.

Background Lipocalin-2 is a novel adipokine that appears to play a role in the development of insulin resistance. Serum lipocalin-2 levels are elevated in obese patients. Obesity and insulin resistance are cardinal characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, there are limited data on serum lipocalin-2 levels in patients with PCOS. The aim of the present study was to assess serum lipocalin-2 levels in PCOS. Methods We studied 200 patients with PCOS and 50 healthy female volunteers. Results Serum lipocalin-2 levels were slightly higher in women with PCOS compared with controls (65.4 +/- 34.3 vs. 60.3 +/- 26.0 ng/ml, respectively) but this difference did not reach statistical significance. In contrast, lipocalin-2 levels were higher in overweight/obese women with PCOS than in normal weight women with the syndrome (76.2 +/- 37.3 vs. 54.5 +/- 27.2 ng/ml, respectively; p < 0.001). Serum lipocalin-2 levels were also higher in overweight/obese controls compared with normal weight controls (70.1 +/- 24.9 vs. 50.5 +/- 23.7 ng/ml, respectively; p = 0.004). In the total study population (patients with PCOS and controls), lipocalin-2 levels were independently correlated with the body mass index (p < 0.001). In women with PCOS, lipocalin-2 levels were independently correlated with the waist (p < 0.001). Conclusions Obesity is associated with elevated serum lipocalin-2 levels. In contrast, PCOS does not appear to affect lipocalin-2 levels.

Non-mosaic trisomy 20 is a rare trisomy and almost all affected fetuses do not survive past the first trimester of the pregnancy. Severe abnormalities are frequently present in these embryos. We report the case of prenatally diagnosed non-mosaic trisomy 20 with only minor anomalies in the fetus. At external examination of the fetus we detected only low-set ears and no other abnormalities. Internally, all organs appeared normal macroscopically.

Factor XI (FXI) is a procoagulant factor and antifibrinolytic agent, and its absence causes a bleeding tendency. FXI deficiency is autosomal in inheritance, with severe FXI deficiency in homozygotes and partial deficiency in heterozygotes. A 24-year-old primigravida with an uneventful pregnancy and no history of bleeding manifestations was admitted to our department at 38 weeks of gestation. Her blood count and serum biochemistry findings were normal except for a coagulation screen, which revealed a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of 63 seconds (normal range, 24-35 seconds). The measured FXI coagulant activity of 8 IU/dL (reference range, 70-150 IU/dL) established a diagnosis of severe FXI deficiency. The breech presentation of the fetus prompted the decision for cesarean delivery under general anesthesia. We administered a single dose of FXI concentrate (15 IU/kg), which corrected the APTT to 34 seconds. The cesarean delivery was uncomplicated, and postpartum recovery of the mother and her baby was uneventful with no bleeding complications. The finding of an isolated prolonged APTT should prompt obstetricians to consider FXI deficiency. The appropriate use of factor FXI concentrate in managing obstetric patients with FXI deficiency can minimize potential bleeding complications and ensure an optimal outcome for both mother and neonate.