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China implemented the stringent and controversial zero-COVID policies nationally for almost three years during the pandemic, yet little is known why Chinese citizens tolerated and supported the policies. Adopting the explanatory frameworks of direct experience and political socialization, we explored, with data from a representative survey in a coastal area in China, how adolescents in the area formulated their behavioural compliance with and attitudinal trust in the policies. We found that after socio-demographic differences were controlled, negative direct experiences during the pandemic were associated with deviation and distrust while positive direct experiences correlated with compliance and trust. In addition, parental socialization at home and school socialization also affected adolescents in their policy support. Those who enjoyed good communications with parents tended to develop both behavioural compliance and attitudinal trust. Adolescents with college-educated parents were more likely to show trust in the zero-COVID policies, and those who attended elite schools were more likely to comply with them. Attention needs to be paid to the agencies of adolescents embedded in their life environment in developing attitudinal and behavioural policy support, as well as the increasing inequality in China during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When students are left to choose their own approaches to studying, they frequently engage in ineffective learning strategies, such as rereading textbooks or cramming. Given this natural tendency amongst students, there has been significant interest in how to increase the use of more effective methods of studying. Efforts to-date have typically entailed either explicit instruction (e.g., teaching students which study habits are more/less effective) or direct experience (e.g., having students attempt to utilize an effective technique), yielding somewhat mixed results. The aim of the present study was to examine whether a combination of explicit instruction and direct experience with effective learning strategies positively impacts how students study. After an in-classroom intervention, 316 participants (177 women, M age = 19.03) were asked to indicate how frequently they used various studying strategies and how effective they perceived them to be. Participants demonstrated both a change in knowledge regarding the (low) utility of more ineffective strategies and indicated that they were using those strategies less frequently. However, there was not a global change in their perceptions/use of more effective strategies. Instead, there were increases only for a subset of the more effective strategies. These results support metacognitive theories of desirable difficulties, wherein individuals prefer less effortful strategies and less effortful shifts in behavior, as well as suggest possible directions for furthering effective learning practices amongst students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the researchers' use of fieldwork as a direct experience learning tool in an integrated geography course as a precursor of spatial courses offered in the upcoming semester. The researchers analysed the students' direct experience learning process in the field, guided by the research questions (a) what are the supporting aspects of the fieldwork course during the integrated geography course, and (b) what are the constraining aspects of the fieldwork course in relation to the achievement of course learning by students in their second year. The findings indicate that students found the fieldwork to be worthwhile but had concerns about the time spent on preparation and the study workload. The students were able to make important connections to the course content. Nevertheless, the students are also considerate of the insufficient lecturer's guidance, nature attraction, peer disturbance, and assignment workloads as the constraining elements in their learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Academic research has supported the belief that consumers undertip minority race service workers due to implicit racial biases. However, there has been less focus in examining possible moderating factors. This paper aims to fill this gap by analyzing the role of direct and indirect experience in tipping frontline service workers from a minority background. Given the prominence of customer ratings on digital service platforms and the perception that African Americans are discriminated against, the authors look at the interplay of interaction length (direct experience) and customer ratings (indirect experience) on the relationship between race and tipping. Design/methodology/approach: An expectancy disconfirmation framework was developed and tested with a sample of 360 US participants in an online experiment. The experiment followed a 2 × (race: African-American versus Caucasian) × 2 (direct experience: limited versus extensive) × 3 (indirect experience: absent versus positive versus negative customer rating) design. Findings: The authors found consumers who have extended direct experience (longer service interaction) and no indirect experience (absent customer ratings) tipped African Americans more than Caucasians. Interestingly, this effect is reduced in the presence of indirect experience (customer ratings). Finally, where the consumer lacks direct experience (shorter service interaction) but is exposed to positive indirect experience (positive customer ratings), consumers tip African Americans more. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper that examines the role of direct and indirect experience in the relationship between race and tipping. Based on the authors' findings, the authors provide several contributions, including recommendations to reduce inequalities arising from implicit racial bias on digital service platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically investigates the major factors that determine customer satisfaction in local government offices in Japan by using three categories of questions. They referred to customer satisfaction studies worldwide, especially to the expectancy disconfirmation model, the SERVQUAL model, and subsequent methods that emphasize customer's direct experience. The on-site surveys were conducted at the Kurose branch office in Higashihiroshima City. A total of 240 responses were obtained over six weekdays. The regression analysis showed that staff responses and explanations were the most influential, followed by aspects related to the physical office and service delivery quality (adjusted R2 value of.51). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sentence like María está muy guapa ('María looks very pretty') attributes the property of being pretty to María but also conveys the assumption that the state-of-affairs described is based on direct experience. Several explanatory hypotheses are found in the literature to account for this fact: (i) experientiality is a property of the copula estar; (ii) experientiality is an effect of contextual factors; and (iii) experientiality is the result of resolving the aspectual mismatch produced by combining estar with an Individual-Level Predicate (ILP). To test the predictions of these hypotheses, a comprehension-based survey was carried out. Participants were given isolated copular sentences with estar followed by either an ILP or an SLP (Stage-Level Predicate). Using a 5-point Likert scale, they had to rate how likely it was that the utterer had direct experience about the quality s/he was asserting. The results show a significant preference for the experiential interpretation in estar+ILP, an outcome that is consistent only with the hypothesis that the linguistic mismatch found in estar+ILP is enough to induce the accommodation of a direct experience presupposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study clarifies the main factors affecting user satisfaction in public facilities using a two-part questionnaire, specifically, the determinants of service satisfaction among users of a ward office in Tokyo. The questionnaire comprised three main categories of multiple-choice questions: A) facility equipment (physical elements in the government office), B) staff responses, and C) service delivery (e.g., promptness of services, whether visitors completed their scheduled errands). In addition, the questionnaire investigated the users’ personalities of each facility. During a 1-day survey, responses were collected from 400 women aged 30–59 years who had visited a ward office in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area within the previous month. This age segment was studied because it is the major segment of the panel of the internet research firm used. First, a factor analysis was used to check if the question groupings were appropriate based on eigenvalues and scree plots, and it was confirmed. Next, principal component and multiple regression analyses were conducted for each question category to examine the determinants of counter-service user satisfaction. The regression analysis, using the three main question categories and three other respondents’ personality-related question categories, shows that category C (service delivery quality) strongly influenced the dependent variable, followed by categories B and A. The adjusted R2 value was .70. This is consistent with the author’s surveys of government offices in urban areas conducted for Higashihiroshima City Hall and Osaka ward offices. Concerning the hardware aspect, the principal component loadings, the analysis results show that 1) indoor atmosphere, 2) ease of following the layout of the floors and offices inside the building, and 3) ease of understanding the building’s locations and entrances at the site of the ward office, are important factors for overall satisfaction at the ward office.

Acquiring observational competences is an important task in early science education. It helps children to make a transition from seeing to observing and developing scientific process skills and science concepts. Outdoor education is seen by many researchers as optimal way for learning about life sciences, therefore ongoing loss of human interactions with nature is viewed as one of the most fundamental challenges. Using quasi-experimental design, we evaluated the effectiveness of one educational program where participating preschool children learned about forest organisms through direct experiences in the forest (direct experiences) and the other program where children learned only in the classroom watching videos, books, played various table games, etc. (vicarious experiences). A total of 129 Slovene children aged 3-6 years were interviewed a week before, immediately after and six weeks after the end of the programs. Four tasks measuring their skills of observation were used in the interviews. The results indicate that both educational programs improved their scientific skills. Direct experiences lead to higher increase and persistence of acquired skills. Direct experiences are seen as crucial for development of specific scientific skills of observing and classifying forest organisms, but to certain extent some skills can be alternatively acquired through vicarious experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alexander von Humboldt provides a point of reference for questions that arise when reflecting on the papers in this special issue on "Experiencing the Global Environment," for he aimed to integrate local and global experience and qualitative and quantitative observation in his conceptions of physiognomy and of instruments. What are we to understand by direct experience? How do we draw the limits of our senses, whether in the larger world or internally? Does recent scholarly interest in distributed cognition illuminate the distributed experience of global phenomena obtained through mapping? How do our concepts shape our experience, whether local or global? Finally, do recent trends in the sciences, emphasizing complexity and contingency, tend to make traditional tensions between local and global priorities and between qualitative and quantitative description less relevant? Humboldt would have thought so.

Across diverse cultural contexts, children and adults believe in the existence of religious and supernatural unobservables (e.g., gods, angels) as well as scientific and natural unobservables (e.g., germs, oxygen). In this article, we explore the role of cultural input and testimony in children's developing beliefs in supernatural and natural unobservables as real. We review cross‐cultural research with children and adults on their beliefs about the ontological status of religious and scientific unobservables and the epistemic patterns associated with these beliefs. Based on this evidence, we argue that cultural input plays a central role in the development of belief about supernatural unobservables as real, whereas it plays a less critical role in the development of belief about natural unobservables as real. In the latter case, we argue that direct experiences with the natural world combine with children's naive theories to generate beliefs about natural unobservable entities and processes as real. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced a significant shift in the Japanese educational setting. This study aims to explore the characteristics of ICT use in social studies lessons during the pandemic with a Japanese case study. Comparing classes held before and classes during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a distinct trend visible. In lessons prior to the pandemic, the primary usage for ICT was to record lessons and search online. However, during the pandemic, lessons were remotely conducted using a web conferencing system and students used an online application for a simulated experience. This suggests that ICT may be positioned at the center of practice when considering lessons after the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies about attitude formation have pointed out the importance of sampling behavior. When thinking about actual social interaction scenes, it may be better to consider them as attitude‐updating processes between those who have already formed attitudes based on some experience. Sixty‐five participants took part in the experiment, in which the other's positive attitude and the participant's own prior experience were manipulated. After participants had been presented five types of puzzles (experience: direct vs. indirect), which had been made to improve analytic ability, their attitudes towards the puzzles were measured ("pre attitude"). They were shown the other's positive attitude (inconsistent vs. consistent), and they were given 10 min of free time before "testing on their analytic ability." The amount of time spent on each puzzle was recorded to index sampling behavior and the attitudes towards the puzzles were measured after the free time ("post attitude"). The results of analyses showed that the other's positive attitude increased sampling behavior when the participant's attitude was positive (first‐ranked) and negative (fifth‐ranked), and that prior experience and sampling contributed to attitude change for the first‐ranked puzzle. Those who had had direct experience and those who had spent more time sampling this puzzle tended to maintain their previous positive attitude. The potential boundary conditions of social influence on sampling behavior are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the methodology of science, intersubjectivity is usually associated with replicability of experimental results. A related, judicial conception of objectivity as impartiality has it that a theory or judgment is objective if it covers all the relevant angles of the object or phenomenon in question, ensuring that the latter is not ephemeral and the concepts referring to them are valid. Based on the assumption that in the social sciences, the researcher is also a participant, an alternative view was conceived, according to the notion that intersubjectivity rests on either sharing of a lifeworld and its associated practices or on empathy, or on some form of direct social cognition.

The study revolves around online health related information seeking. Hypothetically, the use of social media and other internet-based platforms is becoming common. This information seeking behavior further leads to self-medication which can be dangerous, so it requires theoretical attention. While many studies have been conducted to cover this behavior, there was a need to explore this area in the context of Pakistan. Internet is the focus of this study which is further subcategorized into other media forms like Social Media, Google Search, Online Web T.V./Radio and E-Magazines/Papers. Data was gathered using purposive sampling technique from the intended population (N = 300) and to examine the data. Findings of this study indicated that the relationship of information-carrier characteristics and online health information seeking was significantly mediated by utility of information channel. On the other hand, utility was significantly predicted by beliefs, interest, and information-carrier characteristics. Furthermore, direct experience and salience are not significant predictors of utility of online health information seeking. The study also helped elaborating the extensions of comprehensive model of information seeking, which are helpful in applying this model in context of the latest digital media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from the conventional content-survey result comparison approach in agenda-setting research, which compares media agenda and public agenda at the aggregated level, this study investigates the perceived agenda-setting effect of media at the individual level in an international context. A survey of American respondents (N = 848) identifies perceived agenda-setting effect from individuals' cognitive process, and finds that the U.S. audience are aware that their perception of China is shaped by media coverage of China-related topics. The study finds that media use, political interest in China, and media trust positively predict perceived agenda-setting effect, while direct experience with China produces no effect. The study also confirms the effect of media use on perceived agenda-setting effect mediated by political interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fear of animals is an important issue to consider in order to increase knowledge about nature and foster positive attitudes for nature conservation. Spiders are a challenging group, because they are widely feared and disliked by humans, although the majority of species are harmless and they play a positive role in natural ecosystems. By means of self-report questionnaires filled out before and after three different extracurricular educational experiences, we examined how knowledge, fear perception and attitudes towards spiders changed in Uruguayan children 10–11 years old. Experience groups were (1) short experience ('Spider-single-lesson group'), children receiving 1 h of information and brief interaction with spiders; (2) no experience ('Control-single-lesson group'), children receiving 1 h of information on another topic (no interaction with spiders); (3) long experience ('Spider-multiple-lesson group'), children receiving 40 h of information and several interactions with spiders. We found that children's knowledge improved in both groups gaining spider experience. Further, more children reported positive attitudes towards spiders, especially in the Spider-multiple-lesson group. Our findings highlight the importance of hands-on and extended activities to correct false concepts about unpopular animals and foster positive attitudes towards nature conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct experiences in nature enable us learn and form environmental attitudes. Being influenced by nature as children is thought to help form a connection to nature that can lead to a lifetime of pro-environmental behaviors. A survey of adults in a watershed with a damaged estuary, however, suggests that concern and environmental identity were strong among most of the respondents and did not predict who performed environmental behaviors. Outdoor activities and childhood nature experiences were not correlated to or predictive of concern or behavior. Perhaps the urgency of the declining ecosystem prompted a new social norm for environmental behaviors that extended to a wider variety of residents than those who typically care about the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-fold objectives of this study are first, to elucidate John Dewey’s educational theory and examine its implications for outdoor education; and second, to examine the contemporary significance of outdoor education grounded in Dewey's model of progressive education. This study specifically focuses on three aspects of Dewey's thought: the educational purpose, the concept of experience, and the notion of human growth. Dewey's pragmatic educational theory aims for social change through the application of its own definition of democracy. According to Dewey, human growth is an evolving process of accumulating experiences through personal interactions with the environment. For such experiences to be generated, occupations labeled manual creation activities must be undertaken by learners. Further, Dewey’s model aims to foster democratic attitudes and ideas through interpersonal occupational collaborations. In brief, the analysis accomplished by the study allows the following inferences to be drawn: 1) scholars should reevaluate the immense potential of outdoor education to impart knowledge through the extension of diurnal activities and should reexamine its promise of encouraging the holistic growth of children; 2) the present-day social and educational significance of outdoor education vests in the inculcation of democratic attitudes and ideas in children; and 3) the social significance of outdoor education is growing because it can provide children who now encounter more indirect or secondary experiences the opportunity to accumulate direct or primary experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer causes 10.3% women mortality in Indonesia. Visual Inspection of Acetic Acid (VIA) had been used for screening program since 2014, but only 2.45% women took the test in 2015. In the place of this study, the coverage was at less than 1%. Previous studies revealed that psychosocial was an important factor, but less studies analyzed the role of husband support and direct experience with cervical cancer patient. The aim of the study was to learn correlation between direct experience with cervical cancer patient, husband support, self-perception and women’s desire to take VIA screening. Crosssectional study was applied randomly on women aged 25-55 years old at four villages in Yogyakarta. All data were taken by questionnaire. Most of 188 respondents had right perception of cervical cancer and the importance of VIA, but they did not receive adequate support from their husband. Few of them had direct experience with cervical cancer patient. Statistical results showed that age, right perception and husband support were correlated with women’s desire to take VIA test (p value< 0.05), while direct experience with cervical cancer patient was not correlate. Women with right perception and husband support are more willing to take VIA test. Abstrak Kanker serviks menyebabkan 10.3% kematian pada perempuan di Indonesia. Inspeksi visual asam asetat (IVA) telah digunakan untuk program skrining sejak tahun 2014 tetapi hanya 2,45 % perempuan yang melakukan pemeriksaan pada tahun 2015. Di tempat penelitian, cakupan skrining metode IVA kurang dari 1%. Penelitian sebelumnya menyebutkan faktor psikososial sebagai satu faktor penting, tetapi sedikit penelitian yang menganalisis peran dukungan suami dan pengalaman langsung dengan penderita kanker serviks. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari hubungan antara pengalaman langsung dengan penderita kanker serviks, dukungan suami, persepsi diri dan keinginan perempuan melakukan skrining IVA. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan secara acak pada perempuan berusia 25-55 tahun di empat kelurahan di Yogyakarta. Seluruh data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner. Sebagian besar dari 188 responden memiliki persepsi yang benar mengenai kanker serviks dan pentingnya pemeriksaan IVA, tetapi mereka tidak menerima dukungan yang cukup dari suami. Sebagian kecil memiliki pengalaman langsung dengan penderita kanker serviks. Uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa usia, persepsi yang benar, dan dukungan suami berhubungan dengan keinginan perempuan untuk melakukan skrining IVA (nilai p < 0.05), sedangkan pengalaman langsung dengan penderita kanker serviks tidak berhubungan dengan keinginan melakukan skrining. Perempuan dengan persepsi yang benar dan dukungan suami lebih bersedia melakukan skrining IVA.

Over the past twenty years, the increasing significance of virtual spaces created by the internet, GPS and multimedia communication networks has played a major role in the growing interest attributed to the study of space. The promises and the menaces of globalization, the political and economic events which have reshaped the world in the last decades are just a few examples of the re-spacing of the globe. Accordingly, in the humanities and social sciences in general, the questions of space and place have marked a shift to inquiries about location, political space and mobility. The approaches and concepts proposed by the prestigious theorists Henry Lefebvre, Bertrand Westphal and Yi-Fu Tuan serve as a methodological framework for this paper. This study is intended as a reflection on the interconnection between the space of the Jiu Valley and its representation, far from exhausting all the possibilities of research and debate. The reading of space is accomplished through the direct and sensorial perception of space, covering various manners in which a person constructs reality and allowing for an understanding of the Jiu Valley in critically imaginative ways. Interviews conducted in situ provide an authentic interpretation of space, describing how individuals interact with their environment. By offering an alternative perception of reality, we hope to accomplish a value judgement of the Jiu Valley’s unique setting and its animated community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early adopters of innovation play a critical role in the successful spread of the innovation by legitimizing the adoption of the innovation and/or providing evidence of its effectiveness. This article explores why some organizations adopt innovations before than others by focusing on determinants of early innovation adoption. Analysis reveals that there is a U-shaped influence of organizational performance on early innovation adoption. Most organizations are encouraged to be early adopters by their poor performance, but some organizations with very high performance tend to be innovation-friendly. Other organizational characteristics such as organizational size and pro-innovation bias also have positive impacts on early innovation adoption. These findings have practical implications about strategies for successfully diffusing innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we examine the interaction between brand and direct experience on product evaluation. Specifically, we selected two products (perfume and paper) whose intrinsic quality can be inferred directly through sensory experience (i.e., scent and writing experience, respectively). Results from one field and one laboratorial experiment showed that brand impacts the perception of a product, overriding the information offered by direct sensory experience with the product. Importantly, this was more likely to occur in processing conditions that induce low elaboration (e.g., low motivation). We further discuss how these results contribute to understand the effect as supported by having brand as a heuristic or promoting a belief that is able to bias our perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior experience has shown to be a highly influencing factor for risk perceptions and behavioral patterns. Yet, often prior experience is connected to a personal threat and damage. We assume that people’s mere perception of nature changes, even if it is an impersonal risk and therefore not threatening humans but rather nature, is crucial for explaining effects in environmental and risk communication. A joint survey of biologists and communication scientists was conducted within a field experiment in two waves (N1 = 479; N2 = 295) in 12 German districts. Those regions differ in observable nature changes, evoked by the invasive moth Cameraria ohridella, which creates early leaf foliage on white flowering horse chestnut trees. Results show that the biological method, of deciding on sampling region, helps to define a sample of participants, who show different extents in nature change and risk perception. Further we could show that over a longitudinal design, nature change and risk perception increased, having slightly higher change scores in low infested areas, and that changed scores correlate with each other. Mediation analysis reveals that the overall effect of nature change perception on communicative and another active pro-environmental behavior is almost completely mediated by risk perception. Implementations of these results will be discussed.

The most effective career education is based not on the passive reception of static knowledge, but on the dynamic interaction between thought and experience. The nature and quality of the education derived from experience are heavily dependent on the ways in which they are integrated into students’ formation. Miller (1991) suggests education’s model that presents five-stage cycle comprising preparation, briefing, activity, debriefing and follow-up. Work experience-based career education can reduce the deficits of students’ formation by expending its range of experience in a planned way. Direct experience involves the student in active interaction with the educational environment: the student penetrates the sensory complexities of the environment; the environment penetrates the internal psychological processes of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The relevance and the impact of experience in insurance markets are underinvestigated. From Italian farm-level data we estimate a dynamic discrete-choice model of participation to investigate the role of experience. The methodology, coupled with exploratory analysis, allows one to compare how different sources of experience influence the crop insurance decision making process. We found that direct experience is a catalyst for insurance participation for medium and large farms. The experience indirectly acquired is also relevant, especially for small farms. Policy implications include the importance of information campaigns and of bolstering uptake to exploit the advantages of the inertia and spillover effects that emerge from experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]