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The Ethiopian Highlands are divided by lowland biogeographic barriers, including the Blue Nile Valley (BNV) and Great Rift Valley (GRV). We show that the GRV is a more pronounced phylogeographic break than the BNV for 6 focal passerines. Previous research suggests that the BNV greatly shaped phylogeographic patterns in relatively sedentary montane taxa such as frogs and rodents, whereas the GRV shaped phylogeographic patterns in volant taxa such as birds. However, no previous research simultaneously compares the impact of each valley on phylogeographic patterns in birds, and as these barriers vary in geographic extent and topography, the relative extent of their effects on gene flow is unclear. Using whole-genome resequencing, we quantified genetic variation in 6 montane forest passerines in the Ethiopian Highlands and found that their phylogeographic patterns varied, with general trends distinct from those of taxa that were previously studied across the same barriers. Genetic variation was assessed by estimating genome-wide genetic diversity (H O), demographic history, phylogeographic structure, and phylogeographic concordance among taxa. Population pairs flanking the GRV showed higher F ST and more distinct population clusters in principal component analysis than those separated by the BNV. H O was broadly consistent across populations, excluding noticeable reductions in 2 populations (1 population each in 2 separate species). The overall phylogenetic signature and concordance across study taxa supported populations separated by the BNV as sister and populations southeast of the GRV as most distinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Long-eared Bat) has recently suffered a >90% decline in population size in North America due to white-nose syndrome (WNS). We assessed genetic diversity, population structure, current effective population size, and demographic history of M. septentrionalis distributed across the United States to determine baseline levels pre-WNS. We analyzed RADseq data from 81 individuals from Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin. Additionally, we examined population genetic structure using discriminant analysis of principal components, fastStructure, and STRUCTURE. We then estimated effective population size and demographic history using fastsimcoal2. Similar levels of genetic diversity were found across all samples. We found no population genetic structure in the varied analyses from these contemporary samples. The best model for demographic history estimated a rapid population expansion followed by a slower expansion approximately 340,000 years ago. The vagility of M. septentrionalis , along with male dispersal and random mating, may provide a buffer against serious bottleneck effects stemming from rapid population declines due to WNS. This research provides a baseline for tracking and monitoring the influence of WNS on genetic diversity such as potential reduced diversity or increased population structuring in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los bancos de germoplasma son sitios dedicados a la preservación del material biológico. Su objetivo final es lograr la conservación de la biodiversidad a corto, mediano o largo plazo, evitando la pérdida de la diversidad genética causada por factores ambientales, físicos, biológicos, o como consecuencia de las actividades humanas. La diversidad genética de especies vegetales de importancia para la agricultura y la alimentación es conservada en el marco de distintas instituciones, entre ellas, se destaca la Red de Recursos Fitogenéticos (Red-RRFF) del INTA (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria). El objetivo de dicha red es conservar y utilizar especies en forma sustentable para distintas regiones agroecológicas del territorio nacional. El INTA cuenta con un Banco Base ubicado en Castelar (Buenos Aires) y 21 Bancos Activos distribuidos por todo el país. Los Bancos Activos conservan a corto y mediano plazo, colectan y regeneran entradas de germoplasma de diferentes especies. El Banco Base conserva a largo plazo duplicados de las colecciones de semillas de los bancos activos. Las actividades de caracterización y evaluación permiten conocer el grado de diversidad genética existente en las colecciones y aumentar el valor agregado a las mismas, en función del conocimiento sobre su comportamiento ante situaciones de estrés abiótico y/o biótico, calidad nutritiva, evaluaciones sensoriales, entre otras. Actualmente se avanza en herramientas para el ordenamiento y manejo de las colecciones y en la aplicación de un sitio web que facilite el acceso a la información sobre los RRFF disponibles, en la implementación de tratados internacionales ratificados por Argentina, y fundamentalmente, en gestionar el trabajo en común con otras instituciones y comunidades locales en la búsqueda de un Sistema Nacional de Recursos Genéticos.

Background: The assessment of genetic diversity, population structure, as well as within and across breed relationships using DNA markers is essential to develop conservation and genetic improvement programs. Objective: To assess the genetic diversity and population structure of Criollo Lechero Tropical (CLT) and Romosinuano (ROMO) cattle breeds in Mexico and compare them with other Criollo and Spanish breeds. Methods: The study included CLT and ROMO genotypes from the 65k Axiom©BovMDv3 array. Genomic data of Criollo and Spanish breeds were retrieved from a repository. Genetic diversity across breeds was evaluated by pairwise Wright's FST, principal components, and structure analysis. Results: Observed and expected heterozygosity, inbreeding coefficient, and effective population size (Ne) were 0.31, 0.30, -0.018 and 56 in CLT, and 0.32, 0.31, -0.023 and 99 in ROMO, respectively. Wright's FST indicated that both breeds are related to American Criollo and some Spanish cattle. ROMO cattle showed more significant Spanish ancestry than CLT. Conclusions: This study presents novel evidence indicating that, although the Ne of these breeds is small, they are still diverse and can be used as genetic reservoirs in conservation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La obtención de ADN genómico de alta calidad es fundamental para la preservación de los recursos genéticos, especialmente, en especies de valor importante en la economía popular; sin embargo, la presencia de contaminantes, como polisacáridos, polifenoles y metabolitos secundarios en árboles frutales, dificulta la extracción de ADN puro. En este trabajo, se compararon dos métodos de extracción de ADN en tejido seco: un kit comercial y el método modificado de Doyle & Doyle. La cantidad y calidad del ADN extraído se evaluaron utilizando un espectrofotómetro y mediante electroforesis en gel de agarosa. Es importante señalar que el ADN obtenido con el kit comercial mostró presencia de compuestos aromáticos y proteínas, mientras que el método modificado de Doyle y Doyle logró obtener ADN de alta calidad, sin contaminantes, lo cual, se corroboró por la posterior amplificación, mediante PCR del ADN obtenido con cebadores SSR, mostrando bandas nítidas y bien definidas.

Introducción: Aedes aegypti es un insecto del grupo de los culícidos, preferencialmente antropofílico, que actúa como vector de algunos arbovirus, como del dengue, Zika y chikungunya y fiebre amarilla, con una amplia distribución a nivel de trópicos y subtrópicos y responsables de brotes epidémicos importantes en el Paraguay. La urbanización, la globalización y la falta de un control eficaz, favorecen su permanencia. Estudiar la diversidad genética de esta especie permitirá evaluar la dinámica de sus poblaciones y su adaptación a los cambios ambientales, para guiar su control. Objetivo: Estimar la diversidad genética de las poblaciones de Ae. aegypti de los departamentos Central y Cordillera del Paraguay utilizando marcadores de inter- repeticiones de secuencia simple (ISSR). Metodología: Se seleccionaron 40 mosquitos hembra, 20 del departamento Central y 20 del departamento de Cordillera correspondientes a la región del Chaco Húmedo, Paraguay, para la amplificación de los marcadores genéticos ISSR mediante PCR, utilizando los cebadores Rhea-4, ISSR-7, ISSR1 y Ae-ISSR-6. El grado de segregación de las poblaciones estudiadas con un AMOVA y la diferenciación entre ellas con el índice de fijación FST, fueron determinadas mediante el programa Arlequín versión 3.5.2.2. Resultados: Se identificaron 36 loci, 90,91 % de ellos polimórficos. La mayor parte de la diferenciación genética se debió a variaciones dentro de las poblaciones y el índice de fijación entre poblaciones (FST = 0.0432). Discusión: Es posible que la diversidad dentro de las poblaciones de Central y Cordillera se deba a las características heterogéneas en cuanto a urbanismo y semi-ruralidad y la existencia de ecotonos, donde circulan estas poblaciones. Los resultados revelaron una diferenciación genética interpoblacional moderada, indicativo de que no están completamente aisladas genéticamente.

Antecedentes: Lobelia villaregalis es una especie endémica y en peligro de extinción en Jalisco, México. Conocer la estructura y diversidad genética de las poblaciones de especies en riesgo puede contribuir a mejorar las estrategias para su conservación. Esta información no se ha generado para L. villaregalis. Preguntas: 1) ¿Presenta L. villaregalis niveles bajos de diversidad genética?, 2) ¿Existen diferencias genéticas entre sus poblaciones? Especies de estudio: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbácea perenne. Sitio y años de estudio: Durante 2018-2020 se realizó trabajo de campo en el Área Natural Protegida Bosque La Primavera, Zapopan, Jalisco, para localizar nuevas poblaciones de la especie y recolectar material foliar. Métodos: Se evaluó la diversidad y estructura genética de 87 individuos en cinco poblaciones utilizando marcadores moleculares ISSR. Resultados: La diversidad genética promedio de L. villaregalis es baja (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) así como la diversidad total (HT = 0.069). El análisis de varianza molecular mostró que la mayor parte de la variación genética (92 %) ocurrió dentro de las poblaciones. La prueba de Mantel indica que no hay correlación entre las distancias genéticas y las distancias geográficas para las cinco poblaciones estudiadas (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). Con el análisis de asignación genética se identificaron 4 grupos, sin embargo, no existe estructura genética (GST = 0.060). Conclusiones: Lobelia villaregalis requiere acciones urgentes de conservación para mantener la diversidad genética de todas sus poblaciones, dando máxima prioridad a tres de ellas.

The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework was adopted by parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in December 2022. The aftermath of these negotiations provides an opportunity to draw lessons as to how ecological and evolutionary science can more effectively inform policy. We examined key challenges that limit effective engagement by scientists in the biodiversity policy process, drawing parallels with analogous challenges within global climate negotiations. Biodiversity is multifaceted, yet represents only one framing for nature's contributions to people, complicating the nexus between evidence and values in development of the framework's targets. Processes generating biodiversity and driving its loss are multiscalar, challenging development of an evidence base for globally standardized targets. We illustrated these challenges by contrasting development of 2 key elements of the framework. The genetic diversity element of the framework's target 4 is directly related to the framework's primary goals, but its complexity required development of novel engagement skills. The target for protected areas was easily communicated but more indirectly related to biodiversity outcomes; evidence from ecological and social science was essential to communicating the context and limitations of this relationship. Scientists can strengthen the effectiveness of global agreements and address challenges arising from complexity, scaling, capacity limitations, and the interplay of science and values, if they can prioritize communication, consensus‐building, and networking skills and engage throughout the process, from development of an evidence base to implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high-latitude species with high dispersal ability, such as long-distance migratory birds, populations are often assumed to exhibit little genetic structure due to high gene flow or recent postglacial expansion. We sequenced over 120 low-coverage whole genomes from across the breeding range of a long-distance migratory bird, the Veery (Catharus fuscescens), revealing strong evidence for isolation by distance. Additionally, we found distinct genetic structure between boreal, western montane U.S. and southern Appalachian sampling regions. We suggest that population genetic structure in this highly migratory species is detectable with the high resolution afforded by whole-genomic data because, similar to many migratory birds, the Veery exhibits high breeding-site fidelity, which likely limits gene flow. Resolution of isolation by distance across the breeding range was sufficient to assign likely breeding origins of individuals sampled in this species' poorly understood South American nonbreeding range, demonstrating the potential to assess migratory connectivity in this species using genomic data. As the Veery's breeding range extends across both historically glaciated and unglaciated regions in North America, we also evaluated whether contemporary patterns of structure and genetic diversity are consistent with historical population isolation in glacial refugia. We found that patterns of genetic diversity did not support southern montane regions (southern Appalachians or western U.S. mountains) as glacial refugia. Overall, our findings suggest that isolation by distance yields subtle associations between genetic structure and geography across the breeding range of this highly vagile species even in the absence of obvious historical vicariance or contemporary barriers to dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coffea arabica es una de las especies más importantes a nivel económico, al producir una de las bebidas más consumidas en el mundo. Este estudio evaluó molecularmente algunas de las variedades de café cultivadas en el departamento del Valle del Cauca con el fin de que los resultados contribuyan a direccionar los planes de mejoramiento y fomentar la producción de café regional. Se muestrearon en 140 individuos correspondientes a cinco variedades de café y se usaron ocho marcadores microsatélite para hacer la caracterización molecular a partir de los estimadores de diversidad genética, un dendrograma basados en las distancias de Nei y un AMOVA. Se encontró una heterocigosidad promedio observada muy baja (0.004), sin embargo, la heterocigosidad promedio esperada junto con el número de haplotipos mostraron que a pesar de haber sido sometidas a programas de mejoramiento aún existe una gran diversidad genética en todas las variedades. Esto junto con el resultado del AMOVA, revelan que esta diversidad se encuentra alojada en diferentes tipos de homocigotos que provocan una gran variación al comparar los individuos dentro de cada variedad. Finalmente, las distancias de Nei muestran una diferenciación de la variedades siendo más parecidas aquellas con una mayor intensidad de selección artificial.

El objetivo fue conocer la estructura poblacional de los animales Holstein del sistema de lechería familiar, identificar posibles orígenes del material genético, conocer el grado de consanguinidad e identificar posibles huellas de selección en el genoma, que permitan vislumbrar las características que se han mejorado a través de los años. El estudio incluyó 270 animales genotipados con el chip GGP-50K®. Después del control de calidad de genotipos, se incluyeron 43,548 SNP autosómicos. Para conocer la estructura poblacional se realizaron análisis de mezclas y componentes principales (CP). Para conocer la consanguinidad genómica y detectar huellas de selección, se usó información de corridas de homocigosidad (ROH). El análisis de mezclas se realizó con el software Admixture, y los de CP, ROH y consanguinidad se realizaron con SVS-v7.6.8. El análisis de mezclas mostró evidencia de seis componentes, todos ligados a familias de sementales Holstein con diferente país de origen. Los CP no evidenciaron estratificación de la población por hato. El coeficiente de consanguinidad promedio fue de 0.59 ± 0.53 %. En las regiones del genoma con ROH más frecuentes en la población (≥20 animales), se han reportado numerosas asociaciones, QTL y genes relacionados con producción y composición de la leche, parámetros de fertilidad, susceptibilidad a enfermedades, conformación corporal, eficiencia alimenticia y algunas características de composición de la canal. Los resultados reflejan la existencia de una amplia diversidad genética en esta población y la posibilidad de realizar trabajos de mejoramiento genético a través de selección sin afectar los niveles de consanguinidad.

Introducción: El desarrollo de vacunas seguras y eficaces contra el SARS-CoV-2 supuso un enorme reto para enfrentar la pandemia de la COVID-19. La aparición de nuevas variantes del SARS-CoV-2 representa un reto en la evaluación de la efectividad de las vacunas, diferentes candidatos vacunales y terapéuticos desarrollados por la comunidad científica. Objetivos: Caracterizar la diversidad genética de aislamientos virales cubanos en el periodo comprendido entre junio de 2020 y diciembre de 2022. Métodos: Se obtuvo el ARN de SARS-CoV-2 de 27 aislamientos a partir de sobrenadante de cultivo celular y se secuenció el gen S. Las secuencias generadas se emplearon para la identificación y posterior caracterización molecular de las variantes genéticas del virus mediante análisis filogenético y el uso de las herramientas disponibles en la base de datos GISEAD. Resultados: Las variantes detectadas en los aislamientos cubanos de SARS-CoV-2 estudiados se correspondieron a las identificadas en los estudios de vigilancia genómica realizados en las diferentes etapas pandémicas de la COVID-19 en Cuba. El 33,3 % de los aislamientos secuenciados correspondieron a los diferentes linajes de la variante Ómicron, seguido de la variante Beta B 1.351 (29,6 %), otros linajes de SARS-CoV-2 (25,9 %), Alfa B 1.1.7 (7,4 %) y Delta B.1.575 (3,7 %). Se detectó la mutación D614G en todos los aislamientos de SARS-CoV-2 estudiados. Conclusiones: La caracterización molecular de los aislamientos cubanos de SARS-CoV-2 tiene una elevada diversidad genética. Posibilita evaluar in vitro e in vivo los candidatos vacunales y agentes terapéuticos desarrollados por la industria biofarmacéutica cubana.

Adolescence Germplasm banks are a way of preserving the genetic diversity of both animal and plant species. In the latter, seeds, tissues and DNA sequences are stored for use in production, conservation of rare or endangered species, and agricultural research. For Arguello et al. (2021) "are an option to guarantee the availability of seeds and, consequently, food production" (p. 119). Likewise, they can also be a way of promoting those native crops that are little attended to in the field of research. Aware of the importance of this issue, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2014) publishes the standards for germplasm banks of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, which provide international guidelines for ex situ conservation in seed banks, field germplasm banks and in vitro conservation and cryopreservation banks. For the reasons described above, this essay addresses the generalities of germplasm banks, emphasizing their use and importance for food production and access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: The analysis of genetic diversity is essential to preserve and adequately harness genetic resources, both plant and animal, and it is transcendental for developing selection and improvement strategies to obtain promising materials. Knowledge gap: There are few studies of characterization and analysis reported of genetic variability for mulberry Morus spp. in Colombia and need to be developed in order to provide information that enables refining and optimizing the management, use, and conservation of the available germplasm, contributing to the recovery and harnessing of these genetic resources' potential. Purpose: The research aimed to genetically characterize the mulberry, Morus spp., collection of the Cauca region sericulture project using microsatellite markers. Methodology: 36 accessions belonging to the mulberry collection conserved at the Centro de Estudios Vegetales La Rejoya (Center for Plant Studies La Rejoya in English) of Universidad del Cauca were evaluated using ten microsatellites fluorescently labeled. The diversity and genetic structure parameters were evaluated. Additionally, the genetic relationships were determined through a cluster analysis. Results and conclusions: 49 alleles were detected, with a mean PIC of 0.57, indicating the use of polymorphic and informative markers. The population structure analysis with the Bayesian (STRUCTURE v 2.3.4) and grouping methods (Neighbor- joining and PCoA) indicated three discrete population groups with significant genetic differentiation of 22% (AMOVA - Fst; p<0.001). It highlighted the finding of nineteen different genotypes, suggesting the presence of a high number of duplicate materials that will have to be evaluated for the possible elimination of redundant resources in the germplasm bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffea arabica is one of the most economically important species, producing one of the most consumed beverages in the world. In this study, with the purpose of using the results to guide improvement plans and promote regional coffee production, some of the coffee varieties grown in the department of Valle del Cauca were molecularly evaluated. 140 individuals corresponding to five coffee varieties were sampled. Eight microsatellites were used to carry out the molecular characterization based on genetic diversity estimators, a dendrogram based on Nei distances and an AMOVA. The observed average heterozygosity was 0.004, however, the expected average heterozygosity together with the number of genotypes showed that despite having been subjected to breeding programs, there is still genetic diversity in all varieties. This, together with the result of the AMOVA, revealed that this diversity is housed in different types of homozygotes, which cause a great variation in the comparison of individuals within each variety. Finally, the Nei distances showed a differentiation of the varieties. Those with a greater intensity of artificial selection are more similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is one of the most studied cetaceans worldwide; however, information about the genetic structure of wild populations is scarce in some regions like Central America and the Caribbean. There are two known genetic forms identified in the Caribbean based on mitochondrial DNA Control Region (mtDNA-CR) data: the 'inshore (or coastal) form' and the 'Worldwide distributed form'. In general, the inshore form refers to coastal and highly philopatric populations that show low genetic diversity. Worldwide distributed form refers to highly mobile populations with coastal and oceanic individuals that do not show philopatry and usually display high genetic diversity. Objective: To determine the preliminary genetic status of common bottlenose dolphins in La Guajira, Colombian Caribbean, using a hypervariable portion of mtDNA-CR. The obtained haplotypes were compared with samples collected in Panama (likely 'inshore form') and with haplotypes previously found in other areas of the Caribbean. Methods: In 2016, a total of 26 skin samples were obtained by remote biopsy system (PAXARMS) in two locations, La Guajira (Colombia, N=7) and Bocas del Toro (Panama, N=19). DNA was extracted, samples sexed, and a segment of mtDNA-CR (~550-750 bp) was amplified by PCR. The successfully amplified DNA sequences were manually reviewed and cleaned, and subsequently compared with 44 haplotypes previously reported for the Caribbean. Results: The mtDNA-CR sequences from Bocas del Toro shared the same unique inshore haplotype previously reported for this population, while the samples from La Guajira represented six novel haplotypes, five belonging to the Worldwide distributed form and one to the 'inshore form.' Population structure analysis revealed two phylogroups for the Caribbean (FST=0.1353, ΦST=0.3330) with high haplotype diversity: Panama(Bocas del Toro)- Bahamas-Cuba-Mexico (h=0.8489, p=4.2536 %) and Colombia-Costa Rica-Honduras-Puerto Rico (h=0.8837, π=4.2423 %). Conclusions: These findings support the results previously reported for common bottlenose dolphins in Bocas del Toro-Panama and reinforce the need to protect this vulnerable 'inshore' population by treating it as a unique population management unit. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of samples collected from La Guajira dolphins provide the first insight into the genetic diversity of common bottlenose dolphins in this region, indicating the presence of both inshore and Worldwide distributed genetic forms. The potential connectivity of this last form among La Guajira-Colombia, Costa Rica, and Honduras in Central America highlights the need for more genetic and ecological studies to determine the appropriate management units for this species in Central America and the Caribbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The queen conch, Aliger gigas is a large marine gastropod mollusc that inhabits shallow seagrass meadows and sandplain habitats throughout the Caribbean. Owing to overfishing and degradation of the environment, it has become an endangered species in most of its habitat. Research on Cuban populations of A. gigas is scarce and mostly focused on conch exploitation. The present study assesses, for the first time, the genetic diversity and population structure of A. gigas from six locations on the Cuban platform, using five microsatellite loci. At most of the sampled locations, the observed heterozygosity was lower than expected and the F IS value was significantly positive, both of which suggest inbreeding. Also, we found evidence of bottlenecks for two of the locations with a deficit of heterozygotes. Although statistically significant, only 1.66% of the total variance was explained by genetic differentiation among populations, and discriminant analysis of principal components showed different degrees of overlapping between all locations. Accordingly, the results showed that there is an extensive and symmetrical exchange of genetic information. Sparse non-negative matrix factorization analysis determined the existence of three ancestral populations admixed across the sampled locations. Thus, our results suggest that A. gigas from the Cuban island platform could be a unique population, which is relevant for management and conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualización: el análisis de diversidad genética es fundamental para conservar y aprovechar adecuadamente los recursos genéticos, tanto vegetales como animales, además trascendental para el desarrollo de estrategias de selección y mejoramiento para la obtención de materiales promisorios. Vacío de conocimiento: los estudios de caracterización y análisis de la variabilidad genética reportados para morera Morus spp en Colombia son pocos, por lo que es necesario su desarrollo a fin de proporcionar información que permita depurar y optimizar, tanto el manejo como el uso y la conservación del germoplasma disponible, aportando a la recuperación y aprovechamiento del potencial de estos recursos genéticos. Propósito: la investigación se orientó a caracterizar genéticamente la colección de morera Morus spp del proyecto de sericultura caucana empleando marcadores microsatélites. Metodología: se evaluaron 36 accesiones pertenecientes a la colección de morera conservada en el Centro de Estudios Vegetales de La Rejoya, Universidad del Cauca, utilizando 10 microsatélites marcados con fluorescencia. Se evaluaron parámetros de diversidad y estructura genética y, adicionalmente, se determinaron relaciones genéticas mediante un Análisis de Clúster. Resultados y conclusiones: fueron detectados 49 alelos, con un PIC medio de 0,57, indicando el empleo de marcadores polimórficos e informativos. El análisis de estructura poblacional con método bayesiano (STRUCTURE v 2.3.4) y el de agrupamiento (Neighbor-joining, PCoA) indicaron tres grupos poblacionales discretos, con una diferenciación genética significativa del 22% (AMOVA-Fst; p

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agricolas is the property of University of Narino, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Genetic diversity within species represents a fundamental yet underappreciated level of biodiversity. Because genetic diversity can indicate species resilience to changing climate, its measurement is relevant to many national and global conservation policy targets. Many studies produce large amounts of genome‐scale genetic diversity data for wild populations, but most (87%) do not include the associated spatial and temporal metadata necessary for them to be reused in monitoring programs or for acknowledging the sovereignty of nations or Indigenous peoples. We undertook a distributed datathon to quantify the availability of these missing metadata and to test the hypothesis that their availability decays with time. We also worked to remediate missing metadata by extracting them from associated published papers, online repositories, and direct communication with authors. Starting with 848 candidate genomic data sets (reduced representation and whole genome) from the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, we determined that 561 contained mostly samples from wild populations. We successfully restored spatiotemporal metadata for 78% of these 561 data sets (n = 440 data sets with data on 45,105 individuals from 762 species in 17 phyla). Examining papers and online repositories was much more fruitful than contacting 351 authors, who replied to our email requests 45% of the time. Overall, 23% of our email queries to authors unearthed useful metadata. The probability of retrieving spatiotemporal metadata declined significantly as age of the data set increased. There was a 13.5% yearly decrease in metadata associated with published papers or online repositories and up to a 22% yearly decrease in metadata that were only available from authors. This rapid decay in metadata availability, mirrored in studies of other types of biological data, should motivate swift updates to data‐sharing policies and researcher practices to ensure that the valuable context provided by metadata is not lost to conservation science forever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Expedición Humana surge como una amplia y prolongada iniciativa llevada a cabo por una universidad privada confesional, con el objetivo de realizar investigaciones genéticas que unieran diferentes disciplinas y contribuyeran al conocimiento científico «real» sobre la diversidad biológica y cultural de nuestro país. En este artículo se describe su historia y características, así como se examina uno de los debates que líderes indígenas impulsaron por las implicaciones de las prácticas de toma de muestras biológicas de sus comunidades sin su consentimiento. Finalmente, se examinan las pretensiones y categorías analíticas sobre la diversidad y la nación que operaron en el discurso en torno a la Expedición Humana que dicen más de las ansiedades y lugares de privilegio naturalizados de los científicos que de las poblaciones que estudiaron.

Because of its wide distribution and adaptation, the maize Ratón race (Zea mays L.) is an important component of the diversity in the state of Coahuila, Mexico. The objective of the present research was to perform a morphological characterization of 83 native populations of the Ratón race and identify a subset that will represent diversity. Populations were evaluated in replicated experiments at two different locations with two planting dates per location. Twentysix quantitative characters of the plant, tassel, ear and grain were recorded, and 14 additional characters (indices) were calculated as relationships among characters. Phenotypic diversity was examined by principal component and cluster analyses. Differences (p ≤ 0.01, p ≤ 0.05) among environments were found for 28 characters and (p ≤ 0.01) among populations for all characters, due to variation in environments and diversity among populations, respectively. Also, differences were found (p ≤ 0.01, p ≤ 0.05) in 38 of the 40 characters in the populations × environments interaction, as a differential response of the populations in the environments. Based on the repeatability index (r > 1.0), 10 characters and nine indices less influenced by the environment were selected for classification. The first two components explained 53.3 % of the total variation and it was established that the vegetative, ear and tassel characters were the most important in describing the variation; this allowed to identify a pattern of diversity associated with the area of adaptation of populations in low - intermediate - transition areas, which reveals that maize variation is closely related to altitude, and temperature and humidity gradients. Based on the dendrogram, a representative subset of the diversity of the Ratón race in Coahuila was obtained, made up of 13 of 83 populations (15.7 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-mediated introductions and subsequent establishment and spread of nonnative species have the potential to create a founder effect in such populations, which typically results in low genetic diversity and potential for inbreeding. However, several exotic invasive species exhibit a "genetic paradox" in which they thrive and adapt to novel environments while also avoiding complications from low genetic diversity. Axis deer (Axis axis) were introduced into Texas, Hawaii, South America, Australia, and Croatia during the 19th and 20th centuries and successfully established large populations from a few founding individuals. Mitochondrial (Cytochrome- b , Cytb ; displacement loop, D-loop) and nuclear (10 microsatellites) markers were used to assess genetic diversity within and between axis deer populations in Texas and Hawaii and then compared to other introduced (Australia and Croatia) and native (India) populations. Overall, mtDNA divergence was 0.54% (Cytb) and 1.55% (D-loop) indicating high mitochondrial similarity within the species. Further, each invasive population was composed of only one or two mtDNA haplotypes. Microsatellite allele diversity also was low within and between populations in Texas and Hawaii resulting in monomorphic loci and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium violations in both populations. The low genetic diversity in native Indian axis deer and within and between invasive populations suggests that the introduced populations experienced founder effects following introduction, and yet overcame this potential handicap by undergoing successful establishment and expansion. Axis deer appear to be another successful invasive species characterized by the genetic paradox where they exhibit genetic profiles that suggest inbreeding effects should be imminent, yet display no signs of inbreeding and are highly successful adapting to novel environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descifrar los procesos demográficos entre poblaciones locales es particularmente importante para el manejo sostenible de las poblaciones naturales. En este estudio, se utilizaron marcadores nucleares y mitocondriales para estimar las tasas de inmigración y el tamaño efectivo de Farfantepenaeus notialis de los golfos de Ana María y Batabanó. Un fragmento de 385pb de la región no codificadora del ADNmt y 506 pb de las regiones flanqueantes de dos loci microsatélites (PnS03 y PNS18), fueron secuenciadas en individuos colectados durante los años 1999 y 2003. Los resultados confirmaron la subdivisión genética entre las poblaciones de ambos golfos y la alta diversidad genética de esta especie. Los estimados de inmigración entre localidades del Golfo de Ana María fueron altos y difirieron entre tipos de marcadores y años. El análisis demográfico evidenció que la especie experimentó una expansión súbita hace aproximadamente 51,000 años. Sin embargo, la población efectiva actual del Golfo de Ana María ha experimentado una reducción en su tamaño efectivo, mientras muestra una tasa de crecimiento positiva. En este sentido se establece la hipótesis de que el incremento de las migraciones en los últimos años ha influenciado los estimados de crecimiento mientras que no ha sido suficiente para contrabalancear la reducción del tamaño efectivo poblacional. Por otra parte, la población de golfo de Batabanó parece estable o se encuentra en decrecimiento según los estimados de g para ambos marcadores. Los resultados alertan acerca de la delicada situación demográfica que presenta uno de los mayores recursos pesqueros de Cuba.

Introducción: El rescate de las razas criollas de frijol común es importante para preservar la biodiversidad y utilizar esta base genética en programas de mejoramiento de plantas. Hay pocos estudios sobre este tema en Costa Rica. Objetivo: Caracterizar las semillas de algunos frijoles criollos comunes en Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Métodos: De abril a agosto de 2013, recolectamos muestras de semillas de razas criollas de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris), también llamadas frijoles comunes criollos, en Nicoya y Hojancha, a través de visitas a agricultores locales. Trabajamos con Mantequilla, Nica, Revuelto, Sesenteno, Turrialba y Vaina Blanca. Resultados: Encontramos diferencias entre las variedades en variables cuantitativas y un ámbito de variación para el peso de 100 semillas (17,16-26,52 g) y para la longitud (9,78-10,97 mm), anchura (5,69-6,25 mm), espesor (3,96-4,81 mm), relación longitud/anchura (1,69-1,84), relación longitud/espesor (2,29-2,76) y relación anchura/espesor (1,25-1,55) de las semillas. Conclusión: En Nicoya y Hojancha, hay variaciones significativas entre y dentro de las variedades de semillas de frijol criollo nativas.

El virus de la necrosis pancreática infecciosa es uno de los agentes infecciosos más importantes de la industria trutícola y del salmón, dado que causa alta mortalidad en crías de primera alimentación. En México, es la única enfermedad viral que afecta a la trucha arcoíris, por lo tanto, información sobre la caracterización y origen genético de los asilados virales que circulan en nuestro país, ya han sido descritos, sin embargo, un análisis con el genoma completo no, motivo por el cual, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo analizar el genoma completo del virus de la necrosis pancreática infecciosas que comúnmente circula en el país. A partir de las relaciones genéticas de un prototipo de este virus aislado en México en relación con otros aislados que circulan a nivel mundial, se encontró que el aislado mexicano del virus de la necrosis pancreática infecciosas pertenece al genogrupo I y es originado a partir de la cepa Buhl.

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar morfológicamente cinco poblaciones de maíz nativo y estimar sus rendimientos, empleando prácticas agrícolas sin uso de agroquímicos. El estudio se realizó en el año 2021, en el municipio de Cintalapa, Chiapas, dentro del campo experimental del Centro Académico Regional de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Las cinco poblaciones de maíz nativo fueron proporcionadas por campesinos de diferentes regiones de la entidad, con previo consentimiento informado. Las prácticas agrícolas consistieron en uso de extractos vegetales y jabón potásico con extracto de neem (Azadirachta indica) para la prevención y combate de plagas. Para la fertilización se aplicó lixiviado de lombriz roja californiana (Eisenia foetida) y guano de murciélago en su presentación comercial. Los caracteres morfológicos se evaluaron con un análisis estadístico descriptivo considerando: días de floración masculina y femenina, alturas de planta y mazorca, longitud y diámetro de la mazorca, y número de hileras por mazorca y número de granos por hilera. El rendimiento de grano se estimó mediante el peso de la mazorca cosechada de una muestra aleatoria de 20 plantas por población. Se identificaron diferencias numéricas de las variables estudiadas, lo que demuestra una diversidad genética existente. Las poblaciones que presentaron mayores rendimientos fueron Campeón y Olotillo, con 5,37 y 4,4 ton ha-1 (± 1,24), respectivamente. Los datos aportan información para diseñar estrategias de conservación de maíces nativos con manejo libre de agroquímicos.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue obtener información preliminar acerca de la composición de haplotipos del ADN mitocóndrico (ADNmt) del manatí (Trichechus manatus) que habita en el archipiélago cubano. Se analizó un total de 13 individuos, 12 de Cuba y uno procedente de la Florida, EU. Las secuencias de un fragmento de 410 pb de la región de control del ADNmt (D-loop) permitieron identificar dos haplotipos. El haplotipo A1, único encontrado en la Florida (incluida la muestra aquí analizada), pero también presente en México, Puerto Rico y República Dominicana. Este haplotipo fue mayoritario (11 de los 12 individuos muestreados en Cuba). El segundo haplotipo fue el A3, referido anteriormente como endémico de Belice, se encontró en un individuo varado en Isabela de Sagua, al norte de Cuba. Los resultados preliminares,sobre la base de las muestras examinadas y el marcador analizado, brindan información importante sobre tres aspectos fundamentales de la biología del manatí: 1) En Cuba la diversidad genética del ADNmt puede ser baja, similar a lo encontrado en otras partes de su ámbito de distribución; 2) los individuos analizados forman parte del grupo constituido por la Florida y las Antillas Mayores; 3) los territorios de Belice y Cuba han intercambiado individuos en el presente o en un pasado relativamente reciente.

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Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivos: Conocer la diversidad genética de Aedes aegypti en el corredor vial transfronterizo Central- Alto Paraná de Paraguay, con registros de casos de dengue. Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron veinte hembras adultas de la eclosión de huevos de Ae. aegypti procedentes de casas geolocalizadas en los departamentos de Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Cordillera y Central, entre el 2018 y 2019. Se extrajo ADN del tejido de las hembras para amplificación aleatoria de sus patrones polimórficos mediante amplificación aleatoria del ADN polimórfico por PCR (RAPD-PCR), usando cebadores H3 y B03 a fin de conocer parámetros genéticos de diversidad poblacional. Las relaciones entre las poblaciones de mosquitos según la localidad fueron visualizadas mediante análisis no apareado de la media aritmética. Las áreas idóneas de distribución geográfica real y potencial de estas poblaciones de Ae. aegypti fueron analizadas mediante DIVA-GIS 7.3.0 y MAXENT. Resultados: Se identificaron 40 loci mediante perfiles RAPD-PCR, con diferenciación génica moderada (Gst = 0,12). El corredor transfronterizo presentó condiciones bioclimáticas para la presencia de poblaciones variantes de Ae. aegypti, siendo determinantes en la distribución la precipitación del trimestre más cálido y la temperatura media del trimestre más seco. Conclusiones: Se evidencia que existe diversidad genética moderada en las poblaciones de Ae. aegypti procedentes de zonas con registros de casos de dengue ubicadas en el corredor vial transfronterizo que une los departamentos Central y Alto Paraná de Paraguay. El estudio de variabilidad genética de Ae. aegypti es de gran utilidad para la vigilancia entomoepidemiológica y evaluación de posibles eventos de resistencia al control químico.

The inclusion of T. diversifolia in diets based on tropical grasses has proven potential to improve nutrient availability in these diets, as well as enhance animal production in different productive conditions. However, recent studies have evidenced that there are better genotypes that could be selected to enhance the use of this species. This paper shows the principal results obtained in the determination of the genetic and phenotypic variability of T. diversifolia in materials collected in Colombia. Initially, a genetic assessment is presented permitting to identify seven outstanding genotypes as animal feed and with great genetic diversity. These materials have been spread to conduct studies for determining genotype-environment interaction in biomass yield, fermentative performance, chemical composition, and sexual propagation. The results evidence that T. diversifolia materials can be identified and selected for having better adaptation to specific conditions than others, better growth, higher offer of nutrients, and capacity of modifying the dynamic of fermentation in the rumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is a successful human pathogen. In 2022, approximately 10.6 million people have developed the active phase of the disease, and around 1.6 million people died due to tuberculosis (TB). The deciphering of the genome of M. tb has helped us to understand its evolutionary history and the causes underlying its worldwide spread. Using various genotyping methods and whole-genome sequencing techniques indicate that the M. tb complex is grouped in nine lineages, some are specifically adapted to humans, while others are animal-adapted lineages. The presence of most of the lineages in Africa makes this continent the most likely place of MTBC origin. Studies of the genome of M. tb have also assisted in the identification of genes involved in its virulence, pathogenicity, and the long co-evolutionary process with its main host, the human being. In this review of selected literature, we describe the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of the MTBC and its clinical and epidemiological implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of genetic diversity and gene flow through genealogical information of a population is necessary in genetic selection programs. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of the Charolais population in Ecuador. Three sets of data were used, the historical population, current population and the reference population. The information on each animal included its own name and registration number, that of the father, the mother, and date of birth. The parameters evaluated were the completeness of the pedigree, generation interval, inbreeding, mean relationship, increase in inbreeding and effective population size. For data processing, the ENDOG program was used. The completeness of the pedigree decreased considerably from the second generation in both populations, although the first generation showed values of 0.617 and 0.745. The average generation interval was 7.17 years for the historical population and 8.42 years for the current one. The father pathway was superior to the maternal pathway in both populations. Inbreeding values were 0.08% and 0.14%, respectively. The Ne was 537.38. The Charolais cattle breed in Ecuador is in the process of being established, and can be considered a young population from the genetic point of view. The use of reproductive biotechnologies with molecular information has directly influenced the quality of the genealogical information added to the control in the records of new animals, which will allow the association to have reliable tools for population management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rhizophora mangle is considered an ecological niche for microorganisms with potentially novel and complex degrading enzymes. Objective: To characterize Vibrio populations using culture-dependent methods, using samples collected from sediments and water along a red mangrove transect composed of three sites. Methods: Strains were characterized according to their distribution, capacity to degrade of organic matter and other environmental parameters. Additionally the sequence diversity was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: Bacterial densities were strongly associated with temperature and salinity. A total of 87 good-quality sequences representing the isolates from the three sites, were binned into eight OTUs (Operational taxonomic units). Taxonomic assignment indicated that the dominant members were Vibrionaceae. Beta diversity analyses showed that bacterial communities clustered by sample source rather than spatial distribution, and that alpha diversity was found to be higher in water than in sediment. Three percent of the strains from water samples could degrade carboxyl-methyl cellulose with the smallest enzymatic indexes compared to 4 % of the strains from sediment samples that showed the highest enzymatic indexes. Two strains identified as Vibrio agarivorans degraded cellulose and agarose, producing the highest enzymatic indexes. Conclusions: We found higher bacterial densities and diversity in the bacterial communities of the water samples compared to the sediment, with different OTUs including those similar to Ferrimonas, Providencia, or Shewanella which were not isolated in the sediment. Vibrio OTUs were shown to degrade cellulose in both sample types. The results of this study highlight the importance of red mangroves as Vibrio habitats and as reservoirs of potential enzyme sources with biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monogamy was considered to be the most common mating system in birds. However, molecular techniques revealed numerous cases of extra-pair fertilisations (EPFs) in most bird species as well as multiple partners during breeding season. In this study, we examined the population of the Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis breeding along the Danube River system in Slovakia during three consecutive breeding seasons (2016-2018). We analysed 618 individuals – 70 adults and 548 nestlings from 87 broods. Overall, six nestlings (1.09%) from three different broods (3.45%) were fathered by other than the pair male. None of the nestlings had a mother other than the pair female. Besides that, we detected two simultaneously polygamous males (5.13%). In seven cases (9.72%) we revealed mate change between different broods: female change in three cases (4.17%) and male change in four cases (5.55%). The occurrence of extra-pair nestlings as well as polygamy was not associated with the synchronicity of breeding attempts at the beginning of the season, while the type of mating strategy seems to be associated with nest density. At the same time, male body condition was unrelated to the type of mating strategy in which he was engaged. Conversely, polygamous males had higher genetic diversity (observed heterozygosity) than monogamous ones. No difference in genetic diversity was found between monogamous and polygamous females. There was no difference in breeding success before and after the change of partner. In addition, polygamous individuals did not have more young than monogamous birds, suggesting that having more than one partner does not ensure greater breeding productivity. This is probably why polygamy remains a minority strategy in the Common Kingfisher.—Cepková, M., Melišková, M. & Rubáčová, L. (2023). Low extra-pair paternity and polygamy in the Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis. Ardeola, 70: 41-58. La monogamia es considerada el sistema de apareamiento común en las aves. Sin embargo, análisis moleculares han revelado que, en la mayoría de las aves, pueden ocurrir casos de emparejamientos extrapareja, así como de intercambios de parejas durante o entre las temporadas de reproducción. En este estudio nos centramos en una población de martín pescador común localizada en el río Danubio (Eslovaquia) durante tres temporadas consecutivas de reproducción (2016-2018), analizando un total de 648 individuos correspondientes a 71 adultos y 577 polluelos de 92 nidadas. Los análisis mostraron que seis pollos (1,04%) de tres crías diferentes (3,26%) tenían un padre diferente, aunque ninguno de ellos tuvo una madre distinta. Además, detectamos dos machos polígamos simultáneamente (5,13%). Mientras que un macho se apareó con dos hembras, otro tuvo cuatro parejas. En siete casos (9,6%) encontramos evidencias de intercambio de pareja entre distintas crías, de las que en tres ocasiones (4,11%) se intercambiaron hembras y cuatro veces (5,48%) machos. En general, estos resultados indican que el martín pescador común es una especie social, genéticamente monógama, con una rara ocurrencia de pollos procedentes de emparejamientos extrapareja y poligamia, y en ningún caso procedentes de parasitismo de nido intraespecífico. Este sistema de emparejamiento viene en parte apoyado por el hecho de que, en esta especie, el cuidado parental es llevado a cabo tanto por parte de la hembra como del macho durante un período de reproducción generalmente extenso.—Cepková, M., Melišková, M. y Rubáčová, L. (2023). Baja paternidad extrapareja y poligamia en el martín pescador común Alcedo atthis. Ardeola, 70: 41-58. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuevos registros de sanguijuelas del género Limnatis (Hirudinea, Praobdellidae) en el Cáucaso meridional y Asia central: relaciones filogenéticas de las poblaciones eurasiáticas y africanas Las sanguijuelas del género Limnatis Moquin–Tandon, 1827 infestan las mucosas de varios mamíferos, incluidos los seres humanos y los ungulados domésticos. Se creía que la especie tipo del género, L. nilotica (Savigny, 1822), estaba presente en todo el paleártico occidental, desde África del norte hasta Oriente Medio y Asia central. Posteriormente, se observó que L. paluda (Tennent, 1859) es un especie ampliamente distribuida en Asia occidental. Sin embargo, no se han hecho estudios suficientes sobre el género Limnatis en la zona del Cáucaso meridional ni en buena parte de Asia central. Registramos L. paluda por primera vez en Azerbaiyán y Uzbekistán. La primera caracterización molecular de L. nilotica tuvo lugar allí. Las secuencias del gen citocromo oxidasa (COI) permitieron constatar que existe una profunda diferenciación genética (del 8 %) entre L. paluda, de Asia occidental, y L. nilotica, de África del norte (Marruecos). Ello corrobora la hipótesis basada en la morfología que se asignaba especies diferentes. La escasa diversidad genética de L. paluda se explica por la reciente colonización de territorios áridos de Asia occidental.

En Guatemala, la producción del cultivo de papa se ve afectada por los nematodos Globodera rostochiensis y Globodera pallida. La capacidad de ambas especies para formar quistes complica su control y provoca el aumento de sus poblaciones. En Guatemala se reporta la presencia de ambas especies de nematodos por identificación morfológica, sin embargo, no se ha realizado una confirmación molecular. Este es el primer estudio para validar la presencia de ambas especies de nematodos por PCR múltiple y la determinación de la diversidad y estructura genética de las poblaciones utilizando marcadores moleculares. Se realizaron muestreos en cuatro departamentos productores de papa del país. La identificación por PCR se realizó con el cebador común ITS5 y los cebadores PITSr3 específico para G. rostochiensis y PITSp4 para G. pallida. La caracterización molecular se realizó con el marcador AFLP. Se confirmó la presencia de las dos especies de nematodos en los cuatro departamentos. Los índices de diversidad Shannon y heterocigosidad esperada revelaron mayor diversidad genética en G. rostochiensis (H = 0.311, He = 0.301) que en G. pallida (H = 0.035, He = 0.223). Los métodos NJ, DAPC y PCA exhibieron una débil estructura entre las poblaciones de ambas especies de nematodos. Los resultados sugieren un patrón de dispersión desde Quetzaltenango hacia el resto del país, atribuido a la comercialización de semilla contaminada con nematodos. Se sugiere promover programas de socialización sobre los beneficios del uso de semilla certificada, además de constantes monitoreos moleculares para un diagnóstico certero de ambas especies de nematodos.

Gonopterodendron sarmientoi —Palo Santo— es una especie forestal típica chaqueña, presente en bosques mixtos o formando densos bosques monotípicos (palosantales). Por pérdida de hábitat y alta explotación, G. sarmientoi se encuentra amenazada, lo que genera la necesidad de información orientada a futuros programas de manejo y conservación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar, en toda el área de distribución de la especie, los palosantales (n=10) respecto a los bosques mixtos (n=14) en cuanto a composición de especies vegetales, atributos del sitio (tipo de suelo e índice verde de vegetación), diversidad genética derivada de marcadores neutrales y rasgos morfológicos de la hoja y el árbol. Los palosantales tuvieron menor cantidad de especies vegetales acompañantes (media 8; min. 1; máx. 14), en comparación con los bosques mixtos (media 10; min. 8; máx. 13); mayormente, las acompañantes fueron arbustivas. Los suelos en los palosantales presentaron alto contenido de arcilla, bajo carbono orgánico y bajo contenido de arena. Los sitios con menor disponibilidad de nutrientes se reportaron en los palosantales del centro-oeste de la distribución, en la triple frontera Argentina-Bolivia-Paraguay y en los palosantales sobre paleocauces del río Bermejo (Argentina). El índice verde confirmó la baja productividad de los palosantales (NDVI palosantales 0.38; NDVI bosques mixtos 0.51). Los palosantales no fueron genéticamente diferentes de los bosques mixtos (diversidad nucleotídica 0.00103 vs. 0.00120; índice de Shannon 0.89 vs. 1.02, respectivamente). Morfológicamente, los árboles de G. sarmientoi presentes en los palosantales fueron más pequeños y achaparrados que los presentes en los bosques mixtos. Los bosques de G. sarmientoi requieren líneas de investigación futuras que contemplen las singularidades de cada tipo de bosque que conforma la especie para la conservación de los recursos y servicios ecosistémicos que brindan.

Because the exact allele frequencies I x SB l sb i are not explicitly known, we calculated I V SB M sb i with the expected value of I w SB l sb i ( I x i ) under the equilibrium allele-frequency distribution I f SB l sb i for the respective locus I l i : 4 HT ht where the sum is over all allele-frequency bins I i i . [Extracted from the article]

The aim of this study was to determine the diversity of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the peri-urban area of Montería, Córdoba, Colombia. The specimens were collected in four locations around Monteria with CDC traps and manual aspirators between February and June 2018, and they were fragmented and clarified with lactophenol, for later identification by means of specialized taxonomic keys. The diversity was estimated with the Shannon-Wiener index, localities were compared using the distance of Bray-Curtis and the richness was quantified with the Chao 2 and Jacknife 2 indices. Six species were identified: Micropygomyia cayennensis, Lutzomyia gomezi, Pintomyia rangeliana, Micropygomyia micropyga, Psathyromyia shannoni, and Pintomyia evansi. The sampling sites were similar in terms of diversity. The peri-urban area of Monteria is inhabited by generalist species of dipterans of the Psychodidae family that constitute an epidemiological risk. The species richness was affected by the characteristics of the species found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic load The genetic load was calculated for adult birds that died from 1976 to 21 December 2018: 1112 birds out of 1308 birds in the studbook. This masked load is the part of the genetic load that causes inbreeding depression during inbreeding, and it is also known as the "inbreeding load" (Crow, 1970), or "potential load" (Mathur & DeWoody, 2021). Both RAD-seq data and pedigree data were available for 109 IAA birds, and we detected a significant relationship between the pedigree-calculated inbreeding coefficient and the genome-wide heterozygosity (regression: I F i SB 1,108 sb = 45.02, I p i < 0.0001, adjusted I R i SP 2 sp = 29.0%) (Appendix S3g). Keywords: captive breeding; genetic diversity; genetic management; genetic rescue; Nesoenas mayeri; diversidad genética; manejo genético; reproducción en cautiverio; rescate genético EN captive breeding genetic diversity genetic management genetic rescue Nesoenas mayeri diversidad genética manejo genético reproducción en cautiverio rescate genético 1 13 13 08/01/22 20220801 NES 220801 INTRODUCTION The pink pigeon is an endemic species of Mauritius that experienced a population decline over several centuries due to habitat fragmentation and destruction and invasive species (Jones, 2013; Jones & Swinnerton, 1997). [Extracted from the article]

Gonopterodendron sarmientoi is a native tree species from Chaco region forest that grows in mixed forest or in pure dense forests (palosantales). Due to habitat destruction and high exploitation, G. sarmientoi is threatened; hence, baseline information about the forests where the species grows is needed to guide future management and conservation programs. The objective of this article is to characterize the environment, genetic diversity and morphology of G. sarmientoi's palosantales (n=10), in relation to the species' mixed forests (n=14). For that, along the whole range of the species distribution, we compared the palosantales and mixed forests regarding their composition of plant species and site attributes (soil type and vegetation index), genetic diversity obtained with neutral markers, and leaf and tree morphological traits. The palosantales were characterized by having fewer companion species forests (mean 8; min. 1; max. 14), predominantly with shrub species, in relation to mixed forests (mean 10; min. 8; max. 13). The soils of the palosantales showed high content of clay and low levels of organic carbon and sand. The lowest nutrients sampled sites were palosantales located in the center-west of the species range, in the triple border Argentina-Bolivia-Paraguay, and in the palosantales on Bermejo river paleochannels (Argentina). The vegetation index confirmed the low productivity of palosantales forests (NDVI palosantales 0.38; NDVI mixed forests 0.51). The palosantales were similar in genetic diversity with respect to mixed forest (nucleotide diversity 0.00103 vs 0.00120; Shannon index 0.89 vs 1.02, respectively). Morphologically, G. sarmientoi trees in the palosantales were shorter and shrubbier than the mixed forest trees. The forests of G. sarmientoi require focused research that considers the singularities of each type of forest, allowing conservation of the species and the derived ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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