Search

Introduction. Implant placement with simultaneous bone augmentation presents procedure with high risk of complications. In those situations, one of the surgical procedures with promising outcomes is the split crest technique. Case report. A 69-year-old edentulous patient was referred to the Clinic of Oral Surgery, at the Faculty of Dentistry in Pancevo. The width of the mandibular alveolar ridge in the inter-canine region was 2 mm. For the ridge splitting and expansion, a special split and expansion kit was used (Esset KitR, Osstem, South Korea). The procedure started with crestal remover carbide cylindrical bur of 7 mm diameter for flattening of the alveolar ridge to the width of 4 mm. Then, a sharp lance drill was used to mark the places for implant osteotomies and placement. After that, 1.8 mm twist drill was used to prepare a bed of 10 mm depth, and a 13 mm saw was directed vertically. Set of expansion drills were used to expand the alveolar ridge gradually. Two implants 3.5x10 mm each (TSIII SAR, Osstem, South Korea) were inserted in the region of lower canines and the space between split buccal and lingual bone lamellae remained empty. Initial stability of inserted implants was assessed by implant stability quotient (ISQ). The values for implant stability were high for both inserted implants (98 and 93). After the surgical procedure, a control CBCT was done. The wound healed uneventfully. Conclusion. Split crest technique seems to be a predictable alternative for implant placement in narrow alveolar ridges.

Radiological diagnostics serves as one of the basic monitoring techniques in veterinary dental practice. The recent up-to-date literature data based on the findings of digital radiology/radiovisiography (RVG) in general dentistry inspired the authors to present its possible use in clinical veterinary dentistry. The digital radiography used in this study was RVG Trophy Radiologie SA 2001 device equipped with software for linear measurements (readings), densitometry, setting of contrast of radiography image, 3D image manipulation, zooming of detail and orientation handling. The aim of the study was to evaluate the bone mineral density of the alveolar part of the lower jaw in seven Scottish terriers. Bone mineral density measurement was performed around the central lower incisors by converting gray scale values into equivalent aluminum thickness (mm Al). The mean bone mineral density was in the range of 4.31-6.20 mm Al with no significant statistical difference between left and right incisors (p>0.01). Our results showed that the combination of RVG and aluminum step wedge etalon is a reliable tool to measure bone mineral density around the lower central incisors in dogs. This method can be considered as comfortable for manipulation in everyday use in clinical veterinary practice. Radiološka dijagnostika služi kao jedna od osnovnih tehnika praćenja stadijuma bolesti u veterinarskoj medicini. Najnoviji podaci iz literature govore o prednostima digitalne radiologije/radioviografi je (RVG) inspirisao je autore da predstave njenu moguću primenu u kliničkoj veterinarskoj stomatologiji. Digitalna radiografi ja korišćena u ovom istraživanju ostvarena je upotrebom uređaja RVG Trophy Radiologie SA 2001 opremljenog moćnim programom za linearna merenja (očitavanja), denzitometriju, doterivanje kontrasta na radiogramu, trodimenzionalnu manipulaciju slike, uveličavanje detalja i njegovo orijentisanje. Cilj studije bio je da se proceni gustina koštane mase alveolarnog dela donje vilice kod sedam jorkširskih terijera. Merenje kostne gustine urađeno je na centralnim donjim sekutićima konverzijom jedinica sivobele skale u ekvivalentnu debljinu aluminijuma (mm Al). Prosečna vrednost gustine kosti bila je u opsegu od 4,31 - 6,20 mm Al bez značajne statističke razlike između levog i desnog sekutića (p>0,01). Naši rezultati su pokazali da je kombinacija RVG i aluminijumskog etalona pouzdano način za merenje gusutine koštanog tkiva oko donjih centralnih sekutića pasa. Ovaj se metod može smatrati pogodnim za svakodnevnu upotrebu u kliničkoj veterinarskoj praksi.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different radiopacifiers on the physicochemical and biological properties of novel calcium silicate based endodontic ceramic enriched with bioactive nano-particulated hydroxyapatite – ECHA. Namely, ECHA was used as a basis for mixing with the following radiopacifiers: strontium fluoride (SrF2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3). For comparison, Portland cement (PC) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) were used. The following physicochemical characteristics were examined: the radiopacity, setting time, compressive strength, porosity, wettability and pH value. The biocompatibility of the cements was assessed by crystal violet, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cell adhesion assays. The highest radiopacity was obtained for the ECHA + Bi2O3 mixture and MTA that were statistically significant in comparison to other materials (p < 0.05). Both initial and final setting times as well as compressive strengths were statistically lower for experimental cements than for PC and MTA (p < 0.05). The lowest total porosity was observed in the ECHA + ZrO2 group when compared with the other two experimental cements (p < 0.05), but not when compared with PC and MTA (p > 0.05). Experimental cements exhibited statistically higher contact angles of glycerol than PC and MTA (p < 0.05). For blood plasma, a statistical difference was found only between ECHA + Bi2O3 and PC (p < 0.05). All investigated materials had alkalization ability. Cell viability assays revealed that the extracts of tested cements did not exhibit cytotoxic effect on L929 cells. Scanning electron microscopy had shown a high degree of cell proliferation and adhesion of cells from apical papilla on experimental cements’ surfaces. Novel endodontic ceramics with nano-hydroxyapatite addition have satisfactory biological and physicochemical properties when compared to MTA and PC controls. Considerable lower setting time of experimental cements might present a huge advantage of these synthesized materials in clinical practice. SrF2 presents a novel promising radiopacifying agent for dental cements manufacturing.

Introduction. Calcium silicate (CS) dental cements have numerous clinical indications in dentistry including pulp capping, root end surgery, perforation repair and apexification/apexogenesis treatment. Materials and methods. Novel CS based dental cement with incorporation of SrCO3 radiopacifier named ALBO-DENT was used as an experimental cement material while Portland cement (Aalborg, Denmark) and ProRoot MTA (Tulsa Dental, USA) were used as controls. The radiopacity evaluation was performed using digital Trophy Radiographic system with an intention to precisely determine the minimum of radiopaque agent needed to confer to ISO radiopacity requirement. Thereafter, biocompatibility of material was tested in in vitro conditions in mouse fibrosarcoma L929 cell culture treated with materials? extracts. Cell morphology was observed using phase-contrast microscopy, while cell viability was measured using crystal violet (CV) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Results. Radiopacity evaluation revealed that 30%wt addition of SrCO3 was necessary to achieve satisfactory radiopacity (3.45 mm Al). Cytotoxicity analysis using CV and MTT assays revealed that pure extracts of ALBO-DENT presented superior biocompatibility when compared to PC and MTA controls while serial dilutions of experimental cements? extracts as well as that of PC and MTA did not influence L929 cell viability. Conclusions. Novel formulation of CS cement - ALBO-DENT presented satisfactory radiopacity and adequate biocompatibility.

Background/Aim. In dentistry, the concept of using inert materials for tissue repair has been replaced by the strategy to find bioactive materials which positively interact with human tissues. The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of the commercially available calcium silicate and calcium carbonate-based dental cement, biodentine (Septodont, France). Methods. Material elucidation included the measurements of radiopacity, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray dispersive analyses, wettability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, microindentation, micro- to nanoporosity, setting time, pH and calcium ion release. The cells (mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells – BMSCs) were grown on biodentine surface in order to evaluate its behaviour under biological conditions. Results. The radiopacity of the cement (2.8 mmAl) was below ISO requirement for a root canal filling material. The cement was composed of fine powder with particles similar in size and shape, changing from oval to cubic after having been soaked in a simulated body fluid. Biodentine demonstrated good micromechanical properties and low porosity attributed to microporosity with the average pore size of 92 μm. Wettability (contact angle = 41°), calcium ion release (0.098 μg/cm2) and pH of storage solution (9.07) showed satisfactory characteristics. The BMSCa in intimate contact with cement particles remained viable, indicating biodentine good biocompatibility. Conclusion. Biodentine exhibits good mechanical and physicochemical characteristics, but possesses insufficient radiopacity. © 2021 Inst. Sci. inf., Univ. Defence in Belgrade. All rights reserved.

Hallux valgus (HV), the bunion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ), bothers many adults. No consensus has been reached about the causes of HV, be it a hereditary, or acquired, or multifactorial disease. Nor has agreement been reached using MTPJ angle to assess HV based on X-ray because in most cases the assessment of MTPJ is not reliable as it depends on the posture during scanning. In this study, we assume that HV is predominately acquired and that shoe wearing per se is an important player in HV pathogenesis. To verify our hypothesis, a CT-based finite element (FE) model of the first MTPJ of fossil remains of bear-footed Homo naledi was created and compared to that of five contemporary shoe-wearing wrestlers (10 models from two scans at an interval of about 18 months) because Homo naledi's first MTPJ is an ideal model for non-shoe wearing with parallel sesamoid grooves. We developed the first MTPJ structure transformation method and created MTPJ joint capsule model for both Homo naledi and wrestlers. Constraint on the medial side of the first MTPJ capsule was set to simulate shoe-wearing conditions compared to the lack of medial constraint for barefooted conditions. Analysis of eight FE models of different angles for the first MTPJ of Homo naledi was performed by the first MTPJ transformation method and results showed that stress concentrated on the medial capsule of the first MTPJ in simulated shoe-wearing conditions, even at MTPJ angle of 0°. Increase in the first MTPJ angle further increased stress concentration on the medial side, and stress-growth relationship might reveal the causes of HV. We further developed a method to position the first MTPJ in wrestlers and created CT-based models at two time points. It was evident that the first MTPJ angle increased in all but one athlete, with a maximal increase of 4.03 degrees. This verifies our hypothesis that HV might be developed by wearing shoes. Further longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are needed to additionally validate our results and determine the magnitude of the effects of shoe wearing on development and progression of HV.

The aim of this study was to develop novel hydroxyapatite (HAP)-based bioactive bone replacement materials for segmental osteotomy reconstruction. Customized three-dimensional (3D) bone construct was manufactured from nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP) with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) coating using 3D models derived from the computed tomography (CT) scanning of the rabbit's ulna and gradient 3D printing of the bone substitute mimicking the anatomical shape of the natural bone defect. Engineered construct revealed adequate micro-architectural design for successful bone regeneration having a total porosity of 64% and an average pore size of 256 μm. Radiography and micro-CT analysis depicted new bone apposition through the whole length of the reconstructed ulna with a small area of non-resorbed construct in the central area of defect. Histological analysis revealed new bone formation with both endochondral and endesmal type of ossification. Immunohistochemistry analysis depicted the presence of bone formation indicators-bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN) within newly formed bone. Manufactured personalized construct acts as a "smart" responsive biomaterial capable of modulating the functionality and potential for the personalized bone reconstruction on a clinically relevant length scale. Link to erratum: [https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/10363]

Background The authors investigated morphologic parameters of the palatal cortex that affect the diffusion of local anesthetic solution in the region of the anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) nerve block injection site. Methods The authors used computed tomographic (CT) and micro-CT imaging to assess 20 human skulls from an anatomic collection. Analysis of the CT images included frequency, distribution, and width of the nutrient canals in the bony palate, according to to the person’s sex and age. Micro-CT analysis involved measuring the thickness and porosity of palatal cortical bone in the area of the AMSA injection site in relation to the thickness and porosity of the opposite buccal cortical bone. Results There was a statistically significant difference (P = .042) in the location of the nutrient canals between male specimens (> 50% in the border region) and female specimens (> 50% in the palatal process). Furthermore, the female skulls had significantly wider nutrient canal foramina (P = .042) than did the male skulls. Despite greater thickness, the palatal cortex in the area of the AMSA injection site had slightly greater porosity than did the buccal cortex. A significantly greater number of microcanals penetrated the whole cortical thickness in palatal than in buccal cortical bone (P = .001). Conclusions The distribution and width of nutrient canals differed between male and female skulls. At the microscopic level, structural characteristics of the palatal cortex provide a good anatomic basis for the potential of a satisfactory AMSA injection success rate. Practical Implications The AMSA technique success rate might be increased if the clinician adjusts the injection site to the distribution of nutrient canals, depending on the sex of the patient.

Introduction Open pores between endodontic sealer and root canal walls present potential niches for bacterial growth and migration pathways. The aim was to assess the internal and external porosity of calcium silicate–based sealers and to ascertain the long-term effect of storage in simulated body fluid on sealer porosity. Methods Sixteen single-rooted teeth were filled with gutta-percha and 1 of 4 root canal sealers: BioRoot RCS, EndoSequence BC, MTA Fillapex, or AH Plus. Obturated roots, stored in Hank's balanced salt solution, were scanned after 7 days and after 6 months by using micro–computed tomography at an isotropic resolution of 9.9 μm. Total, open, and closed porosity were calculated in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Data were statistically analyzed by using general linear model and paired t test (α = 0.05). Results Significantly higher percentage of open than closed porosity was found in all groups. Initially, significantly greater open and total porosity were found for MTA Fillapex than for AH Plus. After 6 months, the percentage of open and total porosity increased in BioRoot RCS and MTA Fillapex and decreased in AH Plus and EndoSequence BC. Both initially and after storage, coronal region of all sealers had significantly greater total porosity than middle and apical regions, which were comparable. Conclusions None of the root fillings were void-free, with predominant open porosity persisting after long-term storage.

Background/Aim. The diagnosis of tumors of salivary glands relies heavily on radiological examination and biopsy of pathological tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of core needle biopsy in diagnosis of tumors of parotid and submandibular glands. Methods. This study was designed as a crosssectional clinical trial performed between May 2008 and ?ay 2015 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Center Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia. The examinations included 200 patients among which 100 were diagnosed with tumors of parotid salivary glands and 100 with tumors of submandibular salivary glands. The core needle biopsy was undertaken in all cases where tumor was smaller than 2 cm, far from blood vessels and far from the deep layer of parotid gland. The histopathological analysis was performed to identify histological type of the lesion. Upon performing the surgical procedure and consequently the tumor tissue extirpation, tissue samples obtained were investigated for the definitive diagnosis. Results. The sensitivity of the procedure was 90.9% for parotid salivary gland and 74% for submandibular salivary gland, the specificity was 95.9% for parotid salivary gland and 93% for submandibular salivary gland and the accuracy was 94.7% for parotid salivary gland and 87% for submandibular salivary gland. Based on the histopathological findings of the salivary glands obtained using core needle biopsy of the tumor tissue, it was possible to differentiate between malignant and benign lesions. Conclusion. Current investigation points to the advantages and efficiency of core needle biopsy in diagnosis of tumors of parotid and submandibular salivary glands.

Introduction Calcium silicate cements (CSCs) with the addition of nanohydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate play a critical role in dental applications. To further improve their properties, particularly radiopacity and biointeractivity, the fluoride-containing radiopacifier ytterbium trifluoride (YbF 3 ) was added to their composition, and biological and mechanical characteristics were evaluated. Methods YbF 3 was added to 3 different CSCs: cement I (CSC + calcium carbonate), cement II (CSC + nanohydroxyapatite), and Portland cement. Material characterization encompassed measurements of pH, calcium, ytterbium, and fluoride ion release; radiopacity; setting time; porosity; microindentation properties; wettability; and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Osteoblast- and osteoclast-like cells were grown on the materials' surface to evaluate their adherence. Results The addition of calcium carbonate, nanohydroxyapatite, and 30 wt% of YbF 3 improved radiopacity and the setting time of experimental cements. The pH values did not differ among the groups. The greatest ytterbium and fluoride releases occurred in the Portland cement + YbF 3 group. Combined x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis showed the presence of calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrates. In addition, the presence of calcium ytterbium fluoride and ytterbium oxide proved that YbF 3 reacted with cement compounds. Wettability of cement I + YbF 3 was superior to other formulations, but its porosity and microindentation properties were weaker than in the Portland cement + YbF 3 mixture. Cement II + YbF 3 presented micromechanical indentation and porosity characteristics similar to the Portland-based cement formulation. Osteoclast- and osteoblast-like cells adhered to the cements' surfaces without alteration of the cell structural integrity. Conclusions YbF 3 -containing CSCs with nanostructured hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate are well suited for dental application.

Bony complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) are still insufficiently understood. Our aims were to analyze the individual and combined effects of chronic hyperglycemia and nicotine exposure on the femoral trabecular and cortical microarchitecture on a rat experimental model.The micro-computed tomography based bone microstructural evaluation was performed on male Wistar rats divided into four groups: control (n = 7), experimentally-induced DM (n = 8), chronically exposed to nicotine (n = 9) and the DM group exposed chronically to nicotine (n = 9).Chronic hyperglycemia caused mild trabecular deterioration; yet, the combination of hyperglycemia and nicotine exposure showed more deleterious effects on the trabecular bone. Namely, the DM + nicotine group had significantly lower bone volume fraction, fewer and more rod-like shaped trabeculae, along with higher trabecular separation and lower connectivity than the control group (p 0.05). Nicotine alone did not show any significant deterioration compared to the control group. DM and DM + nicotine groups had lower cortical porosity than control and nicotine groups (p 0.05). Cortical thickness did not show any significant intergroup differences, whereas bone perimeter and the mean polar moment of inertia were reduced in DM + nicotine group.Mild effects of chronic hyperglycemia on bone structure were accentuated by the chronic nicotine exposure, although nicotine alone did not cause any significant bone changes. That suggests a synergistic effect of hyperglycemia and nicotine on bone deterioration and increased propensity to fracture. Indeed, better understanding of risk factors driving bone structural deterioration is a precondition to limit the complications associated with DM.

The authors investigated morphologic parameters of the palatal cortex that affect the diffusion of local anesthetic solution in the region of the anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) nerve block injection site.The authors used computed tomographic (CT) and micro-CT imaging to assess 20 human skulls from an anatomic collection. Analysis of the CT images included frequency, distribution, and width of the nutrient canals in the bony palate, according to to the person's sex and age. Micro-CT analysis involved measuring the thickness and porosity of palatal cortical bone in the area of the AMSA injection site in relation to the thickness and porosity of the opposite buccal cortical bone.There was a statistically significant difference (P = .042) in the location of the nutrient canals between male specimens (50% in the border region) and female specimens (50% in the palatal process). Furthermore, the female skulls had significantly wider nutrient canal foramina (P = .042) than did the male skulls. Despite greater thickness, the palatal cortex in the area of the AMSA injection site had slightly greater porosity than did the buccal cortex. A significantly greater number of microcanals penetrated the whole cortical thickness in palatal than in buccal cortical bone (P = .001).The distribution and width of nutrient canals differed between male and female skulls. At the microscopic level, structural characteristics of the palatal cortex provide a good anatomic basis for the potential of a satisfactory AMSA injection success rate.The AMSA technique success rate might be increased if the clinician adjusts the injection site to the distribution of nutrient canals, depending on the sex of the patient.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various irrigation solutions on root canal dentine and gutta-percha surface properties. In addition, the effects of disinfectant chemicals on the wettability and surface morphological properties of the filling materials were evaluated. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, and ozone were employed as irrigation solutions for dentine and gutta-percha treatment. Thereafter, the samples microstructure, degree of mineralization, and mechanical properties were assessed by means of quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI) and reference point indentation (RN). A contact angle analyzer was used to measure adhesion on the tested materials. Here, EDTA had the most significant affect on both the mechanical properties and the adhesive behavior of dentine. Citric acid did not affect dentine wettability, whereas the indentation properties and the mineralization were reduced. Similar effects were observed when ozone was used. The dentinal tubules were significantly widened in citric acid compared to the ozone group. EDTA causes considerable micromechanical surface alteration of dentine and gutta-percha, but represents the best option in clinical cases where a high adhesiveness of the filling materials is desired. (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cross-sectional imaging is considered the gold standard in diagnosing a range of diseases. However, despite its widespread use in clinical practice and research, no widely accepted method is available to reliably match cross-sectional planes in several consecutive scans. This deficiency can impede comparison between cross-sectional images and ultimately lead to misdiagnosis. Here, we propose and demonstrate a method for finding the same imaging plane in images obtained during separate scanning sessions. Our method is based on the reconstruction of a “virtual organ” from which arbitrary cross-sectional images can be extracted, independent of the axis orientation in the original scan or cut; the key is to establish unique body coordinates of the organ from its principal axes of inertia. To verify our method a series of tests were performed, and the same cross-sectional plane was successfully extracted. This new approach offers clinicians access, after just a single scanning session, to the morphology and structure of a lesion through cross-sectional images reconstructed along arbitrary axes. It also aids comparable detection of morphological and structural changes in the same imaging plane from scans of the same patient taken at different times—thus potentially reducing the misdiagnosis rate when cross-sectional images are interpreted.

This study examined the potential of a new porous calcium hydroxyapatite scaffold covered with poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) as a bone substitute, identifying its advantages over Geistlich Bio-Oss®, considered the gold standard, in in vivo biofunctionality investigations. Structural and morphological properties of the new scaffold were analyzed by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. The biofunctionality assays were performed on New Zealand white rabbits using new scaffold for filling full-thickness defects of critical size. The evaluated parameters were: the presence of macrophages, giant cells, monoocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes, neoangiogenesis, fibroplasia, and the percentage of mineralization. Parallel biofunctionality assays were performed using Geistlich Bio-Oss®. The appearance of bone defects 12 weeks after the new scaffold implantation showed the presence of a small number of typical immune response cells. Furthermore, significantly reduced number of capillary buds, low intensity of fibroplasia and high degree of mineralization in a lamellar pattern indicated that the inflammation process has been almost completely overcome and that the new bone formed was in the final phase of remodeling. All biofunctionality assays proved the new scaffold’s suitability as a bone substitute for applications in maxillofacial surgery. It showed numerous biological advantages over Geistlich Bio-Oss® which was reflected mainly as a lower number of giant cells surrounding implanted material and higher degree of mineralization in new formed bone.

Bone is a remarkable biological nanocomposite material showing peculiar hierarchical organization from smaller (nano, micro) to larger (macro) length scales. Increased material porosity is considered as the main feature of fragile bone at larger length-scales. However, there is a shortage of quantitative information on bone porosity at smaller length-scales, as well as on the distribution of pore sizes in healthy vs. fragile bone. Therefore, here we investigated how healthy and fragile bones differ in pore volume and pore size distribution patterns, considering a wide range of mostly neglected pore sizes from nano to micron-length scales (7.5 to 15000 nm). Cortical bone specimens from four young healthy women (age: 35 +/- 6 years) and five women with bone fracture (age: 82 +/- 5 years) were analyzed by mercury porosimetry. Our findings showed that, surprisingly, fragile bone demonstrated lower pore volume at the measured scales. Furtnermore, pore size distribution showed differential patterns between healthy and fragile bones, where healthy bone showed especially high proportion of pores between 200 and 15000 nm. Therefore, although fragile bones are known for increased porosity at macroscopic level and level of tens or hundreds of microns as firmly established in the literature, our study with a unique assessment range of nano-to micron-sized pores reveal that osteoporosis does not imply increased porosity at all length scales. Our thorough assessment of bone porosity reveals a specific distribution of porosities at smaller length-scales and contributes to proper understanding of bone structure which is important for designing new biomimetic bone substitute materials. [GRAPHICS]

Introduction Antioxidants protect against reactive oxygen species and expose beneficial anti-inflammatory activity when in contact with biological tissues. Dental materials that are used as temporary luting on fixed dental restorations are often in contact with injured gingival tissue, hence they should contain anti-inflammatory characteristics that are essential after prosthetic procedures preceding cementation of final restauration. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect through the oxidation inhibition (OI) of mixed dental cement for temporary luting or their liquid component. Methods Eight study groups were prepared each by ten samples: 1) ex tempore preparation of zinc-oxide eugenol paste (Kariofil Z Galenika, Serbia), 2) Viko Temp paste (Galenika, Serbia), 3) Temp Bond NE paste (Kerr, Germany), 4) ScutaBond (ESPE, Germany), 5) Cp-CAP paste (Germany, Lege Artis) and oil component of 6) Kariofil Z, 7) Viko Temp and 8) Cp-CAP. The samples were subjected to spectrophotometer to measure OI 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) using Randox kit, United Kingdom. The control samples were pure ascorbic acid (1% w/v). Results High values of OI exposed materials (groups 1, 5, 6, 7, 8) with content of eugenol (or its derivates) in the range of 100-88.8% were statistically more significant than the values of non-eugenol substances (groups 2, 3, 4) with the range of 8.2-43.5%. Conclusion Eugenol containing temporary fixation materials show significant antioxidative properties and therefore they may be used in those clinical situations where surrounding gingival tissue is injured during restorative procedure., Uvod Antioksidansi štite živa tkiva od reaktivnih kiseonikovih slobodnih radikala, čime ispoljavaju poželjno antiinflamatorno dejstvo u kontaktu sa živim tkivom. Stomatološki materijali koji služe za privremeno cementiranje protetičkih restauracija često su u kontaktu s lediranim tkivom gingive, pa stoga treba da poseduju poželjne antiinflamatorne osobine, vrlo bitne nakon protetičkih procedura koje prethode cementiranju fiksnih restauracija. Cilj rada Cilj ispitivanja je bio da se pomoću zabeleženih vrednosti inhibicije oksidacije (IO) utvrdi antioksidativni efekat nekoliko pripremljenih preparata za privremeno cementiranje i njihovih tečnih komponenata. Metode rada Po deset uzoraka je pripremljeno u osam eksperimentalnih grupa: 1) ex tempore zamešana cink-oksidna (ZnO) eugenol pasta (Kariofil Z Galenika, Srbija); 2) pasta Viko Temp (Galenika, Srbija); 3) pasta Temp Bond NE (Kerr, Nemačka); 4) pasta ScutaBond (ESPE, Nemačka); i 5) pasta Cp-CAP (Lege Artis, Nemačka); njihove tečne komponente: 6) ulje Kariofil Z; 7) ulje Viko Temp; i 8) ulje Cp-CAP. Uzorci su podvrgnuti spektrofotometru radi merenja vrednosti IO na ABTS primenom seta reagensa (Randox kit, Velika Britanija). Kontrolnu grupu su činili uzorci čiste askorbinske kiseline (1% w/v). Rezultati Visoke vrednosti IO ispoljili su uzorci u grupama eugenolnih materijala 1, 5, 6, 7 i 8 u rasponu od 88,8% do 100%, što je bilo statistički značajno u odnosu na niže vrednosti kod neeugenolnih materijala (raspon 8,2-43,5%) u grupama 2, 3 i 4. Zaključak Nije zabeležena statistička značajna razlika u vrednostima IO međusobnim poređenjem eugenolnih grupa (p>0,05). Poređenjem vrednosti IO između neeugenolnih grupa, samo je kod grupe 4 utvrđena statistički značajna razlika prema grupama 2 i 3 (p lt 0,01). Poređenjem uzoraka 2 i 3 zabeležena je statistički beznačajna razlika za vrednosti IO (p>0,05).

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the potential of digital and conventional radiography to detect small amounts of residual dental luting cements around implant abutments. Materials and Methods: Artificial cement and aluminum overhangs in varying thicknesses, heights, and depths were radiographed adjacent to implant restorations with a radiovisiography sensor. Five trained evaluators were asked to identify the smallest depth of overhang that could be detected on radiographs. Results: For detection of cement overhangs adjacent to implant abutments, a luting agent must have greater radiopacity than what is recommended by relevant International Organization for Standardization directives. To detect a 0.1-mm-thick portion of excess cement adjacent to an implant abutment, the cement should have a radiopacity of at least 1.7 mm of aluminum for high-resolution digital radiographs and 2.2 mm of aluminum for film-based radiographs. Two-way analysis of variance revealed that the thickness of the specimens, type of imaging detector, and type of cement all affected the radiopacity threshold for artificial cement excess (P lt .05). The height of the specimens and the surrounding structures were not statistically significant factors in cement detection. Conclusions: Digital radiography offers better possibilities for visualization of cement excess than conventional radiography.

The objective of this study was to elucidate micromechanical properties of Biodentine and two experimental calcium silicate cements (CSCs) using Reference Point Indentation (RPI). Biomechanical characteristics of the cement type and the effects of a radiopacifier, liquid components, acid etching treatment and bioactivation in simulated body fluid (SBF) were investigated by measuring the microhardness, average unloading slope (Avg US) and indentation distance increase (IDI). Biodentine had a greater microhardness than the experimental CSCs, while the Avg US and IDI values were not significantly different among investigated materials. There was a statistically significant difference in microhardness and IDI values between pure CSCs and radiopacified cements (p

Objectives This study evaluated the radiopacity of seven commercial root canal posts. Digital radiographs of the seven commercial posts and of the same commercial posts and four artificial aluminum posts inserted in lower canines were obtained with a CCD-based digital sensor. The radiopacity of the posts was expressed as mm aluminum/mm material (mmAl). Subsequently, the radiographs were presented to five trained evaluators who were asked to rank their acceptability scores as not acceptable, acceptable, or excellent. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in radiopacity among the posts (P < 0.05). The radiopacities of zirconium and titanium posts were significantly higher than those of fiber posts (P < 0.05). The minimum aluminum thickness for acceptance in the root canals was 1.2 mmAl. All of the examined posts presented satisfactory radiopacity for clinical application. Ivoclar Vivadent; Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Serbia {[}45005]

Bacground/Aim. The radiopacity of an endodontic material can considerably vary as measured on film and a digital sensor. Digital radiography offers numerous advantages over convential film-based radiography in dental clinical practice regarding both diagnostic capabilities and postintervention procedures. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of conventional and charge-conpled device (CCD) based digital radiography to detect material on radiograph depending on the radio-pacifying agent present in the material. Methods. Experimental cements were formulated by mixing Portland cement with the following radiopacifying agents: zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), barium sulphate (BaSO4), iodoform (CHI3), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and ytterbium trifluoride (YbF3). In addition, 5 endodontic materials comprising Endomethasone®, Diaket®, N2®, Roth 801® and Acroseal® were investigated to serve as control. Per three specimens of each material were radiographed alongside an aluminum step wedge on film (Eastman Kodak Company®, Rochester, NY) and a CCD-based digital sensor (Trophy Radiologie®, Cedex, France). Radiopacity values were calculated by converting the radiographic densities of the specimens expressed as a mean optical densities or mean grey scale values into equivalent thickness of aluminum. Results. Twoway ANOVA detected no significant differences with respect to the imaging system (p > 0.05), but the differences were significant with respect to radiopacifier (p lt 0.001) and the interaction of the two factors (p lt 0.05). Paired ttest revealed significant differences between the methods used for pure Portland cement, all concentrations of BaSO4 and CHI3, 10% and 20% additions of ZrO2 and Bi2O3 and 10% and 30% addition of YbF3 (p lt 0.05). Conclusion. The materials which incorporate CHI3 or BaSO4 as radiopacifying agents are expected to be significantly more radiopaque on a digital sensor than on film. During clinical practice one should concern to the quality of contrast assessement obtained by digital according to conventional radiography., Uvod/Cilj. Radiokontrastnost jednog endodontskog materijala može znatno varirati u zavisnosti od toga da li je određivano na filmu ili digitalnim senzorom. Digitalna radiografija pruža mnogobrojne prednosti u odnosu na konvencionalnu radiografiju u svakodnevnoj stomatološkoj kliničkoj praksi, kako u pogledu dijagnostičkih mogućnosti, tako i u praćenju rezultata lečenja. Cilj ove studije bio je da se ispitaju mogućnost i konvencionalne i charge-conpled device (CCD) digitalne radiografije za vizualizaciju materijala na radiogramu u zavisnosti od kontrastnog sredstva prisutnog u materijalu. Metode. Eksperimentalni cementi su pripremljeni dodavanjem sledećih kontrastnih sredstava u Portland cement: cink-oksid (ZnO), cirkonijum-oksid (ZrO2), titanijum-dioksid (TiO2), barijum-sulfat (BaSO4), jodoform (CHI3), bizmut-oksid (Bi2O3) i iterbijum-trifluorid (YbF3). Takođe, ispitivano je pet kontrolnih endodontskih cementa: Endomethasone®, Diaket®, N2®, Roth 801® i Acroseal®. Po tri uzorka svakog materijala su radiografisana pored aluminijumskog stepeničastog etalona na filmu (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY) i CCD digitalnom senzoru (Trophy Radiologie, Cedex, France). Vrednosti rendgenkontrastnosti izračunavane su konverzijom radiografskih gustina uzoraka izraženih optičkim gustinama ili stepenom tona sivo-bele skale u odgovarajuću debljinu aluminijuma. Rezultati. Dvostrukom analizom varijanse nije ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika između primenjenih metoda radiografisanja (p > 0.05), ali su vrsta kontrastnog sredstva (p lt 0.001) i interakcija ova dva faktora (p lt 0.05) bili značajno različiti. Upareni t-test pokazao je statistički značajnu razliku između korišćenih metoda za čisti Portland cement, sve koncentracije BaSO4 i CHI3, 10% i 20% dodatka ZrO2 i Bi2O3 i 10% i 30% dodatka YbF3 (p lt 0.05). Zaključak. Očekuje se da materijali koji sadrže CHI3 ili BaSO4 kao kontrastna sredstva budu lakše uočljivi na digitalnom senzoru nego na konvencionalnom dentalnom filmu. U kliničkom radu mora se imati u vidu kvalitet procene kontrasta koju pokazuje digitalna slika u odnosu na sliku dobijenu konvencionalnom radiografijom.

Background: Material surface free energy and surface roughness strongly influence the bacterial adhesion in oral cavity. The aim of this study was to analyze these two parameters in various commercial luting agents used for cementation of implant restorations. Materials and methods: Zinc-based, glass-ionomers, resin modified glass-ionomer and resin-cements were investigated. Contact angle and surface free energy were measured by contact angle analyzer using Image J software program. Materials average roughness and fractal dimension were calculated based on Atomic Force Microscope topography images. Results: Zinc phosphate cements presented significantly higher total surface free energy and significantly lower dispersive component of surface free energy compared to other groups, while resin-cements showed significantly lower polar component than other groups. The surface roughness and fractal dimension values were statistically the highest in the zinc phosphate cements and the lowest for the glass-ionomers cements. Conclusion: Glass-ionomers-cements presented lower values of surface free energy and surface roughness than zinc phosphate and resin cements, indicating that their surfaces are less prone to biofilm adhesion. Practical implications: Within limitations of an in vitro trial, our results indicate that glass-ionomers-cements could be the cements of choice for fixation of cement retained implant restorations due to superior surface properties compared to zinc phosphate and resin cements, which may result in reduced plaque formation and presumably prevent periimplant infection. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the radiopacity, compressive strength, setting time, and porosity of white Portland cement (PC) with the addition of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), and ytterbium trifluoride (YbF3) after immersion at 37 A degrees C for 7 days in distilled water or phosphate buffer saline. Specimens measuring 8 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness were fabricated from PC with the addition of 10, 20, and 30 wt% Bi2O3, ZrO2 or YbF3. ProRoot MTA (Dentsply, Tulsa, OK, USA) and pure PC were used as controls. For radiopacity assessments, specimens were radiographed alongside a tooth slices and an aluminum stepwedge on Extraspeed occlusal dental films (Insight Kodak, Rochester, New York). Mean optical density of each specimen was calculated and used to express radiopacity of the material as an equivalent thickness of aluminum. Compressive strength was measured by using 4-mm diameter and 6-mm high specimens and Universal testing machine. High-pressure mercury intrusion porosimeter (Carlo Erba Porosimeter 2000) was employed to measure the porosity of the specimens. The setting time was measured by using a needle of 100 g in weight. The morphology of specimens was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (TESCAN Mira3 XMU, USA Inc.). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (P LT 0.05). The PC with the addition of at least 10 wt% Bi2O3 and 20 wt% ZrO2 or YbF3 demonstrated greater radiopacity value than the recommended 3 mmAl cut-off. ZrO2 and YbF3 increased the compressive strength of PC, but it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), while Bi2O3 decreased it (P LT 0.05). All radiopacifiers significantly increased the porosity of the experimental cements (P LT 0.05). Bi2O3 extended the setting time of PC (P LT 0.05), whilst ZrO2 and YbF3 did not significantly affect it (P > 0.05). ZrO2 and YbF3 may be used as a suitable alternative to replace Bi2O3 in MTA without influencing its physical properties.

According to the ISO, the radiopacity of luting cements should be equal to or greater than that of aluminum. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the radiopacity of 13 commercially available dental luting cements and compare them with human enamel and dentin.Five classes of luting cements were evaluated: zinc phosphate (Cegal N and Harvard Zinc Phosphate), zinc polycarboxylate (Harvard Polycarboxylate and Hoffmann's Carboxylate), glass ionomers (Ketac Cem Easymix, Ketac Cem Radiopaque, and Fuji I), resin-modified glass ionomer (Rely X Luting), and resin cements (Multilink Automix, Variolink II, Speed CEM, Rely X Unicem Automix, and three shades of Variolink Veneer). Tooth slices served as controls. Five specimens of each material measuring 8 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick were prepared and radiographed alongside tooth slices and an aluminum stepwedge using a Trophy RVG sensor. The radiopacity values were expressed in mm Al and analyzed by the ANOVA and Tukey tests (P.05).All the cements examined except Variolink Veneer had significantly higher radiopacities than that of dentin. Rely X Unicem Automix, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements demonstrated radiopacities that were not significantly different with respect to enamel. Zinc phosphate, zinc polycarboxylate, and three of the resin cements presented radiopacity values that were significantly greater than that of enamel.Almost all the investigated materials presented an acceptable radiopacity. Radiopacity of dental cements seems to depend more on the presence of elements with high atomic numbers than on the type of the material.

Objective: According to the ISO, the radiopacity of luting cements should be equal to or greater than that of aluminum. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the radiopacity of 13 commercially available dental luting cements and compare them with human enamel and dentin. Method and Materials: Five classes of luting cements were evaluated: zine phosphate (Cegal N and Harvard Zine Phosphate), zine polycarboxylate (Harvard Polycarboxylate and Hoffmann's Carboxylate), glass ionomers (Ketac Cem Fasymix, Ketac Cem Radiopaque, and Fuji I), resin-modified glass ionomer (Rely X Luting), and resin cements (Multilink Automix, Variolink II, Speed CEM, Rely X Unicem Automix, and three shades of Variolink Veneer). Tooth slices served as controls. Five specimens of each material measuring 8 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick were prepared and radiographed alongside tooth slices and an aluminum stepwedge using a Trophy RVG sensor. The radiopacity values were expressed in mm Al and analyzd by the ANOVA and Tukey tests (P lt .05). Results: All the cements examined except Variolink Veneer had significantly higher radiopacities than that of dentin. Rely X Unicem Automix, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements demonstrated radiopacities that were not significantly different with respect to enamel. Zinc phosphate, zinc polycarboxylate, and three of the resin cements presented radiopacity values that were significantly greater than that of enamel. Conclusion: Almost all the investigated materials presented an acceptable radiopacity. Radiopacity of dental cements seems to depend more on the presence of elements with high atomic numbers than on the type of the material. (Quintessence Int 2012; 43: 421-428)