Search

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of seed priming on seed quality parameters (germination energy, germination, seedling length and vigor index) of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Pers.). The experiment was performed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. The research was conducted on the seeds of the sorghum variety NS Džin and sudangrass variety Srem. Distilled water and aqueous extracts of young willow branches (Salix matsudana) and mature banana fruits (Musa x paradisiaca) were used to prime the seeds. The seeds were primed for: 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. The results showed that priming sorghum and sudangrass seeds in aqueous extracts of young willow branches and mature banana fruits can have a positive effect on seed quality parameters: germination energy, germination, seedling length and vigor index. The greatest effect on germination energy and seed germination was achieved in sudangrass by using an aqueous extract of young willow branches. The increase was 9.30% and 9.20%, respectively. Priming sorghum seeds in aquatic extracts of mature banana fruits had the greatest effect on seedling length and vigor index. The increase was 36.86% and 40.33%, respectively. For all research parameters, priming for 3 h was the most effective. However, in addition to the positive effect, priming can also have a negative effect. The most significant reduction was found on sorghum seeds, when primed in an aqueous extract of mature banana fruit for 24 hours. Germination energy and germination were reduced by 7.14% and 9.30%, respectively.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of aqueous extracts of different plant species on the grain and protein yield of soybean. The testing was conducted at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad on the seeds of the NS Apolo variety. The aqueous extracts of the above-ground part of nettle, the above-ground part of nettle and comfrey, whole banana fruit, banana peel, onion bulbs leaves, the top parts of willow twigs and the top parts of soybean plants were foliarly applied. In addition to the untreated control variant, the experiment also included a distilled water control. Control with distilled water was to show whether the effect of aqueous plant extracts was due to plant material or just water. The results of the experiment showed that the use of aqueous extracts contributed to the increase in grain and protein yield. The increase in grain yield ranged from 9.48% to 15.34%, and the increase in protein yield from 9.31% to 16.16%. The best effect was achieved by applying the aqueous extract of the whole banana fruit and the aqueous extract of the mix of nettle and comfrey. By applying them each year, a significantly higher yield was achieved in relation to the control with distilled water.

Soybean yield depends on the selection of cultivars, soil fertility, applied cultivation practices, and agroclimatic conditions over the years. High-quality and timely primary tillage is essential for stable development and high yields of soybean plants. The effect of autumn and spring primary tillage on soybean yield and 1000-grain weight was examined in a three-year study (2013-2015). The trial included cultivars with different maturity periods, developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad: Valjevka and Galina 0 maturity group, Sava and NS Maximus I maturity group, Rubin and Venera II maturity group. Trial subplots were prepared using different periods of primary tillage, which was conducted in autumn (November, 01-05) and spring (March, 25-31). The highest yields and 1000-grain weight were obtained after autumn primary tillage in all the three study years. Yield decrease by 2.72% to 38.91% and 1000grain weight decrease of 1.33%-11.93% were recorded after spring primary tillage.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of electrostatic fields on seed vigor (VI), mean rate of germination (MGR) and coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) of five soybean genotypes. Testing was conducted at the Novi Sad Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops on the seeds of five soybean varieties: Sava, NS 2024, NS 1347, NS 3127, and NS Blackstar. The seeds were exposed to different voltages of direct current (DC): 0 V (control), 3 V, 6 V and 9 V, to which the seeds were exposed for 0 min (control), 1 min and 3 min. The application of DC can be a suitable method for improving VI, MGR and CVG. In addition, the results indicate that it is necessary to adjust the DC treatment (voltage and duration of exposure of seeds) to a particular genotype, since inadequate treatments may deteriorate the quality of seeds.

The development of science and technology introduces new approaches in plant breeding and various methods to increase plant productivity. One of the latest methods is the implementation of an environmentally friendly technique of using a pulsed low-frequency electromagnetic field (PEMP). The paper presents the results of the influence of the electromagnetic stimulation of soybean seeds on grain weight per plant, weight of 1,000 grains and grain yield in different agroecological conditions. In the three-year research, in the period from 2013 to 2015, the soybean variety Valjevka was used, grown with different amounts of fertilizers (control - without fertilization, 750 kg/ha and 1300 kg/ha). Before sowing, the seed was subjected to PEMP stimulation in variants: control - without stimulation and alternating magnetic field stimulation (PEMP) with induction of 30 mT and exposure time of 15 minutes. The average grain weight per plant during seed stimulation was 11.53% (12.09) higher than without PEMP (10.84). The weight of 1,000 grains with PEMP was 155.99 g, which was 2.06% higher than the weight of 1,000 grains of the variant without PEMP (152.83 g). The average soybean grain yield for all three years of research with seed stimulation was 4.85% higher (3,481.25 kg/ha) than without PEMP (3,320.14 kg/ha). Stimulation of seeds with PEMP has economic justification given the growth of soybean prices on the world stock market. The results show that the PEMP treatment of soybean seeds can significantly affect soybean grain yield and counteract side effects such as drought and lack of fertilizers.

The aim of this paper is to maintain soil fertility on an organic farm without livestock production by using alfalfa green biomass. The research was carried out on the farm of Mokrin PP company, by modeling and sizing of crop rotation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on the non-carbonate humoglay. To ensure a cost-effective technical solution, alfalfa seed production was organized. In the autumn of 2015 alfalfa sowing was carried out in a field of 5 ha. Green biomass of the first and third cuttings, as well as crop residue after harvesting of seeds in the second cutting, were mowed and chopped by harvester for low silage and stored in the silage-pit. After nine months, a mature alfalfa compost was obtained with optimum values of total nitrogen (5.04%), organic matter (42.56%), C/N, pH, humidity, and EC. Two-year alfalfa utilization is the recommended time in this research because to the following benefits: in crop rotation, alfalfa field is provided with nitrogen by symbiotic ni­trogen fixation and the alfalfa is cultivated every five years in the same field, while in the middle of that period the field is fertilized with compost produced on the farm. The amount of compost obtained by crop rotation (2016 - 48.80 t; 2017 - 62.30 t) is enough for about 20% of the arable area per year. Thus, the fields are fertilized every fourth year with 10 t ha-1 of compost. Thanks to alfalfa biomass and seed and also nitrogen fixation, maintaining soil fertility is resolved in a sustainable and natural way. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 46005 and Grant no. III 46006]

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of biostimulants on the morphological characteristics of soybean seedlings. The testing was conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Biofarming in Bačka Topola. The experimental material included three soybean varieties ('Galina', 'Sava' and 'Rubin') selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The study lasted for two years, 2015-2016, and identical biostimulant treatments were applied in both years. In order to determine the effect of biostimulants on soybean seedling root, hypocotyl and weight, the following commercial biostimulants were applied: EM Aktiv, Terra Green Hobby, Slavol and Bioplant Flora. In addition to the single application of biostimulants, two combinations of Slavol + Bioplant Flora and Slavol + Bioplant Flora + Epin Extra + Slavol S were used as treatments. EM Aktiv showed the greatest effect on root growth. The root was on average 12% longer than the control. Slavol S had the greatest influence on seedling hypocotyl and weight. The increase was 8.24% and 5.15%, respectively, compared with the control.

Many studies show that in the last 20 years, the increase in production per hectare has been achieved mainly due to the creation of new varieties and the development of plant breeding. Innovations in plant breeding are the main way to find new traits, values and tolerances, which are the only ones that can respond to the increased demand for yield and more efficient production. In addition to high and stable yields, it is very important that the soybean seed has a satisfactory technological quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine how the application of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) affected the protein yield of soybean seed depending on the year, exposure time and frequency. The field trials were conducted in the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia in 2010-2013. For this research, the seeds of a medium-sized variety Valjevka exposed to a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) using a pulse generator and a strip applicator were used. A low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (16, 24, 30, 72 Hz) was used at the exposure times of 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The results of the research show that the application of this method can increase the yield of protein in soybean seed for more than 20%, which is a significant increase, especially in organic production, where the use of seed treatment agents is very restricted. However, this measure can also have an inhibitory effect if an adverse combination of exposure time and frequency strength is selected.

The effect of year on grain yield and certain yield components essential for wheat yield's quality depends on agro-ecological conditions of the growing area and applied agrotechnical measures. A two-year experiment was conducted at six locations: Kikinda, Novi Sad, Pančevo, Sremska Mitrovica, Kruševac and Požarevac, using the block system, in four replications. In this study, seven winter wheat commercial varieties obtained from several seed companies were evaluated. The highest total wheat grain yield was achieved by the variety NS 40 S (8.824 kg ha-1), followed by NS Renesansa (8.817 kg ha-1), i.e. PKB Imperija (8.343 kg ha-1), while the lowest grain yield of 7.564 kg ha-1 was achieved by the variety PKB Talas. The highest average 1000 grain weight was found at Sremska Mitrovica (35,12 g), followed by Požarevac (35,09 g), i.e. Pančevo (34,98 g), while the lowest 1000 grain weight of 34,25 g was evidenced at the Kruševac experimental site.

In order to examine the influence of inter-row cultivation on the soybean yield, a trial was set up in the Agricultural School in Backa Topola from 2015 to 2017. Three soybean varieties were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Galina, Sava and Rubin were used. The trials included the different number of inter-row cultivations: control -without inter-row cultivation, one inter-row cultivation, two and three inter-row cultivations of soybean crops. Obtained results showed that an average yield of soybean increased with an increase in the number of inter-row cultivations during the soybean vegetation period. With one inter-row cultivation, the yield increase was 5.33%, with two inter-row cultivations -7.10% and with three cultivations -7.33%. In the years with a lower precipitation, the influence of intra-row cultivation was much more effective. In 2017, the increase ranged from 10.33% to 13.62%, and in 2016 from 3.09% to 4.27%. Yield was increased due to reduced evapotranspiration of soil moisture as well as prevention of descending of water into deeper layers. During summer, this allowed better water conservation in the soil for critical periods, and also increased the activity of microorganisms as well as more intensive mineralization of organic matter, which ultimately influenced the yield.

Soybean yield depends on the choice of cultivar, soil fertility, cultivation practices, and weather conditions in different years. Ploughing down crop residues increases the content of soil organic matter, and thereby positively affects soil fertility. The use of crop residues as an energy source has been promoted in recent years. It would be wrong to refer to this as a renewable energy source as the removal of crop residues from agricultural fields reduces and ultimately damages soil fertility, which in turn leads to reduced yield and a crop residue decrease in the future. Due to the reduced application of manure and organic fertilisers, it is necessary to return crop residues to the soil to preserve soil structure and prevent soil fertility decline. The effect of ploughing down crop residues of preceding crops on soybean yield has been the focus of studies for eleven years. Ploughing down maize crop residues resulted in the soybean yield increase by about 11.69%, i.e. the annual yield increase ranged from 2.89% to 15.94%.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of primers on seed quality parameters using different starting values of germination. For this purpose, ten soybean lines selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad were evaluated. The starting values of germination ranged between 48% and 89%. Seeds were surface sterilized with 3% sodium hypochlorite and immersed in different primers: 1% potassium nitrate, 1% potassium chloride and 1% hydrogen peroxide. Untreated seeds were used as the control. The obtained results revealed that the effects of priming depended on soybean line and treatment, whereas the efficiency of this pre-sowing treatment was not affected by the starting value of seed germination. Some lines responded favorably to immersion, while in others priming had an inhibitory effect, causing a significant decrease in germination. There was an increase in germination up to 12% or a decrease up to 11%, depending on line and treatment. Lines that were positively affected by this method also exhibited increased values for other germination parameters: mean germination time (MGT) and time to 50% germination (T50). Lower values of MGT and T50 were observed in lines which showed a negative response to priming and a decrease in germination, but also a more rapid radicle protrusion, as compared to the control. In conclusion, there is no universal applicability of one single primer as it might cause a negative response in some lines and thus reduce seed quality.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of soil type and forage crops on the content of magnesium in soil and roughages, as well as forage quality regarding Mg content for the prevention of animal disease ‘tetany’. The trial was carried out on chernozem and humogley under alfalfa and red clover. Samples for determination of Mg content in plant and total Mg content in soil were digested using the apparatus Milestone Ethos 1. The content of Mg was determined using the apparatus ICP-OES Vista Pro-Axial Varian. The average total Mg content in soil of the tested sites was 0.64%. Total Mg content in chernozem was higher than in humogley. A higher total Mg content was in the deeper horizon. A significant positive correlation was found between total Mg content in soil and soil pH as well as the content of CaCO3. The average Mg content in forage crops was 0.28%. A higher Mg content in the dry matter was observed in crops grown on humogley. Mg content was significantly higher in red clover. There was no risk for the occurrence of animal disease ‘tetany’ regarding Mg content in crops, because the ratio K/(Ca+Mg) was below 2.2, and K and Mg content in the dry matter of crops was below the critical value. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR31072: Stanje, tendencije i mogućnosti povećanja plodnosti poljoprivrednog zemljišta u Vojvodini]

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of soil type and forage crops on the content of manganese (Mn) in roughages, and forage quality regarding Mn content. The trial was carried out on chernozem and humogley under alfalfa and red clover. Samples for determination of Mn content in plant and total Mn content in soil were digested using the apparatus Milestone Ethos 1 and for Mn determination on ICP-OES Vista Pro-Axial Varian. Average total Mn content in soil of the tested sites was 473.1 mg/kg. Total Mn content in chernozem was higher than in humogley. Average Mn content in forage crops was 28.7 mg/kg. Dry matter Mn content was lower in crops grown on humogley. Mn content was significantly higher in red clover. Significant positive correlation was found between total Mn content in soil and Mn content in crops. Mn concentration in crops was below critical and toxic value.

The effect of genotype, seed category and year on yield components (number of spikelets per spike, grain number per spike, grain weight per spike and thousand grain weight) for three wheat genotypes were studied during a two-year research. Genotype PKB Lepoklasa and seed category pre-basic seed had the highest values for the largest number of the studied traits, while the genotype BG Merkur and the certified seed of the first generation had the lowest values. Higher values for the studied traits were found in 2010, compared to 2009. AMMI analysis established a significant effect of the interaction of factors and main components (PCA 1 and PCA 2) for all investigated traits except thousand grain weight. The genotype PKB Talas was the most stable, while the genotype PKB Lepoklasa was the least stable. Seed categories certified seed of the first generation and basic seed had similar reactions to the interaction between factors.

In this paper we presented the yield testing results of PKB winter triticale hybrids: PKB Vožd and PKB Kardinal, compared to standard cultivars: Favorit (Center for Small Grains, Kragujevac) and Odisej (Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad). Field experiments were held at Institute PKB Agroekonomik, Padinska Skela, during 2013 and 2014. Statistical significance was determined for factors year and cultivar. The highest yield had cultivar PKB Kardinal (9,437.33 kg ha-1), whereas cultivar Favorit achieved the lowest yield (6,379.67 kg ha-1), in both experimental years. According to our results, new triticale cultivars developed at Institute PKB Agroekonomik had significantly higher yield, compared to standard cultivars used.

Coccidiosis is a common parasitic disease of broiler chickens caused by single-celled protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria which are commonly referred to as coccidian. This is an infective disease of the digestive tract which is most frequent with poultry, causing a decrease in daily increment, prolonged fattening, poorer skin pigmentation, slower feed conversion and increased mortality. The disease is caused by Protozoas from the genera of Eimeria, Isospora and Cryptospora, and it is manifested by damaging the intestine epithelial cells, less frequently the bile duct and renal tubuli. Coccidiosis is traditionally controlled by chemotherapy. There are many anticoccidial preparations which are used in the prevention of coccidiosis. We are chose a polyether monocarboxylic acid - salinomycine. Salinomycin is monovalent carboxyl-polyether ionophores. Salinomycin, produced by Streptomyces albus, destroys the cell membranes and causes their lysis. Salinomycin and other ionophoric antibiotics combine with a number of mono and divalent cations and in the form of bi-complexes make it possible to transfer metal ions through lipid hydrophobic membrane, and when they are added to diet, they change bioavailability, gut uptake and absorption and reserves of nutrient tissues. In this paper has been developed and validated process of Liquid chromatography determination of ionophoric coccidiostat salinomycin with UV spectrophotometric detection and post-column derivatisation with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB). The method is based on extraction of salinomycin in animal feed samples using mixture acetonitrile-water (80:20, v/v) and purification of extracts obtained by the filter 0,2 μm Acrodisc® PSF. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for reproducibility and accuracy varied from 2,4 to 8,8% and from 2,6% to 8,8%, respectively and the values for the relative recovery rate ranged from 89 to 98%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were estimated to be below 47 μg/kg and 71 μg/kg, respectively. Based on this results, it is concluded that the described method is accurate, precise, selective and reproducible and can be applied for determination of salinomycine in feeds and premixes for poultry.

The trial was carried out in the period 2007-2010 at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. Study was based on applied different fertilizer doses (mineral fertilizers and harvest residues of the previous crop). Trial variants were arranged in a randomized block design and they included: 0 kg N ha-1 without ploughing under crop residues; 0 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 50 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 150 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 250 kg N ha-1 + crop residues. There were two trial sub-variants with and without soybean seed inoculation within each variant. Seed of soybean cultivar Proteinka (maturity group 0) was inoculated directly before planting, using microbial fertilizer NS-Nitragin containing a mixture of selected highly effective Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains. Seed inoculation produced statistically highly significant yield increases in all four trial years, while the variants with higher doses of nitrogen applied under a preceding crop showed increases in mineral nitrogen uptake from the soil without adequate increases in soybean yield. The application of microbial fertilizers and ploughing under crop residues evidently ensured high yields of soybean, even with reduced doses of nitrogen fertilizer applied to a preceding crop.

A two-year study was conducted under conditions of organic and conventional growing technologies on calcareous chernozem soil after wheat as a preceding crop. Test factors were three varieties of soybean, which were sown at three different planting densities, this being a second test factor. Data were analysed by analysis of variance using split - plot experimental design, where the factors of examination, namely variety and sowing density and the differences between treatments were tested by LSD test. The aim of this study was to determine the yield and oil content in soybean grain depending on the genotype and planting density in organic and conventional cultivation. The average yield in the conventional production technology was 4.84 t ha-1 and was higher in comparison with organic production method where the recorded yield was 4.68 t ha-1. There was a higher percentage of oil in organic production (21.88 %) compared to conventional production (21.68 %).

This paper presents the results of the study on the analysis of the stimulative and biopesticide effects of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum T-22 on germination, sprouting and early development of two pepper varieties (Amfora and Buketna 1) in organic production. The results show the significant effect of the applied T-22 strain on ger­mination, sprouting, growth and early development of both aboveground and underground parts of plants, either used as soil or seed inoculum, in comparison to controls. It was concluded that T. harzianum T-22 proved its efficiency in promoting growth and development of pepper, and preventing the development of mycoses. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR31031: Promotion of sustainability and competitiveness in organic plant and stock production using new technologies and inputs]

The objective of this paper was to examine and present the results of soybean grain yield, protein and oil content during a two-year period (2009 to 2010) in agro-ecological conditions of Sombor, Serbia. Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance, using the method of two factorial trials (variety, year). LSD was used to compare means for significant differences. Significantly higher yields were recorded in 2010 compared to 2009. Average yield amounted to 4,196 kg ha-1 for analyzed soybean varieties, and ranged from 2,889 kg ha-1 (2009) to 5,503 kg ha-1 (2010). The year 2010 was favourable for protein synthesis. The highest protein content was achieved by Bečejka variety (38.38%) and Proteinka variety (38.33%) in 2010. Proteinka had statistically significantly higher average protein content compared to other tested varieties in the two-year average. The tested soybean varieties had average oil content of 20.93%. The highest oil content was found in Sava variety (23.03%) in 2009. Statistically significantly higher oil content was recorded in 2009 compared to 2010, while variety and their interactions had statistically significant effect (p

Recently, heavy metals concentrations increased in some agricultural areas due to the consequences of anthropogenic impacts. The aim of this study was to determine the level of heavy metals (As, Cr, Ni and Pb) in Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L. grown on fluvisol, in order to obtain information on safety of these nutrients. The total content of Pb, As, Cr and Ni in the samples of fluvisol was above the maximum allowable amount. The content of heavy metals in Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L. was below the critical and toxic concentrations in all samples originating from contaminated soil. It was concluded that the accumulation of heavy metals in plants did not depend only on the total content in soil, but also the affinity of the plant, and individual and interactive effects of various soil properties. No statistically significant differences in the accumulation of heavy metals between Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L were observed. It is necessary to further control of heavy metals in the investigated area, in order to prevent their entry into the food chain and provide healthy food.

This three-year study examines the effect of previous crop fertilization with nitrogen and seed treatment with micronutrients cobalt and molybdenum on the morphological characteristics of soybean. Data were processed using analysis of variance by two factorial split-plot experiment with influence of year, where examination factors were: year, different doses of nitrogen fertiliser (main plot) and seed treatment (subplot). Significance of differences between treatments was tested by LSD test. Examined morphological characteristics were significantly dependent upon the year, which had a statistically significant effect. Other examined factors and interactions were not significant, except for the interaction of year x fertilization x seed treatment (AxBxC) that was statistically significant for plant height up to the first fertile node.

Effect of environmental conditions (temperatures and precipitation) on soybean yield and seed quality was examined during two years. Trials with four replications were located at experimental fields of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops at Rimski Šančevi. Environmental conditions had significant influence on examined traits, and higher yield and seed quality was achieved during beneficial year. There was a moderate positive relationship between yield and seed germination.

In this paper, residues of s-triazine herbicides (Simazine, Atrazine, Amethrine, Promethrine and Azyprothrine) have been determined in samples of model systems and real groundwater samples by gas-chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. S-triazine herbicides were isolated from water samples by chloroform-methanol mixture (1:1), followed by purification of extract on the Al2O3 column. Gas-chromatographic determination the residues of s-triazines is performed on parallel capilar columns ULTRA I and ULTRA II, using specific NP detector. Liquid-chromatographic determination the s-triazines was performed on the column TSK ODS-120 A 5 mm 'LKB', using the mobile phase methanol-water (60:40). Total concentration of s-triazines in samples of Danube water was 3.54 mg dm-3. .

A three-year experiment was conducted to study the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer applied under previous crop and seed inoculation with a microbial preparation NS Nitragin on soybean yield and protein content in grain. The experiment was set up in four replications at Rimski Šančevi experiment field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. Presowing seed inoculation contributed to a statistically significant increase in yield and protein content in all three research years, while the highest nitrogen dose had a positive impact on soybean yield only in 2007 and on protein content in 2006 and 2007. .

Genetically modified (GM) crops and biotechnology are providing new opportunities for increasing crop productivity and tackling agriculture problems, such as diseases, pests and weeds, abiotic stress and nutritional limitations of staple food crops. As GM crops are being adopted in various locations with different ecosystems, a scientifically based understanding of the environmental effects of cultivations of GM crops would assist decision makers worldwide in ensuring environmental safety and sustainability. In this paper are discussed some of the most important problems related to the GM crops into the environment such as: plant protection, hybridisation, ecological effects of HRCs, gene flow, biodiversity, stress, ecological risks (ERA), effects on the soil ecosystem etc.