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Abstract In-sensor processing has the potential to reduce the energy consumption and hardware complexity of motion detection and recognition. However, the state-of-the-art all-in-one array integration technologies with simultaneous broadband spectrum image capture (sensory), image memory (storage) and image processing (computation) functions are still insufficient. Here, macroscale (2 × 2 mm2) integration of a rippled-assisted optoelectronic array (18 × 18 pixels) for all-day motion detection and recognition. The rippled-assisted optoelectronic array exhibits remarkable uniformity in the memory window, optically stimulated non-volatile positive and negative photoconductance. Importantly, the array achieves an extensive optical storage dynamic range exceeding 106, and exceptionally high room-temperature mobility up to 406.7 cm2 V−1 s−1, four times higher than the International Roadmap for Device and Systems 2028 target. Additionally, the spectral range of each rippled-assisted optoelectronic processor covers visible to near-infrared (405 nm–940 nm), achieving function of motion detection and recognition.

Abstract Background Artificial ovary (AO) is an alternative approach to provide physiological hormone to post-menopausal women. The therapeutic effects of AO constructed using alginate (ALG) hydrogels are limited by their low angiogenic potential, rigidity, and non-degradability. To address these limitations, biodegradable chitin-based (CTP) hydrogels that promote cell proliferation and vascularization were synthesized, as supportive matrix. Methods In vitro, follicles isolated from 10–12-days-old mice were cultured in 2D, ALG hydrogels, and CTP hydrogels. After 12 days of culture, follicle growth, steroid hormone levels, oocyte meiotic competence, and expression of folliculogenesis-related genes were monitored. Additionally, follicles isolated from 10–12-days-old mice were encapsulated in CTP and ALG hydrogels and transplanted into the peritoneal pockets of ovariectomised (OVX) mice. After transplantation, steroid hormone levels, body weight, rectal temperature, and visceral fat of the mice were monitored every two weeks. At 6 and 10 weeks after transplantation, the uterus, vagina, and femur were collected for histological examination. Results The follicles developed normally in CTP hydrogels under in vitro culture conditions. Additionally, follicular diametre and survival rate, oestrogen production, and expression of folliculogenesis-related genes were significantly higher than those in ALG hydrogels. After one week of transplantation, the numbers of CD34-positive vessels and Ki-67-positive cells in CTP hydrogels were significantly higher than those in ALG hydrogels (P

Abstract Background Ovarian insufficiency frequently renders postmenopausal women susceptible to osteoporosis and dyslipidaemia. Postmenopausal transplant women are at a higher risk developing osteoporosis and dyslipidaemia due to the concomitant application of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants after solid organ transplantation. Thus, this study aimed to explore the feasibility of ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) as an alternative to Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for postmenopausal women with solid organ transplant needs. Results Sixty mice were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation, ovariectomised (OVX group), ovariectomy plus oestrogen (E2 group), and ovariectomy plus OTT (OTT group). The inhibin levels in the OTT group were increased and the follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were suppressed to normal levels, which could not be achieved in the E2 group. The femoral bone mineral density in the OTT group was significantly increased than the E2 group (P

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel strategy to achieve dual-band symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (BICs) in silicon metasurfaces. This strategy is based on the hybridization of Mie surface lattice resonances (SLRs) in periodic silicon bipartite nanodisk arrays, of which the central nanodisk displaced from the center of the unit cell. We show that dual-band electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole BICs can be supported in such a system, and transfer to quasi-BICs with ultrahigh measured quality factors up to 1240 at the Γ point. Taking advantage of the SLR characteristics, we show that the spectral separation and the quality factors of these two quasi-BICs can be conveniently tuned by varying the nanodisk diameter or the lattice period. Making use of these dual-band quasi-BICs, we numerically obtain bulk sensitivities above 480 nm/RIU and high figures of merit up to 1200. We also show that when the central nanodisk is not displaced but has different diameter, the silicon bipartite nanodisk array supports an electric dipole BIC that was referred to as subradiant SLR in the literature. Our work provides a new approach for realizing and tuning dual-band BICs, and the obtained ultrahigh-Q quasi-BICs can find potential applications in nonlinear optics, multimodal lasing, and optical sensing.

Summary: Neuromorphic computing is a promising computing paradigm toward building next-generation artificial intelligence machines, in which diverse types of synaptic plasticity play an active role in information processing. Compared to long-term plasticity (LTP) forming the foundation of learning and memory, short-term plasticity (STP) is essential for critical computational functions. So far, the practical applications of LTP have been widely investigated, whereas the implementation of STP in hardware is still elusive. Here, we review the development of STP by bridging the physics in emerging devices and biological behaviors. We explore the computational functions of various STP in biology and review their recent progress. Finally, we discuss the main challenges of introducing STP into synaptic devices and offer the potential approaches to utilize STP to enrich systems’ capabilities. This review is expected to provide prospective ideas for implementing STP in emerging devices and may promote the construction of high-level neuromorphic machines.

Summary: Two dimensional (2D) semiconductors have been established as promising candidates to break through the short channel effect that existed in Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MOSFET), owing to their unique atomically layered structure and dangling-bond-free surface. The last decade has witnessed the significant progress in the size scaling of 2D transistors by various approaches, in which the physical gate length of the transistors has shrank from micrometer to sub-one nanometer with superior performance, illustrating their potential as a replacement technology for Si MOSFETs. Here, we review state-of-the-art techniques to achieve ultra-scaled 2D transistors with novel configurations through the scaling of channel, gate, and contact length. We provide comprehensive views of the merits and drawbacks of the ultra-scaled 2D transistors by summarizing the relevant fabrication processes with the corresponding critical parameters achieved. Finally, we identify the key opportunities and challenges for integrating ultra-scaled 2D transistors in the next-generation heterogeneous circuitry.

Abstract Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) possess intrinsic spin–orbit interaction (SOI) with high potential to be exploited for various quantum phenomena. SOI allows the manipulation of spin degree of freedom by controlling the carrier's orbital motion via mechanical strain. Here, strain modulated spin dynamics in bilayer MoS2 field‐effect transistors (FETs) fabricated on crested substrates are demonstrated. Weak antilocalization (WAL) is observed at moderate carrier concentrations, indicating additional spin relaxation path caused by strain fields arising from substrate crests. The spin lifetime is found to be inversely proportional to the momentum relaxation time, which follows the Dyakonov–Perel spin relaxation mechanism. Moreover, the spin–orbit splitting is obtained as 37.5 ± 1.4 meV, an order of magnitude larger than the theoretical prediction for monolayer MoS2, suggesting the strain enhanced spin‐lattice coupling. The work demonstrates strain engineering as a promising approach to manipulate spin degree of freedom toward new functional quantum devices.

In the context of "big data", artificial intelligence based on deep learning has been increasingly influencing the diagnostic mode of pathology. The application of artificial intelligence in clinical diagnosis, especially in diagnosis of pathology, has offered the opportunity for precision medicine. This paper reviews the progress in the application of artificial intelligence in pathological diagnosis in respect of cytological screening, histopathologic diagnosis, immunophenotypic prediction and prognosis based on genetic typing.

Inspired by the human brain, the spike-based neuromorphic system has attracted strong research enthusiasm because of the high energy efficiency and powerful computational capability, in which the spiking neurons and plastic synapses are two fundamental building blocks. Recently, two-terminal threshold switching (TS) devices have been regarded as promising candidates for building spiking neurons in hardware. However, how circuit parameters affect the spiking behavior of TS-based neurons is still an open question. Here, based on a leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron circuit, we systematically study the effect of both the extrinsic and intrinsic factors of NbOx -based TS neurons on their spiking behaviors. The extrinsic influence factors contain input intensities, connected synaptic weights, and parallel capacitances. To illustrate the effect of intrinsic factors, including the threshold voltage, holding voltage, and high/low resistance states of NbOx devices, we propose an empirical model of the fabricated NbOx devices, fitting well with the experimental results. The results indicate that with enhancing the input intensity, the spiking frequency increases first then decreases after reaching a peak value. Except for the connected synaptic weights, all other parameters can modulate the spiking peak frequency under high enough input intensity. Also, the relationship between energy consumption per spike and frequency of the neuron cell is further studied, leading guidance to design neuron circuits in a system to obtain the lowest energy consumption. At last, to demonstrate the practical applications of TS-based neurons, we construct a spiking neural network (SNN) to control the cart-pole using reinforcement learning, obtaining a reward score up to 450. This work provides valuable guidance on building compact LIF neurons based on TS devices and further bolsters the construction of high-efficiency neuromorphic systems.

The ovarian reserve (OR) indicates ovarian function by representing the quantity and quality of ovarian follicles, and it gradually decreases with increasing age. With the prolongation of women’s lives, the protection provided by estrogen is lost for decades in postmenopausal women, and the related cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and decreased immunity are the main risk factors affecting women’s quality of life and longevity. Pharmacologic hormone replacement therapy (PHRT) has been controversial, and the construction of artificial ovary (AO) has attracted increasing attention. The most critical step of AO generation is the establishment of an in vitro culture (IVC) system to support the development of isolated follicles. This article mainly compares the advantages and disadvantages of different polymer biomaterials for use in follicle IVC, provides theoretical support for the development and construction of the follicle IVC system using natural biological materials, and provides a theoretical basis for establishing mature AO technology.

Abstract Heterostructures play a vital role in functional devices on the basis of the individual constituents. Non‐conventional heterostructures formed by stacking 2D materials onto structurally distinct materials are of great interest in achieving novel phenomena that are both scientifically and technologically relevant. Here, a heterostructure based on a 2D (molybdenum ditelluride) MoTe2 and an amorphous strontium titanium oxide (a‐STO) thin film is reported. The heterostructure functions as a high‐performance photodetector, which exhibits anomalous negative photoresponse in the pristine device due to the scattering effect from the light‐induced Oδ‐ ions. The photoresponsivity and the specific detectivity are found to be >104 AW‐1 and >1013 Jones, respectively, which are significantly higher than those in standard MoTe2 devices. Moreover, through tuning the light programming time, the photodetection behavior of the MoTe2/a‐STO heterostructure experiences a dynamic evolution from negative to positive. This is due to the optically controllable modulation of the interfacial states, which is further confirmed by the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements. It is envisioned that the 2D material/a‐STO heterostructure could be a potential platform for exploring new functional devices.

Continued device miniaturization and feasibility of integrating two-dimensional materials into circuits have enabled flexible and transparent optoelectronic memories. Here, the authors show a WSe2–hBN-based heterostructure memory with switching ratio of ~1.1 × 106, ensuring over 128 distinct storage states and retention time of ~4.5 × 104 s.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute hypoxic respiratory insufficiency caused by various intra- and extra-pulmonary injury factors. The oxidative stress caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the lungs plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALI. ROS is a “double-edged sword”, which is widely involved in signal transduction and the life process of cells at a physiological concentration. However, excessive ROS can cause mitochondrial oxidative stress, leading to the occurrence of various diseases. It is well-known that antioxidants can alleviate ALI by scavenging ROS. Nevertheless, more and more studies found that antioxidants have no significant effect on severe organ injury, and may even aggravate organ injury and reduce the survival rate of patients. Our study introduces the application of antioxidants in ALI, and explore the mechanisms of antioxidants failure in various diseases including it.

Abstract Background GADD45B is a member of the growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene family associated with cell growth control, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair response. The aim of this study is to detect the role of GADD45B in colorectal carcinoma (CRC); the area not studied in depth to date. Methods The mRNA and protein levels of GADD45B were examined by Real-Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in CRC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues (ANCT). Over-expression plasmids and SiRNA were used to regulate GADD45B expression in CRC cell lines in vitro and flow cytometry and Western blotting were used to detect apoptotic changes. Results The mRNA and protein levels of GADD45B were significantly higher in CRC tissues than those in ANCT (PP Conclusion GADD45B, a tumor suppressor gene potentially through the p53-mediated apoptotic pathways, is paradoxically overexpressed in CRC and as such may play an unappreciated role in tumorigenesis. The exact mechanism of GADD45B inactivation and overexpression requires further investigation. GADD45B could be a potential therapeutic target for CRC treatment in future.