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1. The Impact of Competition and Allelopathy on the Trade-Off between Plant Defense and Growth in Two Contrasting Tree Species

Author: Fernandez , Catherine, Monnier , Yogan, Santonja , Mathieu, Gallet , Christiane, Weston , Leslie, Prévosto , Bernard, Saunier , Amelie, Baldy , Virginie, Bousquet-Mélou , Anne, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Graham Centre, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale ( IMBE ), Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ( UAPV ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine ( LECA ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques ( UR EMAX ), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA )
Subjects: [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, secondary metabolism, ecometabolomics, phenotypic response, fungi, metabolic profiling, Allelopathy and Resource Competition, food and beverages, Plant Science, AC, secondary metabolism Abbreviations: A, Resource Competition, Quercus pubescens, allelopathy, Pinus halepensis, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, competition, Original Research
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; In contrast to plant-animal interactions, the conceptual framework regarding the impact of secondary metabolites in mediating plant-plant interference is currently less well defined. Here, we address hypotheses about the role of chemically-mediated plant-plant interference (i.e., allelopathy) as a driver of Mediterranean forest dynamics. Growth and defense abilities of a pioneer (Pinus halepensis) and a late-successional (Quercus pubescens) Mediterranean forest species were evaluated under three different plant interference conditions: (i) allelopathy simulated by application of aqueous needle extracts of Pinus, (ii) resource competition created by the physical presence of a neighboring species (Pinus or Quercus), and (iii) a combination of both allelopathy and competition. After 24 months of experimentation in simulated field conditions, Quercus was more affected by plant interference treatments than was Pinus, and a hierarchical response to biotic interference (allelopathy < competition < allelopathy + competition) was observed in terms of relative impact on growth and plant defense. Both species modulated their respective metabolic profiles according to plant interference treatment and thus their inherent chemical defense status, resulting in a physiological trade-off between plant growth and production of defense metabolites. For Quercus, an increase in secondary metabolite production and a decrease in plant growth were observed in all treatments. In contrast, this trade-off in Pinus was only observed in competition and allelopathy + competition treatments. Although Pinus and Quercus expressed differential responses when subjected to a single interference condition, either allelopathy or competition, species responses were similar or positively correlated when strong interference conditions (allelopathy + competition) were imposed.
Published: 2016
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2. Predicting soil quality indices with near infrared analysis in a wildfire chronosequence

Author: Lauric Cécillon, Nathalie Cassagne, Michel Vennetier, Sonia Czarnes, Jean-Jacques Brun, Raphaël Gros, Ecosystèmes montagnards ( UR EMGR ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), French Agency for Environment and Energy Management, ADEME, Unité de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes ( URFM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques ( UR EMAX ), CEMAGREF, Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Unité de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie (IMEP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie ( IMEP ), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse ( UAPV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Hydrolases, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Soil health, Organic Chemicals, Waste Management and Disposal, Soil Microbiology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, chemistry.chemical_classification, Soil monitoring, NIRS Soil quality Soil health Soil monitoring GISQ Soil biogenic structures, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Pollution, 6. Clean water, NIRS, Metals, GISQ, Soil microbiology, Environmental Engineering, Soil test, Nitrogen, Chronosequence, [ SDV.SA.SDS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Soil science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, complex mixtures, Fires, Soil quality, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Soil biogenic structures, Cellulase, Ammonia, Environmental Chemistry, Organic matter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Nitrates, Bacteria, Soil organic matter, 15. Life on land, chemistry, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN [TR2_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; We investigated the power of near infrared (NIR) analysis for the quantitative assessment of soil quality in a wildfire chronosequence. The effect of wildfire disturbance and soil engineering activity of earthworms on soil organic matter quality was first assessed with principal component analysis of NIR spectra. Three soil quality indices were further calculated using an adaptation of the method proposed by Velasquez et al. [Velasquez, E., Lavelle, P., Andrade, M. GISQ, a multifunctional indicator of soil quality. Soil Biol Biochem 2007; 39: 3066–3080.], each one addressing an ecosystem service provided by soils: organic matter storage, nutrient supply and biological activity. Partial least squares regression models were developed to test the predicting ability of NIR analysis for these soil quality indices. All models reached coefficients of determination above 0.90 and ratios of performance to deviation above 2.8. This finding provides new opportunities for the monitoring of soil quality, using NIR scanning of soil samples.
Published: 2009
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3. Le développement d'une filière bois-énergie dans un territoire : un éclairage par l'analyse de l'organisation des chaînes d'approvisionnement

Author: Taverne, Marie, Amblard, Laurence, Guerra, Fabien, Marsat, Jean-Bernard, Trognon, Laurent, Systèmes d’ELEvage, Coordination, Territoires ( Select ), Mutations des activités des espaces et des formes d'organisation dans les territoires ruraux ( METAFORT ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup ( VAS ) -Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup ( VAS ) -Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, EIDER, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques ( UR EMAX ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), CFort, Projet IngeTerr, Programme PSDR3, Systèmes d’ELEvage, Coordination, Territoires (Select), Mutations des activités des espaces et des formes d'organisation dans les territoires ruraux (METAFORT), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroParisTech-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroParisTech, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Mutations des activités des espaces et des formes d'organisation dans les territoires ruraux (UMR METAFORT), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)
Subjects: territoire, bois-énergie, chaîne d'approvisionnement, [SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, COM, [ SHS.GESTION ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, filière, [ SDE.ES ] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society
Published: 2010

4. Dossier : L'hydromorphologie

Author: Gabriel Melun, F. Arnaud, G. Arnaud-Fassetta, M. Bertrand, C. Bilodeau, L. Borgniet, F. Boutault, G. Brousse, M. Cassel, T. Depret, S. Dufour, F. Gob, S. Grivel, K. Kreutzenberger, M. Le Bihan, Y. Le Bissonnais, F. Liebault, R. Loire, C. Magand, J. R. Malavoi, G. Melun, H. Piegay, M. Rolan-Meynard, A.J. Rollet, V. Tamisier, N. Thommeret, A. Vivier, Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Environnement Ville Société (EVS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique (LETG - Rennes), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique UMR 6554 (LETG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire d'étude des interactions entre sols, agrosystèmes et hydrosystèmes (LISAH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique (LETG - Caen), Laboratoire de géographie physique : Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels (LGP), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 02 engineering and technology, 020701 environmental engineering, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019
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5. Combining multi-physical measurements to quantify bedload transport and morphodynamics interactions in an Alpine braiding river reach

Author: Laurent Borgniet, Oldrich Navratil, Maarten Bakker, M. Cassel, N. Bodereau, Florent Gimbert, Hervé Piégay, Marine Cazilhac, Alain Poirel, Alain Recking, Clément Misset, Cédric Legout, Thomas Geay, Sébastien Zanker, N. Valsangkar, Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Environnement, Ville, Société (EVS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GIPSA - Signal Images Physique (GIPSA-SIGMAPHY), GIPSA Pôle Sciences des Données (GIPSA-PSD), Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique (GIPSA-lab), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique (GIPSA-lab), DTG - Electricité de France, EDF (EDF), ANR-17-CE01-0008,SEISMORIV,Instrumentation sismologique des rivières: un nouveau moyen de quantifier le role des evenements climatiques extremes sur la dynamique des rivières(2017), Environnement Ville Société (EVS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), RIVER, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, STREAMS, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Flow conditions, 13. Climate action, River morphology, River management, Temporal scales, Geomorphology, Sediment transport, Beach morphodynamics, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Bed load
Abstract: Understanding the interactions between bedload transport and morpholdynamics in braided streams has important applications in river management and restoration. Direct field measurements addressing this question are however scarce as they are often challenging to perform. Here, we report an extensive two-month field campaign in an Alpine braided reach (La Severaisse river, French Alps) that experienced predictable daily peak discharge (48 events observed) generating significant bedload transport and morphological changes during the melting season. We monitored these processes using a wide range of direct and indirect techniques (bedload sampling, continuous seismic measurements, pebbles tracking, topographic surveys, remote sensing using ground control cameras and drone flights). Doing so, surrogate measurements allowed to extend temporally discrete manual bedload sampling, and to extend spatially local riverbed cross section measurements. These measurements provide unique complementary constraints on the targeted physics, at various spatial and temporal scales which enabled us to draw robust conclusions. Data showed a progressive decrease in bedload transport for a given flow rate along the two months period. Simultaneously, river morphology in the braided sections changed from an incised to a more distributed configuration which led to a decrease of local maxima in dimensionless shear stresses in the braided reach for similar flow conditions. This control of bedload transport by maximum local shear stresses was in line with tracked pebble surveys indicating that coarse bedload particles were mostly transported in the main active channel. At the reach scale, this transport was found to be more efficient in laterally confined sections than in braided ones which has important implications in terms of bedload estimation in alternative confined and braided (unconfined) rivers. Finally, this study highlight the interest to combine a large variety of traditional and innovative measurements techniques to better understand complex sediment transport processes in the field.
Published: 2020
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6. Disruptive mutations in TANC2 define a neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with psychiatric disorders

Author: Charles E. Schwartz, Marjolein H. Willemsen, Saadet Mercimek-Andrews, Amy B. Wilfert, Hugo J. Bellen, Alexander P.A. Stegmann, Tjitske Kleefstra, Pawel Stankiewicz, Benjamin Büttner, Hailun Ni, Rongjuan Zhao, Rami Abou Jamra, Mariëtte J.V. Hoffer, Kristin Herman, Marjan M. Weiss, Heather C Mefford, Huidan Wu, Deanna J. Erwin, Zhengmao Hu, Claudia A. L. Ruivenkamp, Helger G. Yntema, Cindy Colson, Alessandra Murgia, Maria Bottitta, Jane Juusola, Tianyun Wang, Stephen M. Malone, Kun Xia, Baosheng Zhu, Nicolas Richard, Jozef Gecz, Elisa Bettella, Tuula Rinne, Raphael Bernier, Emilia K. Bijlsma, Michael F. Wangler, Shinya Yamamoto, Brigid M. Regan, Sharayu Jangam, Bregje W.M. van Bon, Jill A. Rosenfeld, Kendra Hoekzema, Cenying Liu, Shweta U. Dhar, Stefano Sartori, Boris Keren, Hui Guo, Lucia Castiglia, Servi J. C. Stevens, Corrado Romano, Min Long, Tomasz J. Nowakowski, Evan E. Eichler, Jan Maarten Cobben, Alison M. Muir, Lisa Emrick, Quinten Waisfisz, Wenjing Zhao, Jonathan C. Andrews, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Bing Bai, Madelyn A. Gillentine, Paul C. Marcogliese, Fan Xia, Han G. Brunner, Alexandra Afenjar, Academic Medical Center, MUMC+: DA KG Polikliniek (9), MUMC+: DA KG Lab Centraal Lab (9), RS: GROW - R4 - Reproductive and Perinatal Medicine, MUMC+: DA Klinische Genetica (5), Klinische Genetica, Chinese Academy of Forestry, University Hospital of Padua, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University, Texas Children's Hospital [Houston, USA], Central South University [Changsha], University of California, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), Department of Genome Sciences [Seattle] (GS), University of Washington [Seattle], Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht University [Maastricht], Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Service de Génétique [CHU Caen], Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Biologie, génétique et thérapies ostéoarticulaires et respiratoires (BIOTARGEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), The Greenwood Genetic Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione 'Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino', Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Kunming University of Science and Technology (KMUST), The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids), University of Toronto, GeneDx [Gaithersburg, MD, USA], Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], University of Melbourne, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Adelaide, Emma Children’s Hospital, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], and Human genetics
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Proband, Male, Genetics of the nervous system, Developmental Disabilities, General Physics and Astronomy, Muscle Proteins, medicine.disease_cause, ANNOTATION, Sensory disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 12], Whole Exome Sequencing, Craniofacial Abnormalities, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Postsynaptic potential, Intellectual disability, Drosophila Proteins, lcsh:Science, Child, SYNAPTIC DEVELOPMENT, Neurons, Mutation, Multidisciplinary, Behavior, Animal, Mental Disorders, Brain, Drosophila melanogaster, Child, Preschool, Behavioural genetics, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Female, Neuroglia, Rare cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 9], Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, GENES, Adolescent, Science, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center, RESOURCE, Intellectual Disability, Exome Sequencing, medicine, Animals, Humans, Language Development Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Psychiatry, Preschool, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Behavior, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], business.industry, Animal, MEMORY, Membrane Proteins, Proteins, General Chemistry, medicine.disease, FRAMEWORK, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics, DE-NOVO MUTATIONS, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Neuronal development, Autism, lcsh:Q, business, Postsynaptic density, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Here, we present detailed clinical and genetic data for 20 patients with likely gene-disrupting mutations in TANC2—whose protein product interacts with multiple PSD proteins. Pediatric patients with disruptive mutations present with autism, intellectual disability, and delayed language and motor development. In addition to a variable degree of epilepsy and facial dysmorphism, we observe a pattern of more complex psychiatric dysfunction or behavioral problems in adult probands or carrier parents. Although this observation requires replication to establish statistical significance, it also suggests that mutations in this gene are associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders consistent with its postsynaptic function. We find that TANC2 is expressed broadly in the human developing brain, especially in excitatory neurons and glial cells, but shows a more restricted pattern in Drosophila glial cells where its disruption affects behavioral outcomes., Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases for which the genetic basis is still unknown in more than half of the cases. Here, the authors report a NDD associated with disruptive variants in the TANC2 gene and show that rols, the TANC2 homolog in flies, is required for synapse growth and function.
Published: 2019
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7. Environmental impact assessment of development projects improved by merging species distribution and habitat connectivity modelling

Author: Simon Tarabon, Laurent Bergès, Thierry Dutoit, Francis Isselin-Nondedeu, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), and Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, maximum entropy modelling, Environmental Engineering, Badger, red squirrel, graph theory, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0208 environmental biotechnology, Species distribution, Biodiversity, Eurasian badger, 02 engineering and technology, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, biology.animal, 11. Sustainability, Animals, Environmental impact assessment, Ecosystem, Conservation planning, Waste Management and Disposal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, biology, business.industry, Environmental resource management, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 020801 environmental engineering, Design phase, Geography, Habitat, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, habitat connectivity, France, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Landscape connectivity
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires; International audience; Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is performed to limit potential impacts of development projects on species and ecosystem functions. However, the methods related to EIA actually pay little attention to the landscape-scale effects of development projects on biodiversity. In this study we proposed a methodological framework to more properly address the landscape-scale impacts of a new stadium project in Lyon (France) on two representative mammal species exemplary for the endemic fauna, the red squirrel and the Eurasian badger. Our approach combined species distribution model using Maxent and landscape functional connectivity model using Graphab at two spatial scales to assess habitat connectivity before and after development project implementation. The development project had a negative impact on landscape connectivity: overall habitat connectivity (PC index) decreased by-6.8% and-1.8% and the number of graph components increased by +60.0% and +17.6% for the red squirrel and the European badger respectively, because some links that formerly connected habitat patches were cut by the development project. Changes affecting landscape structure and composition emphasized the need to implement appropriate avoidance and reduction measures. Our methodology provides a useful tool both for EIA studies at each step of the way to support decision-making in landscape conservation planning. The method could be also developed in the design phase to compare the effectiveness of different avoidance or mitigation measures and resize them if necessary to maximize habitat connectivity.
Published: 2019
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8. Phenolics of the understory shrub Cotinus coggygria influence Mediterranean oak forests diversity and dynamics

Author: Stéphane Greff, Jordane Gavinet, Virginie Baldy, Mathieu Santonja, Catherine Fernandez, Raphaël Gros, Anne Bousquet-Mélou, S. Peano, T. Tchong, Hazem Hashoum, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), ECCOREV, ANR-12-BSV7-0016,SEC-PRIME²,Trade-off between SECondary and PRImary MEtabolism in MEditerranean forest under climate change(2012), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02/11-LABX-0061,OTMed,Objectif Terre : Bassin Méditerranéen(2011), and ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02/11-IDEX-0001,AMIDEX,AMIDEX(2011)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, education, Biodiversity, Biotic interactions, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Quercus pubescens, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Shrub, Soil mesofauna, Competition (biology), Botany, Regeneration Allelopathy, Nature and Landscape Conservation, media_common, biology, ved/biology, food and beverages, Forestry, Understory, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, biology.organism_classification, Oak seedlings, Cotinus, 13. Climate action, Seedling, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany, Soil microorganisms
Abstract: International audience; Chemical interactions in forested ecosystems play a role in driving biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics. Plant phenolics released by leaching can influence surrounding plants and soil organisms such as bacteria, fungi or arthropods. However, our knowledge about such chemically-mediated biotic interactions in Mediterranean oak forests is still limited, in particular whether they play a role in the limited forest regeneration. In this study, we analyzed how phenolics of Cotinus coggygria, a dominant shrub of Mediterranean downy oak (Quercus pubescens) forests, influence understory herbaceous plant species, downy oak regeneration and soil organisms in order to obtain a more integrative view of possible direct and indirect interactions triggered by this shrub species. We performed a series of experiments testing the effect of aqueous extracts of C. coggygria, mimicking natural leachates, on these organisms. Cotinus coggygria contained a high quantity of phenolics in green and senescent leaves but much less in leaf litter. Extracts from C. coggygria leaves stimulated bacterial communities, exhibited few effects on both saprophytic and symbiotic fungi, and negatively affected Collembola. Herbaceous species growth was particularly impaired by extracts from green and senescent leaves, although these effects were alleviated in the presence of soil microorganisms. In both greenhouse and field experiments, C. coggygria affected early oak seedling establishment in particular through a reduced root growth, but exhibited no effect on later seedling and sapling growth. We discussed the implication of these results for the balance between competition and facilitation in oak forests and concluded that C. coggygria has the potential to strongly alter biotic interactions, understory plant diversity and oak forest dynamics.
Published: 2019
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9. Dossier. L'hydromorphologie

Author: Melun, Gabriel, Arnaud, F., Arnaud-Fassetta, G., Bertrand, Mélanie, Bilodeau, C., Borgniet, L., Boutault, F., Brousse, G., Cassel, M., Depret, T., Dufour, S., Gob, F., Grivel, S., Kreutzenberger, K., Le Bihan, M., Le Bissonnais, Yves, Liébault, F., Loire, R., Magand, C., Malavoi, J., Piégay, H., Rolan-Meynard, M., Rollet, A.J., Tamisier, V., Thommeret, Nathalie, Vivier, A., Agence Française pour la Biodiversité - AFB (FRANCE), Environnement Ville Société (EVS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG (UMR_8586 / UMR_D_215 / UM_115)), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Laboratoire Dynamiques Sociales et Recomposition des Espaces (LADYSS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Laboratoire de géographie physique : Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels (LGP), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique (LETG - Rennes), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique UMR 6554 (LETG), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Ministère de la Transition Ecologique et Solidaire (MTES), Agence Française pour la Biodiversité (AFB), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), EDF (EDF), École supérieure des géomètres et topographes (ESGT-CNAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Laboratoire Géomatique et foncier (GeF), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Environnement, Ville, Société (EVS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019
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10. Sub-Tenon anesthesia, maintained oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies and vitreoretinal surgery: About 68 cases [Anesthésie sous-ténonienne, traitements anticoagulants et antiagrégants plaquettaires oraux et chirurgie vitréorétinienne: à propos de 68 cas]

Author: Rezkallah, A., Didier, C., Denis, P., Mathis, T., Kodjikian, L., Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse [CHU - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Letter, retrospective study, very elderly, apixaban, postoperative thrombosis, heart arrhythmia, lymphoma, anesthesia, postoperative period, artery disease, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, intraoperative period, dabigatran, human, rivaroxaban, pars plana vitrectomy, vitreous hemorrhage, anticoagulant therapy, acenocoumarol, ischemic cardiomyopathy, adult, international normalized ratio, patient care, epiretinal membrane, antithrombocytic agent, fluindione, retina macula hole, postoperative hemorrhage, thromboembolism, major clinical study, vitreoretinal surgery, risk benefit analysis, warfarin, aged, valvular heart disease, heart graft, proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Abstract: cited By 0
Published: 2019
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11. Do shrubs facilitate oak seedling establishment in Mediterranean pine forest understory?

Author: Jordane Gavinet, Bernard Prévosto, Catherine Fernandez, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Avignon Université (AU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), and Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, biology, ved/biology, Agricultural site, Pine forest, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Forestry, Understory, 15. Life on land, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Shrub, Agronomy, Habitat, Seedling, Aleppo Pine, Botany, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; Shrubs have been shown to facilitate tree seedling establishment in open Mediterranean ecosystem habitats, but their effects in forests have been much less explored. We investigated the role played by shrubs in seedling emergence, survival and growth for two co-occurring oak species - Quercusilex and Quercuspubescens - in the understory of clear Aleppo pine stands (10 m(2)/ha). Acorns of both species were sown in two sites in South-East France that contrasted in terms of former land-use (pastoral vs agricultural), soil thickness (shallow vs deep) and type of understory (shrubs + grass vs only shrubs). Oak seedlings had a higher survival and growth on the former agricultural site with deeper soil. In general, the more stress-tolerant Q. ilex performed better than Q. pubescens. In the harsher site, seedling survival decreased with grass cover but increased with shrub cover. Shrub and grass cover decreased seedling diameter and had no effect on seedling height. In the more fertile site, shrub cover had no influence on seedling survival but had a species-specific effect on seedling growth: shrubs mostly competed with Q. ilex but ameliorated Q. pubescens growth, leading to changes in the two species performance ranking at high shrub cover. We conclude that shrubs can act as nurses for oak seedling establishment in pine forest understory, particularly in harsh conditions and for stress-intolerant species. In harsh conditions, shrub cover should be factored in as a way to promote pine forest diversification toward mixed pine-oak stands. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2016
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12. Restauration hydromorphologique sur le Haut Drac (Hautes-Alpes, France)

Author: Bertrand, Mélanie, Brousse, Guillaume, Borgniet, L., Liébault, Frédéric, Arnaud-Fassetta, Gilles, Melun, Gabriel, Laval, Frédéric, Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

13. Hydromorphological restoration of the Upper Drac River (Hautes-Alpes, France) - Restauration hydromorphologique sur le Haut Drac (Hautes-Alpes, France)

Author: Bertrand, Mélanie, Brousse, Guillaume, Borgniet, L., Liébault, Frédéric, Arnaud-Fassetta, Gilles, Melun, Gabriel, Laval, Frédéric, Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

14. How wildfire risk is related to urban planning and Fire Weather Index in SE France (1990–2013)

Author: Samuel Robert, Yangang Ren, Pierre Carrega, P. Caillouet, Christophe Bouillon, Dennis Fox, Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace (ESPACE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System (Institute of Process Engineering), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Avignon Université (AU), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Forest fires, Firefighting, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Wildfires, FireWeather Index (FWI), 11. Sustainability, Fire protection, Environmental Chemistry, Wildland–urban interface, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Land use, Global warming, Vegetation, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 15. Life on land, Land use planning, Pollution, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Wildland Urban Interface (WUI), 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Physical geography
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN [ADD1_IRSTEA]Adaptation des territoires au changement global; International audience; Wildfires burn N450,000 ha of forest every year in Euro-Mediterranean countries. Many fires originate in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) where housing density and weather conditions affect fire occurrence. Housing density is determined by long termland use policies while weather conditions evolve quickly. The first objective was to quantify the impacts of land use policy onWUI characteristics and fire risk in SE France during 1990–2012. The second objective was to quantify how Fire Weather Index (FWI) is related to fire occurrence. WUI was mapped from 1990, 1999, and 2012 building layers and crossed with a NDVI derived vegetation layer. In all, 12 WUI categories were derived: 4 building density classes and 3 vegetation layers. The I87 FWI was based on daily temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and soil water content. Despite a 30% increase in the number of new buildings,WUI area increased by only 5% as new housing filled in open space in existingWUI area. This trend can be linked to national level urban planning legislation and forest fire protection laws. Major driver variables determining housing location were aspect, slope, and distance to city centers. Fire frequency and burned area were nonlinearly related to FWI: 73% of the 99 fires occurred during weeks with FWI values ≥90 even though these accounted for only 44% of all weeks. Burned area was even more sensitive to FWI since 97% of total burned area occurred during weeks with mean FWI values ≥90. All days with burned areas N100 ha had FWI values N150. The study demonstrated that WUI legislation can be an efficient tool to limit WUI fire risk. FWI results suggest the predicted increase in extreme summer heat events with global warming could increase burned area as firefighting resources are stretched beyond capacity.
Published: 2018
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15. The relative weight of ontogeny, topology and climate in the architectural development of three North American conifers

Author: Buissart, Fabien, Vennetier, Michel, Delagrange, Sylvain, Girard, François, Caraglio, Yves, Sabatier, Sylvie-Annabel, Munson, Alison, Nicolini, Eric-André, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Département des sciences naturelles, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Université Laval
Subjects: Canada, topology, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Facteur climatique, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Croissance, climate, Research Articles, PLS regression, Morphologie végétale, Pinus banksiana, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Facteur édaphique, Québec, ontogeny, Pinus strobus, Anatomie végétale, Picea mariana, tree architecture, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Knowledge of plant architecture allows retrospective study of plant development, hence provides powerful tools, through modelling and simulation, to link this development with environmental constraints, and then predict its response to global change. The present study aims to determine some of the main endogenous and exogenous variables driving the architectural development of three North American conifers. We measured architectural traits retrospectively on the trunk, branches and twigs of whole tree crowns for each species: annual shoot length (ASL), needle length, branching patterns and reproduction organs (male and female). We fitted a partial least square (PLS) regression to explain each architectural trait with respect to topological, ontogenic and climatic variables. Results showed a significant weight of these three groups of variables for previous and current year, corresponding, respectively, to organogenesis and elongation. Topological and ontogenic variables had the greatest weight in models. Particularly, all architectural traits were strongly correlated with ASL. We highlighted a negative architectural response of two species to higher than average temperatures, whereas the third one took advantage of these higher temperatures to some degree. Tree architectural development weekly but significantly improved with higher precipitation. Our study underlines the strong weight of topology and ontogeny in tree growth patterns at twig and branch scales. The correlation between ASL and other tree architectural traits should be integrated into architectural development models. Climate variables are secondary in importance at the twig scale. However, interannual climate variations influence all axis categories and branching orders and therefore significantly impact crown development as a whole. This latter impact may increase with climate change, especially as climate affects architectural traits over at least 2 years, through organogenesis and elongation., This study proposes an original insight into tree architectural development, by combining in a simultaneous analysis three sets of explanatory variables: ontogenic, topological and climatic factors. It targets three common North American conifers (Picea mariana; Pinus banksiana; Pinus strobus), the detailed architecture of which is poorly known. Thus it brings new knowledge about these species and their response to environmental constraints. Our results may help improve the assessment of the future of these species in the context of climate change, particularly through the knowledge of interactions between exogenous (climate and site conditions) and endogenous factors (ontogeny, topology).
Published: 2018
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16. Search for Tensor, Vector, and Scalar Polarizations in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background

Author: T. A. Callister, N. Kijbunchoo, G. Kang, C. C. Yancey, C. A. Costa, A. Dasgupta, M. C. Milovich-Goff, I. Belahcene, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, P. Schale, J. L. Wright, P. T.H. Pang, Francesco Pannarale, R. Flaminio, J.-P. Coulon, Yi-Ming Hu, C. Aulbert, A. Rocchi, A. E. Pace, Sumanta Tewari, C. Cocchieri, Alejandro Torres-Forné, B. Goncharov, R. Birney, Lloyd Paul Aiello, B. C. Pant, M. Afrough, R. A. Mercer, F. Jiménez-Forteza, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, W. H. Wang, Odylio D. Aguiar, J. E. Lord, E. J. Daw, Maurizio Canepa, M. Punturo, J. Neilson, Alex B. Nielsen, V. Quetschke, G. M. Guidi, G. Kuehn, S. Privitera, Antonio Marquina, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, D. Tuyenbayev, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, M. Agathos, Martin M. Fejer, J. R. Smith, S. Ghonge, K. AultONeal, C. S. Unnikrishnan, W. Katzman, R. Douglas, F. J. Raab, V. Kondrashov, N. Mukund, L. R. Cominsky, J. K. Wofford, M. A. Page, S. Khan, A. Lazzarini, C. Lazzaro, T. Z. Summerscales, V. Boschi, R. J. G. Jonker, Jay D. Tasson, M. Landry, L. Sammut, M. Factourovich, J. S. Lange, Patricia Schmidt, A. Avila-Alvarez, V. Brisson, J. C. Driggers, L. Di Fiore, B. Mours, C. Austin, A. Schönbeck, B. Rajbhandari, Daniel Wysocki, M. Barsuglia, Yuri Levin, G. Greco, L. van der Schaaf, S. A. Pai, D. Moraru, Antoine Heidmann, D. Töyrä, R. Gustafson, G. Rutins, P. J. Sutton, Graham Woan, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, G. Valdes, A. Samajdar, Steven D. Penn, Jacob Scheuer, Gianpietro Cagnoli, Giuseppe Intini, Hyang Woon Lee, Robert Stone, D. Steinmeyer, E. G. Thomas, A. Basti, Ryan N. Lang, Jens Birch, E. A. Chase, D. Tao, P. A. Altin, Alvin J. K. Chua, D. Barker, B. Sassolas, Tristan Briant, L. Sun, H. Fong, O. Sauter, E. J. King, M. Muratore, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, Z. Du, P. Aufmuth, R. Bhandare, M. Gosselin, A. Allocca, Xing-Jiang Zhu, S. Antier, M. Dovale Álvarez, S. E. Strigin, M. Kasprzack, Michael L. Gorodetsky, J.-P. Zendri, Bernard F. Schutz, Li Ju, Daniel A. Shaddock, David Keitel, J. H. Romie, M. Drago, J. Meidam, Guenakh Mitselmakher, L. Wallace, Z. Frei, S. J. Cooper, J.-D. Fournier, S. Dhurandhar, Samuele Cortese, K. K.Y. Ng, A. Pal-Singh, Jong H. Chow, J. Liu, D. M. Macleod, Charalampos Markakis, S. T. Countryman, K. A. Thorne, Ryan Lynch, Brittany Kamai, Y. Bouffanais, Y. Q. Ma, B. A. Boom, L. Cunningham, A. Lartaux-Vollard, Suvadeep Bose, Vuk Mandic, R. A. Eisenstein, B. J. J. Slagmolen, R. Gouaty, Steven Bloemen, F. Frasconi, Jonathan R. Gair, Roman Schnabel, A. Lenon, B. R. Hall, C. Horst, G. D. Meadors, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, Andrew Matas, A. Pasqualetti, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, J. Zweizig, K. Napier, Guido Mueller, Hang Yu, S. Doravari, Hsiao-Wen Chen, Maher Yazback, M. Pedraza, Patrick Brady, J. S. Areeda, T. Theeg, H. S. Cho, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, Moritz Mehmet, S. J. Kapadia, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, R. Quitzow-James, R. M. S. Schofield, G. Cerretani, S. Biscoveanu, R. Sturani, Innocenzo M. Pinto, B. R. Iyer, M. Zanolin, Lee McCuller, Serena Vinciguerra, N. Mazumder, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, P. Ehrens, J. Hennig, O. J. Piccinni, Antoni Ramos-Buades, A. Singhal, T. D. Abbott, O. Puncken, Zoheyr Doctor, A. W. Heptonstall, V. Gayathri, L. M. Perri, H. A. G. Gabbard, Alberto Vecchio, F. Martelli, T. Zelenova, M. Bawaj, Riccardo Bassiri, Magnus Manske, Will M. Farr, M. Montani, P. Weßels, A. Królak, Rana X. Adhikari, B. Pang, Simon Stevenson, Nancy Aggarwal, M. Vardaro, J. Ming, S. Koley, N. A. Lockerbie, S. S. Eikenberry, E. A. Muñiz, S. Brunett, B. Machenschalk, S. Walsh, F. Donovan, F. Y. Khalili, D. Sellers, E. Bonilla, G. Bergmann, L. Rei, Sebastian Steinlechner, B. Shapiro, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, Archisman Ghosh, E. L. Merilh, R. Kennedy, S. D. Linker, A. Bozzi, Stanislav Babak, M. Tonelli, A. Bisht, S. R. Morriss, Chunglee Kim, Miriam Cabero, E. Coughlin, Alessandra Buonanno, T. Hardwick, M. H. Wimmer, A. Effler, R. Metzdorff, H. Yamamoto, Gabrielle Allen, D. Barta, Soumi De, J.-M. Isac, J. S. Kissel, H. Cao, D. J. Vine, Duncan A. Brown, Tania Regimbau, W. Parker, I. Dave, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, S. B. Anderson, A. Bohe, Geoffrey Lovelace, P. Hopkins, K. Izumi, B. D. Cheeseboro, C. Graef, Mark A. Scheel, M. Bejger, R. Kirchhoff, B. L. Pearlstone, David B. Tanner, S. C. McGuire, P. G. Murray, Hartmut Grote, T. P. Downes, N. Letendre, Roger Jones, T. Denker, G. Losurdo, A. Noack, V. J. Roma, S. J. Kimbrell, P. T. Baker, F. Travasso, A. P. Spencer, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, Lei Zhang, C. Whittle, S. S. Forsyth, J. A. Clark, A. S. Markosyan, G. Traylor, D. D. Brown, M. Fyffe, David Coward, Anthony A. Amato, N. van Bakel, Zachariah B. Etienne, P. Oppermann, M. J. Yap, Jennifer Watchi, R. Mittleman, P. Fulda, F. Marion, C. F. Da Silva Costa, Andrew Lundgren, S. Xiao, Nelson Christensen, V. Kringel, F. Carbognani, S. A. Usman, Carlos O. Lousto, C. Kent, J. Trinastic, A. Gennai, H. Y. Chia, M. Haney, L. Naticchioni, Piotr Jaranowski, R. Bonnand, D. Talukder, A. Masserot, M. Weinert, Salvatore Vitale, K. Kawabe, M. Constancio, A. R. Williamson, T. Sadecki, W. S. Kim, S. E. Barclay, D. Lumaca, Sascha Husa, K. E. Ramirez, A. S. Sengupta, S. M. Aston, K. Ueno, Michael W. Coughlin, A. L. Urban, M. Laxen, G. Venugopalan, D.B. DeBra, A. Giazotto, M. Tápai, P. Shawhan, M. Ducrot, I. Ferrante, Z. Khan, D. S. Rabeling, M. Di Giovanni, K. E. Gushwa, Ofek Birnholtz, K. Mason, J. Suresh, D. Hoak, M. F. Carney, R. Passaquieti, Neil J. Cornish, D. C. Coyne, V. Sandberg, R. Cavalieri, F. Cavalier, J. Eichholz, B. Weaver, D. Moffa, A. K. W. Chung, Erik Katsavounidis, R. De Pietri, Jocelyn Read, G. P. Newton, Gabriela Gonzalez, S. Gaudio, N. A. Robertson, D. Sentenac, J. A. Sonnenberg, Eric Howell, V. Germain, S. Gomes, R. De Rosa, K. R. Corley, J. M. Newport, S. Mastrogiovanni, R. K. Lanza, Sylvia J. Zhu, Samuel Deléglise, S. C. Tait, Rocco Romano, Rajesh Kumar, A. Fernandez-Galiana, Zifan Zhou, I. A. Bilenko, David J. Ottaway, P. Leaci, A. Colla, S. Leavey, Hai-Ping Cheng, M. Katolik, S. Ossokine, Jinsook Kim, L. K. Nuttall, Xin Chen, R. M. Martin, David A. Nichols, D. Nolting, C. North, Thomas Dent, C. Pankow, B. U. Gadre, Sebastien Biscans, D. H. Reitze, M. S. Shahriar, P. Ruggi, C. V. Kalaghatgi, M. J. Cowart, Michael Zevin, P. Dupej, Sumit Kumar, David Jonathan Hofman, B. Gateley, P. Corban, M. C. Tringali, I. Nardecchia, X. Guo, H. Vahlbruch, K. Riles, Vladimir Dergachev, R. Macas, P. M. Meyers, Barry C. Barish, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, L. Trozzo, Priscilla Canizares, H. Middleton, B. B. Miller, Howard Pan, Aaron Buikema, J. Hanson, Isabel Cordero-Carrión, Paul J. Groot, Samaya Nissanke, F. Fidecaro, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, M. Vasúth, S. Appert, L. Pinard, A. Cirone, Xavier Siemens, C. I. Torrie, Jan Harms, C. Mishra, B. Lantz, M. Favata, John Veitch, J. Lehmann, J. C. Barayoga, James Whelan, Jonathan Blackman, A. Moggi, C. Messick, J. Calderón Bustillo, A. Sergeev, H. N. Isa, M. Leonardi, P. Ajith, Carlos Cepeda, K. Toland, Linqing Wen, S. Grunewald, M. Chan, G. Vedovato, H. Qi, A. Viceré, A. Gopakumar, N. Arnaud, Maggie Tse, Vijay Varma, C. Fee, D. Meacher, M. MacInnis, S. Bae, P. Rapagnani, J. Hanks, E. Coccia, L. Kleybolte, Colm Talbot, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, Paul D. Lasky, G. Stratta, Torrey Cullen, K. Siellez, L.-W. Wei, Bernard F. Whiting, Tobias Westphal, S. J. Chamberlin, Riccardo Ciolfi, Yi Chen, Athol J. Kemball, B. W. Schulte, S. Márka, Jesper Munch, Matthew Pitkin, R. K.L. Lo, José A. Font, L. McNeill, Maya Fishbach, A. F. Brooks, Satyanarayan Ray Pitambar Mohapatra, P. J. Veitch, R. M. Blair, Irene Fiori, K. Venkateswara, G. A. Prodi, Benjamin J. Owen, M. De Laurentis, R. P. Fisher, S. Mitra, C. Messenger, X. Fan, David Jones, E. A. Quintero, M. Granata, J. Devenson, K. S. Karvinen, Marco Cavaglia, J. F. J. van den Brand, Subroto Mukherjee, A. Markowitz, P. Charlton, R. Frey, K. W. K. Wong, P. Brockill, N. Leroy, Shiuh Chao, M. Nery, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, Otto A. Hannuksela, Martin Hendry, Cecilio García-Quirós, Christopher Wipf, M. C. Díaz, K. V. Tokmakov, M. Yvert, E. C. Ferreira, Aniello Grado, B. Bécsy, Kenneth A. Strain, M. Sieniawska, M. Kinley-Hanlon, Pablo Cerdá-Durán, Peter R. Saulson, J. Prasad, T. Prestegard, Gregory Ashton, Terry G. McRae, Antonios Kontos, Fabio Marchesoni, P. B. Covas, Kyungmin Kim, Debarati Chatterjee, B. O'Reilly, P. Gruning, G. Pillant, Junwei Cao, J. Warner, L. G. Prokhorov, Olivier Minazzoli, M. Razzano, J. L. Willis, A. Nitz, V. Tiwari, M. J. Szczepańczyk, Fabien Kéfélian, E. Schreiber, F. Robinet, A. Post, Seog Oh, J. H. Hough, P. W. F. Forsyth, G. McIntyre, A. Cumming, F. Di Renzo, G. Mendell, F. Baldaccini, G. Dálya, Karan Jani, E. Goetz, E. Capocasa, Huang-Wei Pan, Gijs Nelemans, Leo Singer, L. F. Ortega, M. J. Hart, F. Nocera, I. Magaña Hernandez, E. D. Hall, T. J. Massinger, Jolien D. E. Creighton, T. Vo, C. De Rossi, Ryan Magee, A. Gupta, T. Shaffer, V. Raymond, J. K. Blackburn, S. Raja, J. W. W. Pratt, E. Chassande-Mottin, M. Korobko, Gregory M. Harry, V. Kalogera, A. K. Zadrożny, Sheila Rowan, M. Pürrer, S. Kwang, S. E. Dwyer, A. Sawadsky, Todd Adams, G. D. Hammond, Harald P. Pfeiffer, D. M. Wilken, M. Fitz-Axen, P. Bacon, Daniel E. Holz, G. Ciani, A. Parida, E. J. Son, A. Sheperd, M. van Beuzekom, M. Rizzo, H. K. Lee, V. Predoi, I. W. Martin, H. J. Bulten, David Cohen, David E. McClelland, B. Patricelli, D. S. Wu, Margaret Millhouse, Rosa Poggiani, L. Glover, S. G. Gaonkar, Haixing Miao, V. Frey, T. Di Girolamo, Karl Gill, S. Farinon, A. Pele, J. J. Bero, O. Bock, G. L. Mansell, K. L. Dooley, S. L. Danilishin, Lisa Barsotti, Arunava Mukherjee, M. Fays, R. Bork, Jing Wang, Y. Minenkov, A. Di Lieto, M. Saleem, C. Vorvick, Nicholas Demos, J. D. Lough, S. Kaufer, Jonathan Cripe, C. Beer, László Á. Gergely, Daichi Tsuna, Kevin M. Ryan, F. Vetrano, Rainer Weiss, F. Ricci, E. A. Houston, J. Westerweck, Y.-M. Kim, K. Mogushi, D. Estevez, Z. Tornasi, T. Etzel, P. J. King, K. H. Lai, Aaron Viets, J. Feicht, Joey Shapiro Key, J. R. Sanders, S. B. Coughlin, J. Betzwieser, John Miller, S. Caride, J. C. Bayley, H. Wittel, S. G. Schwalbe, D. Buskulic, W. W. Johnson, M. Poe, M. Phelps, R. G. Ormiston, C. Affeldt, D. Ugolini, C. Cahillane, R. Taylor, B. Day, A. Corsi, R. T. DeRosa, David Blair, M. Oliver, A. J. Weinstein, E. Cesarini, V. Dolique, A. Chiummo, E. Cuoco, N. Bode, Luca Gammaitoni, J. A. Giaime, B. K. Berger, F. Ohme, P. Clearwater, M. A. Papa, A. S. Bell, M. K. M. Bader, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, A. Brillet, T. Huynh-Dinh, M. Wade, D. J. Stops, P. Kumar, Christopher M. Biwer, S. Frasca, C. Rajan, Kai Staats, S. Meshkov, R. DeSalvo, Stephen Fairhurst, Carl Blair, C. C. Buchanan, A. Hreibi, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, Chang-Hwan Lee, M. Davier, M. Was, R. Robie, M. M. Hanke, Jordan Camp, P. Popolizio, Koji Arai, K. Lee, Edward K. Porter, H. Vocca, Christopher P. L. Berry, A. D. Silva, A. Grant, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, A. A. Shah, M. Merzougui, L. Matone, A. Staley, Lionel London, S. Jawahar, V. Loriette, L. Conti, A. L. Stuver, Matthew Evans, T. D. Creighton, J. G. Rollins, E. J. Sanchez, Steven Reyes, J. McIver, Archana Pai, F. Paoletti, Laura Sampson, James G. Bartlett, T. J. N. Nelson, D. Schuette, D. H. Shoemaker, J. Junker, James Healy, Roy Williams, Mairi Sakellariadou, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, A. Rüdiger, O. de Varona, Leo Tsukada, W. Z. Korth, E. Z. Hamilton, Tenglin Li, C. Buy, G. D. O'Dea, I. Kowalska, H. Overmier, Swetha Bhagwat, J. Scott, A. Ain, E. Maros, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, Richard J. Abbott, Marie-Anne Bizouard, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, R. Coyne, Fabrice Matichard, E. K. Wessel, Nergis Mavalvala, Jerome Degallaix, C. Casentini, Ben Farr, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, C. J. Perez, N. Gehrels, C.-J. Haster, O. Halim, J. A. Taylor, K. W. Tsang, M. Rakhmanov, Ik Siong Heng, T. Souradeep, E. Mejuto-Villa, J. Page, M. Boer, A. L. Miller, Mingliang Zhou, P. Astone, Larne Pekowsky, S. D'Antonio, H. Fehrmann, W. Ren, Benjamin William Allen, Mandar Patil, Abhirup Ghosh, Karsten Danzmann, Hua Wang, Slawomir Gras, C. Krämer, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, A. Kutynia, F. Salemi, Federico Ferrini, Lijing Shao, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, P. Raffai, M. C. Edwards, Angela Delli Paoli, S. Ascenzi, D. Mukherjee, Alessandro Bertolini, Miftar Ganija, Laleh Sadeghian, R. C. Walet, V. P. Mitrofanov, D. Huet, S. H. Huttner, M. C. Araya, F. Cleva, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, W. Del Pozzo, P. F. Cohadon, H. Heitmann, Mark Hannam, R. L. McCarthy, C. R. Billman, Tanja Hinderer, A. Strunk, R. L. Savage, M. P. Ross, Maximiliano Isi, V. Sequino, Lionel Martellini, E. M. Gretarsson, Peter Fritschel, D. J. McManus, M. Masso-Reid, Yu Zhang, L. E. Sanchez, J. R. Palamos, Enrico Calloni, Thomas Corbitt, L. Salconi, Jacob Broida, M. K. Gupta, D. V. Atallah, Laura Cadonati, A. Perreca, Daniel R. George, S. McCormick, Susan M. Scott, I. Khan, Y. Wang, Q. Chu, G. Wang, C. E. Cirelli, L. E. Wade, Chad Hanna, M. Pirello, A. K. Srivastava, T. B. Edo, Haocun Yu, F. Clara, S. V. Angelova, L. Magaña Zertuche, Lili Yang, M. Branchesi, S. Chua, Fiodor Sorrentino, J. C. Batch, E. Massera, R. Inta, Alicia M. Sintes, Edward Seidel, M. Ast, T. Zhang, Thibaut Jacqmin, J. Woehler, M. Prijatelj, E. M. Fries, S. Klimenko, D. Passuello, D. B. Kozak, Douglas Davis, Geraint Pratten, H. Fair, G. Bogaert, Andrea Taracchini, B. Agarwal, Eric Thrane, J. B. Kanner, Walter Winkler, Chunnong Zhao, C. Michel, D. Finstad, Harald Lück, S. Rieger, L. Nevin, L. Kuo, D. Verkindt, Sarah Caudill, T. D. Knowles, M. Cho, H. Radkins, V. B. Adya, G. Gaur, S. Di Pace, E. Genin, J. V. van Heijningen, I. Maksimovic, R. L. Ward, G. Hemming, M. Pichot, C. Palomba, S. M. Koehlenbeck, A. Ananyeva, S. Karki, S. P. Vyatchanin, V. Dattilo, M. Brinkmann, Z. Márka, Stefan Hild, J. Schmidt, P. Couvares, R. Tso, Patrick M. Koch, S. Banagiri, F. Garufi, Surendra Nadh Somala, D. Bersanetti, Tomasz Bulik, D. Fiorucci, Richard J. Oram, V. V. Frolov, François Bondu, Britton D. Smith, J. Oberling, A. C. Green, Fausto Acernese, Tyson Littenberg, Mi Zhang, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, M. Mantovani, G. Gemme, D. Pascucci, C. Bradaschia, K. Bossie, S. Vass, T. Dal Canton, Leopoldo Milano, S. G. Crowder, L. Rolland, N. Indik, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, Mark Thomas, N. Man, J. Worden, David A. Williams, I. W. Harry, C. M. Mow-Lowry, K. Haughian, A. R. Wade, S. Chung, D. C. Vander-Hyde, E. E. Cowan, J. D. Romano, J. Casanueva Diaz, C. Van Den Broeck, Nicolas Sanchis-Gual, Michael E Zucker, B. D. Lackey, B. L. Swinkels, Kipp Cannon, M. Steinke, A. Mullavey, F. Magaña-Sandoval, P. Puppo, A. W. Muir, E. A. Huerta, M. C. Heintze, R. Goetz, C. L. Romel, M. Lormand, M. A. Okada, P. Thomas, Shubhanshu Tiwari, Ettore Majorana, Paul M. Ricker, M. Bitossi, K. Wette, F. Thies, John J. Oh, Timothy Evans, Rory Smith, C. Adams, D. Sigg, S. W. Ballmer, D. M. Shoemaker, Michelle E. Walker, J. George, G. Moreno, D. Rosińska, S. E. Gossan, Patrice Hello, K. Holt, Kevin Barkett, I. Dorrington, I. Di Palma, Collin D. Capano, M. B. Shaner, V. Fafone, Jessica Steinlechner, A. Neunzert, T. Chmiel, M. Heurs, C. Dreissigacker, J-Y. Vinet, Reed Essick, S. Kandhasamy, B. Sorazu, T. T. Nguyen, Andrea Chincarini, Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (IMP), Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology [Shanghai], Tongji University, Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques (IHES), IHES, University of Malaya, MEMS CORE Co, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire des matériaux avancés (LMA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Albert Einstein Institute, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics, Columbia University [New York], Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry [Stockholm] (ACES), Stockholm University, Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), Department of Astrophysics [Nijmegen], Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen], LAboratoire de REcherche en Géodésie [Paris] (LAREG), Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l'Information Géographique (LaSTIG), École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN), Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, University of Alberta, Physics Department, University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Département de Physique, Universita degli studi di Genova, Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, CSSAR, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Department of Chemistry [West Bengal], Kalyani University, UMR CNRS 8179, Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Northfield], Carleton College, Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cités, Territoires, Environnement et Sociétés (CITERES), Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome]-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Vitrociset S.p.a., Department of Physics [Parma], University of Parma, Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut, Department of Mathematics [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova (INFN, Sezione di Genova), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Dipartimento di Fisica, Università 'La Sapienza', Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire des Matériaux Inorganiques (LMI), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Clermont Université-Sigma CLERMONT (Sigma CLERMONT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Polymer-Institut, University of Karlsruhe, University of Karlsruhe (TH), Los Gatos Res Inc, Los, Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (INFN, Sezione di Firenze), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Lhomond)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Virgo, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), JIFRESSE, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy, ArcelorMittal Maizières Research SA, ArcelorMittal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), ESPCI ParisTech, Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Division [London], Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London]-King‘s College London, Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), School of Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Climate System, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), Forestry School, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Photonics and photonic materials group, Departement of Physics, University of bath, University of Bath [Bath], Laboratoire de Mesures et Modélisation de la Migration des Radionucléides (L3MR), Service d'Etudes du Comportement des Radionucléides (SECR), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Océan du Large et Variabilité Climatique (OLVAC), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto IMEM-CNR, Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Genova] (IMEM-CNR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Department of Physics Department [Fayetteville], University of Arkansas [Fayetteville], Politecnico di Torino [Torino] (Polito), SensorDynamics AG, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), State Key Lab Marine Geology, Laboratoire de physique et chimie des nano-objets (LPCNO), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Otago, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC - UMR 7164), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Association de Coordination Technique Agricole, LAboratoire de REcherche en Géodésie [Paris] (LAREG/IGN), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN), University of Massachusetts, Laboratoire des Fluides Complexes et leurs Réservoirs (LFCR), TOTAL FINA ELF-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Minnesota [Minneapolis], University of California at Los Angeles [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Universidad de Extremadura, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), OLVAC LEGOS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES), University of Malaya = Universiti Malaya [Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie] (UM), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) (AEI), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Les instituts techniques agricoles (Acta), Radboud University [Nijmegen]-Radboud University [Nijmegen], Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Università degli studi di Parma = University of Parma (UNIPR), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Clermont Université-SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European gravitational Observatory (EGO), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik (PDI), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Minnesota System, Civil and Environmental Engineering [Illinois] (CEE), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut ) (AEI), Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura (UEX), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo [Genova] (IMEM-CNR), Politecnico di Torino = Polytechnic of Turin (Polito), LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours (UT), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome]-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, (Astro)-Particles Physics, Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Afrough, M., Agarwal, B., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, B., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Angelova, S. V., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arnaud, N., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Ast, M., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Atallah, D. V., Aufmuth, P., Aulbert, C., Aultoneal, K., Austin, C., Avila-Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baker, P. T., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barayoga, J. C., Barclay, S. E., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barkett, K., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Batch, J. C., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Beer, C., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Bero, J. J., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhagwat, S., Bhandare, R., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Billman, C. R., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Biwer, C., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blackman, J., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bloemen, S., Bock, O., Bode, N., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Bohe, A., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Boom, B. A., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bossie, K., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Broida, J. E., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. A., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Buchanan, C. C., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. L., Cabero, M., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Calderón Bustillo, J., Callister, T. A., Calloni, E., Camp, J. B., Canepa, M., Canizares, P., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Cao, J., Capano, C. D., Capocasa, E., Carbognani, F., Caride, S., Carney, M. F., Diaz, J. Casanueva, Casentini, C., Caudill, S., Cavaglià, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cepeda, C. B., Cerdá-Durán, P., Cerretani, G., Cesarini, E., Chamberlin, S. J., Chan, M., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chase, E., Chassande-Mottin, E., Chatterjee, D., Cheeseboro, B. D., Chen, H. Y., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Cheng, H. -P., Chia, H., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Chmiel, T., Cho, H. S., Cho, M., Chow, J. H., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, A. J. K., Chua, S., Chung, A. K. W., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Ciolfi, R., Cirelli, C. E., Cirone, A., Clara, F., Clark, J. A., Clearwater, P., Cleva, F., Cocchieri, C., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. -F., Cohen, D., Colla, A., Collette, C. G., Cominsky, L. R., Constancio, M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Cordero-Carrión, I., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Coughlin, E., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S. B., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Couvares, P., Covas, P. B., Cowan, E. E., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cripe, J., Crowder, S. G., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Canton, T. Dal, Dálya, G., Danilishin, S. L., D'Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dasgupta, A., Da Silva Costa, C. F., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davis, D., Daw, E. J., Day, B., De, S., Debra, D., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deléglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Demos, N., Denker, T., Dent, T., De Pietri, R., Dergachev, V., De Rosa, Rosario, Derosa, R. T., De Rossi, C., Desalvo, R., De Varona, O., Devenson, J., Dhurandhar, S., Díaz, M. C., Di Fiore, L., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Doctor, Z., Dolique, V., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Douglas, R., Dovale Álvarez, M., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Dreissigacker, C., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Ducrot, M., Dupej, P., Dwyer, S. E., Edo, T. B., Edwards, M. C., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H. -B., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenstein, R. A., Essick, R. C., Estevez, D., Etienne, Z. B., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Factourovich, M., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fee, C., Fehrmann, H., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Finstad, D., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fishbach, M., Fisher, R. P., Fitz-Axen, M., Flaminio, R., Fletcher, M., Fong, H., Font, J. A., Forsyth, P. W. F., Forsyth, S. S., Fournier, J. -D., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Frey, V., Fries, E. M., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H., Gadre, B. U., Gaebel, S. M., Gair, J. R., Gammaitoni, L., Ganija, M. R., Gaonkar, S. G., Garcia-Quiros, C., Garufi, F., Gateley, B., Gaudio, S., Gaur, G., Gayathri, V., Gehrels, N., Gemme, G., Genin, E., Gennai, A., George, D., George, J., Gergely, L., Germain, V., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, Abhirup, Ghosh, Archisman, Ghosh, S., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gill, K., Glover, L., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Gomes, S., Goncharov, B., González, G., Gonzalez Castro, J. M., Gopakumar, A., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S. E., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Grado, A., Graef, C., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Gray, C., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Gretarsson, E. M., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guidi, G. M., Guo, X., Gupta, A., Gupta, M. K., Gushwa, K. E., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Halim, O., Hall, B. R., Hall, E. D., Hamilton, E. Z., Hammond, G., Haney, M., Hanke, M. M., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hannam, M. D., Hannuksela, O. A., Hanson, J., Hardwick, T., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Hart, M. J., Haster, C. -J., Haughian, K., Healy, J., Heidmann, A., Heintze, M. C., Heitmann, H., Hello, P., Hemming, G., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Hennig, J., Heptonstall, A. W., Heurs, M., Hild, S., Hinderer, T., Hoak, D., Hofman, D., Holt, K., Holz, D. E., Hopkins, P., Horst, C., Hough, J., Houston, E. A., Howell, E. J., Hreibi, A., Hu, Y. M., Huerta, E. A., Huet, D., Hughey, B., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Huynh-Dinh, T., Indik, N., Inta, R., Intini, G., Isa, H. N., Isac, J. -M., Isi, M., Iyer, B. R., Izumi, K., Jacqmin, T., Jani, K., Jaranowski, P., Jawahar, S., Jiménez-Forteza, F., Johnson, W. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Junker, J., Kalaghatgi, C. V., Kalogera, V., Kamai, B., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Kapadia, S. J., Karki, S., Karvinen, K. S., Kasprzack, M., Katolik, M., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, S., Kawabe, K., Kéfélian, F., Keitel, D., Kemball, A. J., Kennedy, R., Kent, C., Key, J. S., Khalili, F. Y., Khan, I., Khan, S., Khan, Z., Khazanov, E. A., Kijbunchoo, N., Kim, Chunglee, Kim, J. C., Kim, K., Kim, W., Kim, W. S., Kim, Y. -M., Kimbrell, S. J., King, E. J., King, P. J., Kinley-Hanlon, M., Kirchhoff, R., Kissel, J. S., Kleybolte, L., Klimenko, S., Knowles, T. D., Koch, P., Koehlenbeck, S. M., Koley, S., Kondrashov, V., Kontos, A., Korobko, M., Korth, W. Z., Kowalska, I., Kozak, D. B., Krämer, C., Kringel, V., Królak, A., Kuehn, G., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Kwang, S., Lackey, B. D., Lai, K. H., Landry, M., Lang, R. N., Lange, J., Lantz, B., Lanza, R. K., Lartaux-Vollard, A., Lasky, P. D., Laxen, M., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, H. W., Lee, K., Lehmann, J., Lenon, A., Leonardi, M., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Li, T. G. F., Linker, S. D., Littenberg, T. B., Liu, J., Lo, R. K. L., Lockerbie, N. A., London, L. T., Lord, J. E., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J. D., Lousto, C. O., Lovelace, G., Lück, H., Lumaca, D., Lundgren, A. P., Lynch, R., Ma, Y., Macas, R., Macfoy, S., Machenschalk, B., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Magaña Hernandez, I., Magaña-Sandoval, F., Magaña Zertuche, L., Magee, R. M., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Man, N., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mansell, G. L., Manske, M., Mantovani, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., Márka, S., Márka, Z., Markakis, C., Markosyan, A. S., Markowitz, A., Maros, E., Marquina, A., Martelli, F., Martellini, L., Martin, I. W., Martin, R. M., Martynov, D. V., Mason, K., Massera, E., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Masso-Reid, M., Mastrogiovanni, S., Matas, A., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Mavalvala, N., Mazumder, N., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. E., Mccormick, S., Mcculler, L., Mcguire, S. C., Mcintyre, G., Mciver, J., Mcmanus, D. J., Mcneill, L., Mcrae, T., Mcwilliams, S. T., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. D., Mehmet, M., Meidam, J., Mejuto-Villa, E., Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mercer, R. A., Merilh, E. L., Merzougui, M., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Messick, C., Metzdorff, R., Meyers, P. M., Miao, H., Michel, C., Middleton, H., Mikhailov, E. E., Milano, L., Miller, A. L., Miller, B. B., Miller, J., Millhouse, M., Milovich-Goff, M. C., Minazzoli, O., Minenkov, Y., Ming, J., Mishra, C., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Moffa, D., Moggi, A., Mogushi, K., Mohan, M., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Montani, M., Moore, C. J., Moraru, D., Moreno, G., Morriss, S. R., Mours, B., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mueller, G., Muir, A. W., Mukherjee, Arunava, Mukherjee, D., Mukherjee, S., Mukund, N., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Muñiz, E. A., Muratore, M., Murray, P. G., Napier, K., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. K., Neilson, J., Nelemans, G., Nelson, T. J. N., Nery, M., Neunzert, A., Nevin, L., Newport, J. M., Newton, G., Ng, K. K. Y., Nguyen, T. T., Nichols, D., Nielsen, A. B., Nissanke, S., Nitz, A., Noack, A., Nocera, F., Nolting, D., North, C., Nuttall, L. K., Oberling, J., O'Dea, G. D., Ogin, G. H., Oh, J. J., Oh, S. H., Ohme, F., Okada, M. A., Oliver, M., Oppermann, P., Oram, Richard J., O'Reilly, B., Ormiston, R., Ortega, L. F., O'Shaughnessy, R., Ossokine, S., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Pace, A. E., Page, J., Page, M. A., Pai, A., Pai, S. A., Palamos, J. R., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pal-Singh, A., Pan, Howard, Pan, Huang-Wei, Pang, B., Pang, P. T. H., Pankow, C., Pannarale, F., Pant, B. C., Paoletti, F., Paoli, A., Papa, M. A., Parida, A., Parker, W., Pascucci, D., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Patil, M., Patricelli, B., Pearlstone, B. L., Pedraza, M., Pedurand, R., Pekowsky, L., Pele, A., Penn, S., Perez, C. J., Perreca, A., Perri, L. M., Pfeiffer, H. P., Phelps, M., Piccinni, O. J., Pichot, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pierro, V., Pillant, G., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. M., Pirello, M., Pitkin, M., Poe, M., Poggiani, R., Popolizio, P., Porter, E. K., Post, A., Powell, J., Prasad, J., Pratt, J. W. W., Pratten, G., Predoi, V., Prestegard, T., Prijatelj, M., Principe, M., Privitera, S., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L. G., Puncken, O., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Pürrer, M., Qi, H., Quetschke, V., Quintero, E. A., Quitzow-James, R., Raab, F. J., Rabeling, D. S., Radkins, H., Raffai, P., Raja, S., Rajan, C., Rajbhandari, B., Rakhmanov, M., Ramirez, K. E., Ramos-Buades, A., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Read, J., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reitze, D. H., Ren, W., Reyes, S. D., Ricci, F., Ricker, P. M., Rieger, S., Riles, K., Rizzo, M., Robertson, N. A., Robie, R., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Roma, V. J., Romano, J. D., Romano, R., Romel, C. L., Romie, J. H., Rosińska, D., Ross, M. P., Rowan, S., Rüdiger, A., Ruggi, P., Rutins, G., Ryan, K., Sachdev, S., Sadecki, T., Sadeghian, L., Sakellariadou, M., Salconi, L., Saleem, M., Salemi, F., Samajdar, A., Sammut, L., Sampson, L. M., Sanchez, E. J., Sanchez, L. E., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sandberg, V., Sanders, J. R., Sassolas, B., Saulson, P. R., Sauter, O., Savage, R. L., Sawadsky, A., Schale, P., Scheel, M., Scheuer, J., Schmidt, J., Schmidt, P., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M. S., Schönbeck, A., Schreiber, E., Schuette, D., Schulte, B. W., Schutz, B. F., Schwalbe, S. G., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Seidel, E., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. S., Sentenac, D., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Shaddock, D. A., Shaffer, T. J., Shah, A. A., Shahriar, M. S., Shaner, M. B., Shao, L., Shapiro, B., Shawhan, P., Sheperd, A., Shoemaker, D. H., Shoemaker, D. M., Siellez, K., Siemens, X., Sieniawska, M., Sigg, D., Silva, A. D., Singer, L. P., Singh, A., Singhal, A., Sintes, A. M., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Smith, B., Smith, J. R., Smith, R. J. E., Somala, S., Son, E. J., Sonnenberg, J. A., Sorazu, B., Sorrentino, F., Souradeep, T., Spencer, A. P., Srivastava, A. K., Staats, K., Staley, A., Steinke, M., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Steinmeyer, D., Stevenson, S. P., Stone, R., Stops, D. J., Strain, K. A., Stratta, G., Strigin, S. E., Strunk, A., Sturani, R., Stuver, A. L., Summerscales, T. Z., Sun, L., Sunil, S., Suresh, J., Sutton, P. J., Swinkels, B. L., Szczepańczyk, M. J., Tacca, M., Tait, S. C., Talbot, C., Talukder, D., Tanner, D. B., Tao, D., Tápai, M., Taracchini, A., Tasson, J. D., Taylor, J. A., Taylor, R., Tewari, S. V., Theeg, T., Thies, F., Thomas, E. G., Thomas, M., Thomas, P., Thorne, K. A., Thrane, E., Tiwari, S., Tiwari, V., Tokmakov, K. V., Toland, K., Tonelli, M., Tornasi, Z., Torres-Forné, A., Torrie, C. I., Töyrä, D., Travasso, F., Traylor, G., Trinastic, J., Tringali, M. C., Trozzo, L., Tsang, K. W., Tse, M., Tso, R., Tsukada, L., Tsuna, D., Tuyenbayev, D., Ueno, K., Ugolini, D., Unnikrishnan, C. S., Urban, A. L., Usman, S. A., Vahlbruch, H., Vajente, G., Valdes, G., Van Bakel, N., Van Beuzekom, M., Van Den Brand, J. F. J., Van Den Broeck, C., Vander-Hyde, D. C., Van Der Schaaf, L., Van Heijningen, J. V., Van Veggel, A. A., Vardaro, M., Varma, V., Vass, S., Vasúth, M., Vecchio, A., Vedovato, G., Veitch, J., Veitch, P. J., Venkateswara, K., Venugopalan, G., Verkindt, D., Vetrano, F., Viceré, A., Viets, A. D., Vinciguerra, S., Vine, D. J., Vinet, J. -Y., Vitale, S., Vo, T., Vocca, H., Vorvick, C., Vyatchanin, S. P., Wade, A. R., Wade, L. E., Wade, M., Walet, R., Walker, M., Wallace, L., Walsh, S., Wang, G., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, W. H., Wang, Y. F., Ward, R. L., Warner, J., Was, M., Watchi, J., Weaver, B., Wei, L. -W., Weinert, M., Weinstein, A. J., Weiss, R., Wen, L., Wessel, E. K., Weßels, P., Westerweck, J., Westphal, T., Wette, K., Whelan, J. T., Whiting, B. F., Whittle, C., Wilken, D., Williams, D., Williams, R. D., Williamson, A. R., Willis, J. L., Willke, B., Wimmer, M. H., Winkler, W., Wipf, C. C., Wittel, H., Woan, G., Woehler, J., Wofford, J., Wong, K. W. K., Worden, J., Wright, J. L., Wu, D. S., Wysocki, D. M., Xiao, S., Yamamoto, H., Yancey, C. C., Yang, L., Yap, M. J., Yazback, M., Yu, Hang, Yu, Haocun, Yvert, M., Zadrożny, A., Zanolin, M., Zelenova, T., Zendri, J. -P., Zevin, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y. -H., Zhao, C., Zhou, M., Zhou, Z., Zhu, S. J., Zhu, X. J., Zucker, M. E., Zweizig, J., COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours, and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome]
Subjects: Astronomy, Testing, detection, General Physics and Astronomy, EFFICIENT, TESTING RELATIVISTIC GRAVITY, Tensors, Spectral shapes, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational wave background, Energy density, TOOL, QC, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, stochastic model, Mathematical physics, QB, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Stochastic systems, Gravitational effects, article, Vectors, Polarization (waves), gravitational waves, astro-ph.CO, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), General relativity, gr-qc, FOS: Physical sciences, experimental studies of gravity, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Gravity waves, Relativity, Reference frequency, Physics and Astronomy (all), Theory of relativity, Scalar modes, Tests of general relativity, 0103 physical sciences, Advanced LIGO, ddc:530, Tensor, 010306 general physics, STFC, Gravitational Waves, polarization, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, RCUK, Astrophysical sources, LIGO, Physics and Astronomy, gravitation, RADIATION, Stochastic Background, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::530 | Physik, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], cosmology, Gravitational Waves, Stochastic Background, Advanced LIGO
Abstract: The detection of gravitational waves with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo has enabled novel tests of general relativity, including direct study of the polarization of gravitational waves. While general relativity allows for only two tensor gravitational-wave polarizations, general metric theories can additionally predict two vector and two scalar polarizations. The polarization of gravitational waves is encoded in the spectral shape of the stochastic gravitational-wave background, formed by the superposition of cosmological and individually-unresolved astrophysical sources. Using data recorded by Advanced LIGO during its first observing run, we search for a stochastic background of generically-polarized gravitational waves. We find no evidence for a background of any polarization, and place the first direct bounds on the contributions of vector and scalar polarizations to the stochastic background. Under log-uniform priors for the energy in each polarization, we limit the energy-densities of tensor, vector, and scalar modes at 95% credibility to $\Omega^T_0 < 5.6 \times 10^{-8}$, $\Omega^V_0 < 6.4\times 10^{-8}$, and $\Omega^S_0 < 1.1\times 10^{-7}$ at a reference frequency $f_0 = 25$ Hz., Comment: Minor updates to match published version
Published: 2018
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17. Spatio-temporal trends in fire weather in the French Alps

Author: Sylvain Dupire, Sylvain Bigot, Thomas Curt, Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, Context (language use), Fire weather, Wildfire, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Forêt de montagne, Natural hazard, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, Feux de forêts, Waste Management and Disposal, Environmental quality, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 040101 forestry, Changement climatique, Land use, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Alps, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Pollution, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Incendie de forêt, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Mountain forest, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Alpes
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; The Alpine area is particularly sensitive to climatic and environmental changes that might impact socio-ecosystems and modify the regime of natural hazards. Among them, wildfire is of major importance as it threatens both ecosystems and human lives and infrastructures. Wildfires result from complex interactions between available vegetation fuels, climate and weather, and humans who decide of the land use and are the main source of fire ignitions. The changes in fire weather during the past decades are rather unknown in the French Alps especially due to their complex topography. Moreover, local institutions and managers wonder if the ongoing climate changes might increase fire risk and affect the environmental quality and the different ecosystem services provided by the mountain forests. In this context, we used the national forest fires database together with daily meteorological observations from 1959 to 2015 to investigate the changes in wildfire danger in the French Alps. We analysed the spatial and temporal variations in terms of intensity, frequency, seasonality and window of opportunity of two fire weather indices: the fine fuel moisture code (FFMC) and the fire weather index (FWI) that measure the daily water content of vegetation and the potential intensity of fires, respectively. Our results showed a major contrast between Southern Alps with a high fire weather danger on average and a significant increase in the past decades, and Northern Alps with low to moderate danger on average that increased only at low elevations. This study contributes to the understanding of the consequences of ongoings climate changes on wildfires in the French Alps. It produced high resolution results that account for the topographic and climatic variability of the area. Finally, the maps of the different fire weather components have practical implications for fire management and modelling and for preventing indirect effects of fires on ecosystems and human assets.
Published: 2017
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18. Extreme Wildfire occurrence in response to Global Change type Droughts in the Northern Mediterranean

Author: Ricardo M. Trigo, Julien Ruffault, Vincent Moron, Thomas Curt, Nicolas K. Martin St-Paul, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), and Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA)
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, High intensity, Global warming, Climate change, Global change, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, bassin méditerranéen, résistance à la sécheresse, Fire weather, incendie de forêt, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Fire protection, medicine, Environmental science, Dryness, medicine.symptom, Milieux et Changements globaux, réchauffement climatique, climatologie régionale, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Increasing drought conditions under global warming are expected to alter the frequency and distribution of large, high intensity wildfires. Yet, little is known regarding how it will affect fire weather and translate into wildfire behaviour. Here, we analysed the climatology of extreme wildfires that occurred during the exceptionally dry summers of 2003 and 2016 in Mediterranean France. We identified two distinct shifts in fire climatology towards fire weather spaces that had not been explored before, and which result from specific interactions between the types of drought and the types of fire. In 2016, a long-lasting press drought intensified wind-driven fires. In 2003, a hot drought combining a heatwave with a press drought intensified heat-driven fires. Our findings highlight that increasing drought conditions projected by climate change scenarios might affect the dryness of fuel compartments and create several new generations of wildfire overwhelming fire suppression capacities.
Published: 2017

19. Growth phenology in Pinus halepensis Mill.: Apical shoot bud content and shoot elongation

Author: Christine Heinz, Yves Caraglio, Bernard Prévosto, François Pailler, Fabien Buissart, Anna Hover, Michel Vennetier, Merlin Ramel, Sylvie-Annabel Sabatier, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), INRA-ACCAF FORADAPT Project, and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Saison, Organogénèse, Ramification (botany), adaptation aux changements climatiques, Polycyclic pine, Shoot apical meristem, Annual shoot, Plant architecture, Organogenesis, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Variation génétique, Aleppo Pine, Axillary bud, Botany, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Croissance, Bourgeon, Ecology, biology, Phenology, fungi, food and beverages, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Meristem, biology.organism_classification, Horticulture, Ramification, 13. Climate action, Shoot, Pinus halepensis, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Phénologie, 010606 plant biology & botany, Main stem
Abstract: Key message: The chronology of periods of organogenesis and elongation is highlighted in Pinus halepensis.The two first growth units of an annual shoot are preformed inside the bud during the previous year. The following growth units are formed during the spring or summer of the current year. Context: Analysis of annual shoot length growth phenology is crucial to assess the impact of climate change on tree production. Little is known about the basic growth characteristics and the phenology of pines. Aims: The present study disentangles the roles of shoot organogenesis vs elongation in the annual growth cycle of the polycyclic Aleppo pine. Methods: Growth of young Pinus halepensis trees was monitored monthly for 1 year. At each monitoring date, the bud content and meristem dimensions of the main stem shoots apices were analyzed. Results: The two first growth units of an annual shoot are preformed inside the bud during the previous year. The following growth units are formed during the spring or summer of the current year. The gap between a shoot organogenesis and its elongation may vary from 1 month, for the last growth unit, to half a year, for the first growth units. Conclusion: Our results underline the importance of taking seasonal environmental conditions from both the previous and the current year into account, in order to study the plasticity of annual shoot growth and its response to climate change and variability.
Published: 2017
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20. Schémas régionaux de cohérence écologique : les questionnements, les méthodes d'identification utilisées, les lacunes

Author: VANPEENE-BRUHIER, Sylvie, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE, AMENAGEMENT, 0211 other engineering and technologies, CORRIDOR BIOLOGIQUE, 021107 urban & regional planning, 02 engineering and technology, URBANISME, 15. Life on land, CORRIDOR, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TD1-1066, TRAME VERTE ET BLEUE, TERRITOIRES, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Après avoir rappelé le contexte et les objectifs de la trame verte et bleue, sa mise en ½uvre est rapidement décrite dans ses trois niveaux spatiaux (national, régional et local). Une analyse de l’état d’avancement et des méthodes d’identification des réservoirs de biodiversité et des corridors dans les régions est proposée. Les lacunes et difficultés récurrentes observées débouchent sur les propositions pour que la recherche s’implique dans l’étape suivante : l’évaluation dans six ans des schémas régionaux de cohérence écologique (SRCE). / After the context and objectives of the Green and blue frame, its implementation is quickly described in its three spatial levels (national, regional and local). An analysis of the state of progress and identification methods of core area of biodiversity and corridors in the regions is proposed. Observed recurring difficulties and deficiencies lead to proposals to ensure that research is involved in the next step: the assessment within six years of the Regional ecological coherence scheme (regional ecological network).
Published: 2014
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21. Performance Analysis of Relay Selection in the Presence of on–off Relay Traffic

Author: Marco Di Renzo, Yunfei Chen, Min Long, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Computer Networks and Communications, Computer science, Aerospace Engineering, Value (computer science), Data_CODINGANDINFORMATIONTHEORY, 02 engineering and technology, law.invention, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0203 mechanical engineering, Control theory, Relay, law, Statistics, Computer Science::Networking and Internet Architecture, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Fading, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Selection (genetic algorithm), Computer Science::Information Theory, ComputerSystemsOrganization_COMPUTER-COMMUNICATIONNETWORKS, 020302 automobile design & engineering, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Nakagami distribution, Outage probability, Distribution (mathematics), Automotive Engineering, Bit error rate, Communication channel
Abstract: International audience; The outage probability and bit error rate averaged over the distribution of the number of relays in Nakagami- m fading channels are analyzed for full and partial relay selection (RS) schemes. This analysis considers a random number of relays caused by the relay's own on-off traffic. Based on this analysis, optimization of the relaying time is performed, and the optimal values of the relaying time are obtained. Numerical results show that there do exist locally optimal values of the relaying time for different system settings. For average outage probability, the optimal value increases when the threshold increases, the m parameters decrease, or partial selection is used instead of full selection. For an average bit error rate, the optimal value increases when the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decreases, the m parameters decrease, the number of relays increases, or partial selection is used instead of full selection.
Published: 2014
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22. Calibration de la production de charbon par les arbres appliquée aux analyses pédoanthracologiques dans les écosystèmes subalpins

Author: Thibaut Fréjaville, Thomas Curt, Christopher Carcaillet, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: Canopy, 010506 paleontology, Salix caprea, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sorbus aucuparia, FIRE, 01 natural sciences, Botany, CHARCOAL, Ecosystem, Charcoal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, biology, FLAMMABILITY, SUBALPINE TREES, Picea abies, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, ALPES DU SUD, Abies alba, Combustibility, Agronomy, visual_art, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Environmental science
Abstract: Subalpine ecosystems are mainly affected by surface fires of low to medium intensity. Charcoal production from trees is limited by the duration and the intensity of fires and, thus, by the wood combustibility. Because the combustibility properties of species differ, the functional traits that determine the wood combustibility could explain in part the taxonomic differences of charcoal abundance within the paleo-soil charcoal (pedoanthracological) assemblages. Eight subalpine broadleaf and needleleaf tree species were considered. Wood combustibility was studied by experimental burning on barked-wood samples exposed to constant heat. Two combustibility parameters are estimated (i) the rate of mass loss rate (MLR) and, (ii) the burning rate (BR). While BR describes the proportion of burned biomass per time unit assessing the potential conversion of wood biomass into charcoal, MLR reports the speed of fuel combustion that estimates the potential amount of charcoal produced. A hierarchy of species-specific potential production of charcoal by trees is developed by the use of biplot distribution of MLR and BR. Species were ranked from the worst to the best biomass for the charcoal conversion: Larix decidua , Abies alba , Pinus uncinata , Picea abies , Betula pendula , Salix caprea , Pinus cembra , Sorbus aucuparia . With thin smooth bark and dense wood, broadleaf trees are expected to produce more charcoal than needleleafs. Bark thickness and wood density explain half of combustibility variance. Thus, the production of charcoal tends to vary among species and among individuals of different diameter according to bark thickness. The amount of charcoal is a proxy of both (i) the abundance of understorey-tree (sapling) due to the high combustion susceptibility of small diameter stems (thin and smooth bark), and (ii) the abundance of woody debris on the ground produced by the canopy trees. The results are discussed in light of simulated data from Holocene soil charcoal assemblages for the western subalpine Alps. Among needleleafs, L. decidua is the least productive in terms of charcoal abundance due to its low MLR and BR values, whereas P. cembra and broadleafs should be better represented in the soil charcoal assemblages. This study provides rational elements for the quantitative calibration of soil charcoal through species-specific charcoal mass coefficients.
Published: 2013
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23. Prediction of September–December Fire in New Caledonia (Southwestern Pacific) Using July Niño-4 Sea Surface Temperature Index

Author: Thomas Curt, Vincent Moron, Laurent Borgniet, Renaud Barbero, Morgan Mangeas, Laure Berti-Equille, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Earth Institute at Columbia University, Columbia University [New York]-Columbia University [New York], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire sur les Interactions Véhicules-Infrastructure-Conducteurs (LIVIC), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), ANR-07-BDIV-0008,INC,Incendies et biodiversité de écosystèmes en Nouvelle-Calédonie.(2007), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, Index (economics), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Median correlation, Forcing (mathematics), [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, EL NINO, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Rain gauge, Sea surface temperature, Oceanography, El Niño Southern Oscillation, El Niño, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Period (geology), NOUVELLE CALEDONIE, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an], Geology
Abstract: An empirical statistical scheme for predicting September–December fires in New Caledonia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean region using a cross-validated generalized linear model has been developed for the 2000–10 period. The predictor employs July sea surface temperatures (SST) recorded over the Niño-4 box (5°S–5°N, 160°–210°E), which are closely related to austral spring (September–November) rainfall anomalies across New Caledonia. The correlation between the logarithm of observed and simulated total burned areas across New Caledonia is 0.87. A decrease in the local-scale skill (median correlation between the log of observed and simulated total burned areas in a 20-km radius around a rain gauge = 0.46) around the main town (Nouméa) and its suburbs in the southwest of Grande Terre, and also in northern New Caledonia, could be associated either with a weaker climatic forcing from the Niño-4 SST index or a small-scale climatic forcing not linearly related to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. It is more likely that the decrease is tied to the influence of human-driven factors that blur the regional-scale climatic signal mostly associated with central Pacific ENSO events.
Published: 2013
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24. Novel quantitative indicators to characterize the protective effect of mountain forests against rockfall

Author: Laurent Borgniet, Thomas Curt, Sylvain Dupire, Jean-Matthieu Monnet, Sylvain Bigot, Franck Bourrier, Frédéric Berger, Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Grant no 2101527657 of the Action 10 'Prévention des risques naturels et hydrauliques' of the Programme 181 'Prévention des risques' of the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, ANR-12-SENV-0004,SAMCO,Adaptation de la société aux risques en montagne dans un contexte de changement global(2012), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
Subjects: Geographic information system, 3D simulation model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, General Decision Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Ecosystem services, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Rockfall, Set-aside, Natural hazard, Indicators, Protection forest, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, geography, Forest inventory, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, business.industry, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Mountain forest, business
Abstract: International audience; Natural hazards are frequent in mountain areas where they regularly cause casualties and damages to human infras-tructures. Mountain forests contribute in mitigating these hazards, in particular rockfalls. Assessing the protective effect of a forest against rockfall is a difficult task for both forest managers and rockfall experts. Accurate and simple tools are therefore required to efficiently evaluate the level of protection that results from the presence of forest. This study defines three novel indicators to quantify the protective effect of forests against rockfalls, regarding 1) the reduction of the frequency of rockfalls, 2) the reduction of their maximum intensity, and 3) the combination of the reduction of the frequency and the energy of the rocks. The first two indicators are relevant for rockfall experts whereas the third is mostly interesting for foresters as it summarizes the protective effect of forest. The Rockyfor3D model was adapted and used to simulate rockfalls propagation on 3886 different forest stands located in all the French Alps. The results of the simulations were used to calculate the three indicators for each forest stand. Finally, the relations between the forest structures and compositions and the indicators values were investigated. Our principal result shows that only three forest characteristics are required to accurately predict the indicators and evaluate the protective level of a forest against rockfall. The two first variables correspond to the basal area and the mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of the forest stand which are two parameters commonly used by forest managers. The third characteristic is the length of forest in the maximum slope direction which can be computed with a geographic information system (GIS). The method proposed in this study is easily reproducible and is suitable to evaluate the protective effect of European mountain forests at different scales. At local scale, the proposed indicators can enrich rockfall studies in which forests are usually set aside to simplify the evaluation. Moreover, the indicators may find direct applications with foresters by allowing them to identify the protective level of their forest and consequently to adapt their management. Finally, the indicators are convenient to perform spatial analysis and produce maps of the protective effect of mountain forests that could find many applications in land settlement or evaluation of ecosystem services.
Published: 2016
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25. La couverture forestière et la saisonnalité des précipitations contrôlent l'inflammabilité du sous-bois dans les forêts montagnardes des Alpes

Author: Thibaut Fréjaville, Christopher Carcaillet, Thomas Curt, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LTER Zone Atelier Alpes, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), and Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, py- rogeography, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, ALPINE VEGETATION, redundancy analysis, VEGETATION ALPINE, FORET DE MONTAGNE, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Shrub, INFLAMMABILITE, Fire intensity, mountain forest fuel, Forest ecology, COUVERT FORESTIER, flammability traits, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Flammability, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, ved/biology, FLAMMABILITY, Understory, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, FlamMap model, MOUNTAIN FOREST, FOREST COVER, VEGETAL COMBUSTIBLE, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Litter, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Little is known about the understorey flammability of European mountain forests. The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of climate, vegetation structure and composition on the fuel-driven variation in fire spread and intensity. Fire spread and intensity were simulated under constant moisture and weather conditions for a wide range of understorey fuel parameters measured in the litter, grass and shrub layers. Simulation outputs were used to compare understorey flammability between different forest ecosystem types (FET). The FETs were characterized by using a co-inertia analysis between composition and the environment (vegetation structure and climate). The relationships between these factors, fuel properties and understorey flammability were then tested using partial regression analyses.Results The most flammable forests displayed an open canopy (dry-subalpine and open-mediterranean) and grew in areas with dry autumns and wet and cold springs. Fire spread and intensity were controlled by the trade-off between tree cover and dead (litter) and live (grass and shrub) biomass load. Fire intensity also increased as a result of seasonal precipitation patterns (differential distribution between the seasons): rainy springs enhanced biomass growth, whereas dry climates, especially in autumn, promoted shrub biomass and stimulated litter accumulation and residence (higher litterfall and lower decomposition rates). Interestingly, we found a positive relationship between fire intensity and the proportion of conifers that disappeared after accounting for tree cover, indicating that, in the Alps, the open canopy structure of needle-leaved forests makes them potentially more flammable than broad-leaved forests because of the higher load and continuity of surface fuels. Main conclusions Inter-relationships between tree cover, precipitation seasonality and species composition govern the understorey flammability of mountain forests. We also found evidence that tree cover strongly constrains fire spread by driving the amount and type of surface fuel, which suggests that land use change can have a strong influence on flammability patterns .; On connaît peu l'inflammabilité du sous-étage dans les forêts de montagne européennes. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer les effets relatifs du climat, de la structure de la végétation et de la composition du combustible sur la propagation et l'intensité du feu. La propagation et l'intensité des incendies ont été simulés sous humidité constante et les conditions météorologiques pour une large gamme de paramètres de combustible (litière, herbe et arbustes). Les sorties de simulation ont été utilisés pour comparer entre les sous-bois d'inflammabilité types d'écosystèmes forestiers différents (FET). Les FET ont été caractérisés en utilisant une analyse de co-inertie entre la composition et l'environnement (structure de la végétation et le climat). Les relations entre ces facteurs, les propriétés du carburant et sous-bois inflammabilité ont ensuite été testées en utilisant des analyses de régression partielle. Les forêts les plus inflammables affichent un sous-bois clair et poussent dans les zones avec des automnes secs et humides et des printemps frais. La propagation et l'intensité des incendies ont été contrôlés par le compromis entre couvert d'arbres et de morts (litière) et en direct (herbe et arbuste) charge de la biomasse. L'intensité du feu a augmenté en raison de la configuration des précipitations saisonnières (répartition différentielle entre les saisons): printemps pluvieux amélioré la croissance de la biomasse, tandis que les climats secs, surtout en automne, favorisent la biomasse d'arbustes, l'accumulation de la litière et sont temps de résidence (litière plus élevée et la décomposition inférieure les taux). Nous avons trouvé une relation positive entre l'intensité du feu et la proportion de conifères qui a disparu après comptabilisation de la couverture forestière, ce qui indique que, dans les Alpes, la structure des forêts conifères les rend potentiellement plus inflammables que les forêts feuillues en raison de la charge plus élevée et la continuité des combustibles de surface. Les inter-relations entre le couvert forestier, les précipitations saisonnières et la composition des espèces régissent l'inflammabilité du sous-bois des forêts de montagne. Nous avons également constaté que la couverture forestière contrôle fortement le feu par la quantité et le type de combustible de surface, ce qui donne à penser que l'utilisation des terres peut avoir une forte influence sur les modèles d'inflammabilité.
Published: 2016
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26. The protective effect of forests against rockfalls across the French Alps: Influence of forest diversity

Author: Frédéric Berger, Jean-Matthieu Monnet, Thomas Curt, Sylvain Bigot, Franck Bourrier, Laurent Borgniet, Sylvain Dupire, Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy [grant n° 2101527657], ANR-12-SENV-0004,SAMCO,Adaptation de la société aux risques en montagne dans un contexte de changement global(2012), ANR-10-LABX-0056,OSUG@2020,Innovative strategies for observing and modelling natural systems(2010), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and ANR-10-LABX-0056/10-LABX-0056,OSUG@2020,Innovative strategies for observing and modelling natural systems(2010)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biodiversity, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Rockfall, Natural hazard, Forest ecology, Forest plot, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Protection capability, Agroforestry, Alps, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Hazard, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Mountain forest, Physical geography, Scale (map)
Abstract: International audience; The role of forests in the mitigation of natural hazards has been repeatedly demonstrated. The protective effect of mountain forests against rockfalls has especially been pointed out because it can constitute a natural and cost-effective protection measure in many situations. However, this particular ecosystem service may substantially differ according to the structure and the composition of the forest. Until now, the rockfall protection capability has always been studied at a local scale with only few forest types. Moreover, the comparison of the protective effect of the different forest types studied remains difficult because different methods and indicators were used. For the same reasons, it is not possible to draw conclusions about the influence of biological and structural diversities on the protection capabilities of forests from former works. The aims of this study were (1) to quantitatively assess the protective effect of forests at the French Alps scale and build a classification based on the protection capability, (2) to compare the protective effect of the different forest types present in the French Alps and (3) to analyse the relations between the protective effect and the forest diversity in terms of stand structure and tree composition. For this purpose, the model Rockyfor3D was used to simulate the propagation of rocks on 3886 different forest plots spread over the whole French Alps. Quantitative indicators characterizing the protective effect of each forest plot were then calculated from the simulation results and used to perform the different analyses. Our results emphasized the importance of taking into account the length of forest in the maximum slope direction for an accurate assessment of the protective effect. Thus, the minimum length of forest to get a reduction of 99% of the rockfall hazard was chosen as indicator to compare protective effect between forests. Using this indicator, half of the French Alpine forests presented a high level of protection after a short forested slope (190 m). A decreasing gradient in the protection capabilities was observed from forest types dominated by broadleaved species to those dominated by conifer species. Moreover, considering an equivalent proportion of conifers, stands dominated by shade-tolerant tree species showed better ability to reduce rockfall hazard. Finally, our study highlighted that a high biodiversity and a structural heterogeneity within the forest have a positive effect on the reduction of rockfalls hazard.
Published: 2016
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27. Introducing resprouters to enhance Mediterranean forest resilience: importance of functional traits to select species according to a gradient of pine density

Author: Jordane Gavinet, Catherine Fernandez, Bernard Prévosto, Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Avignon Université (AU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Thinning, biology, Specific leaf area, ved/biology, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, 15. Life on land, Evergreen, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Shrub, Deciduous, Agronomy, Seedling, Botany, Resprouter, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Shade tolerance, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; Resprouter species are important for Mediterranean ecosystem resilience, but they are scarce in landscapes dominated by pioneer pines. Sound knowledge of resprouter seedling functional responses and establishment success across different pine habitats would help guide forest restoration efforts. Four broadleaved resprouter species, that is two shrubs - Arbutus unedo and Pistacia terebinthus - and two trees - Fraxinus ornus and Sorbus domestica - were planted under an experimentally created gradient of pine cover from totally open conditions to dense pine cover. Seedling survival and growth were monitored for 5years. Phenological, physiological and morphological traits were measured to gain insight into the mechanisms of pine-seedling interaction. Interaction outcomes varied according to species identity, pine cover treatment and time. Light-to-moderate pine cover induced greater height growth and little or no effects on diameter and survival of the two trees. Competition was always detected for shrubs, whereas competition and facilitation were noted for trees. Within pine stands, negative interactions increased with tree cover, making dense stands the most limiting. Interactions were only detectable after 2-3years, but increased in intensity with time. Functional responses to increasing pine cover indicated a seedling strategy of carbon gain optimization in the shade (increased specific leaf area and leaf area, decreased leaf dry matter content), particularly in tree species seedlings. Increasing pine cover induced higher water stress, but lower photochemical stress. The deciduous species had a longer vegetation season under pine canopies, whereas the evergreen shrub Arbutus unedo showed a lower polycyclism rate and flower production.Synthesis and applications. Moderate pine cover facilitates the establishment of deciduous trees at the expense of shrubs. This pattern can be attributed to a higher shade tolerance of the trees than the shrubs combined with a low tolerance of trees to photoinhibition. We therefore recommend using evergreen shrubs for the restoration of open land and high-specific-leaf-area deciduous trees for pine stand diversification. However, in dense forests, thinning is needed to increase light availability prior to seedling introduction. Moderate pine cover facilitates the establishment of deciduous trees at the expense of shrubs. This pattern can be attributed to a higher shade tolerance of the trees than the shrubs combined with a low tolerance of trees to photoinhibition. We therefore recommend using evergreen shrubs for the restoration of open land and high-specific-leaf-area deciduous trees for pine stand diversification. However, in dense forests, thinning is needed to increase light availability prior to seedling introduction.
Published: 2016
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28. Cartographie des forêts anciennes de France : objectifs, bilan et perspectives

Author: Dupouey, Jean-Luc, Amiaud, Bernard, Chauchard, Sandrine, Bergès, Laurent, Abadie, Jérôme, Archaux, Frédéric, Avon, Catherine, Bec, Raphaël, Bonnevialle, Marie, Burst, Maxime, Cordonnier, Thomas, Deconchat, Marc, Decocq, Guillaume, Delcourte, Marie, Fuhr, Marc, Grel, Audrey, Heintz, Wilfried, Janssen, Philippe, Landmann, Guy, LARRIEU, Laurent, LEROY, Nathalie, Montpied, Pierre, Panaïotis, Christophe, Renaux, Benoît, Rochel, Xavier, Thomas, Marie, Salvaudon, Aline, Vallauri, Daniel, Villemey, Anne, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Institut national de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture - IRSTEA (FRANCE), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (FRANCE), Université de Lorraine (FRANCE), Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis - UVHC (FRANCE), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Parcs naturels du Massif central (IPAMAC), Parcs Nationaux de France, Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural (DYNAFOR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés - UMR CNRS 7058 (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cultures, Arts, Littératures, Histoire, Imaginaires, Sociétés, Territoires, Environnement - EA 4343 (CALHISTE), Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), WWF France Fondation, Groupement d’Intérêt Public 'Ecosystèmes Forestiers' (GIP ECOFOR), Centre Régional de la Propriété Forestière de Midi-Pyrénées (CRPF Midi-Pyrénées), Conservatoire Botanique National, Centre de Recherche en Géographie (LOTERR), Université de Lorraine (UL), Parc Naturel Régional du Luberon (PNRL), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Ecologie et dynamique des systèmes anthropisés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), and Centre d'Etude et de Recherche en Géographie de l'Aménagement des Paysages et de l'Environnement (CERGAPE - LOTERR)
Subjects: Forêt ancienne, Cartographie, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], carte d'état-major, Synthèse, Carte d'état-major, forêt ancienne, biodiversité, synthèse, cartographie, France, Biodiversité, Environnement et Société, france, Géographie
Abstract: Session 7 b: Géohistoire des forêts; Il y a dix ans démarraient les premiers travaux de vectorisation, à l'échelle régionale, des forêts de la carte d'Etat-Major, en vue de l'établissement d'une carte nationale des forêts à longue continuité de l'état boisé. Où en est-on aujourd'hui ? Nous faisons le point de l'avancement des travaux et en tirons les premiers enseignements, en répondant aux questions suivantes : Quels sont les définitions et concepts sous-jacents à ces travaux ? Pourquoi cartographier les forêts dites "anciennes" ou "récentes" ? L'analyse des institutions ayant réalisé le travail montre que ce sont principalement les milieux de la conservation qui ont été moteurs dans ces travaux. Mais la production et la qualité des produits bois sont aussi concernés par cette cartographie. Le rôle actuel de puits de carbone des forêts françaises ne peut par exemple se comprendre qu'au travers de cette dynamique forestière ancienne. Pourquoi une focalisation sur la première moitié du XIXe siècle comme date de référence ? Que signifie la notion de minimum forestier ? Quelles en sont les limites ? Quels sont les supports de données les plus intéressantes pour cette cartographie ? Pourquoi la carte d'Etat-Major est une source particulière d'information, dans l'objectif de la cartographie des forêts anciennes, parmi la multitude de cartes ou statistiques disponibles à différentes dates et échelles ? Quelles sont les méthodes d'acquisition de la donnée ? Quelle est la précision spatiale des cartes d'occupation du sol obtenues ? Les principaux problèmes posés par l'utilisation de la carte d'Etat-Major seront présentés, ainsi que la façon dont différents projets y ont répondu. Quels résultats ont été obtenus ? Nous reviendrons entre autres sur l'estimation de la surface forestière française à la date de son minimum. Les cartes déjà réalisées, sur 33% du territoire, permettent de dessiner avec précision et de comparer les changements d'occupation du sol dans différentes régions de France, en termes de pourcentage de déboisement, reboisement et taux de forêt ancienne dans la forêt actuelle. Les évolutions du couvert forestier issues d'autres sources non cartographiques sont-elles confirmées ? Le lien avec le type de propriété foncière est particulièrement intéressant à analyser. Dans plusieurs zones de France (Pyrénées, Luberon, Alpes, Lorraine, Nord-Pas-de-Calais...) ont été réalisés des croisements entre ces cartes et les bases de données régionales de relevés floristiques (Inventaire forestier national, conservatoires botaniques). Ce nouveau type d'analyse permet d'identifier rapidement les espèces végétales liées à la continuité de l'état boisé, dites espèces de forêts anciennes, et les traits de vie qui leur sont associés. Nous présenterons une synthèse de ces résultats. Dans la moitié des zones déjà cartographiées, ce sont toutes les occupations du sol anciennes qui ont été numérisées et non seulement les forêts. Nous évoquerons l'intérêt de ce cadastre ancien, au-delà des seules questions forestières, pour le suivi de la dynamique à long terme des prairies, des milieux humides, des vignes ou des milieux urbanisés. Les techniques de vectorisation des occupations anciennes du sol évoluent vers une simplification et une accélération qui laisse présager une fin du travail plus rapide que prévue initialement, parfois au détriment de la qualité. L'extension à la France entière permettra une vision à la fois à petite échelle mais localement précise des mouvements des masses forestières. Nous discuterons les perspectives de recherche et les développements en cours, ouverts par ces progrès.
Published: 2016

29. Regenerating mature Aleppo pine stands in fire-free conditions: Site preparation treatments matter

Author: Bernard Prévosto, Louis Amandier, Christian Ripert, Thierry Quesney, Gautier de Boisgelin, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Aucun, CRPF, ONF, and Unité territoriale de Vigneulles
Subjects: REGENERATION NATURELLE, animal structures, Range (biology), Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, BRULAGE DIRIGE, complex mixtures, Mediterranean Basin, Aleppo Pine, Botany, Scarification, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Slash (logging), fungi, PINUS HALEPENSIS, PREPARATION DU TERRAIN, food and beverages, Forestry, biology.organism_classification, DEBROUSSAILLEMENT, REMANENT, TRAITEMENT DES REMANENTS, Agronomy, Seedling, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ECLAIRCIE, FORET MEDITERRANEENNE, Soil fertility, Woody plant
Abstract: Aleppo pine is the most widespread pine species around the Mediterranean Basin. Its post-fire recruitment has been studied in depth, but regeneration of mature stands in fire-free conditions has received considerably less attention. This study examines the impact of different site preparation treatments on pine recruitment using three experimental mature stands along a gradient of site fertility in southeastern France. The stands were partially felled and subjected to the following treatments replicated four times on each site: mechanical chopping (all sites), chopping followed by single soil scarification (all sites) or double scarification (2 sites), controlled fire of low intensity (2 sites) or of high intensity (1 site) and control (all sites). In addition, the influence of slash, either left on the soil or removed before treatments, was tested for the single scarification treatment on two of the sites. Pine regeneration was counted and soil cover conditions described at different time intervals: 1–6 years after the end of the treatments for two sites and 1–16 years for one site. Seedling dimensions were determined during the last count. Mean seedling densities after 6–9 years (0.57–1.06 pines/m2) were comparable to those found in post-fire conditions, although with a narrower range. Pine density was negligible in the control, while chopping followed by a single soil scarification emerged as the most favourable treatment tested in the three sites on seedling density (0.74–1.54 pines/m2 after 6–9 years) and seedling growth. For this treatment, the amount of slash had a contrasting influence on pine density according to site conditions. Double scarification did not affect pine density. Controlled high intensity fire, due to slash presence, was very favourable for pine regeneration (2.35 pines/m2), although this treatment was only tested at one site. Lastly, we found low pine densities in the chopping and low-intensity controlled fire treatments (0.20–0.56 pines/m2). Variation in herb cover was a major factor influencing pine recruitment. This study emphasises the need for adapted site preparation treatments to regenerate mature pine stands in southern Europe.
Published: 2012
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30. Can we use shelterwoods in Mediterranean pine forests to promote oak seedling development?

Author: Catherine Fernandez, Christian Ripert, Bernard Prévosto, Yogan Monnier, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie (IMEP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, and Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: REGENERATION NATURELLE, 0106 biological sciences, PLANTATION SOUS ABRI, Growing season, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Quercus pubescens, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, QUERCUS PUBESCENS, Aleppo Pine, Botany, QUERCUS ILEX, Nature and Landscape Conservation, biology, Thinning, PINUS HALEPENSIS, Forestry, SEMIS DIRECT, Understory, 15. Life on land, Evergreen, biology.organism_classification, Deciduous, Agronomy, Seedling, ECLAIRCIE SELECTIVE, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, FORET MEDITERRANEENNE, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; The use of shelterwoods to favour the development of natural or underplanted seedlings is common in temperate forests but rare in the pine forests of the Mediterranean area. Our aim was to assess the use of shelterwoods in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) woodlands in southern France to promote the survival and growth of two co-occurring oak species: the deciduous Quercus pubescens and the evergreen Quercus ilex. Twelve Aleppo pine stands were selected and differentially thinned to create a light shelterwood (G = 32 m2/ha, irradiance 13%), a medium shelterwood (G = 19 m2/ha, irradiance 33%) and a dense shelterwood (G = 10 m2/ha, irradiance 52%). A total of 1248 sowing points, half composed of Q. pubescens and half of Q. ilex, were then set up in these three conditions. Seedling survival and growth were monitored for three years and plant stress was assessed by measuring predawn leaf potential and photosynthetic performance through the Fv ∕Fm ratio. Soil moisture was also recorded at two depths during two growing seasons. Survival was high for both species in all three conditions due to three consecutive wet years. The lowest survival was recorded for Q. pubescens in the dense shelterwoods. Growth in diameter and height increased from the dense to the light shelterwoods. Shrubs developed more strongly in the light shelterwood, and increasing shrub cover enhanced height growth. Photosynthetic performance was lowest for Q. pubescens in dense shelterwoods and highest in light shelterwoods, whereas the reverse was true for Q. ilex. The lowest predawn potentials were recorded in the dense shelterwoods even though higher soil water content values were measured in this treatment during the summer drought. We show that light shelterwoods were more beneficial to growth than denser ones, indicating control by light availability during the three years of the study. However, as lower soil moisture and faster understorey development were also recorded in this condition, more extended observation is needed to determine whether this benefit persists in subsequent years.
Published: 2011
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31. Land cover analysis in wildland–urban interfaces according to wildfire risk: A case study in the South of France

Author: Marielle Jappiot, M. Long-Fournel, Anne Ganteaume, Jean-Paul Ferrier, C. Lampin-Maillet, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), and Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, INTERFACE URBAIN FORET, geography.geographical_feature_category, RISQUE D'INCENDIE, Ecology, business.industry, ANALYSE SPATIALE, Distribution (economics), PREVENTION DES FEUX DE FORETS, Forestry, Vegetation, Land cover, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Shrubland, Geography, Agriculture, Urbanization, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, FORET MEDITERRANEENNE, business, INCENDIE DE FORET, Spatial organization, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: Each year, forest fires destroy about 500,000 ha of vegetation in Europe, predominantly in the Mediterranean region. Many large fires are linked to the land transformations that have taken place in the Mediterranean region in recent decades that have increased the risk of forest fires. On the one hand, agricultural fallows and orchards are slowly being colonized by vegetation, and on the other hand, the forest is not sufficiently used, both of which result in increased accumulation of fuel. In addition, urbanization combined with forest extension results in new spatial configurations called “wildland–urban interfaces” (WUI). WUI are commonly defined as “areas where urban areas meet and interact with rural lands, wildland vegetation and forests”. Spatial analyses were performed using a WUI typology based on two intertwined elements, the spatial organization of homes and the structure of fuel vegetation. The organization of the land cover in terms of representativeness, complexity or road density was evaluated for each type of WUI. Results showed that there were significant differences between the types of WUI in the study area. Three indicators (i) “fire ignition density”, derived from the distribution of fire ignition points, (ii) “wildfire density”, derived from the distribution of wildfire area and (iii) “burned area ratio”, derived from the proportion of the burned area to the total study area were then compared with each type of WUI. Assuming that the three indicators correspond to important aspects of fire risk, we showed that, at least in the south of France, WUI are at high risk of wildfire, and that of the different types of wildland–urban interfaces, isolated and scattered WUI were the most at risk. Their main land cover characteristics, i.e. low housing and road densities but a high density of country roads, and the availability of burnable vegetation such as forested stands and shrubland (garrigue) explain the high fire risk. Improving our knowledge of relationships between WUI environments and fire risk should increase the efficiency of wildfire prevention: to this end, suitable prevention actions and communication campaigns targeting the types of WUI at the highest risk are recommended.
Published: 2011
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32. Effets du type de végétation et du régime de feu sur l'inflammabilité des litières non perturbées dans le sud-est de la France

Author: Curt Thomas, Jappiot Marielle, Anne Ganteaume, Borgniet Laurent, Lampin-Maillet Corinne, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), and Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF)
Subjects: 040101 forestry, 0106 biological sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Fire regime, Ecology, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Adiabatic flame temperature, Shrubland, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Vegetation type, Soil water, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Woody plant, Flammability
Abstract: International audience; To assess the effect of vegetation types and of fire regime on the flammability of dead fuels, samples of litter were collected undisturbed (i.e. keeping the structure of litter layers) in 29 study sites spread over the limestone-derived soils of Provence. The sampling plan comprised the most representative ecosystems of the study area: pure Pinus halepensis stands, mixed pine-oak stands and shrublands. Three classes of litter depth were studied (low, medium and high) to account for the variability existing in the field. Sampling also included the number of fires in each site since 1960 (no fire, 1 or 2 fires and ≥3 fires) and the time interval since the last fire (≤15 years, 15–45 years and >45 years). Flammability experiments were carried out in laboratory using a glowing firebrand and a 10 kmh−1 wind. The main variables recorded were: ignition frequency, time-to-ignition, flaming duration, flame rate of spread, flame propagation, mean flame temperature, maximum flame height and rate of consumption. Results showed that the ignition frequency was higher in mixed stands than in pure pine stands whereas the time-to ignition, flaming duration and rate of consumption were the highest in pure pine stands. The maximum flame height and the flame propagation decreased with the increase of the number of fires and the time-to-ignition was the highest when the interval since the last fire was the shortest. Increases in litter depth resulted in increased mean flame temperature, maximum flame height and flame propagation. These results can be explained, in part, by the proportions of the different litter components.
Published: 2011
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33. Fertilization and allelopathy modify Pinus halepensis saplings crown acclimation to shade

Author: Nicolas Montès, Bernard Prévosto, Bruno Vila, Yogan Monnier, Anne Bousquet-Mélou, Catherine Fernandez, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire Population-Environnement-Développement (LPED), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: Shade avoidance, 0106 biological sciences, Light, Physiology, Autotoxicity, Growth, Plant Science, Biology, engineering.material, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Acclimatization, Human fertilization, stomatognathic system, Botany, Crown plasticity, health care economics and organizations, Allelopathy, Ecology, fungi, Crown (botany), Forestry, 15. Life on land, Horticulture, Fertilization, engineering, Shading, Fertilizer, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Pinus halepensis Mill., is a Mediterranean pioneer forest species with shade-intolerant features. The purpose of this study is to better understand how stand fertility and allelopathic properties of adult trees influence shade acclimation of saplings. Crown growth and morphological plasticity were studied under different light, fertilization, and allelopathic conditions in a nursery experiment. We tested whether shade-acclimation capacity increases with fertilization, and is affected by autotoxicity due to pine leachates. We examined stem diameter, and crown characteristics (length, width, shape, and density) in a factorial experiment with two levels for each tested factor: light (full and 20% reduced light), fertilization (low and high rate of NPK fertilizer) and allelopathy (control and allelopathic leachates uptake). In our study, shading induced a significantly higher crown length, width, and surface. Fertilization strongly increased crown length and vertical expended crown shape (the ratio crown length/ crown width). Leachates uptake reduced crown length and density, highlighting an autotoxicity phenomenon. We concluded that P. halepensis saplings presented a shade-avoiding syndrome and that the crown shade-acclimation response increased with fertilization but was severely compromised by autotoxicity. We finally discuss the role of fertilization and allelopathy in early P. halepensis accli-mation ability.
Published: 2010
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34. Effects of different site preparation treatments on species diversity, composition, and plant traits in Pinus halepensis woodlands

Author: Catherine Fernandez, Anne Bousquet-Mélou, Bernard Prévosto, Christian Ripert, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie (IMEP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Seed dispersal, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Botany, Ruderal species, Mediterranean forest, Shade tolerance, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, fungi, Species diversity, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Understory, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Plant ecology, Plant diversity, Agronomy, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Pinus halepensis, Sustainable management, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Functional traits
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; Biodiversity maintenance is a key component of Mediterranean forest management, yet studies on the effects of silvicultural treatments on plant diversity are scarce. Our experiment assessed the impact of five different site preparation treatments on the composition, diversity, ecological traits (life form, pollination mode, leaf morphology, seed dispersal mode), indicator values (shade tolerance, nutrients demand) of the understory vegetation in a mature thinned Pinus halepensis stand in southern France. The treatments ― chopping, chopping followed by scarification in one or two directions, prescribed burning, control ― were replicated four times and applied on a total of 40 plots. Vegetation relevés were performed on each plot the first, second and fourth year following treatment applications. Plant diversity, measured by the species richness or Shannon's index, increased in the non-control treatment plots in the first year but then decreased through time. Vegetation composition differed between treatments, with the chopping treatment exhibiting composition and ecological trait values more comparable to those of control plots than the other treatments. The burning and scarification treatments led to higher abundance of therophytes, plants with malacophyllous leaves and insect-pollinated plants, and shade-tolerant and nutrient- demanding species. However, these changes were transient in time, the shade-intolerant species remained abundant but the ruderal species decreased while the ligneous species increased indicating a gradual return to a forest vegetation composition. For the Mediterranean area, most of the findings were similar to those in temperate forests subjected to the same site preparation treatments.
Published: 2010
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35. Comparaison croisée de données météorologiques et avalancheuses pour la caractérisation de cycles avalancheux: l'exemple de Décembre 2008 dans le sud est des Alpes Françaises

Author: C. Coleou, Johan Gaume, Gérald Giraud, Hélène Castebrunet, Nicolas Eckert, Michaël Deschatres, Érosion torrentielle, neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Météo France, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research WSL
Subjects: Return period, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Spatial structure, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Case study, 0207 environmental engineering, Magnitude (mathematics), 02 engineering and technology, PREDETERMINATION, Avalanche cycle, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Spatio-temporal scale, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, LIKELIHOOD, REANALYSIS, EXTREMES, Natural hazard, Statistical analysis, French Alps, 020701 environmental engineering, Observation data, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, LAST 50 YEARS, FRAMEWORK, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Snow, OPTIMAL-DESIGN, ALPES, CLIMATE, MODEL, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Weather data, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, RUNOUT, [STAT.ME]Statistics [stat]/Methodology [stat.ME], Snow cover, Geology
Abstract: In December 2008, an intense avalanche cycle occurred in the eastern part of the southern French Alps. Southerly atmospheric fluxes that progressively evolved into an easterly return caused important snowfalls with return periods up to 10 years. Cold temperatures and drifting snow had important aggravating effects. The return period for the number of avalanches was above 50 years in two massifs and some of the avalanche had very long runouts that exceeded historical limits recorded in the French avalanche atlas. Using this case study, this paper illustrates and discusses how avalanche reports, snow and weather data and results from numerical modelling of the snow cover call be combined to analyse abnormal temporal clusters of snow avalanches. For instance, it is shown how statistical techniques developed in other fields can be used to test the significance of different explanatory factors, extract spatio-temporal patterns, compare them with previous cycles and quantify the magnitude/frequency relationship at different scales. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2010
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36. Diversification of Pinus halepensis forests by sowing Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens acorns: testing the effects of different vegetation and soil treatments

Author: Bernard Prévosto, Christian Ripert, Catherine Fernandez, Yogan Monnier, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie (IMEP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, and Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Agroforestry, Prescribed burn, food and beverages, Sowing, Forestry, Plant Science, 15. Life on land, Biology, Quercus pubescens, Acorn, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Agronomy, Aleppo Pine, Seedling, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Dry season, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Scarification, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The goal of this study was to develop management strategies favouring establishment and survival of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) and downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.)—two species co-occurring in Southern France—in mature Allepo pine forests (Pinus halepensis Mill subsp. halepensis). An experimental design was assessed in a partially cut mature stand of Aleppo pine in which five soil and vegetation treatments—chopping, chopping followed by scarification in one or two directions, prescribed burning, control—and two slash treatments (presence/absence) were applied. A total of 1,600 sowing points, each composed of 3 Q. ilex or Q. pubescens acorns, were installed in the different treatments in November of two consecutive years at 6 and 18 months, after the end of treatments. Survival was monitored 3 and 2 years after sowing, soil surface at the sowing points was characterized at different dates, and predawn leaf water potentials were measured during the dry season. High mortality occurred after the first summer, but survival after 1 year was 2.3–5.2 higher in Q. ilex than in Q. pubescens, confirming that Q. ilex was better adapted to the drier parts of the Mediterranean area. Survival was significantly influenced by the treatments, but there was a variable response between the two sowing years under most of the treatments. Only intense fire proved the most beneficial treatment for seedling survival in both years. The micro-local soil cover conditions induced by the treatments played a major role in explaining oak survival. In particular, grass cover (mainly Brachypodium retusum) proved to be largely unfavourable to seedling survival and growth, and this detrimental effect was also confirmed by lower predawn leaf water potential values with increasing grass cover. Acorn introduction designed to diversify mature Aleppo pine forest after soil and vegetation treatments therefore has to be considered for treatments that most efficiently impair the pre-existing competing grass cover such as prescribed high-intensity fire treatment.
Published: 2010
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37. Mapping wildland-urban interfaces at large scales integrating housing density and vegetation aggregation for fire prevention in the South of France

Author: Marlène Long, Corinne Lampin-Maillet, Marielle Jappiot, Christophe Bouillon, Denis Morge, Jean-Paul Ferrier, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace (ESPACE), and Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis (UNSA)
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, INTERFACE URBAIN FORET, Environmental Engineering, Geographic information system, STRUCTURE DU PEUPLEMENT, SYSTEME D'INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIQUE, Fire prevention, Poison control, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Urban area, Fires, Fire risk, INTERFACE HABITAT FORET, Environmental protection, Wildland–urban interface, INCENDIE DE FORET, Waste Management and Disposal, CARTOGRAPHIE, Population Density, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, RISQUE D'INCENDIE, business.industry, General Medicine, Vegetation, Plants, Suburban Population, Housing density, Wilderness, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Housing, Environmental science, Social Planning, Physical geography, business, URBANISATION
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; Every year, more than 50,000 wildland fires affect about 500,000 ha of vegetation in southern European countries, particularly in wildland-urban interfaces (WUI). This paper presents a method to characterize and map WUIs at large scales and over large areas for wildland fire prevention in the South of France. Based on the combination of four types of building configuration and three classes of vegetation structure, 12 interface types were classified. Through spatial analysis, fire ignition density and burned area ratio were linked with the different types of WUI. Among WUI types, isolated WUIs with the lowest housing density represent the highest level of fire risk.
Published: 2010
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38. Stress concentration factor analysis for welded, notched tubular T-joints under combined axial, bending and dynamic loading

Author: S. Hariri, Zitouni Azari, Guy Pluvinage, A. N’Diaye, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), École des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai EMD), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire de Fiabilité Mécanique (LFM), Université Paul Verlaine - Metz (UPVM)-Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Metz (ENIM), Laboratoire de mécanique Biomécanique Polymère Structures (LaBPS), and Université de Lorraine (UL)
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, Materials science, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Fillet weld, 020101 civil engineering, [PHYS.MECA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics], 02 engineering and technology, Structural engineering, Bending, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Brace, 0201 civil engineering, Stress (mechanics), 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Dynamic loading, Modeling and Simulation, General Materials Science, business, Joint (geology), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Saddle, Stress concentration
Abstract: The finite element analysis will be used in this study to predict the location of hot-spot stresses in a welded tubular T-joint. The fillet weld has been modeled all around the joint. Using symmetry, the tubular T-joint is submitted to axial, in-plane bending (IPB) and out-of-plane bending (OPB) loadings. The finite element method analysis shows that stresses are very high on the brace member in the vicinity of the fillet weld and gradually decrease, with a quasi-stable difference, in the direction of the brace extremity. Both on the brace member and along the fillet weld (from crown to saddle), stresses are high at the crown toe, decrease in the middle and increase once again at the saddle point. From a general perspective, this stress distribution analysis reveals that hot-spot stresses (HSS) are located at the crown and saddle points. Dynamic loading greatly increases the stress concentration factor at the hot-spot stress (HSS) located on the brace member where fatigue damage is capable of appearing quickly. In the U-notch, this stress concentration factor (SCF) increases as notch width decreases. In a general way therefore, stress concentration factors decrease on the brace and chord members (in the vicinity of the weld) and increase considerably in the notch, which underscores the deleterious nature of such a defect. Consequently, these zones (HSS) require reinforcement solutions in order to ensure a sufficiently long fatigue life for offshore structures.
Published: 2009
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39. Distribution of breeding sites and food constrains size and density of yellow-legged gull colonies

Author: Thierry Tatoni, Céline Duhem, Philip Roche, Eric Vidal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), and Irstea Publications, Migration
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, Mediterranean climate, Ecology, business.industry, Foraging, Distribution (economics), Biology, Larus michahellis, biology.organism_classification, Population density, Food resources, Habitat, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Colonization, 14. Life underwater, business, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: In this study, we aimed to identify the factors determining size and density of yellow-legged gulls colonies (Larus michahellis) on rocky islands. We considered both spatial and topographical characteristics of islands and food resources availability as potential constraining factors. Our censuses conducted on 43 islands and islets along 80 km of the French Mediterranean coastline, showed that rocky islands contain the largest French yellow-legged gull population (20914 breeding pairs). Constraining factors of colony size and density of the species were identified using multiple linear regression models. We found that colony size is mainly determined by the history of colonisation and the island area (R²=88.3%), while gull density also determined by the history of colonisation and islands characteristics, is also correlated with anthropogenic food resources availability and human activities (R²=63.7%). We conclude that the breeding site selection by yellow-legged gulls seemed to fulfil the known topographic requirements for the breeding sites of this species while seeking to minimize the distance with the preferred foraging habitat (landfills)., Cette étude a pour but d'identifier les facteurs déterminant la taille des colonies et la densité de couples nicheurs de goéland leucophée (Larus michahellis) sur les îles rocheuses. Nous avons considéré à la fois les caractéristiques spatiales et temporelles des sites de reproduction ainsi que la disponibilité en ressource alimentaire anthropique dans la zone de prospection alimentaire de l'espèce (c.a. 40 km) comme étant des facteurs potentiellement contraignant de la taille des colonies et de leur densité de couple nicheurs. Les recensements réalisés sur 43 îles et ilôts rocheux distribués le long de 80 km de côte Méditerranéenne française montrent que ces îles hébergent la plus importante population de goéland leucophée sur le territoire français (20 914 couples nicheurs). Les facteurs environnementaux déterminant la taille de colonie ainsi que la densité de de couples nicheurs de l'espèce ont été identifiés à l'aide de régressions linéaires multiples. Nos résultats montrent que la taille des colonies est principalement déterminée par l'historique de colonisation des sites et la superficie de l'île (R²=88,3%), alors que la densité de goélands nicheurs, bien que fortement influencée par l'historique de colonisation, est de plus contrainte par la disponibilité en ressources alimentaires anthropique à proximité des colonies ainsi que par les activités humaines existant dans la zone d'étude (R²=63,7%). Nous en concluons que la sélection du site de reproduction par le goéland leucophée semble être en accord avec les critères topographiques connus pour cette espèce tout en cherchant à minimiser la distance existant avec la principale ressource alimentaire de cette population (les décharges à ciel ouvert).
Published: 2007
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40. Effects of fire recurrence on fire behaviour in cork oak woodlands (Quercus suber L.) and Mediterranean shrublands over the last fifty years

Author: Schaffhauser, Alice, Pimont, François, Curt, Thomas, Cassagne, Nathalie, Dupuy, Jean-Luc, Tatoni, Thierry, Unité de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU)
Subjects: [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Past fire recurrence impacts the vegetation structure, and it is consequently hypothesized to alter its future fire behaviour. We examined the fire behaviour in shrubland-forest mosaics of southeastern France, which were organized along a range of fire frequency (0 to 3-4 fires along the past 50 years) and had different time intervals between fires. The mosaic was dominated by Quercus suber L. and Erica-Cistus shrubland communities. We described the vegetation structure through measurements of tree height, base of tree crown or shrub layer, mean diameter, cover, plant water content and bulk density. We used the physical model Firetec to simulate the fire behaviour. Fire intensity, fire spread, plant water content and biomass loss varied significantly according to fire recurrence and vegetation structure, mainly linked to the time since the last fire, then the number of fires. These results confirm that past fire recurrence affects future fire behaviour, with multilayered vegetation (particularly high shrublands) producing more intense fires, contrary to submature Quercus woodlands that have not burnt since 1959 and that are unlikely to reburn. Further simulations, with more vegetation scenes according to shrub and canopy covers, will complete this study in order to discuss the fire propagation risk in heterogeneous vegetation, particularly in the Mediterranean area, with a view to a local management of these ecosystems. (C) 2015 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Published: 2015
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41. Effects of fire recurrence on fire behaviour in cork oak woodlands (Quercus suber L.) and Mediterranean shrublands over the last fifty years

Author: Jean-Luc Dupuy, Thomas Curt, Thierry Tatoni, Alice Schaffhauser, Nathalie Cassagne, François Pimont, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Unité de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU)
Subjects: General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, COMBUSTIBILITE, fire behaviour, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Forestry, General Medicine, Quercus suber, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, HISTORIQUE, Geography, QUERCUS SUBER, COMPORTEMENT DU FEU, combustibility, scrub, FORET MEDITERRANEENNE, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, INCENDIE DE FORET, FRUTICEE, forest fire, mediterranean forest
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; Past fire recurrence impacts the vegetation structure, and it is consequently hypothesized to alter its future fire behaviour. We examined the fire behaviour in shrubland-forest mosaics of southeastern France, which were organized along a range of fire frequency (0 to 3–4 fires along the past 50 years) and had different time intervals between fires. The mosaic was dominated by Quercus suber L. and Erica–Cistus shrubland communities. We described the vegetation structure through measurements of tree height, base of tree crown or shrub layer, mean diameter, cover, plant water content and bulk density. We used the physical model Firetec to simulate the fire behaviour. Fire intensity, fire spread, plant water content and biomass loss varied significantly according to fire recurrence and vegetation structure, mainly linked to the time since the last fire, then the number of fires. These results confirm that past fire recurrence affects future fire behaviour, with multi-layered vegetation (particularly high shrublands) producing more intense fires, contrary to submature Quercus woodlands that have not burnt since 1959 and that are unlikely to reburn. Further simulations, with more vegetation scenes according to shrub and canopy covers, will complete this study in order to discuss the fire propagation risk in heterogeneous vegetation, particularly in the Mediterranean area, with a view to a local management of these ecosystems.; La combustibilité de 51 placettes correspondant à différentes récurrences d’incendies depuis 1959 (0 à 4 feux) a été analysée en Provence siliceuse. Les écosystèmes étudiés sont des suberaies dominées par Quercus suber L., et des maquis à Erica arborea L. et à cistes. Les données descriptives de la végétation combustible (composition, biomasse, recouvrement, hauteur) ont été entrées dans un modèle physique du feu (Firetec) afin d’obtenir des variables descriptives du comportement de feu. Les pertes en masse et en eau de la végétation, la vitesse de propagation et l’intensité du feu augmentent de façon significative avec la continuité verticale du combustible, qui dépend principalement du temps depuis le dernier feu, puis du nombre de feux. Les résultats confirment l’hypothèse selon laquelle le feu est particulièrement intense et rapide dans des peuplements multi-stratifiés à forte charge en éléments fins et forte connexion spatiale entre les individus, tels que les maquis hauts développés après un seul feu intense en cinquante ans. Au contraire, le feu ne se propage pas dans les forêts de chênes submatures n’ayant pas brûlé depuis au moins cinquante ans et caractérisées par une faible connectivité verticale entre la canopée et le sous-étage, favorisant ainsi un effet « auto-protecteur » contre les incendies futurs. Ces informations permettent de discuter de la gestion de la végétation, en particulier la surveillance ou le débroussaillement local des maquis hauts grandement combustibles, pour diminuer le risque de propagation des feux à l’échelle de la parcelle.
Published: 2015
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42. Dynarp : Dynamique et gestion des renouées asiatiques à l’échelle paysagère, impacts et perceptions

Author: Dommanget, Fanny, Cottet, Marylise, Rivière-Honegger, Anne, Borgniet, L., Breton, Vincent, Daumergue, Nathan, Billon, Virginie, Biaunier, Jorris, Boyer, Mireille, Evette, André, Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université de Lyon, Environnement Ville Société (EVS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Direction Ouest (Cerema Direction Ouest), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement (Cerema), Chercheur indépendant, Cottet, Marylise, Environnement, Ville, Société (EVS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, dynamique, gestion, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, paysage, perception, Renouées asiatiques
Abstract: National audience; Les infrastructures linéaires de transport et leur emprise (ILTe) constituent des corridors facilitant ou ralentissant les circulations d’espèces. Le développement des espèces exotiques envahissantes est généralement lié aux mouvements anthropiques et peut donc être favorisé par la présence et la gestion de ces ILTe. Classées parmi les pires espèces exotiques envahissantes d’Europe et d’Amérique du Nord, les renouées exotiques se développent sur les ILTe et soulèvent des enjeux importants en termes économiques et environnementaux (gestion, sécurité, biodiversité etc.). Des sommes importantes sont ainsi investies pour leur gestion, avec peu de retours sur l’efficacité des différentes méthodes utilisées ou sur le rôle de ces méthodes dans la dynamique paysagère de ces espèces. Le présent projet vient dans la continuité de recherches menées à Irstea Grenoble et à l’ENS de Lyon et sera mené avec l’appui de l’expertise du bureau d’étude Concept Cours d’Eau, il a pour objectifs finalisés la mise à disposition :- d’une méthode opérationnelle d’analyse et de cartographie diachronique des renouées à l’échelle paysagère - de retours d’expériences et de préconisations de gestion à l’échelle paysagère. Sur le plan scientifique, le projet permettra une meilleure connaissance des dynamiques spatiale et temporelle des renouées invasives à l’échelle paysagère, leurs modalités de gestion en lien avec leur perception par les différents acteurs, et la biodiversité spécifique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes environnants. Il s’agit d’étudier sur plusieurs années les facteurs majeurs de développement spatiotemporel des populations de renouées, soit :- Leurs modalités de gestion qui elles-mêmes sont dépendantes de leur perception par les acteurs- Les facteurs de milieu (biotiques et abiotiques) à l’échelle locale et paysagère - Les nouvelles contaminations majoritairement liées à l’activité humaine Le couplage d’outils de télédétection, relevés et enquêtes de terrain fournira des informations sur la perception et la dynamique paysagère des renouées en lien avec la biodiversité et les corridors écologiques environnants. Cette étude sera menée en parallèle sur deux ILTe, les emprises de voies ferrées (avec l’appui de RFF) et de voies navigables (avec l’appui de VNF), elle s’appuiera sur l’examen individuel et sur la comparaison de paysages modèles de ces deux types d’infrastructures.
Published: 2015

43. Increasing resistance and resilience of Mediterranean conifer forests: the experience of Spain and France and their implications for management

Author: Prévosto, B., Reque, J.A., Lucas-Borja, M.E., Ladier, J., Vilagrosa, A., Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université de Valladolid, ETSIAM, Castilla La Mancha Universit, aucun, ONF, CEAM, and Centre d'Estudis Ambientals del Mediterrani = Centre for Mediterranean Environmental Studies (CEAM)
Subjects: THINNING, PLANT GROWTH, ABIES ALBA, REGENERATION NATURELLE, REFORESTATION, NATURAL REGENERATION, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, PINUS HALEPENSIS, ECLAIRCIE, CROISSANCE VEGETALE, REBOISEMENT, PINUS NIGRA
Abstract: XIV World Forestry Congress, Durban, ZAF, 07-/09/2015 - 11/09/2015; International audience; Management strategies, using thinning combined or not combined with underplanting, have been tested in experimental forests of Spain and southern France to promote growth, recruitment and increase their resilience. In dry and fire-prone areas of southern Spain and France, Pinus halepensis forests were thinned at different levels and hardwood species were introduced under pine canopy and in opened areas. Thinning activities increased light, modified microclimate and soil moisture availability. Growth was improved in all sites but survival showed a more contrasted response. In mountainous areas, thinning treatments applied on Abies alba forests of southern France and Pinus nigra forests of central Spain were tested. Thinned silver fir stands showed higher tree growth than the control stands. In black pine forests, maximal seedling emergence was found for high basal area values whereas survival and growth were the highest for lower values. Despite strong site differences, thinning to a basal area around 15-20 m2/ha appeared to be a good compromise to promote growth of the residual stand and recruitment. In fire-prone areas, thinning, alone or combined thinning with the introduction of resprouting hardwood species, is an efficient technique but has to be adapted to site conditions and species under focus. Finally, we discussed usual thinning limitations and options of remediation in the light of the new opportunity opened by the increasing demand in forest biomass.
Published: 2015

44. Combining habitat suitability modelling and spatial graph for conservation planning

Author: Duflot, R., Bergès, L., Avon, C., Roche, P., Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Irstea, Import Ws
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, ECOLOGIE DU PAYSAGE, CONNECTIVITE ECOLOGIQUE, SPECIES ABUNDANCE, CONSERVATION, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, ABONDANCE D'ESPECE, CORRIDOR, ECOLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY, LOI DE DISTRIBUTION
Abstract: IUFRO - Landscape Ecology Conference, Tartu, EST, 23-/08/2015 - 30/08/2015; International audience; Landscape connectivity plays an important role in biodiversity conservation. Hence, the maintenance of ecological networks has been promoted in conservation planning from continental to local spatial scales. We propose a methodological framework combining habitat suitability and spatial graph modelling to identify and prioritize areas that contribute to ecological networks at meso-scale. Within a 200km² study area, located in south-eastern France, we collected environmental data (topography, land cover and vegetation type) and recorded bird, plant and butterfly species in 160 plots. For each taxonomic group, we selected a set of species with different ecological requirements and dispersal capacities. For each species, we used MaxEnt to model the ecological niche and the presence probability map over the whole study area. From these maps, we (i) identified suitable habitat patches and (ii) estimated landscape resistance to species movements. Then, spatial graphs were built in Graphab using habitat patches as nodes and least-cost paths derived from landscape resistances as links between these nodes. The contribution of each node and link to habitat network connectivity was estimated. Finally, all species graphs were combined to generate a multi-species ecological network diagnosis.
Published: 2015

45. Modélisation du développement architectural de l'épinette noire (Picea mariana Britton., Stern & Poggenb.) en fonction du climat

Author: Buissart, F., Vennetier, M., Delagrange, Sylvain, Girard, F., Munson, A., Pouliot, R., Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC RIPON CAN, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), and Irstea Publications, Migration
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, CLIMATE, CLIMAT, PLANT ARCHITECTURE, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ÉPINETTE, SPRUCE, ARCHITECTURE DES PLANTES
Abstract: International audience; Climate change is a major concern on forest: how will the current stand response to this change? Plant architecture is a science that allows studying the morphology of plants. Under contrasted climate (such as temperate climate), plant growth is not continuous: there are several breaks (particularly in winter). For several species these breaks remain visible for many years (leaving marks like scars). Black spruce (Picea mariana Britton., Stern & Poggenb. 1988) follows this pattern. We then studied architecture from mixed stand (Parc des Grands jardins, Québec) in order to assess the climate response of Black spruce architecture. We studied these parameters: -annual shoot length -ramification -needle length -reproduction For each parameter, we computed a PLS (Partial least square) regression (linear or logistic) with climatic parameters (monthly rainfall and temperature) and topologic variables (such as ramification order, age …). The results of this analysis allow finding the active periods (organogenesis and elongation). We aggregated this result to build a simulator of Black spruce development depending on a climatic scenario.
Published: 2015

46. Butterflies and landscape connectivity: Do effects depend on species traits and conservation value?

Author: VILLEMEY, Anne, VAN HALDER, Inge, OUIN, Annie, BARBARO, Luc, CHENOT, Julie, TESSIER, Pauline, CALATAYUD, Francois, HILAIRE, Martin, ROCHE, Philipp, ARCHAUX, Frédéric, Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural (DYNAFOR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, UMR 1201 Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Program DIVA 3, LEVANA project, French Ministry of the Environment, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan - EIP (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Institut national de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture - IRSTEA (FRANCE), Université de Bordeaux 1 (FRANCE), Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés - BIOGECO (Bordeaux, France), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP)
Subjects: Biodiversity and Ecology, Biodiversité et Ecologie, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Conservation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Butterflies, Habitats
Abstract: International audience; Linear elements: - Not sufficient to preserve butterfly communities Woodlands: - Positive effect even on grassland specialists Species of conservation concern most impacted: - Homogenization of communities Connectivity metrics: - Using multiple metrics help to understand population/community functioning
Published: 2015

47. Graph theory and least-cost path: how their combination improves habitat network connectivity analysis and helps prioritize conservation measures

Author: Avon, C., Bergès, L., Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Irstea Publications, Migration
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, TRAME VERTE ET BLEUE, PRIORISATION, GRAPHES PAYSAGERS, CONNECTIVITÉ ÉCOLOGIQUE, RÉSEAUX D'HABITAT, MODÉLISATION DU DÉPLACEMENT, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, CHEMINS DE MOINDRE COUT, AMÉNAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE, CONSERVATION DE LA BIODIVERSITÉ
Abstract: International audience; The green and blue infrastructure in France is based on the conservation and restoration of ecological continuity of habitats in relation to species’ biological requirements. Recent development in landscape ecology based on graph theory and species movement modelling using least-cost paths offer promising applications in terms of landscape management and biodiversity conservation. First, we present the model of potential connectivity based on graph theory and explain why it overcomes previous approaches. Then, we illustrate with an example of connectivity analysis in the region PACA for the Red Squirrel, a forest generalist species. The models identify the landscape areas that are connected or isolated from the rest of habitat network and prioritize the importance of patches and corridors for the maintaining of global network connectivity; they also analyse how connectivity varies according to species dispersal distance. They highlight the key habitat patches and corridors that must be protected to maintain habitat network connectivity for the species. These examples clearly show that these original methods can form valuable decision support tools for the implementation of green infrastructures at different spatial scales, and also help to locate further finerscale studies.
Published: 2015

48. Modelisation of potential functional connectivity using landscape graphs: relevance, limits and prospects for improvement

Author: Bergès, L., Avon, C., Duflot, Rémi, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Irstea Publications, Migration
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, MODÉLISATION, TRAMES VERTES ET BLEUES, GRAPHES PAYSAGERS, CONNECTIVITÉ ÉCOLOGIQUE, MODÈLE DE POPULATION SPATIALEMENT EXPLICITE, COMPARAISON DE MÉTHODES, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: National audience; Le maintien, voire la restauration de la connectivité écologique sont l'une des préoccupations majeures pour les politiques publiques d'aménagement du territoire et de conservation de la biodiversité en réponse à la perte et à la fragmentation des habitats naturels semi-naturels engendrées par l'augmentation des pressions anthropiques. La question centrale pour l'aménagement du territoire est la suivante : où doit-on agir de manière efficace au niveau d'un territoire pour maintenir ou restaurer un réseau écologique ? Les différentes méthodes de modélisation de la connectivité au sein d'un réseau écologique permettent de procéder à une modélisation plus ou moins réaliste des processus (connectivité structurelle, potentielle, réelle), mais qui va de pair avec la quantité et la précision des données d'entrée, le temps de formalisation et la durée de calcul nécessaires. Parmi ces méthodes, nous avons privilégié les graphes paysagers couplées à la modélisation des déplacements d'espèces par les chemins de moindre coût, car ils intègrent à la fois des indices d'habitat spatialement explicites et des données sur la dispersion des espèces, permettant l'étude de la connectivité potentielle. La vision adoptée est celle d'un réseau d'habitats pour une région donnée dont on cherche à mesurer la connectivité pour une espèce (ou un ensemble d'espèces), c'est-à-dire la quantité d'habitat atteignable par l'espèce. Les graphes paysagers offrent sans doute le meilleur compromis entre les données d'entrée des modèles et la qualité et la richesse de l'information fournie à la sortie. Cependant, les graphes paysagers, comme d'autres méthodes (e.g. théorie du circuit) ont l'inconvénient d'être des modèles "déterministes". D'autres approches comme les modèles de populations spatialement explicites (SEPM) permettent d'étudier la dynamique de la population, mais nécessitent beaucoup de données de départ (taux de dispersion, taux de mortalité) et sont donc plus lourds en termes de modélisation. Nous présentons ces deux approches en détaillant les intérêts et limites respectifs dans un objectif de planification territoriale à but de conservation de la biodiversité à différentes échelles spatiales. Même si peu de travaux ont comparé les deux approches, ils ont conclu qu'elles présentaient les mêmes performances et que la théorie des graphes apportait même dans certains cas des informations supplémentaires. Nous soulignons enfin les verrous qui limitent l'application pratique des outils de modélisation actuels, notamment nos faibles connaissances sur les capacités de dispersion des espèces.
Published: 2015

49. Periphery-to-core gradient of forest plant communities: a matter of landscape ecology, historical ecology or both?

Author: Bergès, Laurent, Arnaudet, Lucie, Archaux, Frédéric, Avon, C., Chauchard, Sandrine, Dupouey, J.L., Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Irstea Publications, Migration
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: National audience; Les gradients d’abondance d’espèces depuis la périphérie vers le coeur des massifs forestiers (ou effet lisière) sont souvent considérés comme le résultat de filtres environnementaux. Nous avons testé l’hypothèse que les changements passés du paysage, i.e. l’usage ancien du sol et la distribution spatiale des forêts anciennes (sans défrichement depuis 1830) et des forêts récentes (défrichée pour être cultivée ou pâturée avant 1830 puis reboisé depuis) au sein des massifs forestiers actuels, expliquaient mieux ces gradients. Nous avons compilé sur 11936 relevés floristiques de la moitié nord de la France des données climatiques, pédologiques et dendrométriques, l’ancien usage du sol et des variables paysagères actuelles et passées, en utilisant les BD IGN-Ifn et les cartes d’État-major de 1830. Nous avons analysé par régression logistique la réponse de 181 plantes de sous-bois à l’usage ancien du sol et au paysage actuel et passé, tout en contrôlant les autres sources de variation (sol, climat, peuplement). Nous montrons que les forêts récentes sont situées en moyenne à plus faible distance de la lisière actuelle du massif que les forêts anciennes. La réponse des espèces à la distance à la lisière actuelle correspond à leur réponse à l’usage ancien du sol : les espèces de coeur préfèrent les forêts anciennes et les espèces de périphérie les forêts récentes. La distance à la lisière forestière de 1830 explique mieux la distribution des espèces que la distance à la lisière actuelle ou que l'usage ancien du sol. Le gradient coeur-périphérie des plantes de sous-bois est donc bien expliqué par le paysage passé et les processus de colonisation et de recrutement. Cela suggère que les différences de composition des communautés entre l’intérieur et la périphérie des massifs forestiers sont davantage liées à une limitation par la dispersion et à la compétition qu’à des filtres environnementaux.
Published: 2015

50. Plasticité des systèmes racinaires d'arbres dans des matériaux et environnements contrastés

Author: Zanetti, C., Vennetier, M., Mériaux, P., Provensal, M., ARBEAU Solutions, ARBEAU SOLUTIONS, Ecosystèmes méditerranéens et risques (UR EMAX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: ROOT SYSTEMS, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, DIGUE, EMBANKMENTS, SYSTEME RACINAIRE, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, RACINE, ROOTS
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN [TR2_IRSTEA]RIVAGE; International audience; Background and Aims. Tree root system structure and development are difficult to assess and poorly understood in natural conditions because of soil heterogeneity and the difficulty in extracting mature tree root systems without damaging them. The purpose of this study was to understand root system development plasticity according to biological and physical parameters: species tree age and size, soil material, water availability, slope angle, and climate. Methods. Two hundred and forty-three mature trees from twelve species were uprooted from homogeneous French dikes fills. Root system structure (root number and size, root system span, depth and volume) was compared between two contrasting soil materials: fine and coarse. Results.Tree species had little influence on root system structure: all root system types and root size could be found for most of the species according to site conditions. Heart root systems were limited to fine material while mixed and tap root systems were found on coarse material. In coarse materials, trees developed few but rather large roots (> 5 cm in diameter and >4 m in length). In fine materials, root systems had three times more roots but they were 40% smaller and shorter. Roots were 20% more numerous and 65% larger on the downslope side due to water availability at dike or riverbank toe. Conclusion. Root system structure was mainly influenced by soil material and water availability and far less by tree species. Tree root systems are opportunistic in developing in the direction where water and nutrients are plentiful: whatever the species, predicting its dimensions and structure requires a thorough investigation of soil and other environmental conditions. This study gives a new insight in root development: it will help predict tree root growth in various environments and particularly on dikes.
Published: 2015
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