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Summary: Contemporary dining habits have spurred a shift in ready‐to‐eat (RTE) snack production, with mushrooms offering a nutritional boost due to their protein, carbohydrate, fibre and vitamin content. Proximate composition data aid in creating snacks with balanced nutrition. Mushrooms also contribute antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds, adding a health dimension. Extrusion cooking, known for adaptability and energy efficiency, improves texture, nutrition and shelf life. Though concerns exist about oil intake, frying remains popular for taste and consistency enhancement, requiring careful management. Baking extends shelf life and preserves flavour while enhancing nutrient availability. Various studies highlight the potential of these techniques to meet consumer preferences for convenient, appealing and health‐conscious snacks by incorporating ingredients like legume protein isolates, nuts and seeds, etc. The RTE snack industry evolves to provide healthier options driven by technological innovations and sustainability practices, with personalised and functional snacks on the horizon. The study aims to explore and highlight the nutritional benefits of incorporating mushrooms into RTE snacks and discusses the unique advantages of extrusion, frying and baking in snack production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lyophyllum decastes is a commercially cultivated rare edible mushroom with high dietary and medicinal value. The mycelium physiological maturation was an important factor to the yield and quality of mushrooms obtained. However, it was impossible to obtain discriminative characteristics represented the maturity level of the mycelia from morphological features. In this article, we screened a candidate metabolite for evaluating the mycelium physiological maturation by metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis during mycelial vegetative growth stages of L. decastes. The results showed that mycelial vegetative growth 55 d had reached to physiological maturation according to the yield and quality of L. decastes, which the single bottle yield (307 g/bottle), the contents of flavonoids (2.94 mg/g dry weight), and 5 flavor amino acids (glutamate 177.90 μg/g, aspartate 95.74 μg/g, phenylalanine 31.68 μg/g, tyrosine 13.79 μg/g, and alanine 10.99 μg/g) were the highest. In addition, the metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis results showed that biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and amino acid had significant different during mycelial vegetative growth stages, and glutamine may be a candidate indicator to evaluate the mycelial physiological maturation. These findings contribute to improve our knowledge of mycelium physiological maturation and it will be used to increase mushroom yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible mushrooms are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, but their browning affects their quality and commercial value. This article reviews various methods to inhibit polyphenol oxidase (PPO)‐induced browning in mushrooms. Physical methods such as heat treatment, low temperatures, irradiation, and ultrasound effectively reduce PPO activity but may affect mushroom texture and flavor. Chemical inhibitors, including synthetic chemicals and natural plant extracts, provide effective PPO inhibition but require careful monitoring of their content. Biological methods, including gene editing and microbial fermentation, show promise in targeting PPO genes and enhancing antioxidant production. Combining these methods offers a comprehensive strategy for preserving mushroom quality, extending shelf life, and maintaining nutritional value. Practical Application: These approaches can be applied in the food industry to improve post‐harvest mushroom preservation, enhance product quality, and reduce waste, benefiting both producers and consumers. Further research and innovation are needed to optimize the practical application of these methods in large‐scale processing and storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research propounds an innovative technology focused on sustainability to increase the biomass yield of Akkermansia muciniphila, the next-generation probiotic, using prebiotic sources to replace or reduce animal mucin levels. A series of experimental design approaches were developed aiming to optimize the growth of Akkermansiamuciniphila by incorporating extracts of green leafy vegetables and edible mushroom into the cultivation media. Experiments using kale extract (KE), Brassica oleracea L., associated with lyophilized mushroom extract (LME) of Pleurotus ostreatus were the most promising, highlighting the assays with 0.376% KE and 0.423% LME or 1.05% KE and 0.5% LME, in which 3.5 × 1010 CFU (Colony Forming Units) mL− 1 was achieved – higher than in experiments in optimized synthetic media. Such results enhance the potential of using KE and LME not only as mucin substitutes, but also as a source to increase Akkermansia muciniphila biomass yields and release short-chain fatty acids. The work is relevant to the food and pharmaceutical industries in the preparation of the probiotic ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcomyxa edulis is a characteristic low-temperature, edible mushroom in Northeast China. It has a delicious taste and rich nutritional and medicinal value. The artificial cultivation of S. edulis has been increasing in recent years. However, the number of S. edulis varieties is scarce, and strain degradation is a serious issue, affecting the yield and quality of S. edulis. Therefore, we collected 21 wild strains of S. edulis (Y1–21) in this study, aiming to develop strains of S. edulis. Five strains without antagonistic reaction were eliminated via the antagonism test, and the remaining sixteen strains were identified as S. edulis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker identification. The mycelial growth rate, mildew resistance, fruiting body yield, agronomic traits, and nutrient content of the 16 strains were determined. The results demonstrate that Y12, Y13, Y14, and Y15 exhibited a rapid mycelial growth rate (6.43–6.8 mm·day−1). Their colony density was moderate; their edges were neat; and their colonies were leathery and had obvious pigmentation. Moreover, they exhibited strong mildew resistance and a low Trichoderma contamination rate (<40%). Their fruiting body yield (281.15–342.03 g) and biological efficiency (56.23–68.40%) were high. Their fruiting body shape was good. Their polysaccharide and crude protein contents were higher, while their crude fiber, ash, and crude fat contents were lower. Overall, these four S. edulis strains exhibited high yield, excellent traits, and good quality for commercial production and food production with high nutrient contents. This study provides a foundation for the further cross-breeding and matrix improvement of S. edulis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcodon aspratus (Berk.) S. Ito is a Japanese local dish with unique aroma and is effective against allergic diseases. However, its cultivation was still difficult. Recently, coexisting bacteria were regarded as an important factor for mycelium growth and fruiting body formation. Therefore, we performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing in the fruiting body of S. aspratus and its adhered soil to understand the bacterial communities in the fruiting body of S. aspratus. The fruiting body group showed lower alpha diversities and a significant difference in the structure of bacterial communities compared to the soil group. In addition, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium had the highest relative abundance in the fruiting body group, and it was also a potential coexisting bacterium in the fruiting body of S. aspratus by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis. This highest relative abundance phenomenon in Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium clade was also found in the fruiting body of Cantharellus cibarius. These findings suggested that Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium plays a key role in the bacterial communities in the fruiting body of S. aspratus. Bacteria in the fruit bodies of S. aspratus and C. cibarius probably present a similar coexistence model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to concerns about the safety and long-term health of synthetic antioxidants such as BHT and BHA, the use of natural compounds with antioxidant properties, such as bioactive peptides, has attracted the attention of many researchers. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum hydrolysis time of edible mushroom protein ( Agaricus bisporus) with alcalase enzyme to produce protein hydrolyzate with high antioxidant properties. For this study, first edible mushrooms were converted into powder and then was hydrolyzed in different times of 200, 150, 100, 50 and 250 minutes with an enzyme to substrate of 2% at temperature of 50 °C and then appropriate treatment based on antioxidant properties of the produced sample was determined. The results showed that hydrolysis time 200 minutes is suitable to achieve maximum antioxidant properties. Next, the effect of different concentrations (10 to 50 mg/ml) of hydrolyzed protein prepared under optimal conditions on the antioxidant properties of the product compared to ascorbic acid (50 mg/ml) was investigated. In all the tests, the product showed a concentration-dependent behavior and with increasing concentration, the DPPH free radical scavenging, iron ion reduction power and total antioxidant power increased and in concentrations of 40 and 50 mg/ml the antioxidant power was similar to ascorbic acid (50 mg/ml). The results showed that the hydrolyzed protein produced has the potential to be used as a functional ingredient and as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants in food formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis (Seok et al.) Yang, Qin & Takah 2014 is an edible mushroom distributed in several East or Southeast Asian countries. Herein, we report the mitochondrial genome of S. alboinfundibuliformis based on Illumina sequencing data. The overall length of the mitochondrial genome is 64,279 bp, with a GC content of 29.0%. It contains 14 typical protein-coding genes, 27 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and 13 intergenic ORFs. Most of these genes (39 out of 56) are transcribed at the forward strand, and few (17 out of 56) are transcribed at the reverse strand. Among these genes, only the rnl gene is invaded by an intron, and all other genes are intron-free. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial amino acid sequences supports the phylogenetic position of S. alboinfundibuliformis in Clitocybaceae, being close to Lepista sordida (Schumach.) Singer 1951. This study serves as a springboard for future investigation on fungal evolution in Clitocybaceae.

Lepista sordida is a valuable edible mushroom rich in natural bioactive compounds. In the present study, a high-quality whole-genome of a domesticated strain of L. sordida was sequenced, revealing a 40.67 Mb genome in 13 contigs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. sordida is evolutionarily closely related to edible mushroom Lyophyllum decastes and Hypsizygus marmoreus. Heat stress has a significant effect on the yield and quality of mushrooms, but the molecular basis for this is poorly understood in L. sordida. A label-free comparative proteomic analysis was performed under different heat stress conditions. The growth of L. sordida mycelia was inhibited, and nuclear apoptosis occurred under heat stress. Ca2+ and MAPK signaling pathways were found to be involved in heat stress signal transduction. It is hypothesized that the expression of various heat shock proteins plays a crucial role in the response to heat stress. In addition, the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the thioredoxin system were upregulated, preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins and possibly supporting the response to heat stress. In summary, these results provide a fundamental insight into the evolution and heat stress-responsive mechanisms in L. sordida and may facilitate the breeding of heat-tolerant strains for artificial cultivation.

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Termitomyces are found associated with termites and show an exo-symbiotic relationship with termites. Both termites and Termitomyces are important in forest ecosystems for wood degradation. The morphological diversity of Termitomyces mushrooms as observed in Assam is high similar to other forest-rich regions of India. But the genetic diversity and species diversity from the region is not yet documented well. In the present study, DAMD and ISSR markers were applied for genetic diversity estimation and nrDNA ITS marker was applied for the phylogenetic study of the Termitomyces mushrooms collected from different localities of Assam. Besides, morphological characters were compared to the existing species monographs to identify the species. Based on morpho-molecular studies, the species identified are T. heimii, T. microcarpus, and T. eurrhizus. Five morphotypes of Termitomyces different from the existing species descriptions are recorded and are also sub-clustered distinctly and distantly in a phylogenetic tree generated based on nrDNA ITS sequences. The presence of novel species of Termitomyces is very much likely in the region which needs further taxonomic engagements to establish the neo species through valid publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis (Seok et al.) Yang, Qin & Takah 2014 is an edible mushroom distributed in several East or Southeast Asian countries. Herein, we report the mitochondrial genome of S. alboinfundibuliformis based on Illumina sequencing data. The overall length of the mitochondrial genome is 64,279 bp, with a GC content of 29.0%. It contains 14 typical protein-coding genes, 27 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and 13 intergenic ORFs. Most of these genes (39 out of 56) are transcribed at the forward strand, and few (17 out of 56) are transcribed at the reverse strand. Among these genes, only the rnl gene is invaded by an intron, and all other genes are intron-free. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial amino acid sequences supports the phylogenetic position of S. alboinfundibuliformis in Clitocybaceae, being close to Lepista sordida (Schumach.) Singer 1951. This study serves as a springboard for future investigation on fungal evolution in Clitocybaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lepista sordida is a valuable edible mushroom rich in natural bioactive compounds. In the present study, a high-quality whole-genome of a domesticated strain of L. sordida was sequenced, revealing a 40.67 Mb genome in 13 contigs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. sordida is evolutionarily closely related to edible mushroom Lyophyllum decastes and Hypsizygus marmoreus. Heat stress has a significant effect on the yield and quality of mushrooms, but the molecular basis for this is poorly understood in L. sordida. A label-free comparative proteomic analysis was performed under different heat stress conditions. The growth of L. sordida mycelia was inhibited, and nuclear apoptosis occurred under heat stress. Ca2+ and MAPK signaling pathways were found to be involved in heat stress signal transduction. It is hypothesized that the expression of various heat shock proteins plays a crucial role in the response to heat stress. In addition, the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the thioredoxin system were upregulated, preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins and possibly supporting the response to heat stress. In summary, these results provide a fundamental insight into the evolution and heat stress-responsive mechanisms in L. sordida and may facilitate the breeding of heat-tolerant strains for artificial cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Edible mushrooms have become an important global ingredient due to their rich nutrients and delicious taste. However, their high moisture content, abundant bioactive components and susceptibility to microbial contamination led to a relatively short shelf‐life. Therefore, extensive research on the active ingredients, bioactivity and preservation techniques of mushrooms is crucial for enhancing the rapid development and increasing acceptance of the mushroom industry. Furthermore, the comprehensive utilisation of by‐products from mushroom processing and the diversified development of mushroom products are important means to increase the added value of the mushroom industry. Therefore, through the aforementioned research, the sustainable and healthy development of the mushroom industry can be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status of Burkholderia gladioli in commercially available mushroom products in Chengdu， analyze its pathogenic characteristics， and provide support for food safety risk monitoring.MethodsAccording to GB 4789.29—2020， the identification of suspected colony by microbial mass spectrometry was added. One hundred and twenty-one mushroom foods were detected， and the whole genome of the isolated strains was sequenced to analyze their genetic characteristics and the carrying status of bon genes related to the biosynthesis of Bongkrekic acid.ResultsThe positive rate of Burkholderia gladioli in 121 samples was 50.41% （61/121）， with a positive rate of 67.14% （47/70） for Tremella； 10 strains of Burkholderia gladioli isolated from 4 food samples carried bon genes clusters； There was a dominant clone group that could mainly contaminated Tremella， without carrying the bon gene clusters.ConclusionTremella could be easily contaminated by Burkholderia gladioli， so it is necessary to strengthen the risk monitoring for the detection of this pathogen in key foods， especially for the strains carrying the bon gene clusters.

Mushroom cap is a key trait in the growth process and its phenotypic parameters are essential for automatic cultivation and smart breeding. However, the edible mushrooms are usually grown densely with mutual occlusion, which is difficult to obtain the phenotypic parameters non-destructively. Although deep learning methods achieve impressive performance with superior generalization capabilities, they require a large amount of ground truth label of the occluded target, which is a challenging task due to the substantial workload. To overcome this obstacle, a novel synthetic cap occlusion image method was proposed for rapidly generating edible mushroom occlusion datasets using raw images, in which the ground truth is obtained from the real world and the occlusion is randomly generated for simulating real scenes. Moreover, variants of amodal instance segmentation models with different backbone were trained and evaluated on our synthetic occlusion image datasets. Finally, an amodal mask-based size estimation method was presented to calculate the width and length of the cap. The experimental results showed that the amodal instance segmentation achieved an AP@[0.5:0.95] of 82%, 93% and 96% on Oudemansiella raphanipes, Agrocybe cylindraceas and Pholiota nameko synthetic cap datasets, respectively, with a size of 1024 × 1024 px, which indicates that our occlusion image synthesis method can effectively simulate the real cap occlusion situation. The size estimation method achieved an R 2 of 0.95 and 0.98 between predictive amodal caps and manually labeled caps for the length and width of Agrocybe cylindraceas cap, respectively, which can be applied to obtain the phenotypic parameters of each cap effectively and accurately. These methods not only meet the demand for automatic monitoring of edible mushroom morphology in factories but also provide technical support for intelligent breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological control using edible mushrooms as natural enemies is a sustainable alternative for pest management. Despite the well-established literature on toxins and secondary metabolites produced by these fungi in the biochemical control of nematodes, the nematicidal activity of proteases from different Pleurotus species is yet to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate protease to the nematicidal activity of different mushrooms, Pleurotus sp., P. ostreatus (SB), P. ostreatus (Pearl), and P. djamor. For such a purpose, we performed motility assays of Panagrellus sp. at different time intervals, 6, 12, and 24 h for each of the mushrooms. In addition, the protease activity was measured using different pH (5, 7, and 9) and fermentation time intervals (45 and 75 days). Furthermore, we also evaluated the effect of this cell-free extract on Panagrellus sp. In response to these experiments, all edible mushrooms showed a reduction over 82% for the nematode-feeding activity (p < 0.01). The cell-free crude extract of each of the fungi studied showed nematocidal activity (p < 0.01). For the 45-day fermentation, P. djamor exhibited statistical significance (p < 0.01) compared with the others, reaching a reduction percentage of 73%. For the 75-day fermentation, Pleurotus sp. and P. ostreatus (Pearl) showed significant differences compared with the other fungi (p < 0.01), with reduction percentages of 64 and 62%, respectively. Herein, protease activity was associated with the nematicidal action of different Pleurotus species in controlling Panagrellus sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gossypol is a terpene-polyphenolic compound specific to cotton plants. Considered as an anti-nutritional factor, monogastric livestock show greater sensitivity to this metabolite than ruminants. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological effects of gossypol-containing and biodetoxified cottonseed-cake on hepatic function in rats. Biodetoxification of cottonseed cake was performed by the macrofungi Fistulina hepatica BRM 047114 and Pleurotus ostreatus BRM 055505 in a solid-state cultivation process. A toxicological study was performed using albino Wistar rat males (Rattus norvergicus). A feed assay was conducted using the macrofungi cultivated on cottonseed cake (5%, 15%, and 25%). Animal growth, feed conversion, hemogram, serum biochemical analyses and histopathology were evaluated. For biodetoxified cottonseed cake treatments with both macrofungi, concentrations of feed up to 15% resulted in animal development similar to that of the untreated group. Histopathological analysis after feeding with biodetoxified cottonseed cake presented an unaltered cordonal arrangement. Nevertheless, the group fed with cottonseed cake biodetoxified using F. hepatica BRM 047114 showed discrete inflammatory infiltrate, vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei in hepatocytes. P. ostreatus BRM 055505 resulted in efficient reduction in toxic effects of free gossypol, with regular animal growth, maintenance of normal liver activities, and a reduction in circulating cholesterol levels. In conclusion, P. ostreatus and F. hepatica were able to minimize the toxic effects of free gossypol in rat diets, representing an important contribution for feed-formulation development for non-ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are a good source of protein and phenolic compounds which provides health benefits for humans. The purpose of this study was to compare the content of eight metals, protein, and total phenolics (TPC) of 5 different species (Agaricus bisporus—white and brown mushrooms, Agaricus cupreobrunneus, Auricularia cornea, Hypsizgus tesselatus, and Pleurotus eryngii species-complex) of edible mushrooms available on the Romanian market. Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus cupreobrunneus were purchased and cultivated in Romania and the other species were cultivated in other countries (Turkey and China). The metal content determined by graphite atomic absorption spectrometry (GTAAS) varied in the order Cu > Pb > Ni > Fe > Cr > Mn > Co > Cd. Almost all the samples contained a greater quantity of metals in the stalk than in the cap. In addition, the levels of toxic metals were low. The protein content of analyzed samples ranged from 0.0926 to 0.2743%, the highest value being observed in Pleurotus eryngii species-complex mushroom. TPC of extracts increased over time but there was a variability in the concentration for each mushroom species (0.25–12.25 mg GAE/g). The investigated mushroom species possess no health risk and may be potential nutritional supplements for human diets due to their phenolic compounds, protein, and mineral content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe cytotoxic activities of hexane, acetone, and methanol extracts of Lepista personata were evaluated against lung (H1299), prostate (LNCaP), colon (CaCo-2), and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. The hexane extract of Lepista personata exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against CaCo-2 (EC50: 198.7 ± 4.9 µg/mL), LNCaP (EC50: 152.1 ± 3.8 µg/mL), and MCF-7 (EC50: 98.37 ± 2.5 µg/mL). Only the hexane extract exhibited cytotoxicity; thus, it was fractionated to enrich the cytotoxicity against the studied cancerous cell lines over a silica gel column. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and the cytotoxicity of all fractions were investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the GC-MS and cytotoxicity (EC50) results. According to the PCA, the cytotoxic fractions containing abundant benzoic acid (0.01–26.19%), cinnamic acid (0.01–5.63%), arachidic acid (0.01–17.93%), heneicosanoic acid (0.01–14.57%), 1-monolinolein (0.01–26.34%), stigmasterol (0.01–10.15%) and ergosterol (0.01–17.10%) were clustered. Moreover, the chemical composition comparison of hexane extract and its fractions, when evaluated together with PCA, revealed that the bioactive compounds detected as benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, azelaic acid, 1-monolinolein, stigmasterol, and ergosterol, which were concentrated in fractions 3, 6, 7, and 9, were responsible for the cytotoxic activity. When used with bioactivity and chemometric analysis, GC-MS of the fractions identified the bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edible mushroom mosquito Lycoriella auripila (Dip.: Sciaridae) causes quantitative and qualitative reductions in crop yield worldwide, that is, Iran. The present study was conducted to estimate the efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, separately and simultaneously, in controlling this mushroom mosquito. In the laboratory study, the efficacies of different concentrations of S. feltiae (Sf), B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) and Dichlorvos pesticide were investigated. Then, nine treatments, including the interaction between Sf and Bti, were performed in addition to the laboratory treatments in the field test. The mushroom production yields in the control and treatment groups were compared. Statistical analysis of data was done based on the number of whole insects caught in sticky yellow card traps and larvae attracted to potato slices. In the conducted tests, the reductions in the insect population in the treatments compared with the control were calculated. The laboratory experiments showed positive effects of all treatments on pest control. The concentrations of 1×106 IJ/m² Sf and 2/1000 Bti had the highest mortality rate of pest larvae with 81.6 and 77.4% mean mortality, respectively. Nematode Sf at this concentratration acted better than Dichlorvos for the control of this pest. In the field measurements, the highest population decreases were recorded in Bti with 75.7% control efficacy based on yellow sticky cards and in treatments of Dichlorvos and half-dose of two-biocontrol agent based on potato slices data with 75.3 and 74.8%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between Dichlorvos and Sf treatment for the control of this pest based on yellow sticky card data in field study. The obtained results recommend using these two biological control agents to control the L. auripila mosquito in edible mushroom cultivation halls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sarcodon and Hydnellum are two ectomycorrhizal genera of important ecological and economic value in Southwest China, and they are common in the free markets in this region. It was estimated that more than 1,500 tonnes of them were sold as edible per year, but there was little information about the taxonomic placements of these edible mushrooms sold in the markets. Traditional concepts of the two genera have also been challenged recently, and circumscription of Sarcodon and the informally defined clade “Neosarcodon” remained unresolved. In the present study, specimens collected in the field and purchased from the markets in Southwest China were analyzed based on morphological characters and DNA sequences. Phylogeny of the traditional Sarcodon s. lat. and Hydnellum s. lat. was reconstructed from the combined internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large ribosomal subunit (nLSU) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) dataset based on expanded samples to reevaluate the taxonomic placements of the two genera. In the present molecular analyses, four distinct clades were recovered and strongly supported: Hydnellum, Neosarcodon, Phellodon and Sarcodon. Neosarcodon is formally introduced as a generic name to include nine species previously placed in Sarcodon, and the delimitation of Sarcodon is revised based on phylogenetic and morphological studies. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed an unexpected species diversity (17 phylogenetic species) of Sarcodon and Hydnellum in the markets; nine phylogenetic species of Sarcodon and eight of Hydnellum were uncovered from the samples collected in the markets. Eight species were resolved in the traditional S. imbricatus complex, with S. imbricatus s.str. being the most common edible stipitate hydnoid fungal species. Three of the edible Hydnellum species (H. edulium, H. subalpinum, and H. subscabrosellum), and five separated from the S. imbricatus complex (Sarcodon flavidus, S. giganteus, S. neosquamosus, S. nigrosquamosus, and S. pseudoimbricatus), are described as new. Three new Chinese records (H. illudens, H. martioflavum, and H. versipelle), and the notable S. imbricatus and S. leucopus are also reported.

AbstractA new edible wild mushroom species, described herein as Panus sribuabanensis, was collected from local markets and natural forests located in northern Thailand. This species is characterized by its medium to large-sized basidiomata, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid-shaped basidiospores, dimitic hyphal system, and the absence of hyphal pegs. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of combined the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences supported the monophyly of P. sribuabanensis as a distinct lineage within the genus Panus. Full description, illustrations, color photographs, and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of P. sribuabanensis are provided. The dried mushroom showed a nutritional composition within the range of 2.58%–2.67% for fat content, 27.10%–27.98% for protein, and 43.97%–44.10% for carbohydrates. The ethanolic extracts from this mushroom exhibited a total phenolic content ranging from 0.66 to 0.74 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw). Moreover, the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (0.90–1.08 mg TE/g dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.93–1.08 mg TE/g dw) assays demonstrate higher activity compared to the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay (0.44–0.51 mg TE/g dw). The outcomes of this study provide significant information on the nutritional value, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity potential of this new mushroom species discovered in northern Thailand.

Lyophyllum decastes is a commercially cultivated rare edible mushroom with high dietary and medicinal value. The mycelium physiological maturation was an important factor to the yield and quality of mushrooms obtained. However, it was impossible to obtain discriminative characteristics represented the maturity level of the mycelia from morphological features. In this article, we screened a candidate metabolite for evaluating the mycelium physiological maturation by metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis during mycelial vegetative growth stages of L. decastes. The results showed that mycelial vegetative growth 55 d had reached to physiological maturation according to the yield and quality of L. decastes, which the single bottle yield (307 g/bottle), the contents of flavonoids (2.94 mg/g dry weight), and 5 flavor amino acids (glutamate 177.90 μg/g, aspartate 95.74 μg/g, phenylalanine 31.68 μg/g, tyrosine 13.79 μg/g, and alanine 10.99 μg/g) were the highest. In addition, the metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis results showed that biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and amino acid had significant different during mycelial vegetative growth stages, and glutamine may be a candidate indicator to evaluate the mycelial physiological maturation. These findings contribute to improve our knowledge of mycelium physiological maturation and it will be used to increase mushroom yield and quality.

Sarcomyxa edulis is a characteristic low-temperature, edible mushroom in Northeast China. It has a delicious taste and rich nutritional and medicinal value. The artificial cultivation of S. edulis has been increasing in recent years. However, the number of S. edulis varieties is scarce, and strain degradation is a serious issue, affecting the yield and quality of S. edulis. Therefore, we collected 21 wild strains of S. edulis (Y1–21) in this study, aiming to develop strains of S. edulis. Five strains without antagonistic reaction were eliminated via the antagonism test, and the remaining sixteen strains were identified as S. edulis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker identification. The mycelial growth rate, mildew resistance, fruiting body yield, agronomic traits, and nutrient content of the 16 strains were determined. The results demonstrate that Y12, Y13, Y14, and Y15 exhibited a rapid mycelial growth rate (6.43–6.8 mm·day−1). Their colony density was moderate; their edges were neat; and their colonies were leathery and had obvious pigmentation. Moreover, they exhibited strong mildew resistance and a low Trichoderma contamination rate (S. edulis strains exhibited high yield, excellent traits, and good quality for commercial production and food production with high nutrient contents. This study provides a foundation for the further cross-breeding and matrix improvement of S. edulis.

As one of the most nutritious and delicious mushroom varieties, Volvariella volvacea has always been popular among people around the world. Different from other artificially cultivated mushrooms, Volvariella volvacea is mostly planted on non-sterile substrates. As the cultivation time increases, the yield of mushroom houses continues to decrease. In our experiment, we selected two groups of samples from the old and new mushroom houses, environmental samples and substrate samples. The results showed that the diversity and abundance of microorganisms in the culture environment of the old mushroom room were consistent with that of the new mushroom room, but the proportion of actinomycetes in the former was significantly higher than that of the new mushroom room. The metabolic activity of microorganisms in the old mushroom room was enhanced compared with the new mushroom room. The microbial diversity in the growth substrate was investigated, and it was found that the structure and diversity of the microbial community in the substrate had changed. In conclusion, the interplay between mushrooms, the culture environment, and the host bacterial community may be the cause of the changes in the yield of Volvariella volvacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new edible wild mushroom species, described herein as Panus sribuabanensis, was collected from local markets and natural forests located in northern Thailand. This species is characterized by its medium to large-sized basidiomata, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid-shaped basidiospores, dimitic hyphal system, and the absence of hyphal pegs. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of combined the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences supported the monophyly of P. sribuabanensis as a distinct lineage within the genus Panus. Full description, illustrations, color photographs, and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of P. sribuabanensis are provided. The dried mushroom showed a nutritional composition within the range of 2.58%–2.67% for fat content, 27.10%–27.98% for protein, and 43.97%–44.10% for carbohydrates. The ethanolic extracts from this mushroom exhibited a total phenolic content ranging from 0.66 to 0.74 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw). Moreover, the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (0.90–1.08 mg TE/g dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.93–1.08 mg TE/g dw) assays demonstrate higher activity compared to the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay (0.44–0.51 mg TE/g dw). The outcomes of this study provide significant information on the nutritional value, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity potential of this new mushroom species discovered in northern Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it was found that the γ-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) content in commercially grown edible mushrooms was equal to or higher than that in other foods known to be rich in GABA. In some mushrooms, differences in GABA content were observed depending on the producer or production area. Enzymes involved in GABA synthesis were purified from Grifola frondosa and Lentinula edodes, and their properties were investigated. As a result, it was found that the enzyme purified from G. frondosa acts only on L-glutamic acid, which is similar to other glutamic acid decarboxylases to date. However, the enzyme purified from L. edodes is unique in that it acts on substrates other than L-glutamic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laetiporus sulphureus is a well-known edible mushroom with a high medicinal value. It is reported from different places in Nepal, particularly from mid-hill areas. However, the ecology and ethnomycology of L. sulphureus were poorly known in Nepal. We aimed to study the ecology, ethnomycology, and present status of L. sulphureus from the mid-hills of Dolakha district, central Nepal. The habitat of L. sulphureus in the six different sites of the study area was surveyed to find out the dominant tree species and microclimatic conditions. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted to document ethnic knowledge and the status of L. sulphureus. We found dominance of tree species such as Tsuga dumosa, Quercus semicarpifolia, and Rhododendron arboreum in the habitat of L. sulphureus. Dead and decayed logs/trunk of these tree species were found to support L. sulphureus growth. Regarding microclimatic conditions, an average temperature of 20 °C, a light intensity of 1000–2000 lux, and relative humidity of 65–80% were recorded under the canopy where L. sulphureus was growing. Fruitbodies of L. sulphureus were found to be collected by local people for food and medicinal purposes. Local people were found to use dried L. sulphureus powder for the treatment of aliments such as diarrhea and hematochezia. The availability of L. sulphureus was found to be declining due to overharvesting, logging of the host tree, and the removal of coarse wood debris. Collection of L. sulphureus fruitbodies and logging of host tree should be regulated for its conservation in wild habitat. This study provides valuable information about the possible substrate types and environmental conditions that could be used for the successful domestication of L. sulphureus at the study sites and similar locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was cultivated on diverse substrates, encompassing wheat straw (T1), paddy straw (T2), groundnut leaves and straw (T3), sugarcane bagasses (T4), cotton stalk (T5), coconut husk (T6), pigeon pea straw (T7), and banana pseudostem (T8). The study comprised of the estimation of proximate composition, antioxidants, and mineral content of the sun-dried mushrooms during the initial two harvests. The average values of nutritional parameters were as follows: moisture (90.93 to 85.18 %), ash (7.62 to 4.86%), carbohydrates (37.57 to 20.10%), crude protein (45.45 to 23.10%), crude fiber (29.08 to 19.29%), crude fat (2.68 to 1.63%), total phenol (14.23 to 9.12 mg/g) and ascorbic acid (11.58 to 8.72 mg/100g). The average mineral content exhibited the trend K>P>Mg>Ca>Zn>Fe>Cu. Upon consideration of average values from both harvests, the groundnut leaves and straw had the highest crude protein (45.45 %), total phenol (14.23 mg/g), ascorbic acid (11.58 mg/100g), phosphorous (0.43 %), iron (7.12 mg/100g) and zinc (12.43 mg/100g). The paddy straw resulted in the highest crude fiber (29.08 %) and crude fat (2.68 %), while the wheat straw resulted in the highest potassium (1.52 %) and calcium (179.65 mg/100g). The various substrates had an impact on nutritional parameters as seen by either an increase or decrease in various parameters which can be reflected in turn by the composition of the substrates itself. In conclusion, groundnut leaves and straw (T3) along with paddy straw (T2) and wheat straw (T1) resulted in significant improvement of nutritional composition compared to other treatments. This study underscores the environmentally friendly utilization of nutrients from agricultural waste for mushroom production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emergence and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 resulted a severe threat to public health globally. Due to the lack of an effective vaccine with durable immunity, the disease transited into the endemic phase, necessitating potent antiviral therapy including a scientific basis for current traditional herbal medicine. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a pharmacoinformatic analysis of selected chemical ingredients and in-vitro evaluation of Cordyceps militaris extract against SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods: C. militaris, the widely used fungus in conventional herbal medicine, was subjected to computational investigation using molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation and network pharmacology analysis followed by the in-vitro assay for evaluating its anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential. Results: The molecular docking analysis of C. militaris revealed the Cordycepin's highest affinity (−9.71 kcal/mol) than other molecules, i.e., Cicadapeptin-I, Cicadapeptin-II, Cordycerebroside-B, and N-Acetyl galactosamine to the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. C. militaris aqueous extract could reduce the SARS-CoV-2 viral copy numbers by 50.24% using crude extract at 100 μg/mL concentration. Conclusion: These findings suggest that C. militaris has promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and may be explored as traditional medicine for managing the COVID-19 surge in the endemic phase.

Gossypol is a terpene-polyphenolic compound specific to cotton plants. Considered as an anti-nutritional factor, monogastric livestock show greater sensitivity to this metabolite than ruminants. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological effects of gossypol-containing and biodetoxified cottonseed-cake on hepatic function in rats. Biodetoxification of cottonseed cake was performed by the macrofungi Fistulina hepatica BRM 047114 and Pleurotus ostreatus BRM 055505 in a solid-state cultivation process. A toxicological study was performed using albino Wistar rat males (Rattus norvergicus). A feed assay was conducted using the macrofungi cultivated on cottonseed cake (5%, 15%, and 25%). Animal growth, feed conversion, hemogram, serum biochemical analyses and histopathology were evaluated. For biodetoxified cottonseed cake treatments with both macrofungi, concentrations of feed up to 15% resulted in animal development similar to that of the untreated group. Histopathological analysis after feeding with biodetoxified cottonseed cake presented an unaltered cordonal arrangement. Nevertheless, the group fed with cottonseed cake biodetoxified using F. hepatica BRM 047114 showed discrete inflammatory infiltrate, vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei in hepatocytes. P. ostreatus BRM 055505 resulted in efficient reduction in toxic effects of free gossypol, with regular animal growth, maintenance of normal liver activities, and a reduction in circulating cholesterol levels. In conclusion, P. ostreatus and F. hepatica were able to minimize the toxic effects of free gossypol in rat diets, representing an important contribution for feed-formulation development for non-ruminants.

ABSTRACTFruit bodies (sporocarps) of wild mushrooms growing in natural environments play a substantial role in the preservation of microbial communities, for example, clinical and food-poisoning bacteria. However, the role of wild mushrooms as natural reservoirs of plant pathogenic bacteria remains almost entirely unknown. Furthermore, bacterial transmission from a mushroom species to agricultural plants has rarely been recorded in the literature. In September 2021, a creamy-white Gram-negative bacterial strain was isolated from the sporocarp of Suillus luteus (slippery jack) growing in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) lawn in Southern Iran. A similar strain was isolated from the same fungus in the same area in September 2022. Both strains were identified as Burkholderia gladioli based on phenotypic features as well as phylogeny of 16S rRNA and three housekeeping genes. The strains were not only pathogenic on white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) but also induced hypersensitive reaction (HR) on tobacco and common bean leaves and caused soft rot on a set of diverse plant species, that is, chili pepper, common bean pod, cucumber, eggplant, garlic, gladiolus, narcissus, onion, potato, spring onion, okra, kohlrabi, mango, and watermelon. Isolation of plant pathogenic B. gladioli strains from sporocarp of S. luteus in two consecutive years in the same area could be indicative of the role of this fungus in the preservation of the bacterium in the natural environment. B. gladioli associated with naturally growing S. luteus could potentially invade neighboring agricultural crops, for example, vegetables and ornamentals. The potential role of wild mushrooms as natural reservoirs of phytopathogenic bacteria is further discussed.IMPORTANCEThe bacterial genus Burkholderia contains biologically heterogeneous strains that can be isolated from diverse habitats, that is, soil, water, diseased plant material, and clinical specimens. In this study, two Gram-negative pectinolytic bacterial strains were isolated from the sporocarps of Suillus luteus in September 2021 and 2022. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that both strains belonged to the complex species Burkholderia gladioli, while the pathovar status of the strains remained undetermined. Biological investigations accomplished with pathogenicity and host range assays showed that B. gladioli strains isolated from S. luteus in two consecutive years were pathogenic on a set of diverse plant species ranging from ornamentals to both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous vegetables. Thus, B. gladioli could be considered an infectious pathogen capable of being transmitted from wild mushrooms to annual crops. Our results raise a hypothesis that wild mushrooms could be considered as potential reservoirs for phytopathogenic B. gladioli.

Edible mushroom sexual spores have been gaining more interest due to their bioactive components and functions. Spore discharge (SD) is an important factor affecting the quality of edible mushrooms.In this review, the bioactive nutrients of sexual spores of edible mushrooms were summarized, the SD mechanism was described, and the relationship between postharvest SD and the quality of edible mushrooms was analyzed.Spores contain various bioactive nutrients that are beneficial to the human body. Mature mushrooms can actively discharge spores in a process affected by light, relative humidity, and temperature. During storage, the physiological metabolism of spore-bearing gill tissue is vigorous, promoting the release of postharvest spores and changing the nutritional value of fruiting bodies. The flavor of the fruiting bodies also varied significantly during SD. Edible mushroom sexual spores have the potential to become new raw materials for functional food and medical resources. Research on the effect of the mechanism of SD on the quality of edible mushrooms and the development of SD regulation technology may be a new trend in the quality control of edible mushrooms, which will promote the development of the edible mushroom industry.

Edible mushrooms are a group of large fungi for culinary and medicinal use. Edible mushrooms are rich in nutrients such as polysaccharides, proteins, and vitamins. Research has proven that edible mushroom polysaccharides have multiple biological activities including anticancer, hyperglycemic, and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, they can regulate the performance of starch in raw materials due to their structure characteristics as biomacromolecules. Currently, edible mushroom powders or purified polysaccharides from edible mushrooms have been introduced as ingredients to starch-based foods, which not only has a great impact on the sensory, textural, and nutritional qualities, but also endows products with new functionality. In this paper, recent progress in the application of edible mushroom polysaccharides for the improvement of starch properties and starchy food quality is reviewed. The effects of edible mushroom polysaccharides on starch solubility and swelling capacity, thermal properties, gelatinization properties, gelling properties and digestion characteristics are summarized. The application of edible mushroom polysaccharides in endowing new functionalities to starchy foods is outlined. We hope that this review could provide a reference for research on the enhancing effect of edible mushroom polysaccharides on starch functionality, and provide a new idea for the innovative development of functional starchy foods.

Auricularia delicata (Mont.) Henn. 1893 is an edible and medicinal jelly mushroom popular in China. Here, we report the assembly and annotation of a complete A. delicata mitochondrial genome based on data sequenced using an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The length of the complete circular A. delicata mitochondrial genome is 189,696 bp, with a GC content of 34.1%. The A. delicata mitochondrial genome contains 60 genes, including 32 protein-coding genes, 26 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. delicata clustered with the Auricularia group, alongside A. auricula-judae and A. heimuer. Additionally, A. delicata was found to be genetically distant from other species of Polyporales, Russulales, and Agaricales. This genome will provide an invaluable reference for the continued study and utilization of A. delicata and other Auricularia species.

Due to the length of the time required for protein hydrolysis, ultrasound, as a cheap technology, can be used as a pre-treatment in protein hydrolysis to shorten the time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrolysis time and ultrasonic pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of edible mushroom proteins by pancreatin enzyme to produce short chain peptides with high antioxidant capacity. In this research first edible mushrooms were turned into powder then hydrolysed during 30-210 min with enzyme to substrate ratio of 1% and at temperature of 40 °C without pretreatment, and with pretreatment by 80 and 40% ultrasound power. Increasing the power of ultrasonic treatment increased the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity at shorter hydrolysis time. The highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity in untreated and treated samples with 40 and 80% ultrasound power were 39.96, 42.91 and 47.76, respectively. The highest total antioxidant capacity for untreated and treated samples with 40 and 80% ultrasound power was 1.64, 1.73 and 1.98 (absorption at 695 nm), respectively. The results showed that the highest reducing power of Fe3+ in untreated and treated samples with 40 and 80% ultrasound power were 2.61, 2.84 and 2.90 (absorption at 700 nm), respectively. These results showed that pre-treated samples with 80% ultrasound compared to samples without pretreatment and pre-treated with 40% ultrasound had the highest antioxidant properties. Therefore, the use of high power ultrasonic pretreatment shortens the hydrolysis time to achieve peptides with higher antioxidant capacity.

Laetiporus is a cosmopolitan genus of the "Antrodia clade" in the order Polyporales that causes brown rot in many hardwood trees and some conifers. In the current study, we examined specimens of Laetiporus zonatus collected from Quercus semecarpifolia (Fagaceae) at three different localities in the district Swat, KP, Pakistan. The specimen’s identity was determined through extensive morphoanatomical examination and molecular characterization. For reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships of the species, the study applied three methods: maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian analyses to the concatenated dataset (ITS + nrLSU + rpb2). The mean character difference approach was utilized to create a phenetic cladogram through morphometric analysis. Our sample sequence grouped together with Laetiporus zonatus showing significant support values of 87% for MP, 98% for ML and 1.0 for Bayesian analyses. The morphological data matrix showed a high degree of similarity (Bray-curtis similarity = 0.925, Euclidean distance = 3.81) between our specimen and L. zonatus. Our study also provides habitat characteristics and in vitro cultural characteristics of the isolates. Laetiporus zonatus is characterized by yellow pileal surface, become pale buff to creamy when dry and whitish cream pore surface, distinctly zonate, radially furrowed upper surface and undulating white margin, 2-3 pores mm-1, ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores (5.6–8.7 × 4.2–5.9 μm) with Q value of 1.16-1.55 and is found exclusively on Quercus spp. in temperate forests.

Morchella sextelata is a highly prized edible mushroom and is widely consumed for its distinctive taste and texture. The stipe of M. sextelata is significantly lower in priced compared to the pileus. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of the nutritional and biological properties between the pileus and stipe of M. sextelata. The results revealed that the stipe exhibited comparable levels of various nutrients and bioactive compounds to those found in the pileus. The stipe showed significantly higher levels of crude dietary fiber, various mineral elements, vitamins, amino acids, 5′-nucleotides, fatty acids, and specific sugars. Additionally, it also demonstrated significant abundance in bioactive compounds such as total flavonoids and ergothioneine. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into unlocking further knowledge about M. sextelata’s nutritional composition while highlighting its potential health benefits associated with different parts of this highly esteemed edible mushroom.

The study aimed to test the effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis (BAL) on the HCT-116 cell line viability and to compare its effect with co-treatment BAL/Laetiporus sulphureus (EALS). The trypan blue staining method was used to estimate HCT-116 viability. The levels of NO2− were determined using 0.1% N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine, as well as 1% sulfanilic acid. The determination of H2O2 was based on the oxidation of phenol red. Our results showed the significant cytotoxicity of the BAL on the HCT-116 cells in a co-culture system, while the BAL/EALS co-treatment further enhanced the cytotoxicity on the HCT-116 cells. We detected higher H2O2 and NO2− values in treatments with BAL, especially in the BAL/EALS co-treatment. The death of the HCT-116 cells may be due to elevated levels of H2O2 and NO2− and their products (peroxynitrites). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible mushrooms are dietary products that are widely consumed in many societies. It is known that mushrooms, which stand out with their nutritive properties, also have high medicinal potential. In this study, wild edible mushrooms Lyophyllumdecastes (Fr.) Singer, Agaricus augustus Fr. and Bovistella utriformis (Bull.) Demoulin and Rebriev were determined. In this context, ethanol and methanol extracts of mushrooms were obtained in a soxhlet device. In addition, total antioxidant (TAS), total oxidant (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) values were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activities were tested against standard bacterial and fungal strains by agar dilution method. Antiproliferative activities were measured against A549 lung cancer cell line with the activity MTT assay. According to the results obtained, it was determined that B.utriformis had the highest TAS value. The highest TOS value was seen in L. decastes. Ethanol extracts of B. utriformis exhibited the highest activity against bacteria. The ethanol extracts of B. utriformis and A. augustus exhibited the highest activities against fungal strains. In addition, the antiproliferative activity of all mushroom extracts showed strong effects depending on the concentration increase. In this context, it was determined that L. decastes, B. utriformis and A. augustus had high biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auricularia is a genus of edible jelly fungi whose highly plastic fruiting bodies lack differentiation between stalks and caps, making accurate identification of similar species difficult. Auricularia villosula (A. villosula) is a wild edible mushroom that is also used in traditional Chinese medicine. Here, we sequenced and assembled its mitochondrial genome using Illumina short reads. The complete sequence is 230,069 bp in length with a GC content of 30.1%. It harbors 41 genes (25 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 14 protein-coding): 2 on the N strand (−) and 29 on the J strand (+). Analysis of nucleotide composition revealed positive GC (0.027) and AT (0.002) skews. The mitochondrial genome included a very large intergenic region (22,840 bp) between cytochrome b (CytB) and tRNATyr, lacked overlapping nucleotides between genes, and used non-standard start codons for some genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. villosula was distant from other species of Polyporales, Agaricales, and Russulales. The A. villosula mitogenome sequence will be useful for future taxonomic and genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]