315 results on '"Effet de serre"'
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2. Urgence climatique et santé durable : quel rôle pour un interniste ?
- Author
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Nicolas, S., Jouet, E., and Lioger, B.
- Subjects
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CLIMATE change , *GLOBAL warming , *INTERNAL medicine , *ENVIRONMENTAL health , *PUBLIC health - Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Le réchauffement climatique en chiffres et la question de son traitement
- Author
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Parrochia, Daniel, Institut de recherches philosophiques de Lyon (IRPhiL), Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon
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Radiative balance ,water vapour ,vapeur d'eau ,Bilan radiatif effet de Serre vapeur d'eau évaporation nuages ,[SHS.PHIL]Humanities and Social Sciences/Philosophy ,greenhouse effect ,clouds ,forests ,Bilan radiatif ,effet de Serre ,nuages ,evaporation ,évaporation - Abstract
We first recall fundamentals of elementary climate physics: solar con- stant, radiative balance, greenhouse effect, astronomical parameters of the climate (theory of Milankovitch). Without disputing the analyzes of climatologists and the famous Keeling curve revealing in an indisputable way the increase in CO2 in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution, we nevertheless insist on the main con- tributor to the greenhouse effect which is, as we know, water vapor. Faced with the difficulties that there will be in imposing zero-carbon policies everywhere in theworld (and especially in developing countries), we show that it would perhaps be in our interest to act on soil drought, which amounts, in fact, to being interested in the clouds. The decrease in cloud cover, due to a lack of water fixation in the soil, in fact increases the general temperature and therefore the greenhouse effect. Acting on CO2 will always have, in this context, much less effect than acting on water vapor, even indirectly. Despite the difficulty of making this action sustainable, due to the balance of atmospheric water vapor and the oceans, it would be in our interest not to neglect this path and also possibly increase forest cover for this purpose, given the problems of setting up zero-carbon policy on a global scale. In desperation, one can also consider protecting the Earth with an artificial dust cloud.; Nous rappelons d'abord des éléments de physique élémentaire : constante solaire, bilan radiatif, effet de serre, paramètres astronomiques du climat (théorie de Milankovitch). Sans remettre en cause les analyses des climatologues et la fameuse courbe de Keeling révélant, de manière incontestable, l'augmentation du CO 2 dans l'atmosphère depuis la révolution industrielle, nous insistons cependant sur la principale contributrice de l'effet de serre qui est, comme on sait, la vapeur d'eau. Face aux difficultés qu'il y aura à imposer des politiques zéro-carbone partout dans le monde (et surtout aux pays en voie de développement), nous montrons qu'on aurait peutêtre intérêt à agir sur la sécheresse des sols, ce qui revient, en fait, à s'intéresser aux nuages. La diminution de la couverture nuageuse, du fait d'un défaut de fixation de l'eau dans les sols, augmente en effet la température générale et donc l'effet de serre. Agir sur le CO 2 aura toujours, dans ce contexte, beaucoup moins d'effet qu'agir sur la vapeur d'eau, fût-ce de façon indirecte. Malgré la difficulté qu'il y a à rendre cette action durable, du fait de l'équilibre de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique et des océans, on aurait intérêt à ne pas négliger cette voie, compte tenu des problèmes de mise en place d'une politique zéro-carbone à l'échelle mondiale. En désespoir de cause, on peut aussi envisager de protéger la Terre par un nuage de poussière artificiel.
- Published
- 2023
4. Anesthésie et environnement : récupération et recyclage des vapeurs halogénées
- Author
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François-Talpaert, Camille, Djedjiga Si Serir, Véron, François, Sfez, Michel, and Muret, Jane
- Subjects
Développement durable ,Effet de serre ,Gestion de déchets ,Anesthésie - Abstract
Les gaz anesthésiques, en particulier le desflurane et le sévoflurane, sont des gaz à effet de serre à fort impact sur la pollution atmosphérique. Des dispositifs de récupération et de retraitement commencent à apparaître sur le marché, permettant leur réutilisation dans certains pays (Autriche, Allemagne, mais pas en France). En France, seul le système ContrafluranTM de Baxter/Zeosys Medical est disponible. Ce système permet le recyclage des deux gaz anesthésiques et des composants de la cartouche à des coûts de fonctionnement inférieurs au mode actuel de simple élimination. L’installation de ce système nécessite une contractualisation entre le fournisseur, le fabricant des respirateurs et l’établissement de santé, avec l’appui technique du service biomédical de ce dernier. Son utilisation nécessite une adaptation des pratiques, notamment quant à l’utilisation d’isoflurane et de protoxyde d’azote. Il reste à préciser le rendement effectif du système, tant en termes de récupération des gaz anesthésiques que de réduction de l’effet de serre et d’économie. Un effort industriel et réglementaire à l’échelle européenne est nécessaire, notamment pour pouvoir réutiliser les gaz récupérés et traités à cette fin.
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- 2023
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5. Crise de Rente, Crise Energétique et Substituts du Pétrole (Cas du Mélange Gaz Naturel Hydrogène - Hythane).
- Author
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Rachid, M. Ghris
- Abstract
Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
6. Experimental drop-in replacement of R404A for warm countries using the low GWP mixtures R454C and R455A.
- Author
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Mota-Babiloni, Adrián, Navarro-Esbrí, Joaquín, Barragán-Cervera, Ángel, and Haro-Ortuño, Jorge
- Subjects
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GREENHOUSE effect , *REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery , *VAPOR compression cycle , *HEAT exchangers , *COMPRESSORS - Abstract
This article presents an analysis of the feasibility of R454C and R455A, two new low global warming potential (GWP of 148) refrigerants, in vapor compression refrigeration systems as alternatives to R404A for warm countries. R454C and R455A can be the most viable low GWP options to perform a direct replacement of R404A because of the similar characteristics. They only present meaningful differences in flammability, critical temperature, temperature glide and vapor density. The analysis is based on an experimental comparison of R404A with R454C and R455A, using a fully instrumented experimental setup equipped with Internal Heat Exchanger (IHX) at condensation temperatures that represent operating conditions of warm countries. The experimental results show that cooling capacity of the replacements is slightly lower than R404A, being the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the new mixtures 10–15% higher than that of R404A, especially at higher condensation temperatures. The results also show that the adoption of an IHX is not recommended with the alternatives due to the discharge temperature increase and the low energy performance benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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7. Numerical and experimental study of a closed loop for ground heat exchanger coupled with heat pump system and a solar collector for heating a glass greenhouse in north of Tunisia.
- Author
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Awani, S., Kooli, S., Chargui, R., and Guizani, A.
- Subjects
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STEAM , *EXPANSION of liquids , *SOLAR heating , *SOLAR energy , *HEAT transfer - Abstract
This work emphasizes the exploitation of renewable energy sources for heating a greenhouse, which requires the use of a horizontal heat exchanger, a heat pump associated with a solar collector in numerical and experimental investigations. This study demonstrates the performance of a heat pump system assisted by solar and geothermal energy under the climatic conditions of Tunisia. This system was designed and installed in Thermal Process Laboratory; Research and Technology Centre of Energy CRTEn Borj Cedria. The surface area and of the glass greenhouse used in the experimental model are 14.8 m 2 as surface area. We precede several experimental data for realizing a numerical model based on TRNSYS software. For this point of view a numerical model was improved using 100 m 2 and 229.5 m 3 as surface and volume areas. The water-air heat pump is coupled with a ground heat exchanger (GHE) with 1m of depth. The distance between two consecutive tubes is 0.3 m. The surface area of the solar collector is 8 m 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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8. El clima como bien común.
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Hidalgo, Luis Amador
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- 2016
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9. Optimisation of road speed-sectioning by assessing the impact of a road speed limitation sign
- Author
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VANDANJON, Pierre-Olivier, Coiret, Alex, DELJANIN, Emir, Laboratoire Environnement, Aménagement, Sécurité et Eco-conception (AME-EASE ), Université Gustave Eiffel, Structure et Instrumentation Intégrée (COSYS-SII ), University of Sarajevo, Faculty of traffic and communications, and Cadic, Ifsttar
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ROAD DESIGN ,CHAUSSEE ,VITESSE ,LIMITATION DE VITESSE ,ENERGIE ,ECO-DRIVING ,EFFICACITE ENERGETIQUE ,[INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation ,ENERGY SAVINGS ,MODELE MICROSCOPIQUE ,ECONOMIE D&apos ,SIMULATEUR DE TRAFIC ,CONSOMMATION DE CARBURANT ,ROAD EXPLOITATION ,SPEED OPTIMISATION ,ROUTE ,STYLE DE CONDUITE ,TRAFIC ROUTIER ,[INFO.INFO-MO] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation ,IMPACT ENVIRONNEMENTAL ,ECO CONDUITE ,EFFET DE SERRE - Abstract
CETRA 2020, 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure - Online, Pula, CROATIE, 20-/05/2021 - 21/05/2021; Energy consumed by road vehicles has a high impact on climate changes; indeed this energy use accounts for 23% of total energy-related Green House Gases (GHG) emissions of 2014 global GHG emissions. GHG emissions are growing constantly year after year, in spite of global objectives (COP) and researches on vehicle efficiency and modal shift. The contribution of the infrastructure to lower this energy is less studied, since it is often seen as immuable or too costly. This paper aims to demonstrate that simple and low-cost solutions exist for that purpose. Particularly a methodology has been developed, based on an optimization of the speed layout over an itinerary in order to improve the eco-driving potential of a given road infrastructure. The key point of this work is that inconsistency often exists between vehicle dynamics, road longitudinal profile and changes in regulation speeds. These changes in speed are defining the speed-sectioning of a route, and an optimization of this speed-sectioning can be easily carried out while displacing or modifying speed signs. The objective of this study is to build an optimized speed sectioning which minimizes the fuel consumption for realistic traffic and various driver behaviours, while maintaining the required safety levels. A progressive optimization loop has been worked out with a Python script including an embedded microscopic road traffic simulator. As a result an optimized speed-sectioning is leading to a gain of 227 ml for 60 minutes of simulated flow of 100 veh/h/lane, for a modification of a single speed changing point. The overall benefits are reduced energy consumption, air pollution and noise which otherwise would have been produced by braking. This work brings an effective optimization tool for road managers and its practical application is passive and inexpensive. This methodology is suitable for rural and urbanized territories and easily adaptable to any type of traffic in various countries. In perspectives, the optimization process could be extended to a full road route and to a wide range of different speed-sectioning layouts.
- Published
- 2021
10. BIOCARBURANTS PSA Peugeot Citroën et les biocarburants
- Author
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Maurer Béatrice and Costes Bruno
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bilan global du puits à la roue ,effet de serre ,énergies renouvelables ,utilisation en mélange ,qualité ,normes ,Oils, fats, and waxes ,TP670-699 - Abstract
Les biocarburants représentent une filière essentielle pour PSA Peugeot Citroën dans le cadre de la protection de l’environnement, un axe stratégique majeur pour le groupe - de la production de ses véhicules au recyclage, de la qualité de l’air à l’effet de serre et au développement d’énergies renouvelables. Depuis plusieurs années, PSA a intégré la filière huiles végétales/biocarburants dans ses activités pour atteindre ses objectifs globaux d’innovation et de croissance. De nombreuses flottes de véhicules circulent en France avec du gazole contenant 30 % de biocarburant issu des oléagineux : une expérience réussie, qui dure depuis plus de dix ans. Le constructeur est favorable à l’utilisation de biocarburants en mélange dans les carburants pétroliers conventionnels, essence et gazole - une voie qui présente plusieurs avantages : * Un bilan CO2 global favorable (par absorption de CO2 lors de la photosynthèse de la plante-source), qui contribue à limiter « l’effet de serre ». * Une source complémentaire de carburant pour réduire les importations de pétrole (et de gazole). * Un soutien au secteur agricole (débouché supplémentaire, dans le cadre de la valorisation des terres en jachère). Issus de la transformation des céréales ou de la betterave à sucre, ou des plantes oléagineuses comme le colza, le tournesol ou le soja, les biocarburants sont par essence des énergies renouvelables. Outre leur bilan exceptionnellement favorable pour lutter contre l’effet de serre, ces carburants offrent de réelles performances environnementales, en particulier par la réduction des émissions de particules (cas des EMHV).
- Published
- 2002
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11. LE DÉFI ÉNERGÉTIQUE: L'AUTRE ASPECT DE LA PROBLÉMATIQUE DE L'EAU.
- Author
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BOUBOU-BOUZIANI, N.
- Abstract
Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
12. Earth’s Water: a Refrigerant that Manages Anthropogenic and Solar Heats and Fights Global Warming
- Author
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Vert, Michel, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron [Pôle Chimie Balard] (IBMM), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,Équilibres entre phases de l'eau ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Évaluation du cycle thermique ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,Effet de serre ,Changements climatiques ,Sources d'énergie fossiles ,Hydrogene ,Rejet de chaleur anthropique - Abstract
Die Rolle, die anthropogenem Kohlendioxid (CO2) bei der globalen Erwärmung und dem Klimawandel zugeschrieben wird, ist verwirrend. Gewächshaus-Experten sagen voraus, dass Änderungen des Meeresspiegels und der Lufttemperatur, die heute noch sehr gering sind, in ferner Zukunft erheblich zunehmen werden. Andererseits ist das Schmelzen des Eises bereits dramatisch. Treibhausgase, insbesondere CO2, sollen verantwortlich sein, erklären aber nicht die Dominanz des schmelzenden Eises. Dennoch wird allgemein die Reduzierung fossiler CO2-Quellen empfohlen. Eine Korrelation zwischen dem Schmelzen des Eises und anthropogenen Wärmefreisetzungen wurde kürzlich auf der Grundlage gut identifizierter chemischer und physikalischer Grundlagen vorgeschlagen. Um diesen ursprünglichen Ansatz zu vertiefen, vergleicht dieser Beitrag das Management der auf der Erde absorbierten Sonnenwärme mit dem thermodynamischen Zyklus zur Steuerung der Temperatur in Kühlschränken. Die Diskussion zeigt, dass absorbierte Sonnenwärme und anthropogene Wärme auf die gleiche Weise mit Wasser als Kältemittel verwaltet werden. Es wird auch gezeigt, dass bei der Verbrennung von Kohlenwasserstoffen eine große Menge neuen Wassers freigesetzt wird. Dieses zusätzliche Wasser bleibt jedoch im Vergleich zu dem Wasser, das aus der Jahr für Jahr angesammelten Eisschmelze entsteht, gering. Im letzten Teil wird vorgeschlagen, die Bewertung des Wärmezyklus vom Ursprung bis zur Nutzung als Mittel zum Vergleich der verschiedenen Energiequellen bei der Suche nach Mitteln zur Minimierung der Freisetzung anthropogener Wärme zu verwenden. Wasser könnte eine erneuerbare Energiequelle sein, wenn der Strom, der zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff durch Elektrolyse benötigt wird, in großem Maßstab mit einem besseren Wärmezyklus und Lebenszyklus als herkömmliche Quellen geliefert werden kann.; The role of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in global warming and climate change is confusing. Experts in greenhouse effects predict that changes in ocean level and atmospheric temperature, which are still presently very small, will increase considerably in distant future. On the other hand, the melting of ices is already dramatic. Greenhouse gases, in particular CO2, are said responsible but do not explain the dominance of ice melting. Nevertheless, the reduction of fossil sources of CO2 is universally recommended. A correlation between ice melting and anthropogenic heat releases was recently proposed on the basis of well-identified chemical and physical fundamentals. To further investigate this original approach, the present contribution compares the management of the fraction of solar heat absorbed on Earth to the thermodynamic cycle used to control the temperature in refrigerators. The discussion shows that absorbed solar heat and anthropogenic heat are managed similarly using water as refrigerant. It is also shown that the combustion of hydrocarbons releases a huge amount of new water on Earth. However, this extra water remains minor compared to the water issued from the ices melt cumulated year by year. The last part proposes to use heat-cycle assessment from cradle to grave as means to compare different energy sources in the search for ways to minimize anthropogenic heat release. Water electrolysis could be a climate- and environment-friendly source of renewable hydrogen-based energy if the required electricity to generate hydrogen can be produced on a large scale with better heat-cycle and life-cycle than traditional sources.; Le rôle attribué au dioxyde de carbone anthropique (CO 2) dans le réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique prête à confusion. Les experts des effets de serre prédisent que les changements du niveau des océans et de la température atmosphérique, qui sont encore très faibles actuellement, augmenteront considérablement dans un avenir lointain. En revanche, la fonte des glaces est d'ores et déjà dramatique. Les gaz à effet de serre, en particulier CO 2 , sont dits responsables mais n'expliquent pas la dominance de la fonte des glaces. Néanmoins, la réduction des sources fossiles de CO 2 est universellement recommandée. Une corrélation entre la fonte des glaces et les dégagements de chaleur anthropiques a été récemment proposée sur la base de principes fondamentaux chimiques et physiques bien identifiés. Pour approfondir cette approche originale, la présente contribution compare la gestion de la chaleur solaire absorbée sur Terre au cycle thermodynamique utilisé pour contrôler la température dans les réfrigérateurs. La discussion montre que la chaleur solaire absorbée et la chaleur anthropique sont gérées de la même manière en utilisant l'eau comme réfrigérant. Il est également montré que la combustion d'hydrocarbures libère une énorme quantité d'eau nouvelle. Cependant, cette eau supplémentaire reste mineure par rapport à l'eau issue de la fonte des glaces cumulée année après année. La dernière partie propose d'utiliser l'évaluation du cycle thermique de l'origine à l'exploitation comme moyen de comparer les différentes sources d'énergie dans la recherche de moyens pour minimiser les rejets de chaleur anthropique. L'eau pourrait être une source d'énergie renouvelable si l'électricité requise pour produire de l'hydrogène par électrolyse peut être fournie à grande échelle avec un cycle thermique et un cycle de vie meilleurs que ceux des sources traditionnelles.
- Published
- 2020
13. Etude expérimentale d’un distillateur solaire plan amélioré
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N. Retiel, F. Abdessemed, and M. Bettahar
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distillateur solaire ,effet de serre ,eau distillée ,efficacité ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 - Abstract
Il s’agit dans ce travail, de la mise en place d’un banc d’essai expérimental d’un modèle de distillateur plan à effet de serre. Le problème à traiter consiste à améliorer la production d’eau distillée en apportant des modifications sur ce nouveau modèle de distillateur avec l’utilisation d’un réflecteur plan pour augmenter le flux solaire global reçu, l’utilisation d’un système de préchauffage d’eau d’appoint du distillateur et enfin l’utilisation d’un absorbeur ondulé pour augmenter la surface d’absorption du flux solaire. Une série de tests a été effectuée pour connaître l’efficacité apportée par chacun de ces éléments.
- Published
- 2008
14. René Ducroux et Philippe Jean-Baptiste, 2004, L’effet de serre, Réalité, conséquences et solutions, Paris, CNRS Editions, 95 p.
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Sandrine Rousseau
- Subjects
effet de serre ,nucléaire ,débat ,science ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Social Sciences - Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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15. REFLEXIONES SOBRE LA INTEGRACIÓN DE MÉXICO EN UN MERCADO INTERNACIONAL DE EMISIONES.
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Cantala, David and Sempere, Jaume
- Abstract
Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
16. Spaceborne remote sensing of greenhouse gas concentrations
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Bréon, François-Marie and Ciais, Philippe
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SPACE photography , *REMOTE sensing , *GREENHOUSE gases , *CLIMATE change , *CARBON dioxide , *NITROUS oxide , *SURFACE of the earth , *EARTH (Planet) - Abstract
Abstract: Despite their primary contribution to climate change, there are still large uncertainties on the sources and sinks of the main greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). A better knowledge of these sources is necessary to understand the processes that control them and therefore to predict their variations. Indeed, large feedbacks between climate change and greenhouse gas fluxes are expected during the 21st century. Sources and sinks of these gases generate spatial and temporal gradients that can be measured either in situ or from space. One can then estimate the surface fluxes, either positive or negative, from concentration measurements through a so-called atmospheric inversion. Surface measurements are currently used to estimate the fluxes at continental scales. The high density of spaceborne observations allows potentially a much higher resolution. Several remote sensing techniques can be used to measure atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. These techniques have motivated the development of spaceborne instruments, some of them already in space and others under development. However, the accuracy of the current estimates is still not sufficient to improve our knowledge on the greenhouse gases sources and sinks. Rapid improvements are expected during the forthcoming years with a strong implication of the scientific community and the launch of dedicated instruments, optimized for the measurement of CO2 and CH4 concentrations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
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17. Synergies in addressing air quality and climate change.
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ApSimon, Helen, Amann, Markus, Åström, Stefan, and Oxley, Tim
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CLIMATE change , *AIR quality , *AIR pollution measurement , *GREENHOUSE gases , *ENVIRONMENTAL quality , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *ENVIRONMENTAL protection - Abstract
Air quality is a serious concern for the protection of human health and our natural environment. The pollutants contributing the most to both local and transboundary air pollution problems are SO2, NOx, NH3, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and fine particulate matter (PM), and mostly originate from the same sources as greenhouse gases. There are thus strong interactions between strategies designed to improve air quality and those addressing climate change. This article examines these interactions, and the benefits of combined strategies with greater attention to the overall environmental impacts, and finding the 'win-win' solutions. Illustrations are provided from the development of policy in Europe under the UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, which is now inextricably linked with strategies to control greenhouse gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
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18. The next generation of refrigerants – Historical review, considerations, and outlook
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Calm, James M.
- Subjects
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MACHINERY , *AIR conditioning , *COMPRESSORS , *FROZEN foods - Abstract
Abstract: This article reviews the progression of refrigerants, from early uses to the present, and then addresses future directions and candidates. The article breaks the history into four refrigerant generations based on defining selection criteria. It discusses displacement of earlier working fluids, with successive criteria, and how interest in some early refrigerants re-emerged, for example renewed interest in those now identified as “natural refrigerants.” The paper examines the outlook for current options in the contexts of existing international agreements, including the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols to avert stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate change, respectively. It also examines other environmental concerns and further international and local control measures. The discussion illustrates how isolated attention to individual environmental issues or regulatory requirements, in contrast to coordinated responses to the several issues together, can result in unintended environmental harm that almost certainly will require future reversals. It identifies pending policy and regulatory changes that may impact the next generation of refrigerants significantly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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19. Assessment of US GHG cap-and-trade proposals.
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Paltsev, Sergey, Reilly, John M., Jacoby, Henry D., Gurcel, Angelo C., Metcalf, Gilbert E., Sokolov, Andrei P., and Holak, Jennifer F.
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GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *EMISSION control , *CARBON offsetting , *ECONOMIC indicators , *ENERGY policy , *EMPIRICAL research ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
In 2007 the US Congress began considering a set of bills to implement a cap-and-trade system to limit the nation's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The MIT Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) - and its economic component, the Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model - were used to assess these proposals. In the absence of policy, the EPPA model projects a doubling of US greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Global emissions, driven by growth in developing countries, are projected to increase even more. Unrestrained, these emissions would lead to an increase in global CO2 concentration from a current level of 380 ppmv to about 550 ppmv by 2050 and to near 900 ppmv by 2100, resulting in a year 2100 global temperature 3.5-4.5°C above the current level. The more ambitious of the Congressional proposals could limit this increase to around 2°C, but only if other nations, including developing countries, also strongly controlled greenhouse gas emissions. With these more aggressive reductions, the economic cost measured in terms of changes in total welfare in the United States could range from 1.5% to almost 2% by the 2040-2050 period, with 2015 CO2-equivalent prices between $30 and $55, rising to between $120 and $210 by 2050. This level of cost would not seriously affect US GDP growth but would imply large-scale changes in its energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Investigating plausible mechanisms to trigger a deglaciation from a hard snowball Earth
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Le Hir, Guillaume, Ramstein, Gilles, Donnadieu, Yannick, and Pierrehumbert, Raymond T.
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SNOWBALL Earth (Geology) , *GLACIOLOGY , *SOLAR radiation , *GREENHOUSE effect , *ATMOSPHERIC models - Abstract
Abstract: Among the issues raised by the globally ice-covered Earth, or a so-called ‘hard’ snowball–Earth scenario, one of the most important is to establish the CO2 threshold required for the deglaciation. This problem has been addressed using the Energy-Balance Model (or EBM), which showed that for Neoproterozoic insolation, 0.29 bar of CO2 would be needed to trigger deglaciation. New results, obtained with the Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) FOAM (for Fast Oceanic Atmospheric Model), have demonstrated that, even with an atmospheric content of 0.2bar, the equatorial temperature remained far below the level required for the deglaciation. Those results show that the cause of deglaciation is unresolved and the discussion about a plausible escape scenario remains open. For this reason, to test and to determine the sensitivity and efficiency of the greenhouse effect during a ‘hard’ snowball–Earth, we compare the FOAM results with those of LMDz (AGCM of the ‘Laboratoire de météorologie dynamique’). The preliminary results show that LMDz is much more sensitive to a CO2 increase than FOAM. This article shows that among processes that could explain this difference, the key factor is the cloud parameterization and its interaction with the convective scheme. These simulations suggest that the CO2 threshold is dependent on the GCM parameterization used, and could be lower than the one suggested by FOAM. Moreover, to investigate other plausible mechanisms able to melt the equatorial ice, we have tested the CH4 impact with a simple 0D model, INCA-ZD. Results show that the balance between the residence times of CH4 in a ‘hard’ snowball–Earth scenario is largely overcome by the extinction of the organic source, which means that CO2 remains the only greenhouse gas warming the snowball Earth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Distribution of emissions allowances as an opportunity.
- Author
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Decanio, Stephen J.
- Subjects
- *
ENVIRONMENTAL policy , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation laws , *AIR pollution laws , *POLLUTION prevention , *EMISSION control , *ENVIRONMENTAL law , *ECONOMIC indicators , *MACROECONOMICS , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Much of the debate on climate policy in the USA focuses on the gain or loss to the macroeconomy of alternative policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the economy is made up of multiple individuals, not a single representative agent. This article reports the results of alternative ways of distributing emissions allocations across citizens. Macroeconomic effects interact with the policy for distribution, but the distributional weights are more important for the welfare of individual agents than the economy-wide effects of the emissions reductions. Egalitarian distributions of the emissions allowances have the potential to increase the welfare of most people, even if significant emissions reductions are mandated. Focusing on the distribution of emissions allowances (or the revenues generated from an emissions tax) rather than on aggregate GDP may provide guidance in identifying and implementing politically viable solutions to the climate change mitigation problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Les représentations profanes de l'effet de serre.
- Author
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Peretti-Watel, Patrick and Hammer, Bétrice
- Subjects
- *
GREENHOUSE effect , *EMISSION standards , *OZONE , *ENVIRONMENTAL policy , *POLICY sciences - Abstract
Using the data from the French Environment Barometer EDF-R&D 2004 (national representative sample of French citizens aged over 15) and surveys by ADEME between 2000 and 2005, the paper investigates lay perceptions of the causes and consequences of the greenhouse effect, which may be considered as archetypal of contemporary environmental risks. Beyond lay lack of knowledge, the greenhouse effect gives rise to coherent and meaningful cognitions, including causal explanations, shaped by the pre-existing cognitive framework. This cognitive work, based on analogic rather than scientific thought, strings together the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, air pollution and even nuclear power. The cognitive process is also fed by the individuals' general conceptions of Nature and of the rights and duties of humankind towards Nature. People are not greatly worried about the unseen and controversial consequences of the greenhouse effect: such worry could be one of those "elite fears" mentioned by Beck. Finally, while the efficiency of public policies to counter the greenhouse effect requires extensive societal involvement, low confidence towards both political and scientific authorities may prevent the population from becoming aware of the environmental stakes tied to the greenhouse effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Climat et atmosphère au Quaternaire : de nouveaux carottages glaciaires
- Author
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Jouzel, Jean, Lorius, Claude, and Raynaud, Dominique
- Subjects
- *
CLIMATOLOGY , *GREENHOUSE gases , *ACCLIMATIZATION , *CLIMATE change - Abstract
Abstract: Quaternary climate and atmospheric composition: new ice cores. Over the last 20 years, studies of Antarctic and Greenland ice cores have provided a wealth of information directly relevant to the past and to the future evolution of our climate with, as more important, the discovery of a link between greenhouse gases and climate in the past and the characterization of rapid climate changes. These results are based on the analysis of deep ice cores such as the one drilled at the Vostok site, which allows us to describe the evolution of Antarctic climate and of atmospheric composition over 420 ka (thousands of years), and GRIP and GISP2 (Greenland), which precisely depict the rhythm of rapid changes during the last 100 ka. Information available from ice cores has considerably increased in 2004 thanks to the EPICA Dome C ice core in Antarctica and to the North GRIP one, in Greenland. We present these two successful international programs and describe the first results they have provided, with the EPICA Dome C core covering eight climatic cycles (800 ka) and the North GRIP one allowing us to reach, for the first time from a northern-hemisphere ice core, the Eemian, the warmest past of the last interglacial around 120 ka ago. To cite this article: J. Jouzel, C. R. Palevol 5 (2006) . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Greenhouse effect and ice ages: historical perspective
- Author
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Bard, Edouard
- Subjects
- *
GREENHOUSE effect , *GLACIAL climates , *PLEISTOCENE stratigraphic geology , *EARTH sciences - Abstract
This article provides a brief historical perspective on the first scientific research on the greenhouse effect and glaciations. While these two aspects of our climate can be investigated separately, naturalists, physicists and chemists during the 19th century were interested jointly in both issues, as well as the possible relationship between them. The contributions of famous pioneers are mentioned, ranging from scholars with encyclopaedic knowledge such as Horace–Bénédict de Saussure, to modern scientists like Svante Arrhenius, who was first to predict global warming as a consequence of using fossil fuels. Despite fragmentary observations, these pioneers had prophetic insights. Indeed, the main fundamental concepts used nowadays have been developed during the 19th century. However, we must wait until the second half of the 20th century to see a true revolution of investigative techniques in the Earth Sciences, enabling full access to previously unknown components of the climate system, such as deep oceans and the interior of the polar ice caps. To cite this article: E. Bard, C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. The rise of trees and their effects on Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 and O2
- Author
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Berner, Robert A.
- Subjects
- *
TREES , *WEATHERING , *SILICATE minerals , *CARBON dioxide , *CARBONIFEROUS stratigraphic geology - Abstract
The rise of large vascular plants during the mid-Paleozoic brought about a major increase in the rates of weathering of silicate minerals that induced a drop in the level of atmospheric CO2 and contributed, via the atmospheric greenhouse effect, to global cooling and the initiation of the most long lived and a really extensive glaciation of the past 550 million years. Sedimentary burial of the microbiologically resistant remains of the plants resulted during the Permo-Carboniferous in both further lowering of CO2 and in elevation of atmospheric O2. Evidence of changes in CO2 and O2 are provided by mathematical models, studies of paleosols, fossil plants, fossil insects, and the effects of modern plants on silicate weathering, and by laboratory studies of the effects of changes in O2 on plants and insects. To cite this article: R.A. Berner, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. The role of CO2 capture and sequestration in mitigation of climate change
- Author
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Jean-Baptiste, Philippe and Ducroux, René
- Subjects
- *
GREENHOUSE gases , *SEQUESTRATION (Chemistry) , *GLOBAL warming , *CLIMATE change , *CARBON dioxide - Abstract
Increasing atmospheric level of greenhouse gases are causing global warming and putting at risk the global climate system. The main anthropogenic greenhouse gas is CO2. Technical solutions exist to reduce CO2 emission and stabilise atmospheric CO2 concentration, including energy saving and energy efficiency, switch to lower carbon content fuels like natural gas and to energy sources that operate with zero CO2 emissions such as renewable or nuclear energy, enhance the natural sinks for CO2 (forests, soils, etc.), and last but not least, sequester CO2 from fossil fuels combustion. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the technology and cost for capture and storage of CO2. Some of the factors that will influence application, including environmental impact, cost and efficiency, are also discussed. Capturing CO2 and storing it in underground geological reservoirs appears as the best environmentally acceptable option. It can be done with existing technology; however, substantial R&D is needed to improve available technology and to lower the cost. Applicable to large CO2 emitting industrial facilities such as power plants, cement factories, steel industry, etc., which amount to more than 30% of the global anthropogenic CO2 emission, it represents a valuable tool in the battle against global warming. To cite this article: P. Jean-Baptiste, R. Ducroux, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Contribution of terrestrial ecosystems to carbon sequestration
- Author
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Robert, Michel and Saugier, Bernard
- Subjects
- *
BIOTIC communities , *FORESTS & forestry , *GRASSLANDS , *CARBON sequestration , *GEOPHYSICS - Abstract
This article focuses on the contribution of natural ecosystems (forests, grasslands) and agrosystems to carbon sequestration either in biomass or in soil. Carbon stocks are important (650 Gt in biomass, 1500 to 2000 Gt in soils as compared with 750 for atmospheric CO2), and also fluxes that led to CO2 emissions in the past (due to deforestation or cultivation) and which now turn to carbon sequestration (2 GtC/year). This article shows great spatial variations in stocks and fluxes and great measurement difficulties, especially for stock variations. Anthropic actions such as reforestation (mainly in the North), changes in land use or in crop management, can increase carbon sequestration in biomass or soil, with a residence time of several decades, which is not insignificant with respect to the Kyoto protocol and which also has other environmental benefits. To cite this article: M. Robert, B. Saugier, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Primary energy sources and greenhouse effect
- Author
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Tissot, Bernard
- Subjects
- *
FOSSIL fuels , *CLIMATE change , *CLIMATOLOGY , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *ELECTRICITY - Abstract
In the frame of the diminution of fossil energy and climate change, the two most difficult demands to satisfy are providing electricity to megalopolises and fuels for transportation. Renewable energies have to be promoted but will not be able to replace fossil fuels in their current uses before several decades. According to the previsions for this century, carefulness is necessary to preserve the future of humanity and the environment. To cite this article: B. Tissot, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Change and vulnerability of coastal marine communities
- Author
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Laubier, Lucien
- Subjects
- *
GREENHOUSE effect , *MARINE ecology , *SOLAR radiation , *GEOPHYSICS , *CARBON dioxide - Abstract
The anthropogenic increase of greenhouse effect has three main consequences in the coastal marine environment: enlargement of sea surface, increase of sea water carbon dioxide content, lastly increase of seawater temperature. The marine communities are principally sensitive to temperature increase. Mobile organisms change their place, while attached organisms suffer more or less acute mortality events. Present ecophysiological knowledge is not sufficient to anticipate these events. Systematic monitoring of marine communities becomes a necessity, parallel to the monitoring of physicochemical parameters and their palaeoclimatic history. To cite this article: L. Laubier, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Nuclear energy: obstacles and promises
- Author
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Bacher, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
NUCLEAR energy , *NUCLEAR physics , *POWER resources , *GREENHOUSE gases , *GEOPHYSICS - Abstract
Nuclear energy has distinctive merits (sustainable resources, low costs, no greenhouse gases) but its development must overcome serious hurdles (fear of accidents, radiophobia, waste management). The large unit size of present-day reactors is compatible only with large electrical grids, and involves a high capital cost. Taking into account these different factors, the paper outlines how nuclear energy may contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases, and which are the most promising developments. To cite this article: P. Bacher, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Greenhouse effect: gaps of knowledge and perception
- Author
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Lorius, Claude
- Subjects
- *
GREENHOUSE gases , *ENVIRONMENTAL sciences , *GREENHOUSE effect , *EARTH sciences , *PHYSICAL sciences - Abstract
The anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases should result in a marked warming of the Planet. Although quantitatively uncertain, this message is well apprehended by the society. Development of more investigations upon future climate and sources of energy should help to limit the extensiveness of this risk. To cite this article: C. Lorius, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. On the credibility of the consequences of greenhouse warming
- Author
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André, Jean-Claude
- Subjects
- *
GREENHOUSE effect , *CLIMATE change , *CLIMATOLOGY , *BIOLOGY , *BIOCLIMATOLOGY - Abstract
The credibility of the communication concerning scenarios for future climate change is dependent, on the one hand, upon the scientific quality of the message, concerning particularly the various uncertainties that affect the predictions and the impacts, and, on the other hand, upon the ability of the intended receiver to understand it and to take it into account, with necessary adaptation if intended for either scientists, or politicians, or the society at large. To cite this article: J.-C. Andre´, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. SIMULATION D'UN MARCHÉ DE CERTIFICATS VERTS POUR LA PROMOTION DE L'ÉNERGIE ÉOLIENNE EN BELGIQUE.
- Author
-
Kunsch, Pierre L., Álvarez-Nóvoa Barrio, Rafael, and Springael, Johan
- Subjects
RENEWABLE natural resources ,ELECTRIC power production ,ELECTRIC power systems ,ELECTRIFICATION ,ELECTRIC industries ,SIMULATION methods & models ,GREENHOUSE gases ,WIND power ,FOSSIL fuels - Abstract
Renewable sources used for the generation of electricity have today quite high production costs in Europe. The liberalisation of the electricity market makes their advancement still more difficult, as it is expected to exert pressures towards lower prices. There are however strong arguments supporting renewable electricity. First, it is highly recommended to preserve the non-renewable fossil natural resources. Second, the use of renewable resources reduces the emissions of CO[sub 2] considered as being the most important greenhouse gas. In Belgium the most promising renewable production source for electricity is wind energy. Suitable policies shall amplify a virtuous cycle rendering this type of production competitive with fossil sources on a short-time basis. The present paper presents a simulation with system dynamics of a supporting policy based on the creation of a green-certificate market. The objective of the study is to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, and to provide to regulators a decision tool for properly designing the main policy parameters as necessary conditions for its success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Can the role of sedimentation in the greenhouse effect at the time scale of orbital cycles be evaluated?
- Author
-
Bertrand, Philippe
- Subjects
- *
CARBON dioxide , *WEATHERING - Abstract
The evolution of the atmospheric CO2 content is partly a response to the lack of balance between oceanic sedimentation and continental weathering, because the oceanic C reservoir tends to balance net inputs or losses from slow processes by rapid exchanges with the atmospheric reservoir. This response strongly depends on both amplitudes and time scales of the related processes. At Milankovitch or lower time scales, global models generally do neglect organic matter fossilisation, but such an assumption is only valid for oligotrophic systems. In eutrophic or mesotrophic systems, organic matter is not negligible and should be considered relatively to the carbonate sedimentation in order to know whether the impact of the sedimentation was a source or a sink for atmospheric CO2. To cite this article: P. Bertrand, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 521–528. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Management of road speed sectioning to lower vehicle energy consumption
- Author
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Alex Coiret, Pierre Olivier Vandanjon, Emir Deljanin, miguel ortiz, Tristan Lorino, Structure et Instrumentation Intégrée (IFSTTAR/COSYS/SII), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), and Cadic, Ifsttar
- Subjects
VEHICLE CONSUMPTION ,[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics] ,VITESSE ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,ENERGIE ,CONSOMMATION ENERGETIQUE ,SYSTEME DYNAMIQUE ,ROAD ,ECONOMIE D&apos ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,CONSOMMATION DE CARBURANT ,SPEED MANAGEMENT ,ECO CONCEPTION ,CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE ,ROUTE ,ECO CONDUITE ,EFFET DE SERRE - Abstract
TIS Roma 2019, AIIT 2nd International Congress on Transport Infrastructure and Systems in a changing world, ROME, ITALIE, 23-/09/2019 - 24/09/2019; Efforts to limit climate change should concern the transportation sector which is responsible for roughly a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions. Aside from vehicle's technical progress and driver eco-driving awareness, road infrastructure has a role to play in this environmental aim. At the project stage, the design of roads can avoid energy losses linked to marked ramps, but afterwards, during the use phase, road management can be a lever too. In this use phase framework, our paper is focused on energy saving that can be achieved by managing speed sectioning. The key point is to ensure consistency between vehicle dynamics, road longitudinal profile and speed policy. Indeed, eco-driving could be impeded if a limiting speed sign is encountered on a steep slope or in a sharp turn. In such a situation the speed sign will be qualified as misplaced. Mechanical braking has then to be used instead of simple natural deceleration. In 2018 the French government lowered authorized speed on secondary roads, from 90 to 80 km/h, with road safety as the primary motivation. In order to assess energy impact of speed-sectioning for these two speed limits, experiments have been carried out in four experimental sites. Furthermore criterion and dissipated energy computation have been developed. The developed energy computation yields to determine the expected fuel economy for the entire traffic over a day on a selected route or network. As a result, over consumption for a misplaced speed sign can reach up to 40 liters of fuel per day with an approaching speed of 80 km/h and 50 liters of fuel per day with an approaching speed of 90 km/h according to traffic data. Significant energy savings could therefore be achieved by sign placement optimization.
- Published
- 2019
36. Storing 4 per 1000 carbon in soils: what potential and at what cost?: summary of the study
- Author
-
Bamière, Laure, Schiavo, Michele, Rechauchère, Olivier, Pellerin, Sylvain, Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Délégation à l'Expertise scientifique collective, à la Prospective et aux Etudes (UAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie, INRA, Commanditaire : Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (France), and Commanditaire : ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (France)
- Subjects
Carbone ,effet de serre ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Sols agricoles ,France ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance - Abstract
L’initiative "4 ‰ sur les sols pour la sécurité alimentaire et le climat", lancée par la France à l’occasion de la Conférence de Paris sur le climat (COP-21), propose d’augmenter chaque année d’un quatre millième le stock de carbone présent dans tous les sols du monde. Ce chiffre résulte d’un calcul initial simple, considérant que l’ensemble des émissions annuelles de CO2 dues aux activités humaines représente actuellement, au niveau mondial, l’équivalent d’un quatre millième du stock de carbone (C) des sols de la planète (environ 2 400 gigatonnes de C). Un stockage annuel de 4 pour 1000 (4‰) sur toute la profondeur du sol compenserait alors l’ensemble de ces émissions. Cet objectif initial a été corrigé ultérieurement en considérant une cible de stockage annuel de 4‰ sur le seul horizon de surface (0-30 cm) des sols mondiaux.A la demande de l’ADEME et du Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, l’INRA a conduit une étude, centrée sur la France métropolitaine, visant à estimer le potentiel de stockage de carbone des sols agricoles et forestiers, en identifiant les pratiques qui permettraient d’accroître leur teneur en carbone organique et in fine à évaluer la contribution potentielle de ce levier à l’objectif de réduction des émissions nettes de gaz à effet de serre.
- Published
- 2019
37. Stocker du carbone dans les sols français, quel potentiel au regard de l’objectif 4 pour 1000 et à quel coût ?: Résumé de l'étude
- Author
-
Bamière, Laure, Schiavo, Michele, Rechauchère, Olivier, Pellerin, Sylvain, Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Délégation à l'Expertise scientifique collective, à la Prospective et aux Etudes (UAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie, INRA, Commanditaire : Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (France), and Commanditaire : ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (France)
- Subjects
Carbone ,effet de serre ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Sols agricoles ,France ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance - Abstract
L’initiative "4 ‰ sur les sols pour la sécurité alimentaire et le climat", lancée par la France à l’occasion de la Conférence de Paris sur le climat (COP-21), propose d’augmenter chaque année d’un quatre millième le stock de carbone présent dans tous les sols du monde. Ce chiffre résulte d’un calcul initial simple, considérant que l’ensemble des émissions annuelles de CO2 dues aux activités humaines représente actuellement, au niveau mondial, l’équivalent d’un quatre millième du stock de carbone (C) des sols de la planète (environ 2 400 gigatonnes de C). Un stockage annuel de 4 pour 1000 (4‰) sur toute la profondeur du sol compenserait alors l’ensemble de ces émissions. Cet objectif initial a été corrigé ultérieurement en considérant une cible de stockage annuel de 4‰ sur le seul horizon de surface (0-30 cm) des sols mondiaux.A la demande de l’ADEME et du Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, l’INRA a conduit une étude, centrée sur la France métropolitaine, visant à estimer le potentiel de stockage de carbone des sols agricoles et forestiers, en identifiant les pratiques qui permettraient d’accroître leur teneur en carbone organique et in fine à évaluer la contribution potentielle de ce levier à l’objectif de réduction des émissions nettes de gaz à effet de serre.
- Published
- 2019
38. [Climate emergency and sustainable health: What role for an internist?]
- Author
-
Nicolas S, Jouet E, and Lioger B
- Subjects
- Humans, Internal Medicine, Physicians
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Energies renouvelables et développment durable au Maroc
- Abstract
Factors such as global warming and persistent oil prices volatility as well as rising global demand have favored the emergence of renewable energy resources as an alternative to other conventional sources. In this unstable global context, Morocco has opted for good energy governance in order to meet its growing needs in an unstable global environment. Namely: to combine its economic and social development with the protection of the environment. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the changes made since the installation of renewable energies. And their impact on the socio-economic development of the beneficiary region and on the preservation of the environment. It is a question of evaluating the contribution of the strategies of development of these energies to the sustainable development of the country, Le réchauffement climatique, la volatilité persistante des cours du pétrole et l’augmentation de la demande mondiale sont autant de facteurs qui ont favorisé l’émergence des énergies renouvelables comme alternative aux sources classiques. Dans ce contexte, afin de faire face à ses besoins croissants dans un environnement mondial instable, le Maroc a opté pour la bonne gouvernance en matière énergétique ; à savoir : allier son développement économique et social à la protection de l’environnement. Ainsi, l’objet de ce papier est de mettre en exergue les changements opérés depuis l’installation des énergies renouvelables et leur impact sur le développement de la région bénéficiaire tant sur le plan socioéconomique qu’au niveau de la préservation de l’environnement. Il s’agit d’évaluer la contribution des stratégies de développement desdites énergies au développement durable du pays
- Published
- 2018
40. Energies renouvelables et développment durable au Maroc
- Abstract
Factors such as global warming and persistent oil prices volatility as well as rising global demand have favored the emergence of renewable energy resources as an alternative to other conventional sources. In this unstable global context, Morocco has opted for good energy governance in order to meet its growing needs in an unstable global environment. Namely: to combine its economic and social development with the protection of the environment. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the changes made since the installation of renewable energies. And their impact on the socio-economic development of the beneficiary region and on the preservation of the environment. It is a question of evaluating the contribution of the strategies of development of these energies to the sustainable development of the country, Le réchauffement climatique, la volatilité persistante des cours du pétrole et l’augmentation de la demande mondiale sont autant de facteurs qui ont favorisé l’émergence des énergies renouvelables comme alternative aux sources classiques. Dans ce contexte, afin de faire face à ses besoins croissants dans un environnement mondial instable, le Maroc a opté pour la bonne gouvernance en matière énergétique ; à savoir : allier son développement économique et social à la protection de l’environnement. Ainsi, l’objet de ce papier est de mettre en exergue les changements opérés depuis l’installation des énergies renouvelables et leur impact sur le développement de la région bénéficiaire tant sur le plan socioéconomique qu’au niveau de la préservation de l’environnement. Il s’agit d’évaluer la contribution des stratégies de développement desdites énergies au développement durable du pays
- Published
- 2018
41. État des lieux du développement et du potentiel de développement des cultures sous serre en toitures urbaines dans les pays du Nord-Ouest européen dans le cadre du projet GROOF : focus sur la dynamique actorielle et agentive en France
- Author
-
Thévenin le Gac, Juliette, École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nantes (ENSA Nantes), Centre de recherche nantais Architectures Urbanités (CRENAU), Ambiances, Architectures, Urbanités (AAU ), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nantes (ENSA Nantes)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nantes (ENSA Nantes)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Maeva Sabre, Jean-Paul Bouchet, European Project: GROOF, and École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nantes (ENSA Nantes)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nantes (ENSA Nantes)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)
- Subjects
Rooftop farming ,Microclimatologie urbaine ,Toiture végétalisée ,[SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management ,Agriculture urbaine ,Performance énergétique ,Développement durable ,Empreinte écologique ,Effet de serre ,Densification ,Serres ,Denseness ,Économie d'énergie - Abstract
Cities are going to welcome in the next years more than 68% of the world population. Public institutions began an urban statutory context which imposes objectives on energy performance, but also functional and social mixing, reversibility of spaces and ecological continuum. A dynamics is then set up, developing the approach of operational actors who have to complete their skill to bring urban and environmental sustainable answers. Through the European “GROOF” research project of implementation of productive greenhouse on rooftop of building, this thesis of Master's degree aims at studying the agentivity of the actors involved in this type of innovative project, vectors and process leading to its realization and its socioeconomic integration. Having defined the mixed object "greenhouse on roof ", its functioning then its location, classification of the actors by sector has been realized; then, three spheres of research allowed to pose the dynamic criteria of analysis: the European project, the normative context and the reality context (interviews). If the downward dynamics countered obvious by the application of the texts of laws, the ascending dynamics is more confused.; Les villes vont accueillir dans les prochaines années plus de 68% de la population mondiale. Les institutions publiques ont amorcé un contexte règlementaire urbain qui impose des objectifs de performance énergétique, mais aussi de mixité fonctionnelle et sociale, de réversibilité des espaces et de continuum écologique. Une dynamique se met alors en place, faisant évoluer les acteurs opérationnels qui doivent compléter leur compétence afin d’apporter des réponses urbaines et environnementales durables. En prenant appui sur le projet de recherche européen « GROOF » de mise en oeuvre de serre productive en toiture d’immeuble, cette thèse de Master vise à étudier l’agentivité des acteurs impliqués dans ce type de projet innovant, les vecteurs et le processus conduisant à sa réalisation et son intégration socio-économique. Après avoir défini l’objet mixte « serre en toiture », son fonctionnement puis son insertion, une identification des acteurs par secteur a été réalisée. Puis, trois sphères de recherche ont permis de poser les critères d’analyse dynamiques : le contexte du projet européen, le contexte normatif et le contexte terrain (interviews). Si la dynamique descendante parait évidente par l’application des textes de lois, la dynamique ascendante est plus confuse.
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- 2018
42. The physics of the greenhouse effect
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Goyette, Stéphane
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ddc:333.7-333.9 ,Effet de serre - Abstract
Global warming is arguably one of the most pressing sci-entific issues of the last decades since it impinges directly on societal, economic, and environmental aspects of the world we live in. The fundamentals of the science under-lying the forecasting of climate, and anthropogenic climate change, have been published and debated long before making headlines. In fact, the foundation of our understand-ing about the so-called “greenhouse effect” in relation to the earth's surface temperature is almost two centuries old. The greenhouse effect refers to the radiative process by which a planet's atmosphere warms the surface to a tempera-ture above what it would be without it. The sensitivity of the earth's climate system to changes in atmospheric carbon di-oxide (CO2) was estimated at the end of the nineteenth cen-tury with an earlier allusion to a greenhouse effect credited to the French physicist Fourier. The rise of the atmospheric CO2 concentration was discovered about fifty years ago and the compelling evidence of anthropogenic climate change to global warming stated in the IPCC (2014) report.The purpose of this short communication is to briefly over-view some of the fundamentals behind the natural and an-thropogenic greenhouse effect. Some values to quantify the magnitude of the natural and anthropogenic forcings using a simple but physically-based climate model are provided, and conclude with a short acknowledgement of the contri-butions of the first scientists whose pioneering and seminal works aspired to develop comprehensive numerical models to understand and forecast global warming and its conse-quences.
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- 2018
43. Effet de serre, Techniques, usages et imprévisibilité : Évaluation de l’ilot Achard-Blanqui-Estrangers à Bordeaux et retour sur une opération des années 1980 à St Etienne
- Author
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Flamand, Amélie, Laporte, Rémi, UMR Ressources (UMR Ressources), École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Clermont-Ferrand (ENSACF)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), UMR Ressources, ENSACF, and PUCA
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expérimentation architecturale ,effet de serre ,[SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management ,réception ,qualité d’usage ,bâtiments ,bioclimatisme ,immeuble ,conception architecturale ,imprévisibilité ,logement collectif ,recherche ,usages ,techniques ,promotion immobilière - Abstract
Cette recherche, réponse à l’appel à proposition « Évaluation des immeubles à ‘cour couverte’ » lancée par le PUCA en 2016, s’attache à évaluer le bâtiment “D” de l’îlot Achard-Blanqui-Estrangers à Bordeaux conçu par l’agence ANMA, livré en 2015, aussi appelé Origin Nativ. Opération que nous mettons en résonance avec une opération livrée en 1984 par Christian Devillers et l’AUA à Saint-Étienne.Celui des logiques de conception qui irriguent l’expérimentation. Quelles sont les “compensations” offertes par l’architecte pour avoir le droit de déroger à une réglementation ? Quelles sont les incidences du processus d’expérimentation sur la conception du projet ? Les expérimentations plus anciennes (phalanstère au XIXe ; opérations des années 1970-1980) sont-elles mobilisées comme référence ? Création et stratification des savoirs sont-ils compatibles ?Celui des enjeux et des conditions de l’expérimentation dans le logement collectif. Les opérations antérieures relevaient du logement social. Aujourd’hui, l’opération choisie à Bordeaux relève de la promotion privée : est-ce un élément prépondérant dans la réception, la représentation, les pratiques et usages de cette architecture par ses habitants ? La complexité des opérations de logements et la multiplicité des interférences laissent-elles plus de marge / de jeu à l’imprévu, à l’inattendu, et cela des intentions d’origine jusqu’au temps de l’évaluation ? Les qualités d’habiter et le “climat” peuvent-ils être appréhendés à travers la seule réflexion sur l’innovation technique ?Cette évaluation qualitative porte un regard à la fois trans-scalaire et diachronique sur l’opération étudiée et sur ses différents contextes. Ceci implique de multiplier les modes d’enquête de terrain (analyse architecturale, analyse documentaire, entretiens et observations, relevés habités, photos, parcours commentés) et de croiser des compétences d’enseignants-chercheurs de différentes disciplines : sociologues, architectes (champs TPCAU et STA). Le protocole proposé tient ainsi compte des acteurs et de leurs pratiques des espaces habités, des formes spatiales et des modes de représentation mais aussi des ambiances et du confort.Cette recherche est menée en partenariat et en collaboration avec une équipe de l’ENSA-Paris Belleville/IPRAUS, qui travaille pour sa part sur une opération dans la périphérie de Rennes, à Chantepie, conçue par l’agence Hauvette et associés / Atelier Champenois.
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- 2018
44. Le climat à découvert
- Author
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Ablain, Michaël, Allard, Patrick, Anquetin, Sandrine, Balkanski, Yves, Bard, Édouard, Bekki, Slimane, Berthier, Étienne, Blamart, Dominique, Blard, Pierre-Henri, Blay, Michel, Blayo, Éric, Bony, Sandrine, Bopp, Laurent, Braconnot, Pascale, Brenguier, Jean-Louis, Bustarret, Étienne, Cadule, Patricia, Cassou, Christophe, Cazenave, Anny, Céron, Jean-Pierre, Chappellaz, Jérôme, Chauvaud, Laurent, Ciais, Philippe, Codron, Francis, Corrège, Thierry, Cortijo, Elsa, Cottet, Georges-Henri, Criqui, Patrick, Dandin, Philippe, Daux, Valérie, Davin, Édouard, Decharme, Bertrand, Delcroix, Thierry, Delecluse, Pascale, Delire, Christine, Déqué, Michel, de Marsily, Ghislain, de Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie, Donnadieu, Yannick, Douville, Hervé, Dubuisson, Philippe, Dudok de Wit, Thierry, Dufresne, Jean-Louis, Durand, Gaël, Féral, Jean-Pierre, Fluteau, Frédéric, France-Lanord, Christian, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Friess, Benjamin, Fuchs, Alain, Gaillardet, Jérôme, Garnier, Emmanuel, Genty, Dominique, Gerbeau, Jean-Frédéric, Goddéris, Yves, Grousset, Francis, Guillemot, Hélène, Guilyardi, Éric, Guimberteau, Matthieu, Guiot, Joël, Hall, Nick, Hourcade, Jean-Charles, Hourdin, Frédéric, Jeandel, Catherine, Joussaume, Sylvie, Jouzel, Jean, Kageyama, Masa, Khodri, Myriam, Klein, Patrice, Krinner, Gerhard, Laj, Paolo, Landais, Amaelle, Laval, Katia, Legras, Bernard, Le Bohec, Céline, Le Hir, Guillaume, Le Maho, Yvon, Le Treut, Hervé, Lilensten, Jean, Llovel, William, Lott, François, Maisonnave, Éric, Marchesiello, Patrick, Mascart, Patrick, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Mémery, Laurent, Metzl, Nicolas, Meurdesoif, Yann, Mignot, Juliette, Mosseri, Rémy, Naveau, Philippe, Petit, Jean-Robert, Peyron, Odile, Picon, Laurence, Pironneau, Olivier, Planton, Serge, Polcher, Jan, Pucéat, Emmanuelle, Rabatel, Antoine, Ramonet, Michel, Ramstein, Gilles, Reverdin, Gilles, Ribes, Aurélien, Roche, Didier, Roullet, Guillaume, Roux, Frank, Salas y Mélia, David, Sicre, Marie-Alexandrine, Swingedouw, Didier, Talagrand, Olivier, Tanré, Didier, Tatoni, Thierry, Thouret, Valérie, Thuillier, Gérard, Valcke, Sophie, Verron, Jacques, Vincent, Christian, Viovy, Nicolas, von Ballmoos, Peter, Wagnon, Patrick, Yiou, Pascal, GEOMAR LEGOS, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
- Subjects
effet de serre ,climatologie ,History & Philosophy Of Science ,climat ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,SCI042000 ,météorologie ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Outils et méthodes en recherche climatique ,RBP ,0103 physical sciences ,[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment ,010306 general physics - Abstract
Qu'est ce que l'effet de serre ? Le rôle de l'homme sur le climat est-il détectable et comment ? Comment mesure-t-on la fonte de la banquise, le recul des glaciers de montagne ou bien encore l'élévation du niveau de la mer ? Comment les chercheurs font-ils pour modéliser un système aussi complexe que la planète terre ? Quelles données permettent de décrire et modéliser les climats passés ? Comment s'y prend-on pour prévoir l'évolution à venir du climat ? À l'écart de la polémique médiatique, Catherine Jeandel et Rémy Mosseri ont mobilisé plus d'une centaine de contributeurs qui livrent ici un panorama large des méthodes et outils mis en oeuvre pour étudier notre climat et son avenir. Ils montrent que, pour résoudre cette question extraordinairement complexe, une approche pluridisciplinaire est plus que jamais nécessaire, à la croisée de l'expérimentation, de l'observation, de la simulation et de la théorie. Un livre majeur.
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- 2017
45. Consideration of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in optimal pavement maintenance programming: a comparison between single- and multi-objective optimization approaches
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SANTOS, João Pedro, Ferreira, Adelino, FLINTSCH, Gerardo, Cerezo, Véronique, Environnement, Aménagement, Sécurité et Eco-conception (IFSTTAR/AME/EASE), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], and Cadic, Ifsttar
- Subjects
REHABILITATION ,MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION ,PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT ,LIFE CYCLE COSTS ,CHAUSSEE ,GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ,GAZ ,[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics] ,SINGLE-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION ,EMISSION ,EFFET DE SERRE - Abstract
WCPAM2017 - World Conference on Pavement and Asset Management, MILAN, ITALIE, 12-/06/2017 - 16/06/2017; The increasing awareness of the contribution of the pavement management activities to the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) requires highway agencies to incorporate environmental considerations into the framework of their Optimization-based Pavement Management Systems (PMS). Multi-objective optimization has been identified as an effective technique to consider the economic and environmental burdens associated with the pavement management problems from a multi-criteria perspective. However, the majority of the current PMS still relies on single-objective optimization (SOO) approaches. At the same time, there has been a growing trend to implement regulatory policies that incorporate a price on GHG emissions in an effort to reduce the dangers of climate change. This new paradigm allows the environmental goals to be considered along with the traditional economic objectives in a SOO analysis. In light of this fact, one aspect worthy of scrutiny is how the pavement maintenance decision-making context might be influenced by the solutions provided by these two distinct optimization approaches. This paper aims to explore this question by applying both optimization approaches to a case study consisting of determining the optimal maintenance and rehabilitation strategy for a one-way flexible pavement section of a typical Interstate highway in Virginia, USA. Multiple single- and tri-objective optimization analysis considering accordingly agency costs, road user costs and GHG emissions were conducted based on a genetic algorithm.
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- 2017
46. A multi-objective optimization-based pavement management decision-support system for enhancing pavement sustainability
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Gerardo W. Flintsch, João Santos, Adelino Ferreira, Environnement, Aménagement, Sécurité et Eco-conception (IFSTTAR/AME/EASE), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University [Blacksburg]
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Economic efficiency ,Decision support system ,Engineering ,PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT ,CHAUSSEE ,Operations research ,Strategy and Management ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,CYCLE DE VIE ,01 natural sciences ,Multi-objective optimization ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Transport engineering ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,EVALUATION ,11. Sustainability ,021105 building & construction ,Life cycle costs ,Life-cycle assessment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT ,GENETIC ALGORITHMS ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,COUT ,Pavement management ,Building and Construction ,MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION ,LIFE CYCLE COSTS ,GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ,GAZ ,13. Climate action ,Greenhouse gas ,Sustainability ,business ,EMISSION ,EFFET DE SERRE - Abstract
Current practice adopted by highway agencies with regards to pavement management, has mostly consisted of employing life cycle costs analysis (LCCA) systems to evaluate the overall long-term economic efficiency of competing pavement design and maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) activities alternatives. This way of supporting the decision-making process as it relates to pavement management, in which little or no importance is given to environmental considerations, suggests the need for pavement management decision-support systems (DSS), which, by integrating multi-disciplinary and complementary pavement life cycle modelling approaches, enable the decision makers (DMs) to properly account for, consider and assess the lifetime impacts of their decisions and practices regarding sustainability goals and targets. This only can be achieved by employing techniques and tools provided with a comprehensive and wide-scoped cradle-to-grave capacity of analysis. To address this multifaceted problem, this paper presents a comprehensive and modular multi-objective optimization (MOO)-based pavement management DSS which comprises three main components: (1) a MOO module; (2) a comprehensive and integrated pavement life cycle costs - life cycle assessment (LCC-LCA) module that covers the whole life cycle of the pavement; and (3) a decision-support module. The potential of the proposed DSS is illustrated with one case study consisting of determining the optimal M&R strategy for a one-way flexible pavement section of a typical Interstate highway in Virginia, USA, which yields the best trade-off between the following three often conflicting objectives: (1) minimization of the present value (PV) of the total life cycle highway agency costs (LCHAC); (2) minimization of the PV of the life cycle road user costs (LCRUC); and (3) minimization of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions (LCGHG). In comparison to the traditional maintenance strategy, the proposed DSS suggest a maintenance plan that reduces LCHAC by 15%, LCRUC by 28% and LCGHG by 26%.
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- 2017
47. Farm-scale greenhouse gas balances, hotspots and uncertainties in smallholder crop-livestock systems in Central Kenya
- Author
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Alain Albrecht, Philippe Vaast, Andreas de Neergaard, Myles Oelofse, Todd S. Rosenstock, and Daniel Ortiz-Gonzalo
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Crop residue ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture ,Biomass ,Carbon sequestration ,Coffee ,01 natural sciences ,Agricultural science ,Enteric fermentation ,C sequestration ,Ecology ,Agroforestry ,Sustainable intensification ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Whole-farm GHG balance ,Zero-grazing ,Gaz à effet de serre ,Manure management ,P40 - Météorologie et climatologie ,Exploitation agricole familiale ,Petite exploitation agricole ,Dairy ,Mesure ,Pastoralisme ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Changement climatique ,Intensification ,business.industry ,L01 - Élevage - Considérations générales ,Effet de serre ,Carbon footprint ,Manure ,Climate-smart ,Agriculture ,Greenhouse gas ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,Système agropastoral ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Climate-smart approaches have gained momentum in tropical, agricultural development. However, to date, few studies have examined whole-farm greenhouse gas (GHG) balances in smallholder crop-livestock systems. This study aimed to quantify GHG balances at farm-scale, identify GHG hotspots and assess mitigation options in coffee-dairy farms undergoing agricultural intensification in Central Kenya. In recent decades, decreasing farm size has forced the shift from extensive practices to zero-grazing systems and higher nitrogen (N) inputs. We hypothesised that different farm strategies and intensification levels determine the farm’s GHG balance. A farm typology was constructed through principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering from 125 farms surveyed. Four farm types were identified ranging relatively from small to large farms, low to high livestock intensities, and low to high N input rates. Whole-farm GHG balances were estimated using an adapted version of the Cool Farm Tool (CFT). Farms were found to be net sources of GHG, averaging from 4.5 t CO 2 eq ha −1 yr −1 in less intensive farms to 12.5 t CO 2 eq ha −1 yr −1 in high intensive farms. Within the farm GHG hotspots identified, methane (CH 4 ) from enteric fermentation processes accounted for 26–39% of total farm GHG emissions; nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and CH 4 from manure management systems (MMS) for 26–38%; soil background and fertilizer induced N 2 O emissions for 24–29%; off-farm production of feeds and agrochemicals for 10–22%; and crop residue management (CRM) for the remaining 1–3%. Within the mitigation practices assessed, zero-grazing stalls already lowered the livestock maintenance energy requirements, reducing enteric fermentation emissions. Stall-feeding, however, brings the necessity-opportunity to manage the manure and our results showed that MMS can be a determining factor in the GHG balance. Increasing the frequency of manure collection from stalls in favour of solid storage systems can reduce N 2 O emissions by up to 75%. Furthermore, dry manure storage reduced the CH 4 emissions of liquid slurry systems by more than 70%. Further benefits in terms of carbon (C) sequestration were identified along farm types from manure and crop residues applications in soils (with averages of −1.3 to −2.3 t CO 2 eq ha −1 yr −1 ) and biomass growth in agroforestry systems (−1.2 to −2 t CO 2 eq ha −1 yr −1 ). Together, soils and woody biomass offset 25–36% of farm emissions. We conclude that reduced farm size and increased livestock density lead to higher emissions per unit area, though this increase is smoothed by larger negative fluxes in soils (by higher C inputs) and woody biomass (by higher tree densities) until a steady state is reached. Average yield-scaled emissions, or product carbon footprints (CFs), resulted in 1.08 kg CO 2 eq kg coffee berry −1 , 0.64 kg CO 2 eq kg maize −1 and 1.05 kg CO 2 eq kg milk −1 on average. CFs did not always differ between farm types and intensification levels, meaning that increases in productivity were not higher than increases in GHG fluxes from intensification. This may be due to: 1) increases in productivity are the result of more processes other than N inputs; and/or 2) emissions from N inputs are overestimated by EFs and GHG calculators. Smallholders may benefit in the near future from climate initiatives and further field characterisation, models calibration and monitoring are required to overcome critical levels of uncertainty and provide more accurate estimations of GHG balances at farm-scale.
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- 2017
48. Characterization of the vertical distribution of greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 using balloon borne measurements. Use for the validation of satellite observations
- Author
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Membrive, Olivier, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, Cyril Crevoisier, Laurence Picon, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and STAR, ABES
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Greenhouse Gases ,Dioxyde de Carbone (CO2) ,Méthane (CH4) ,[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology ,Carbon dioxyde ,Ballons ,[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology ,Climate ,Climat ,Effet de serre ,AirCore - Abstract
Monitoring and understanding the evolution of the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases(carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)) are some of the major challenges in climate science. Over the past decades,the increased availability and diversity of observations (surface networks, aircraft campaigns, satellite observations)and the improvement of atmospheric transport models has allowed to increase our understanding of biogeochemicalcycles of CO2 and CH4. Nevertheless, precise vertical observations are still very rare. However, these become crucialto both properly characterize the vertical transport of the gases, as well as to fully evaluate total or partial columnsof gases retrieved from space observations.In this thesis, we present an innovative instrument called “AirCore” allowing to collect a continuous air samplealong an atmospheric column while descending from high altitude. The analysis of CO2 and CH4 mole fractions inthe collected sample combined with the measurements of an ambient parameters (Pressure, temperature...) allows toretrieve vertical profiles from the surface up to 30 km. Initially invented at NOAA, several new AirCores giving accessto various vertical resolutions have been developed at LMD and flown with success during the CNES Strato-Sciences2014, 2015, and 2016 balloon campaigns. Excellent agreement was found between profiles acquired with differentAirCores during the same flights demonstrating the repeatability of the measurements and allowing to validate thecalculation of the vertical resolution. Comparisons with measurements from independent laser diode spectrometersflown on the same gondola have confirmed that AirCore profiles capture the vertical variability of CO2 and CH4.The vertical profiles retrieved from AirCores have been allowed to validate the CH4 partial columns retrieved fromIASI/Metop at LMD and revealed that the information on the full atmospheric column is required. Comparisons havebeen performed with tropospheric profiles obtained during aircraft campaigns (HIPPO) as well as vertical profilesextracted from atmospheric transport models (LMDz,TM5) and forecast systems (CAMS). Results demonstrated theimportance of a good characterization of the stratosphere for satellite, Suivre et comprendre l'évolution des deux principaux gaz à effet de serre anthropogéniques (CO2 et CH4) sont des enjeux majeurs pour les sciences du climat. L'augmentation du nombre et de la diversité des observations (en surface, mesures aéroportées, satellitaires) ainsi que l'amélioration des modèles de chimie-transports atmosphériques ont contribué à développer notre compréhension des cycles biogéochimiques associés à ces gaz. Néanmoins, les observations précises le long de la verticale sont encore très limitées. Elles deviennent pourtant indispensables, d'une part, pour approfondir nos connaissances dans le transport de CO2et CH4, d'autre part, pour évaluer les colonnes totales ou partielles mesurées par satellites. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons un instrument innovant appelé "AirCore" permettant d'échantillonner l'air en continu le long d'une colonne atmosphérique lors d'une descente depuis haute altitude. Différents AirCores donnant accès à différentes résolutions verticales ont été développés au LMD et déployés avec succès lors des campagnes ballons Strato-Sciences 2014, 2015 et 2016 du CNES. Les profils verticaux de AirCores ont permis de valider les estimations de colonnes partielles de CH4 réalisées avec l'instrument IASI/Metop. Des comparaisons ont été menées avec des profils troposphériques obtenus lors de campagnes aéroportées (HIPPO), ou avec des profils issus de modèles de transports (LMDz, TM5) ou de prévisions (CAMS). Les résultats ont démontré l'importance d'une bonne caractérisation de la stratosphère pour les activités de calibration/validation des mesures satellites et, plus généralement, l'étude des gaz à effet de serre.
- Published
- 2016
49. Le coût de l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à la fertilisation des cultures
- Author
-
Dequiedt, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,effet de serre ,atténuation du changement climatique ,légumineuses ,fertilisation ,prix du carbone ,aversion pour le risque ,assurance à l’atténuation ,assurance ,atténuation ,aversion au risque ,légumineuse - Abstract
L’objectif de cette thèse est d’estimer le coût de mesures d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) liée à la fertilisation des cultures qui représente en Europe et en France respectivement 38% et 44% des émissions de GES de l’agriculture.[br/] L’étude du coût et du potentiel d’abattement est effectuée sur deux mesures clés dans l’atténuation des émissions à savoir la mise en place de plantes fixatrices d’azote (i.e. légumineuses) et la réduction de la fertilisation par hectare. Le potentiel d’atténuation des légumineuses est étudié en simulant leur augmentation dans les assolements agricoles français et dans un deuxième temps à l’échelle de rotations de cultures pouvant durer jusqu’à six ans dans cinq régions européennes. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que des réductions importantes d’émissions sont possibles, tout en augmentant le profit des agriculteurs. Le rôle de l’aversion pour le risque est aussi étudié concernant la réduction de la fertilisation des cultures par hectare. Nous montrons analytiquement les conditions conduisant à une sur-application d’engrais par hectare permettant aux agriculteurs averses au risque de minimiser le risque de perte de rendement. Les simulations numériques effectuées spécifiquement sur les agriculteurs averses au risque démontrent qu’une assurance d’atténuation des émissions peut potentiellement déclencher des réductions importantes d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre., In this thesis, we assess the mitigation cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) from fertilization which represents 38% and 44% of agricultural GHG emissions in Europe and in France. This assessment is conducted for two key measures in climate mitigation which are the implementation of legumes crops and the reduction of fertilization per hectare. The abatement potential of legume crops is computed by simulating their increase in French croplands and also by a switch of crop rotations on several years (up to 6 years) in five European regions. Results show that significant mitigation amounts can be obtained by increasing farms revenues. The role of risk aversion is studied through the reduction of fertilisation per hectare. We analytically shows the conditions leading to nitrogen over-applications on crops which allows farmers to minimize their risk of loss on crop yields. The simulations lead on risk averse farmers show that an insurance covering yield variability could be foreseen as an interesting tool to mitigate emissions.
- Published
- 2016
50. Methanogenic potential of forages consumed throughout the year by cattle in a Sahelian pastoral area
- Author
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Diego P. Morgavi, Bérénice Bois, Hanen Benhissi, Alexandre Ickowicz, Philippe Lecomte, Yakhya Elhadji Thior, Lucette Genestoux, Michel Doreau, Claire Leydet, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires [Dakar] (LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), UE, European Project: 266018,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2010-4,ANIMALCHANGE(2011), Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), and ProdInra, Migration
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Digestibilité ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Élevage ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,Ruminant ,Dry season ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,2. Zero hunger ,rumen ,fourrage ,biology ,Composition chimique ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,zone sahélienne ,Agricultural sciences ,[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,régime alimentaire ,[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences ,Gaz à effet de serre ,Zone semi-aride ,P02 - Pollution ,Zone tropicale ,Méthane ,greenhouse gases ,seasonal variations ,effet de serre ,Irrigation ,P40 - Météorologie et climatologie ,Spectroscopie infrarouge ,acide gras volatil ,Forage ,[INFO] Computer Science [cs] ,betail ,Pollution par l'agriculture ,Consommation alimentaire (animaux) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Rumen ,Zébu ,Dry matter ,[INFO]Computer Science [cs] ,Plante fourragère ,L02 - Alimentation animale ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Herbaceous plant ,biology.organism_classification ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Spectrophotométrie ,émission de méthane ,variation saisonnière ,030104 developmental biology ,Agronomy ,13. Climate action ,Fermentation ,Environmental management system ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Sciences agricoles ,Food Science - Abstract
Methane emission from ruminants is scarcely evaluated in African pastoral systems. Intake and proportions of the different plants composing the diet under such systems vary highly along wet and dry seasons, which may affect methane production. This study took place in a semi-arid Sahelian location of Senegal (27.8°C average temperature and 393 mm annual rainfall). In each of two different sites, three Gobra zebus were tracked throughout one year. A representative sample of their global diet was obtained one day per month by the simulated bites technique. Diet was mainly made of grasses, herbaceous legumes, tree and shrub foliage and pods, and “straw” defined as dried standing forage and plant residues. Methane production and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations were determined using an in vitro batch fermentation system. Neutral detergent fibre was measured by near infrared spectrophotometry. Methane production varied between 24.2 and 35.2 mL/g forage dry matter (DM) according to months, was minimal in August (rainy season) and maximal in February (dry season). The acetate:propionate ration varied as methane (3.2 and 4.8 in August and February, respectively); VFA production was minimal in March and maximal in October (64.3 and 81.2 mmol/L, respectively). Methane production was closely related to dietary NDF content (r=0.88) and acetate:propionate ratio (r=0.96). Variation between animals was partly explained by dietary NDF content, and was reduced when methane was expressed in mL/g NDF. For six successive periods (February to July) and for the same animal, plant categories constituting the diet were incubated separately. Reconstituting the production of methane and VFA in the diet based on the proportion of plant components gave similar values to those of the global diet (33.9 and 33.7 mL methane /g DM and 74.0 and 77.7 mmol VFA/L, respectively). This suggests the absence of interaction on rumen fermentation between plant categories. (Texte intégral)
- Published
- 2016
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