Search

Resumen: Presentamos una nueva edición de la Guía de Centros de Hemodiálisis. Se enmarca en el programa de actualización de las Guías Clínicas de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología. Es un documento de consenso en el que han colaborado nefrólogos con amplia experiencia en diálisis y expertos de la enfermería nefrológica. La Guía ha sido corregida por un grupo de evaluadores externos. Se ha informado y se ha tomado en consideración la opinión de los pacientes a través de la Asociación de Enfermos Renales (ALCER). Esta Guía incluye en sus diez capítulos aspectos arquitectónicos, logísticos y organizativos. Hace especial énfasis en las necesidades de recursos humanos y su cualificación. Revisa las modalidades actuales de hemodiálisis, su dosificación y adecuación y la monitorización y seguimiento intra e interdiálisis. La hemodiálisis es una de las formas de tratamiento renal sustitutivo, por lo que menciona la necesidad de la inclusión en lista de espera para trasplante y la relación con las unidades de diálisis peritoneal. La calidad de vida del paciente en hemodiálisis comprende la necesidad de relacionarse y viajar por lo que se revisa y estandariza la atención de los pacientes transeúntes. La gestión de calidad es una herramienta necesaria actualmente para lograr la mejora continua de cualquier procedimiento como la hemodiálisis. Esta Guía pretende ser una ayuda para el buen funcionamiento de las Unidades de Diálisis, para los responsables de las mismas, así como para los gestores sanitarios. Abstract: We present a new edition of the Hemodialysis Center Guide. It is part of the program of updating the Clinical Guides of the Spanish Society of Nephrology. It is a consensus document in which nephrologists with extensive experience in dialysis and experts in nephrological nursing have collaborated. The Guide has been corrected by a group of external evaluators. The opinion of the patients through the kidney diseases patient association (ALCER) has been reported and taken into consideration. This Guide includes in its ten chapters architectural, logistical and organizational aspects. It places special emphasis on human resources needs and their qualification. Review current hemodialysis modalities, dosage and adequacy, and intra and interdialysis monitoring. Hemodialysis is one of the forms of renal replacement therapy, so it mentions the need for transplant waiting list inclusion and the relationship with peritoneal dialysis units. The patient's quality of life on hemodialysis understands the need to relate and travel so care of transitory patients is reviewed and standardized. Quality management is a tool currently needed to achieve continuous improvement of any procedure such as hemodialysis. This Guide is intended to be an aid for the proper functioning of the Dialysis Units, for those responsible for them, as well as for health managers.

Resumen: La expansión de la pandemia por el coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2) ha ocasionado más de un millón de muertos en todo el planeta. Un año después de su irrupción, numerosos tratamientos se han postulado sin llegar a alcanzarse resultados clínicamente significativos, a excepción de los corticoides en pacientes con afectación moderada-severa de la enfermedad por coronavirus 19 (COVID-19). En este escenario, la prevención mediante vacunas ha centrado la atención de la comunidad científica. En el momento actual, disponemos de las primeras aprobaciones para el uso de vacunas basadas en ARN mensajero y las agencias locales e internacionales se disponen de manera inminente a su aprobación. Dado que la infección por COVID-19 es frecuente en los pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal y condiciona una elevada mortalidad, desde la Sociedad Española de Nefrología consideramos que los pacientes con enfermedad renal y los profesionales que los atienden deben considerarse prioritarios para recibir la vacuna por su elevado riesgo de contagio y morbimortalidad. Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide over the last year causing more than one million deaths. Several treatments have tried to modify the natural history of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but only corticosteroids have demonstrated to be effective in moderate or severe affectation. In that situation, the development of vaccines for preventing the SARS-CoV-2 infection has focused the attention of the scientific community. At present, available messenger RNA-based technology vaccines have received the approval of local and international sanitary authorities. In this position statement, the Spanish Society of Nephrology wants to state that patients with chronic kidney disease and healthcare workers are at high-risk for contagion and complications of COVID-19 so they must have priority in the vaccine administration.

Hyperkalemia, a common electrolyte disorder, is seen often in emergency departments. Patient outcomes are impacted by proper management, which requires consideration of both clinical and laboratory findings in relation to kidney function, hydration, the acid-base balance, and heart involvement. Delicate decisions about the timing of potassium level correction must be tailored in each case. For these reasons the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), the Spanish Society of Cardiology (SEC), and the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN) joined forces to come to a consensus on defining the problem and recommending treatments that improve hospital emergency department management of hyperkalemia. Intravenous calcium, insulin and glucose, and salbutamol continue to be used to treat acute hyperkalemia. Either loop or thiazide diuretics can help patients if volume is not depleted, and dialysis may be necessary if there is kidney failure. Ion-exchange resins are falling into disuse because of adverse effects and poor tolerance, whereas novel gastrointestinal cation-exchange resins are gaining ground and may even be of some use in managing acute cases. It is essential to adjust treatment rather than discontinue medications that, even if they favor the development of hyperkalemia, will improve a patient's long-term prognosis. Valid alternative treatment approaches must therefore be sought for each patient group, and close follow-up is imperative.La hiperpotasemia es un trastorno electrolítico frecuente en los servicios de urgencias y un manejo adecuado impacta en el pronóstico de los pacientes. Este requiere de la integración de datos clínicos y analíticos sobre el estado de la función renal, la hidratación, el equilibrio ácido-base y la afectación cardiaca. Además, es necesaria una precisa toma de decisiones sobre la corrección de la concentración de potasio en el tiempo indicado para cada caso. Por estos motivos la SEMES (Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias), la SEC (Sociedad Española de Cardiología) y la SEN (Sociedad Española de Nefrología) unen esfuerzos en consensuar definiciones y tratamientos que podrían mejorar el abordaje de estos pacientes en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios. El calcio intravenoso, la insulina con glucosa y el salbutamol siguen siendo los tratamientos que se emplean en la hiperpotasemia aguda. Los diuréticos de asa y tiazídicos también pueden ayudar en pacientes no depleccionados, y la hemodiálisis puede ser necesaria en hiperpotasemias graves en el contexto de insuficiencia renal. Los efectos secundarios y la baja tolerabilidad de las resinas de intercambio iónico están haciendo que caigan en desuso mientras que los nuevos intercambiadores catiónicos gastrointestinales van ganando su espacio e incluso podrían tener algún valor en el tratamiento agudo. Es fundamental el ajuste del tratamiento evitando retirar fármacos que, a pesar de favorecer la hiperpotasemia, mejoren el pronóstico a largo plazo, por lo que es imperativo buscar alternativas válidas para cada grupo de pacientes, asegurando después un estrecho seguimiento.

Resumen: Introducción: Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tiene alto riesgo de morbimortalidad cardiovascular. Las alteraciones estructurales cardiacas subclínicas tienen valor pronóstico en estos pacientes. El objetivo fue estudiar la calcificación valvular, su evolución y relación con diferentes factores de riesgo. Material y métodos: Se seleccionó aleatoriamente parte de la muestra del estudio NEFRONA analizando la calcificación valvular aórtica y mitral en ecocardiogramas de la visita basal y a los 24 meses. Resultados: Se estudiaron 397 pacientes con filtrado glomerular estimado (FGE) basal de 33 ml/min/1.73 m2 con disminución significativa hasta 30.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 Se produjo aumento del área de placa carotidea y femoral, así como aumento de los pacientes con calcificación valvular a los 24 meses. Se observó asociación positiva de la calcificación mitral a 24 meses con la edad, el índice tobillo brazo (ITB) y el producto calcio fósforo (CaxP) basal, sin asociación con el FGE. La calcificación aórtica a los 24 meses presentó asociación positiva con el área total de placa carotidea, el fósforo y la edad basal, sin relación con el FGE. Conclusiones: Se objetivó en pacientes con ERC, sin enfermedad cardiovascular conocida progresión de la calcificación valvular a dos años independientemente del FGE. Presentaron mayor calcificación valvular mitral aquellos de mayor edad, mayor ITB y producto CaxP. Presentaron mayor calcificación valvular aórtica aquellos de mayor edad, mayores niveles de fósforo y mayor área total de placa carotidea. La identificación de estos pacientes con mayor riesgo, podría ayudar a evitar eventos cardiovasculares futuros intensificando el seguimiento. Abstract: Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Subclinical cardiac structural alterations have prognostic value in these patients. The aim was to analyse the prevalence of valvular calcification, the evolution and the relationship with different risk factors. Material and methods: Part of the sample of the NEFRONA study was randomly selected. Aortic and mitral valve calcification were analysed in echocardiograms performed at the baseline visit and at 24 months. Results: We included 397 patients, the estimated basal glomerular filtrate (eGFR) was 33 ml/min with significant decrease to 30.9 ml/min. There was an increase in the area of carotid and femoral plaque, as well as an increase in patients with aortic and mitral calcification at 24 months. A positive association of mitral calcification at 24 months with age, ankle-brachial index (ABI) and calcium-phosphorus product (CaxP) at baseline visit was observed, without association with eGFR. Aortic calcification at 24 months was positively associated with age, phosphorous and total carotid plaque area at baseline, with no relationship to eGFR. Conclusions: A significant prevalence of valvular calcification was observed in patients with CKD without known cardiovascular disease.Two-year progression was observed independently of the eGFR. Patients with higher risk of mitral valve calcification were those with older age, higher ABI and CaxP product. Patients with a higher risk of aortic calcification were those with older age, higher phosphorous levels and larger area of carotid plaque. Identifying these higher risk patients would help to avoid future cardiovascular events intensifying follow-ups.

Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Subclinical cardiac structural alterations have prognostic value in these patients. The aim was to analyse the prevalence of valvular calcification, the evolution and the relationship with different risk factors. Material and methods: Part of the sample of the NEFRONA study was randomly selected. Aortic and mitral valve calcification were analysed in echocardiograms performed at the baseline visit and at 24 months. Results: We included 397 patients, the estimated basal glomerular filtrate (eGFR) was 33 ml/min with significant decrease to 30.9 ml/min. There was an increase in the area of carotid and femoral plaque, as well as an increase in patients with aortic and mitral calcification at 24 months. A positive association of mitral calcification at 24 months with age, ankle-brachial index (ABI) and calcium-phosphorus product (CaxP) at baseline visit was observed, without association with eGFR. Aortic calcification at 24 months was positively associated with age, phosphorous and total carotid plaque area at baseline, with no relationship to eGFR. Conclusions: A significant prevalence of valvular calcification was observed in patients with CKD without known cardiovascular disease.Two-year progression was observed independently of the eGFR. Patients with higher risk of mitral valve calcification were those with older age, higher ABI and CaxP product. Patients with a higher risk of aortic calcification were those with older age, higher phosphorous levels and larger area of carotid plaque. Identifying these higher risk patients would help to avoid future cardiovascular events intensifying follow-ups. Introducción: Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tiene alto riesgo de morbimortalidad cardiovascular. Las alteraciones estructurales cardiacas subclínicas tienen valor pronóstico en estos pacientes. El objetivo fue estudiar la calcificación valvular, su evolución y relación con diferentes factores de riesgo. Material y métodos: Se seleccionó aleatoriamente parte de la muestra del estudio NEFRONA analizando la calcificación valvular aórtica y mitral en ecocardiogramas de la visita basal y a los 24 meses. Resultados: Se estudiaron 397 pacientes con filtrado glomerular estimado (FGE) basal de 33 ml/min/1.73 m2 con disminución significativa hasta 30.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 Se produjo aumento del área de placa carotidea y femoral, así como aumento de los pacientes con calcificación valvular a los 24 meses. Se observó asociación positiva de la calcificación mitral a 24 meses con la edad, el índice tobillo brazo (ITB) y el producto calcio fósforo (CaxP) basal, sin asociación con el FGE. La calcificación aórtica a los 24 meses presentó asociación positiva con el área total de placa carotidea, el fósforo y la edad basal, sin relación con el FGE. Conclusiones: Se objetivó en pacientes con ERC, sin enfermedad cardiovascular conocida progresión de la calcificación valvular a dos años independientemente del FGE. Presentaron mayor calcificación valvular mitral aquellos de mayor edad, mayor ITB y producto CaxP. Presentaron mayor calcificación valvular aórtica aquellos de mayor edad, mayores niveles de fósforo y mayor área total de placa carotidea. La identificación de estos pacientes con mayor riesgo, podría ayudar a evitar eventos cardiovasculares futuros intensificando el seguimiento.

Background Healthcare workers have been overexposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the current pandemic, but there is little information on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on nephrologists. The aim of this study was to assess SARS-CoV-2 infections in nephrologists in the first and second pandemic waves, describing risk factors and clinical features. Methods This national survey was sent to Spanish nephrologists. Epidemiological data, comorbidities and medications were collected and compared between infected and non-infected nephrologists. Symptoms, prescribed treatments and outcomes are described for infected nephrologists. Results Three hundred and twenty-seven nephrologists (66% female, age 46 ± 11 years) completed the survey. Of them, 62 (19%) were infected by SARS-CoV-2. Infection was detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the 37 symptomatic patients (62%) and by serological tests in 25 (38%) asymptomatic individuals. Five (8%) of the infected nephrologists were hospitalized. Contrary to the general population, most infections occurred during the first pandemic wave and, specifically, during the first month, when personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages were more severe. Factors associated with infection in univariate analysis were younger age (P = 0.004), work in non-nephrology departments (P = 0.045), higher exposure to coronavirus disease 2019 patients (P, Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract

Resumen: Introducción: Las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo y mineral son muy frecuentes en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). El aumento en los niveles de fósforo condiciona enfermedad ósea, riego de calcificación y mayor mortalidad, por lo que cualquier estrategia encaminada a su reducción debe ser bienvenida. El último fármaco incorporado al arsenal terapéutico para tratar la hiperfosforemia en la ERC es el oxihidróxido sucroférrico (OSF). Objetivo: Analizar la eficacia y seguridad de OSF en 3 cohortes de pacientes, una con ERC avanzada no en diálisis, otra en diálisis peritoneal y finalmente otra en hemodiálisis, seguidas durante 6 meses. Métodos: Estudio observacional multicéntrico, prospectivo, de práctica clínica. Se analizaron variables clínicas y epidemiológicas. Se valoró la evolución de parámetros relacionados con las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo y mineral y la anemia. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 85 pacientes (62 ± 12 años, 64% varones, 34% diabéticos), 25 con ERC avanzada no en diálisis, 25 en diálisis peritoneal y finalmente 35 en hemodiálisis. En 66 pacientes (78%) OSF fue el primer captor del fósforo; en los otros 19 se sustituyó un captor previo por OSF, por falta de tolerancia o eficacia. La dosis inicial de OSF fue 964 ± 323 mg/día. Globalmente los niveles séricos de fósforo experimentaron un descenso significativo a los 3 meses de tratamiento (19,6%; p

Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: La malposición del catéter peritoneal es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes de la diálisis peritoneal. Para recolocarlo se ha propuesto realizar la maniobra alfa, que consiste en devolver al catéter a su correcta posición a través de unas guías rígidas bajo control fluoroscópico. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los 107 procedimientos realizados en nuestro Centro tratando de determinar factores que puedan predecir el éxito de la técnica. Material y métodos: El método de la maniobra alfa fue utilizado en 86 pacientes con un total de 107 procedimientos (en 70 pacientes solo una maniobra, en 16 pacientes dos maniobras o más). Resultados: El éxito global de la técnica fue de un 60%. La tasa de éxito no mostró diferencias en cuanto al sexo (60% en varones frente a 40% mujeres, p = 0,104), tiempo de fallo del catéter (fallos precoces 60% frente a fallos tardíos 62%, p = 0,849), tipo de catéter (75% en autoposicionantes frente a 58% en espirales, p = 0,633), ni en cuanto a la posición inicial del catéter. Sólo hubo un caso de peritonitis secundaria al procedimiento. Conclusiones: La maniobra alfa es un método eficaz y seguro en la corrección de la malposición del catéter peritoneal. Abstract: Introduction and objectives: Peritoneal catheter displacement is one of the most common complications of peritoneal dialysis. The alpha manoeuvre has been proposed as a repositioning technique, which involves returning the catheter to its correct position using rigid guidewires under fluoroscopic guidance. The aim of this study is to analyse the 107 procedures performed at our Centre to identify factors that may predict the success of the technique. Material and methods: The alpha manoeuvre method was used in 86 patients, with a total of 107 procedures (70 patients underwent one manoeuvre only, 16 patients underwent two or more manoeuvres). Results: The overall success rate of the technique was 60%. There were no differences in success rate in terms of gender (60% male vs. 40% female, p = 0.104), time of catheter failure (early 60% vs. late 62%, p = 0.849), type of catheter (75% self-locating vs. 58% spiral, p = 0.633) or the initial position of the catheter. There was only one case of peritonitis related to the procedure. Conclusions: The alpha manoeuvre is an effective and safe method for correcting peritoneal catheter displacement.

Introduction and objectives: Peritoneal catheter displacement is one of the most common complications of peritoneal dialysis. The alpha manoeuvre has been proposed as a repositioning technique, which involves returning the catheter to its correct position using rigid guidewires under fluoroscopic guidance. The aim of this study is to analyse the 107 procedures performed at our Centre to identify factors that may predict the success of the technique. Material and methods: The alpha manoeuvre method was used in 86 patients, with a total of 107 procedures (70 patients underwent one manoeuvre only, 16 patients underwent two or more manoeuvres). Results: The overall success rate of the technique was 60%. There were no differences in success rate in terms of gender (60% male vs 40% female, p = 0.104), time of catheter failure (early 60% vs late 62%, p = 0.849), type of catheter (75% self-locating vs 58% spiral, p = 0.633) or the initial position of the catheter. There was only one case of peritonitis related to the procedure. Conclusions: The alpha manoeuvre is an effective and safe method for correcting peritoneal catheter displacement. Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: La malposición del catéter peritoneal es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes de la diálisis peritoneal. Para recolocarlo se ha propuesto realizar la maniobra alfa que consiste en devolver al catéter a su correcta posición a través de unas guías rígidas bajo control fuoroscópico. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los 107 procedimientos realizados en nuestro Centro tratando de determinar factores que puedan predecir el éxito de la técnica. Material y métodos: El método de la maniobra alfa fue utilizado en 86 pacientes con un total de 107 procedimientos (70 pacientes solo una maniobra, 16 pacientes 2 maniobras o más). Resultados: El éxito global de la técnica fue de un 60%. La tasa de éxito no mostró diferencias en cuanto al sexo (60% en varones frente a 40% mujeres, p = 0,104), tiempo de fallo del catéter (fallos precoces 60% frente a fallos tardíos 62%, p = 0,849), tipo de catéter (75% en autoposicionantes frente a 58% en espirales, p = 0,633), ni en cuanto a la posición inicial del catéter. Sólo hubo un caso de peritonitis secundaria al procedimiento. Conclusiones: La maniobra alfa es un método eficaz y seguro en la corrección de la malposición del catéter peritoneal.

[Abstract] Introduction: The recent appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has had a significant impact on the general population. Patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) have not been unaware of this situation and due to their characteristics they are especially vulnerable. We present the results of the analysis of the COVID-19 Registry of the Spanish Society of Nephrology. Material and methods: The Registry began operating on March 18th, 2020. It collects epidemiological variables, contagion and diagnosis data, signs and symptoms, treatments and outcomes. It is an online registry. Patients were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the results of the PCR of the virus, carried out both in patients who had manifested compatible symptoms or had suspicious signs, as well as in those who had undergone screening after some contact acquainted with another patient. Results: As of April 11, the Registry had data on 868 patients, from all the Autonomous Communities. The most represented form of RRT is in-center hemodialysis (ICH) followed by transplant patients. Symptoms are similar to the general population. A very high percentage (85%) required hospital admission, 8% in intensive care units. The most used treatments were hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir–ritonavir, and steroids. Mortality is high and reaches 23%; deceased patients were more frequently on ICH, developed pneumonia more frequently, and received less frequently lopinavir–ritonavir and steroids. Age and pneumonia were independently associated with the risk of death. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection already affects a significant number of Spanish patients on RRT, mainly those on ICH, hospitalization rates are very high and mortality is high; age and the development of pneumonia are factors associated with mortality. [Resumen] Introducción: La reciente aparición de la pandemia por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha impactado de forma muy importante en la población general. Los pacientes en tratamiento renal sustitutivo (TRS) no han sido ajenos a esta situación y por sus características resultan especialmente vulnerables. Presentamos los resultados del análisis del Registro COVID-19 de la Sociedad Espanola ˜ de Nefrología. Material y métodos: EL Registro comenzó a funcionar el 18 de marzo de 2020. Recoge variables epidemiológicas, datos del contagio y diagnóstico, clínica acompanante, ˜ tratamientos y desenlace. Se trata de un registro on line. Los pacientes fueron diagnosticados de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en base a los resultados de la PCR del virus, realizada tanto en pacientes que habían manifestado clínica compatible o tenían signos sospechosos como en aquellos a los que se había hecho como cribado tras algún contacto conocido con otro enfermo. Resultados: A fecha 11 de abril el Registro disponía de datos de 868 pacientes, procedentes de todas las comunidades autónomas. La modalidad de TRS más representada es la hemodiálisis en centro (HDC) seguida de los pacientes trasplantados. La clínica de presentación es similar a la población general. Un porcentaje muy elevado (85%) requirió ingreso hospitalario, un 8% en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Los tratamientos más utilizados fueron hidroxicloroquina, lopinavir-ritonavir y esteroides. La mortalidad es elevada y alcanza el 23%: los pacientes fallecidos estaban con más frecuencia en HDC, desarrollaban más frecuentemente neumonía y recibían en menos ocasiones lopinavir-ritonavir y esteroides. La edad y la neumonía se asociaban de forma independiente al riesgo de fallecer. Conclusiones: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 afecta ya a un número importante de pacientes espanoles ˜ en TRS, fundamentalmente aquellos que están en HDC, las tasas de hospitalización son muy elevadas y la mortalidad es elevada; la edad y el desarrollo de neumonía son factores asociados a mortalidad.

Background With the ageing population and changes in the indications of diagnostic and protocol biopsies in systemic lupus erythematosus in recent years, an impact on the incidence and presentation of lupus nephritis (LN) is expected. The aim of this study was to analyse the epidemiological changes regarding clinical and histological presentation of LN in kidney biopsies performed from 1994 to 2019 included in the Spanish Registry of Glomerulonephritis. Methods We analysed data from 28 791 kidney biopsies from 130 Spanish hospitals comparing demographic, clinical and histological data. We divided the cohort according to the age of onset of LN into pediatric onset (50 years). Results The incidence of LN has decreased from 9.6% of all kidney biopsies in the period 1994–2013 to 7% in the last quarter of the observation period (2014–2019) (P Conclusions The frequency of biopsy-proven LN has been decreasing in recent years, despite an increasing number of repeat biopsies. Late-onset LN is increasing, presenting with worse kidney function but fewer proliferative lesions compared with younger-onset LN.

INTRODUCTION: Four vaccines against Covid-19 have been approved to date. Their acceptance and safety have not been addressed on healthcare workers. The aim of the present study is to evaluate vaccination rates and side effects among Spanish nephrologists. METHODS: All the Spanish nephrologists were invited to participate in this survey. Data on demographics, Covid-19 infection status, received vaccine doses and side effects were collected. Acceptance and side effects were analyzed for Covid-19 vaccination. Factors associated to vaccination were assessed and a multivariate adjusted model was constructed to determine independent predictors for Covid-19 vaccine side effects. RESULTS: A total of 708 nephrologists answered the survey (460 [65%] women, mean age 44±11 years). Six-hundred and eight (86%) had received the first dose and 513 (72%) were fully vaccinated. Most of the subjects (565, 93%) received BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech®) vaccine. Among vaccinated nephrologists, 453 (75%) presented any side effect; the most frequent was local reaction (68%), followed by myalgia (44%), tiredness (39%) and headache (34%). Age (OR 0.97, 95%CI [0.95-0.99], p

Introduction:Remdesivir has demonstrated antiviral activity against coronavirus, shortening the time torecovery in adults hospitalized with moderate/severe COVID-19. Severe adverse events such as acutekidney injury have been reported. Scant data are available on the use and safety of remdesivir in kidneytransplant recipients.Methods:We present a multicenter cohort study of 51 kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 treatedwith remdesivir. Outcomes and safety were assessed.Results:Mean age at diagnosis was 60 years, with a median time since kidney transplant of 4.5years. Mean time since admission to remdesivir was 2 days. Twenty-eight patients (54.9%) requiredmechanical ventilation (19 noninvasive). Mortality was 18.9% and markedly higher if aged$65 years(45% vs. 3.2% in younger patients). Acute kidneyinjury was present in 27.7% of patients, but wasdiagnosed in 50% before treatment. No patients required remdesivir discontinuation because ofadverse events. We did notfind significant hepatoxicity or systemicsymptoms resulting from thedrug. Conclusion:In our cohort of kidney transplant recipients, remdesivir was well tolerated and safe in renaland hepatic toxicity, but randomized trials are needed to assess its efficacy. The authors are indebted to the many physicians andnurses who take care of these patients and are facing theCOVID-19 pandemic in our country. This research wassupported by Rio Hortega contract CM19/00004 (ISCIII)(AB), and RD16/0009/0013 (ISCIII FEDER RedinRen). MJP-S is supported by a Spanish Society of Transplantscholarship

The aim of this study was to investigate 28-day mortality after COVID-19 diagnosis in the European kidney replacement therapy population. In addition, we determined the role of patient characteristics, treatment factors, and country on mortality risk using ERA-EDTA Registry data on patients receiving kidney replacement therapy in Europe between February 1, 2020 and April 30, 2020. Additional data on all patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were collected from seven European countries encompassing 4298 patients. COVID-19 attributable mortality was calculated using propensity-score matched historic controls and after 28 days of follow-up was 20.0% (95% confidence interval 18.7%-21.4%) in 3285 patients receiving dialysis, and 19.9% (17.5%-22.5%) in 1013 recipients of a transplant. We identified differences in COVID-19 mortality across countries, and an increased mortality risk in older patients receiving kidney replacement therapy and male patients receiving dialysis. In recipients of kidney transplants older than 75 years of age 44.3% (35.7%-53.9%) did not survive COVID-19. Mortality risk was 1.28 (1.02-1.60) times higher in transplant recipients compared with matched dialysis patients. Thus, the pandemic has had a substantial effect on mortality in patients receiving kidney replacement therapy; a highly vulnerable population due to underlying chronic kidney disease and high prevalence of multimorbidity., Graphical abstract

Background and Aims Diabetes is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 and a relevant risk factor for mortality. The available CKD-MBD guidelines do not make differences between diabetics and non-diabetics regarding the optimal targets of the serum bone and mineral biochemical parameters. Thus, the objective of this analysis of COSMOS was to compare the association between the main serum bone and mineral biochemical parameters (calcium-Ca, phosphorus-P and parathyroid hormone-PTH) and mortality in diabetic and non-diabetic patients in haemodialysis. Method COSMOS is a 3-year, observational, prospective, open-cohort study that includes 6797 patients from 227 dialysis centres that were randomly selected from 20 European countries. Cox proportional hazard regression models with penalized splines smoothing were used to analyse the association between relative risk of mortality vs. Ca, P or PTH. Hazard ratios were adjusted by demographics, comorbidities, treatments and biochemical parameters. Interaction analysis was used to analyse if diabetes can influence the association between relative risk of mortality and Ca, P and PTH. Results The present analysis includes 6306 patients with follow-up data and accurate information on diabetes status. The mortality rate in COSMOS was 13.3 deaths per 100 patient-years (17.8 in diabetics and 11.4 in non-diabetics). At baseline, diabetic patients were older (66.7 ± 11.7 vs. 62.8 ± 15.3 years, p Conclusion These results suggest for the first time a differential effect of diabetes on the association between relative risk of mortality and serum PTH. High serum PTH predicts death only in diabetics. These findings could have relevant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of CKD-MBD in diabetic and non-diabetic patients in haemodialysis.

Introduction: The recent appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has had a significant impact on the general population. Patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) have not been unaware of this situation and due to their characteristics they are especially vulnerable. We present the results of the analysis of the COVID-19 Registry of the Spanish Society of Nephrology. Material and methods: The Registry began operating on March 18th, 2020. It collects epidemiological variables, contagion and diagnosis data, signs and symptoms, treatments and outcomes. It is an online registry. Patients were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the results of the PCR of the virus, carried out both in patients who had manifested compatible symptoms or had suspicious signs, as well as in those who had undergone screening after some contact acquainted with another patient. Results: As of April 11, the Registry had data on 868 patients, from all the Autonomous Communities. The most represented form of RRT is in-center hemodialysis (ICH) followed by transplant patients. Symptoms are similar to the general population. A very high percentage (85%) required hospital admission, 8% in intensive care units. The most used treatments were hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir–ritonavir, and steroids. Mortality is high and reaches 23%; deceased patients were more frequently on ICH, developed pneumonia more frequently, and received less frequently lopinavir–ritonavir and steroids. Age and pneumonia were independently associated with the risk of death. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection already affects a significant number of Spanish patients on RRT, mainly those on ICH, hospitalization rates are very high and mortality is high; age and the development of pneumonia are factors associated with mortality. Resumen: Introducción: La reciente aparición de la pandemia por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha impactado de forma muy importante en la población general. Los pacientes en tratamiento renal sustitutivo (TRS) no han sido ajenos a esta situación y por sus características resultan especialmente vulnerables. Presentamos los resultados del análisis del Registro COVID-19 de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología. Material y métodos: EL Registro comenzó a funcionar el 18 de marzo de 2020. Recoge variables epidemiológicas, datos del contagio y diagnóstico, clínica acompañante, tratamientos y desenlace. Se trata de un registro on line. Los pacientes fueron diagnosticados de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en base a los resultados de la PCR del virus, realizada tanto en pacientes que habían manifestado clínica compatible o tenían signos sospechosos como en aquellos a los que se había hecho como cribado tras algún contacto conocido con otro enfermo. Resultados: A fecha 11 de abril el Registro disponía de datos de 868 pacientes, procedentes de todas las comunidades autónomas. La modalidad de TRS más representada es la hemodiálisis en centro (HDC) seguida de los pacientes trasplantados. La clínica de presentación es similar a la población general. Un porcentaje muy elevado (85%) requirió ingreso hospitalario, un 8% en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Los tratamientos más utilizados fueron hidroxicloroquina, lopinavir-ritonavir y esteroides. La mortalidad es elevada y alcanza el 23%: los pacientes fallecidos estaban con más frecuencia en HDC, desarrollaban más frecuentemente neumonía y recibían en menos ocasiones lopinavir-ritonavir y esteroides. La edad y la neumonía se asociaban de forma independiente al riesgo de fallecer. Conclusiones: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 afecta ya a un número importante de pacientes españoles en TRS, fundamentalmente aquellos que están en HDC, las tasas de hospitalización son muy elevadas y la mortalidad es elevada; la edad y el desarrollo de neumonía son factores asociados a mortalidad.

The recent appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has had a significant impact on the general population. Patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) have not been unaware of this situation and due to their characteristics they are especially vulnerable. We present the results of the analysis of the COVID-19 Registry of the Spanish Society of Nephrology.The Registry began operating on March 18th, 2020. It collects epidemiological variables, contagion and diagnosis data, signs and symptoms, treatments and outcomes. It is an online registry. Patients were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the results of the PCR of the virus, carried out both in patients who had manifested compatible symptoms or had suspicious signs, as well as in those who had undergone screening after some contact acquainted with another patient.As of April 11, the Registry had data on 868 patients, from all the Autonomous Communities. The most represented form of RRT is in-center hemodialysis (ICH) followed by transplant patients. Symptoms are similar to the general population. A very high percentage (85%) required hospital admission, 8% in intensive care units. The most used treatments were hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and steroids. Mortality is high and reaches 23%; deceased patients were more frequently on ICH, developed pneumonia more frequently, and received less frequently lopinavir-ritonavir and steroids. Age and pneumonia were independently associated with the risk of death.SARS-CoV-2 infection already affects a significant number of Spanish patients on RRT, mainly those on ICH, hospitalization rates are very high and mortality is high; age and the development of pneumonia are factors associated with mortality.

Highlights • Intestinal obstruction due to self-locating peritoneal dialysis catheters is an infrequent condition. • A 55-year-old patient diagnosed with large bowel obstruction was successfully treated by laparoscopic approach. • The weight added to the tip of self-locating catheters can cause different complications, including decubitus ulcers or perforations of soft tissues., Introduction Peritoneal dialysis has been used in the treatment of end-stage renal disease for a long time. The development of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has achieved an acceptable device of renal replacement therapy. Presentation of case We report a 55 year-old patient who was initiated on CAPD in February 2016. Three months later, the Tenckhoff catheter was removed due to its malfunction, and a new self-locating peritoneal dialysis catheter was placed in the left side of the abdomen. In September 2016, the patient presented with symptoms of intestinal obstruction. A CT scan revealed a collapsed sigmoid colon with the tungsten tip of the catheter supported on the mesosigmoid as the cause of the occlusion. Discussion Herein, a rare but clinically important case of mechanical large bowel obstruction due to self-locating peritoneal dialysis catheter is presented. The weight added to the tip of the self-locating catheter for the purpose of stretching it, can be dangerous if a displacement takes place. A laparoscopic procedure was performed, resolving the obstruction by reinserting the peritoneal catheter in its right position. Conclusion The weight added to the tip of self-locating catheters is a matter of concern, since intimate contact between the peritoneal catheter and the intestinal wall can result in perforation or intestinal occlusion.

Resumen: La infección peritoneal es un problema frecuente que afecta negativamente a la supervivencia del paciente y de la técnica. El inicio rápido del tratamiento de la infección peritoneal reduce las complicaciones.Se busca diseñar un índice multicomponente (MUL+DO) para el diagnóstico rápido y eficiente de infección peritoneal.Con ese objetivo, se crea una cohorte de construcción con muestras de efluente peritoneal que se analizaron con tiras Multistix ® 10 SG Siemens para la detección de leucocitos. Después, se examinó cada muestra según el patrón oro: número de leucocitos, porcentaje de polimorfonucleares y cultivo microbiológico. Se construyó MUL+DO sumándole un punto a la escala cromática modificada MULTISTIX [0-1-2-3] si el paciente reporta dolor. MUL+DO toma valores de 0 a 4. Posteriormente, se creó una cohorte de validación del modelo. MUL+DO se aplicó a cada muestra, determinándose también leucocitos y porcentaje de polimorfonucleares.La cohorte de construcción incluyó 134 muestras, 34 tenían infección (25,4% [17,6-33,1]). Las muestras con un valor MUL+DO >1, presentaron una sensibilidad y especificidad del 100%. La cohorte de validación incluyó 100 muestras con 16 infecciones (16% [8,3-23,7]).En la cohorte de validación asumiendo como positiva una muestra con un valor MUL+DO > 1, se obtuvo una sensibilidad del 100% y una especificidad del 95,2%.MUL+DO aplicado en la cohorte de construcción, mostró una separación perfecta de las poblaciones positiva y negativa. Todos los pacientes positivos presentaron una puntuación ≥2. En la cohorte de validación, el índice MUL+DO presentó una sensibilidad del 100% y una especificidad del 95,2%. Abstract: Peritoneal infection is a common problem that has a negative impact on the survival of patients and the technique. The early administration of peritoneal infection treatment reduces complications.The goal of this study is to propose a multicomponent index (MUL+DO) for the quick and efficient diagnosis of peritoneal infection.We selected a training cohort of peritoneal effluent samples which were analysed by Multistix ® 10 SG Siemens test strips for leukocyte detection. Then, each sample was examined according to the gold standard: number of leukocytes, polymorphonuclear percentage and microbiological culture. We constructed the MUL+DO index by adding one point to the MULTISTIX [0-1-2-3] modified chromatic scale if the patient reported pain. The MUL+DO index ranged from 0 to 4. A model validation cohort was then created. MUL+DO was applied to each sample and leukocytes and polymorphonuclear percentage were also assessed.The training cohort ultimately included 134 samples, 34 of which with infection (25.4% [17.6-33.1]). Samples with a MUL+DO value greater than 1 presented a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The validation cohort included 100 samples with 16 infections (16% [8.3-23.7]).Assuming a sample with a MUL+DO value greater than 1 to be positive, we obtained a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.2%.The MUL+DO index applied to the training cohort showed a perfect separation of the positive and negative populations. All positive patients presented a score ≥2. In the validation cohort, the MUL+DO reported a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.2%. Palabras clave: Diálisis peritoneal, Peritonitis, Tiras test de orina, Diagnóstico, Keywords: Peritoneal dialysis, Peritonitis, Urine test strip, Diagnosis

Resumen: Antecedentes: Las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo y mineral son complicaciones frecuentes de los pacientes de hemodiálisis que presentan una gran variabilidad geográfica. Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar por primera vez dichas alteraciones en pacientes de hemodiálisis de Perú. Métodos: El estudio incluyó 1.551 pacientes de hemodiálisis de 55 centros concertados con el seguro social de salud de Perú, pertenecientes a la ciudad de Lima. De cada paciente se recogieron datos demográficos, comorbilidades, tratamientos y parámetros bioquímicos. Los valores de calcio, fósforo y PTH fueron categorizados según los rangos recomendados en las guías KDOQI y KDIGO. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 59,5 ± 15,6, con tiempo medio en hemodiálisis de 58,0 ± 54,2 meses. Todos los pacientes se dializaban con una concentración de calcio en el líquido de diálisis de 3,5 mEq/l y el 68,9% recibían captores de fósforo (98,4% carbonato de calcio). Se observó un alto porcentaje de pacientes con calcio sérico por encima y fósforo sérico por debajo de los rangos recomendados en las guías KDOQI (32,8% y 37,3% respectivamente). Más de la mitad de los pacientes tenían valores de PTH por debajo de los rangos recomendados, tanto en KDOQI como en KDIGO (56,4% y 51,6% respectivamente). Conclusiones: Los pacientes incluidos en el presente estudio se caracterizaron por ser más jóvenes que los de otros estudios y por tener hipofosforemia y PTH suprimida, probablemente debido a una excesiva sobrecarga de calcio a través del líquido de diálisis y el empleo de captores de fósforo con calcio. Abstract: Background: Mineral and bone metabolism disorders are common complications in haemodialysis patients that present significant geographical variability. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess these disorders for the first time in haemodialysis patients from Peru. Methods: The study included 1551 haemodialysis patients from 55 centres affiliated with the Social Health System of Peru in the city of Lima. Demographic data, comorbidities, treatments and biochemical parameters were collected from each patient. Serum calcium, phosphorus and PTH levels were categorised according to the recommended ranges in the KDOQI and KDIGO guidelines. Results: The mean age of the patients was 59.5 ± 15.6 years, with a mean time on haemodialysis of 58.0 ± 54.2 months. All patients were dialysed with a calcium concentration in the dialysis fluid of 3.5 mEq/l and 68.9% of patients were prescribed phosphate-binding agents (98.4% of them calcium carbonate). A high percentage of patients showed serum calcium above, and serum phosphorus below, the recommended ranges in the KDOQI guidelines (32.8% and 37.3%, respectively). More than half of the patients had serum PTH values below the recommended ranges of both the KDOQI and KDIGO guidelines (56.4% and 51.6%, respectively). Conclusions: Patients included in this study were younger than those from other studies and showed both hypophosphataemia and suppressed PTH, probably due to an excessive calcium overload through dialysis fluid and the use of calcium-containing phosphate binding agents. Palabras clave: Enfermedad renal crónica, Hemodiálisis, Calcio, Fósforo, Hormona paratiroidea, Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Haemodialysis, Calcium, Phosphorus, Parathyroid Hormone

Peritoneal infection is a common problem that has a negative impact on the survival of patients and the technique. The early administration of peritoneal infection treatment reduces complications.The goal of this study is to propose a multicomponent index (MUL+DO) for the quick and efficient diagnosis of peritoneal infection.We selected a training cohort of peritoneal effluent samples which were analyzed by Multistix® 10 SG Siemens test strips for leukocyte detection. Then, each sample was examined according to the gold standard: number of leukocytes, polymorphonuclear percentage and microbiological culture. We constructed the MUL+DO index by adding one point to the MULTISTIX [0-1-2-3] modified chromatic scale if the patient reported pain. The MUL+DO index ranged from 0 to 4. A model validation cohort was then created. MUL+DO was applied to each sample and leukocytes and polymorphonuclear percentage were also assessed.The training cohort ultimately included 134 samples, 34 of which with infection (25.4% [17.6–33.1]). Samples with a MUL+DO value greater than 1 presented a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The validation cohort included 100 samples with 16 infections (16% [8.3–23.7]).Assuming a sample with a MUL+DO value greater than 1 to be positive, we obtained a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.2%.The MUL+DO index applied to the training cohort showed a perfect separation of the positive and negative populations. All positive patients presented a score ≥2. In the validation cohort, the MUL+DO reported a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.2%. Resumen: La infección peritoneal es un problema frecuente que afecta negativamente a la supervivencia del paciente y de la técnica. El inicio rápido del tratamiento de la infección peritoneal reduce las complicaciones.Se busca diseñar un índice multicomponente (MUL+DO) para el diagnóstico rápido y eficiente de infección peritoneal.Con ese objetivo, se crea una cohorte de construcción con muestras de efluente peritoneal que se analizaron con tiras Multistix ® 10 SG Siemens para la detección de leucocitos. Después, se examinó cada muestra según el patrón oro: número de leucocitos, porcentaje de polimorfonucleares y cultivo microbiológico. Se construyó MUL+DO sumándole un punto a la escala cromática modificada MULTISTIX [0-1-2-3] si el paciente reporta dolor. MUL+DO toma valores de 0 a 4. Posteriormente, se creó una cohorte de validación del modelo. MUL+DO se aplicó a cada muestra, determinándose también leucocitos y porcentaje de polimorfonucleares.La cohorte de construcción incluyó 134 muestras, 34 tenían infección (25,4% [17,6–33,1]). Las muestras con un valor MUL+DO >1, presentaron una sensibilidad y especificidad del 100%. La cohorte de validación incluyó 100 muestras con 16 infecciones (16% [8,3-23,7]).En la cohorte de validación asumiendo como positiva una muestra con un valor MUL+DO > 1, se obtuvo una sensibilidad del 100% y una especificidad del 95,2%.MUL+DO aplicado en la cohorte de construcción, mostró una separación perfecta de las poblaciones positiva y negativa. Todos los pacientes positivos presentaron una puntuación ≥2. En la cohorte de validación, el índice MUL+DO presentó una sensibilidad del 100% y una especificidad del 95,2%. Keywords: Peritoneal dialysis, Peritonitis, Urine test strip, Diagnosis, Palabras clave: Diálisis peritoneal, Peritonitis, Tiras test de orina, Diagnóstico

Control of dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not always guaranteed with statins and/or ezetimibe. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) have opened up a new era in lipid control, but their effect on renal function and proteinuria in real life have not yet been evaluated. The aim of the present study was to analyze the evolution of renal function and proteinuria in a cohort of CKD patients treated with PCSK9i. This retrospective multicentric cohort study included CKD patients treated with PCSK9i. Baseline epidemiological data, comorbidities and laboratory findings (including estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], proteinuria and lipid profile) were collected. The evolution of renal function, proteinuria and lipid profile was analyzed during the 1-year follow-up. The cohort included 76 patients (68% male, mean age 66 ± 10 years). The mean baseline creatinine was 1.55 ± 0.77 mg/dL, and the mean eGFR was 52 ± 22 mL/min/1.73 m2. Reductions in LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglycerides during the first month were 51 ± 25%, 32 ± 25% and 11 ± 40%, respectively, levels that remained stable throughout the first year (p &lt, 0.001 for LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol trends and p = 0.002 for triglyceride trend). During follow-up, proteinuria improved from 57 (9–481) to 30 (7–520) mg/g (p = 0.021). In addition, eGFR remained stable, and no adverse events were reported. In our cohort, dyslipidemia treatment with PCSK9i was associated with decreased proteinuria in CKD patients, an effect that might be due to reduced lipid nephrotoxicity. Clinical trials are needed to further investigate whether this impact on proteinuria can significantly slow CKD progression in the long term.

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study measures the health of populations worldwide and by country on an annual basis and aims at helping guide public policy on health issues. The GBD estimates for Spain in 2016 and recent trends in mortality and morbidity from 2006 to 2016 were recently published. According to these estimates, chronic kidney disease was the 8th cause of death in Spain in 2016. Among the top ten causes of death, chronic kidney disease was the fastest growing from 2006 to 2016, after Alzheimer disease. At the current pace of growth, chronic kidney disease is set to become the second cause of death in Spain, after Alzheimer disease, by 2100. Additionally, among major causes of death, chronic kidney disease also ranked second only to Alzheimer as the fastest growing cause of Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Public resources devoted to prevention, care and research on kidney disease should be in line with both its current and future burden, El estudio Global Burden of Disease (GBD) mide la salud de las poblaciones en todo el mundo y en cada país de forma annual, y tiene como objetivo ayudar a orientar las políticas públicas sobre cuestiones de salud. Recientemente se publicaron las estimaciones GBD 2016 para España y las tendencias recientes en mortalidad y morbilidad de 2006 a 2016. Según estas estimaciones, la enfermedad renal crónica fue la octava causa de muerte en España en 2016. Entre las 10 principales causas de muerte, la enfermedad renal crónica fue la que más creció entre 2006 y 2016, después de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Al ritmo actual de crecimiento, la enfermedad renal crónica se convertirá en la segunda causa de muerte en España, después del Alzheimer, hacia el 2100. Además, entre las principales causas de muerte, la enfermedad renal crónica también ocupa el segundo lugar después del Alzheimer como la que más creció en años vividos con discapacidad (AVD) y en años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD). Los recursos públicos dedicados a la prevención, atención e investigación de la enfermedad renal deberían estar en línea con su carga actual y futura, Research by the authors has been supported by FIS PI16/02057, PI18/01366, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 FEDER funds, Sociedad Española de Nefrología, Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), ISCIII Miguel Servet (MDSN), Comunidad de Madrid Biomedicina B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM

ResumenLos pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y enfermedad renal que terminan en tratamiento sustitutivo renal constituyen un grupo especial con interés creciente para la nefrología. Con el objetivo de conocer datos epidemiológicos de los pacientes VHI+ en España, recogimos información individualizada durante los años 2004 a 2011 (periodo de uso de tratamiento antiviral de alta eficacia) en las comunidades autónomas (CCAA) de Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y León, Galicia, Madrid, La Rioja y País Vasco, que comprendían un 85% de la población española. Se analizó a un total de 271 pacientes incidentes y 209 prevalentes. Se compararon con el resto de pacientes en tratamiento sustitutivo durante el mismo periodo de tiempo. La incidencia anual fue de 0,8 pacientes por millón de habitantes, con un aumento significativo a lo largo del periodo de seguimiento. La proporción de pacientes prevalentes VIH+ fue de 5,1/1.000 pacientes en tratamiento sustitutivo, intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%: 4,4-5,8. Las causas glomerulares constituyeron la mayoría (42%), aunque hubo un 14% de nefropatía diabética. En el total de España, esos porcentajes son 13 y 25%, respectivamente. Comparando frente al total de pacientes en tratamiento, el riesgo de muerte fue significativamente mayor en el grupo VIH+: hazard ratio (HR) ajustado por edad, sexo y presencia de diabetes: 2,26 (IC 95%: 1,74-2,91). La coinfección por hepatitis C aumentó el riesgo de muerte dentro del grupo VIH+: HR 1,77 (IC 95%: 1,10-2,85). La probabilidad de recibir trasplante renal en los VIH+ solo alcanzó el 17% a los 7 años, comparando con el total de pacientes en diálisis HR: 0,15 (IC 95%: 0,10-0,24).A pesar del uso de las nuevas combinaciones de antivirales, la incidencia de pacientes VIH+ en diálisis se ha incrementado, su mortalidad supera todavía al resto de pacientes, y tienen una tasa de trasplante muy baja. Se hace necesario profundizar en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad para mejorar los resultados.AbstractPatients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a special group with growing interest. In order to study the epidemiological data of HIV+ patients on RRT in Spain, we collected individual information from 2004-2011 (period of use of highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART] in the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Catalonia, Valencia, Castilla la Mancha, Castilla León, Galicia, Madrid, La Rioja and the Basque Country, comprising 85% of the Spanish population. A total of 271 incident and 209 prevalent patients were analysed. They were compared with the remaining patients on RRT during the same period. The annual incidence was 0.8 patients per one million inhabitants, with a significant increase during the follow-up period. The proportion of prevalent HIV+ patients was 5.1 per 1,000 patients on RRT (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4-5.8. Although glomerular diseases constituted the majority of cases (42%), diabetic nephropathy was the cause in 14% of patients. The nation-wide totals for these percentages were 13 and 25%, respectively. Compared to the total of patients in treatment, the risk of death was significantly higher in the HIV+ group: hazard ratio (HR) adjusted for age, sex and diabetes was 2.26 (95% CI 1.74 - 2.91). Hepatitis C coinfection increased the risk of death in the HIV+ group (HR 1.77; 95% CI 1.10 - 2.85). The probability of kidney transplantation in HIV+ was only 17% after 7 years, comparing with total RTT patients (HR 0.15; 95% CI: 0.10-0.24).Despite the use of HAART, the incidence of HIV+ patients on dialysis has increased; their mortality still exceeds non-HIV patients, and they have a very low rate of transplantation. It is necessary to further our knowledge of this disease in order to improve results.

Los pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y enfermedad renal que terminan en tratamiento sustitutivo renal constituyen un grupo especial con interés creciente para la nefrología. Con el objetivo de conocer datos epidemiológicos de los pacientes VHI+ en España, recogimos información individualizada durante los años 2004 a 2011 (periodo de uso de tratamiento antiviral de alta eficacia) en las comunidades autónomas (CCAA) de Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y León, Galicia, Madrid, La Rioja y País Vasco, que comprendían un 85% de la población española. Se analizó a un total de 271 pacientes incidentes y 209 prevalentes. Se compararon con el resto de pacientes en tratamiento sustitutivo durante el mismo periodo de tiempo. La incidencia anual fue de 0,8 pacientes por millón de habitantes, con un aumento significativo a lo largo del periodo de seguimiento. La proporción de pacientes prevalentes VIH+ fue de 5,1/1.000 pacientes en tratamiento sustitutivo, intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%: 4,4-5,8. Las causas glomerulares constituyeron la mayoría (42%), aunque hubo un 14% de nefropatía diabética. En el total de España, esos porcentajes son 13 y 25%, respectivamente. Comparando frente al total de pacientes en tratamiento, el riesgo de muerte fue significativamente mayor en el grupo VIH+: hazard ratio (HR) ajustado por edad, sexo y presencia de diabetes: 2,26 (IC 95%: 1,74-2,91). La coinfección por hepatitis C aumentó el riesgo de muerte dentro del grupo VIH+: HR 1,77 (IC 95%: 1,10-2,85). La probabilidad de recibir trasplante renal en los VIH+ solo alcanzó el 17% a los 7 años, comparando con el total de pacientes en diálisis HR: 0,15 (IC 95%: 0,10-0,24). A pesar del uso de las nuevas combinaciones de antivirales, la incidencia de pacientes VIH+ en diálisis se ha incrementado, su mortalidad supera todavía al resto de pacientes, y tienen una tasa de trasplante muy baja. Se hace necesario profundizar en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad para mejorar los resultados. Patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a special group with growing interest. In order to study the epidemiological data of HIV+ patients on RRT in Spain, we collected individual information from 2004-2011 (period of use of highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART] in the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Catalonia, Valencia, Castilla la Mancha, Castilla León, Galicia, Madrid, La Rioja and the Basque Country, comprising 85% of the Spanish population. A total of 271 incident and 209 prevalent patients were analysed. They were compared with the remaining patients on RRT during the same period. The annual incidence was 0.8 patients per one million inhabitants, with a significant increase during the follow-up period. The proportion of prevalent HIV+ patients was 5.1 per 1,000 patients on RRT (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4-5.8. Although glomerular diseases constituted the majority of cases (42%), diabetic nephropathy was the cause in 14% of patients. The nation-wide totals for these percentages were 13 and 25%, respectively. Compared to the total of patients in treatment, the risk of death was significantly higher in the HIV+ group: hazard ratio (HR) adjusted for age, sex and diabetes was 2.26 (95% CI 1.74 - 2.91). Hepatitis C coinfection increased the risk of death in the HIV+ group (HR 1.77; 95% CI 1.10 - 2.85). The probability of kidney transplantation in HIV+ was only 17% after 7 years, comparing with total RTT patients (HR 0.15; 95% CI: 0.10-0.24). Despite the use of HAART, the incidence of HIV+ patients on dialysis has increased; their mortality still exceeds non-HIV patients, and they have a very low rate of transplantation. It is necessary to further our knowledge of this disease in order to improve results.