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Background: Mediterranean diet (Med-D) has been previously suggested for athletes, but Paralympics usually have a low intake of plant foods. Orthorexia nervosa (ON) can drive dietary intake of both athletes and gym attendees. Objective: We aimed to compare dietary intakes and food habits of elite wheelchair basketball athletes (WBA) and able-bodied individuals who practice or not sport activity and with different fat mass percentage (FM%). Methods: We recruited 15 WBA from the Italian National team and 3 control groups (15 each group): healthy individuals who do not practice any sport activity (NSA) and gym attendees with low (GAL, FM%18) FM%. Food consumption was monitored by 3-d diary, while Med-D scores and ON score were evaluated through standardized questionnaires. In WBA we also assessed Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction (NBD), GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), allergy questionnaire for athletes (AQUA) and Starvation Symptoms Inventory (SSI). Results: In WBA, ON correlated with GERD and SSI. WBA and GAH with eating behavior of ON had higher adherence to Med-D, whereas NSA had less adherence to Med-D. Sub-score including fruits, vegetables and legumes, was higher in the GAL and GAH groups compared to the WBA and NSA groups. Med-D was inversely related to animal protein intake (PRO-AN) in NSA and GAL. FM% was inversely related to PRO-AN in WBA and GAH, and to ON only in GAH. In WBA PRO-AN and vegetable protein intake correlated with both carbohydrate and energy intakes. Conclusions: In WBA, commitment to wellness (ON and Med-D adherence) could be a response to gastrointestinal and starvation symptoms. WBA should be involved in setting their own individualized dietary strategies.

International audience; Amino acids are involved in energy homeostasis, just as are carbohydrates and lipids. Therefore, mechanisms controlling protein intake should operate independently and in combination with systems controlling overall energy intake to coordinate appropriate metabolic and behavioural responses. The objective of this study was to quantify the respective roles of dietary protein and carbohydrate levels on energy balance, plasma FGF21 and IGF-1 concentrations, and hypothalamic neurotransmitters (POMC, NPY, AgRP and CART). In a simplified geometric framework, 7-week-old male Wistar rats were fed 12 diets containing 3 to 30% protein for 3 weeks, in which carbohydrates accounted for 30 to 75% of the carbohydrate and fat part of the diet. As a result of this study, most of the studied parameters (body composition, energy expenditure, plasma FGF21 and IGF-1 concentrations and Pomc/Agrp ratio) responded mainly to the protein content and to a lesser extent to the carbohydrate content in the diet.

Effects of isocaloric (sweetness differences but constant calories) preloads and isosweet (caloric differences but constant sweetness) preloads, as well as preloads that were neither isosweet nor isocaloric (sweetness and caloric differences) on subsequent ad libitum meal and total (preload + ad libitum) energy intakes were investigated. Thirty-five crossover studies were eligible for inclusion, representing 116 comparisons (41, isocaloric; 41, isosweet; and 34, neither isosweet nor isocaloric). References of existing reviews and literature from 4 databases were searched. The calculated raw mean differences in ad libitum and total energy intakes were pooled in meta-analyses using a random-effects model and the inverse of the variance as the weighting factor. Energy intakes at an ad libitum meal were significantly lower for low-/no-calorie sweetener (LNCS)–sweetened compared with unsweetened preloads in the isocaloric comparison (−55.5 kcal; 95% CI: −82.9, −28.0 kcal; P

Objectives To identify food sources of nutrients in First Nations adults in Canada and to establish whether these populations are meeting their nutrient requirements and whether traditional foods (TF) contribute to better nutrient intake. Methods The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study is a cross-Canada participatory study of First Nations adults living south of the 60th parallel. Twenty-four-hour recalls were conducted in 92 First Nations communities from 2008 to 2016. Repeat recalls were attempted with 20% of participants to adjust for within-person variation and estimate the proportion of individuals below recommendations according to Institute of Medicine guidelines. Nutrients from days with and without TF were compared. The main food sources of select nutrients were identified, including TF. Results Mean energy intakes among women and men ranged from 1664 to 1864 and from 1761 to 2298 kcal/day respectively. Most macronutrients were within the acceptable macronutrient diet range except for fat in most age groups and carbohydrates in men 71 years of age and older. Saturated fat was above recommendations for all ages. Only niacin was identified as above recommendations in all age and sex categories. Days where TF were eaten showed greater intakes of key nutrients. Conclusion It is imperative that we find culturally appropriate ways to improve the quality and nutritional value of First Nations Peoples food intake by improving TF access and use on the one hand and conversely providing better quality store-bought foods. For success in this, we must empower First Nations communities and health practitioners to collaboratively overcome these challenges.

International audience; Rationale: Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) treatment for end-stage kidney disease affords patients a degree of autonomy in everyday life. Clinical investigations of their energy expenditure (EE) are usually based on resting EE, which could mask day and night variations in EE. The aim of this study, therefore, was to compare the components of EE in APD patients and healthy control (C) subjects.& nbsp; Material and method: Patients treated with APD for more than 3 months were compared with C volunteers matched for age and lean body mass (LBM). Biochemical analyses were performed and body composition was determined by DEXA to adjust EE to LBM. Total EE, its different components and respiratory quotients (RQ) were measured by a gas exchange method in calorimetric chambers. Spontaneous total and activity-related EE (AEE) were also measured in free-living conditions over 4 days by a calibrated accelerometer and a heart rate monitor.& nbsp; Results: APD (n = 7) and C (n = 7) patients did not differ in age and body composition. REE did not differ between the two groups. However, prandial increase in EE adjusted for dietary energy intake was higher in APD patients (+57.5 +/- 12.71 kcal/h) than in C subjects (+33.8 +/- 10.5 kcal/h, p = 0.003) and nocturnal decrease in EE tended to be lower in APD patients undergoing dialysis sessions (- 4.53 +/- 8.37 kcal/h) than in subjects (- 11.8 +/- 7.69 kcal/h, p = 0.059). Resting RQ (0.91 +/- 0.09 vs 0.81 +/- 0.04, p = 0.032) and nocturnal RQ (0.91 +/- 0.09 vs 0.81 +/- 0.04, p = 0.032) were significantly higher in APD patients, indicating a preferential use of glucose substrate potentially absorbed across the peritoneum. AEE was lower in APD patients (595.9 +/- 383.2 kcal/d) than in C subjects (1205.2 +/- 370.5 kcal/d, p = 0.011). In contrast, energy intakes were not significantly different (1986 +/- 465 vs 2083 +/- 377 kcal/d, p = 0.677).& nbsp; Conclusion: Although the two groups had identical resting EE, APD patients had a higher prandial increase in EE, a lower activity-related EE and higher resting and nocturnal RQ than healthy subjects. (C)& nbsp;2020 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism

BACKGROUND The impact of suboptimal intakes on neurodevelopment of very low-birth-weight (VLBW

This paper represents the third in the series of designed to explore the scope and contributions of computerized diets to the overall improvements in the technical and economic efficiency in the pig industry. The present paper attempts to establish the functional relationships between the principal nutrient components (Protein and energy) of weaners’ diets on weight gain, feed utilization and carcass quality. The established functional relationship was used as a basis for incorporating animal performance into feed formulation activities while using linear programming techniques to derive expansion path diets. Cumulative feed intake was positively related to liveweight gain in weaner pigs. While protein and energy intakes are significant explanatory variable, they explained only 37 and 36 percent, respectively, of the total variations in liveweight gain. No significant relationship was found between carcass quality and protein and energy intake levels for pigs of the weight range studied. While it was clearly demonstrated that the formulation of expansion path diets using liner programming techniques could be used for selecting cost diets to achieve different weekly liveweight gains, its practical application must await result of animal feeding trials designed to test the performance of the derived expansion path diets

The acceptability and efficacy of. combinations of cowpea husk (CH) and maize milling waste (MMW) as feed for the goat were tested. The experiment, in a 4x4 Latin square design involved digestion trials with 4 West African dwarf grower goats weighing 8.2 to 9.6 kg. and about 4 months old. There were 3 experimental diets made up of CH and MMW in 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 ratio of mixture. The control diet was 60 percent chopped Pennisetum purpureum plus 40 percent concentrate ration. The animals were fed at 5 percent of body weight. All trials lasted 80 days. Parameters for assessment were dry matter intake, protein and energy intakes and utilization. Feed intake values (%of body weight) in all experiemental diets were higher than 3 percent and increased with increasing levels of cowpea husk, Only the intake of 4.38% of body weight from 75:25 CH-MMW supported weight gain. Increases in MMW in the experimental diets resulted in significant (P

In primate-non-primate commensalism, food is often the benefit. Here we report commensalism between the Endangered blonde capuchins (Sapajus flavius) and the newly discovered red-back agoutis (Dasyprocta iacki). We conducted the study in an Atlantic forest fragment in Northeast Brazil between September 2017 and August 2018. In three of those months, we observed 15 events of commensalism where the agoutis were feeding on leftover palm fruits from the blonde capuchins. We suspect that the red-back agoutis in the study area could be consuming more palm oil fruits when compared to agoutis inhabiting areas without the blonde capuchins. Comparison of the diet of agouti populations in such areas may help to test such a hypothesis. Also, due to the potential influence of the observer’s presence on the behaviour of the animals, further studies comparing sites through camera trapping may be another effective approach to test the hypothesis. Blonde capuchin food calls and the noises of fruits falling during the feeding bouts may serve as clues to attract the agoutis to consume the leftover palm fruits. Future studies using playback (or sound trapping associated with camera trapping) would be needed to confirm whether red-back agoutis are eavesdropping on blonde capuchins feeding noises to optimise their food and energy intakes.

The role of socio-economic status (SES) on the misreporting of food and energy intakes is not well understood with disagreement in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between low energy reporting, dietary quality and SES in a representative sample of adults. Dietary data were collected using 2 d of 24-h recalls for 6114 adults aged 19 years and over, participating in the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011–2012. Low energy reporters (LER) and plausible reporters (PR) were identified. Discretionary food intake was used as a proxy indicator of diet quality. SES was determined using area-level SES and educational attainment. Regression analysis was applied to examine the effects of LER and SES on diet quality, adjusting for potential confounders. LER was more common in populations of lower SES than higher SES (area-level OR 1·46 (95 % CI 1·06, 2·00); education OR 1·64 (95 % CI 1·28, 2·09). LER and SES were independently associated with diet quality, with LER reporting lower percentage energy from discretionary foods compared with PR (27·4 v. 34·2, P < 0·001), and those of lower area-level SES and education reporting lower diet quality compared with those of higher SES (33·7 v. 31·2, P < 0·001; and 33·5 v. 29·6, P < 0·001, respectively). No interaction effect was found between LER and SES, indicating percentage energy in discretionary foods was not differentially misreported across the SES areas (0·3078) or education (P = 0·7078). In conclusion, LER and higher SES were associated with better diet quality.

Background/aims The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two 30-minute dietary education sessions, within cardiac rehabilitation, as a means to optimise nutrient and energy intakes. A secondary aim was to evaluate patients' habitual physical activity levels. Methods Thirty patients (males: n=24, 61.8±11.2 years; females: n=6, 66.7±8.5 years) attended a 6-week early outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programme in the UK and received two 30-minute dietary education sessions emphasising Mediterranean diet principles. Energy intakes and nutrient intakes were measured through completion of 3-day food diaries in weeks one and six (before and after the dietary education sessions) to assess the impact of these sessions on nutrient intakes. At the same time-points, a sub-group (n=13) of patients had their physical activity levels assessed via accelerometery to assess the impact of the cardiac rehabilitation programme on physical activity. Results Estimated energy requirements at week one (1988±366 kcal d−1) were not matched by actual energy intakes (1785±561 kcal d−1) (P=0.047, d=−0.36). Energy intakes reduced to 1655±470 kcal d−1 at week six (P=0.66, d=−0.33) whereas estimated energy requirements increased as a function of increased activity (cardiac rehabilitation sessions). Nutrient intakes remained suboptimal, while no significant increases were observed in healthy fats and fibre, which are core elements of a Mediterranean diet. Statistically significant increases were not observed in physical activity; however, patients decreased sedentary time by 11±12% in week six compared with week one (P=0.009; d=−0.54). Conclusions The present study findings suggest that two 30-minute dietary education sessions did not positively influence energy intakes and nutrient intakes, while habitual physical activity levels were not significantly increased as a result of the cardiac rehabilitation programme. Future research should explore means of optimising nutrition and habitual physical activity within UK cardiac rehabilitation.

SUMMARY: An experiment was done using 160 Hi-sex Brown laying hens to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary faba bean (FB) with or without enzyme cocktail supplements on productive performance, egg quality, and blood metabolites. The experimental diets composed of 5 levels of FB at 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, or 100% instead of soybean meal and 2 levels of enzyme cocktail (Gallazyme) 0 or 250 mg/kg diet. Feed, protein, and metabolizable energy intakes were significantly decreased with the increasing FB in laying hen diets (P < 0.001). The highest values of egg laying rate, egg output, and feed efficiency were observed by 25% FB, and the lowest with 75 and 100% FB (P < 0.001). No significant variation was reported in hen performance with or without enzyme cocktail except the egg weight was affected by the interaction effect (P < 0.05). Egg solids, total protein, total lipid, crude ash, and organic matter were affected by dietary FB inclusion (P < 0.05). Serum albumin (P < 0.035) and ammonia (P < 0.01) were affected by dietary FB, whereas blood proteins, calcium, and phosphorus were not (P < 0.05). Blood ammonia was numerically decreased by 22.22% with enzyme supplementation. Triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol were affected by dietary FB, whereas total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not (P < 0.05). In conclusion, FB can be added to the laying hen diets at less than of 50% instead of soybean meal, supplemented with Gallazyme in order to improve performance traits.

Background Snacking recommendations do not exist, yet snacks contribute substantially to daily energy intakes. While dietary intakes of adults in the United States vary by race/ethnicity, little is known about their snacking patterns. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of snacks stratified by race/ethnicity in adults who participated in the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Method Dietary data from 18,679 adults older than 19 years were assessed to examine differences in intakes from snacking occasions by self-identified race/ethnicity. Mean intakes were estimated for total snacking occasions, percentage of day, nutrient density per 100 kcals, and the average snack. Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) scores were computed for intakes from total day, snack only, and meals only. Analysis of covariance assessed differences between racial/ethnic groups. US Department of Agriculture food categories determined sources of snack foods. Data were weighted to create a nationally representative sample. Results Asians consumed the least amount of daily energy in the form of snacks, while Blacks and Whites consumed the most. Mean intakes of saturated fats and added sugars consumed during snacking occasions were significantly lowest in Asians, and highest in Blacks and Whites. While total and percentage of daily intakes of sodium were lowest in Asians during snacking occasions, they had significantly lowest meal-only HEI sodium subscore, indicating higher sodium consumption of sodium during mealtimes. Conclusions Diet quality of snacks varies significantly by race/ethnicity. These data support the need for development of snacking recommendations with culturally appropriate dietary interventions.

Consuming nuts may have advantages over other snack foods for health and body-weight regulation. Suggested mechanisms include increased satiety and lower glycaemia. We used an acute randomised crossover trial to assess glycaemic and appetite responses to consuming two isocaloric snacks (providing 10% of participants’ total energy requirements or 1030 kJ (equivalent to 42.5 g almonds), whichever provided greater energy): raw almonds and sweet biscuits among 100 participants with available data (25 males and 75 females) following 106 being randomised. Two hours after consuming a standardised breakfast, participants consumed the snack food. Finger-prick blood samples measuring blood glucose and subjective appetite ratings using visual analogue scales were taken at baseline and at 15 or 30 min intervals after consumption. Two hours after snack consumption, an ad libitum lunch was offered to participants and consumption was recorded. Participants also recorded food intake for the remainder of the day. The mean area under the blood glucose response curve was statistically and practically significantly lower for almonds than biscuits (mean (95% CI) difference: 53 mmol/L.min (45, 61), p &lt, 0.001). Only the composite appetite score at 90 min was higher in the almond treatment compared to the biscuit treatment (45.7 mm vs. 42.4 mm, p = 0.035 without adjustment for multiple comparisons). There was no evidence of differences between the snacks for all other appetite ratings or for energy intake at the ad libitum lunch. However, mean energy intakes following snack consumption were significantly lower, both statistically and in practical terms, for the almond treatment compared to the biscuit (mean (95% CI) diff: 638 kJ (44, 1233), p = 0.035). Replacing popular snacks with almonds may have advantages in terms of glycaemia and energy balance.

Objective:To examine the relationship between the dietary quality of Canadian children and adults and household food insecurity status.Design:Dietary intake was assessed with one 24-h recall. Households were classified as food secure or marginally, moderately or severely food insecure based on their responses to the Household Food Security Survey Module. We applied multivariable analyses of variance to determine whether % energy from ultra-processed foods, fruit and vegetable intake, Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores, macronutrient composition and micronutrient intakes per 1000 kcal differed by food insecurity status after accounting for income, education and region. Analyses were run separately for children 1–8 years and 9–18 years and men and women 19–64 years of age.Setting:Ten provinces in Canada.Participants:Respondents to the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition, aged 1–64 years, with complete food insecurity data and non-zero energy intakes, N 15 909.Results:Among adults and children, % energy from ultra-processed foods was strongly related to severity of food insecurity, but no significant trend was observed for fruit and vegetable intake or HEI score. Carbohydrate, total sugar, fat and saturated fat intake/1000 kcal did not differ by food insecurity status, but there was a significant negative trend in protein/1000 kcal among older children, a positive trend in Na/1000 kcal among younger children and inverse associations between food insecurity severity and several micronutrients/1000 kcal among adults and older children.Conclusions:With more severe household food insecurity, ultra-processed food consumption was higher, and diet quality was generally lower among both adults and children.

Background Participation in exercise, and dietary and nutritional intakes have an impact on the risk and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), but these effects may differ according to whether a person lives alone or in a multi-person household. We analyzed differences in physical activity (PA) levels and energy intake according to household-type and MetS presence among young adults, to investigate the relationships among these factors. Methods Data of 3974 young adults (aged > 19 years and Results Logistic regression data showed that low PA levels and higher energy intake were associated with MetS incidence and its components in young adults, after adjusting for body mass index, smoking, household-type, and sex. Overall, there was no significant difference in PA level between the MetS and non-MetS group. The total energy intake was higher in the MetS than in the non-MetS group (p p p Conclusions We found significant association among low PA levels, high energy intake, and MetS components in young Korean adults, but with patterns differing according to household type. Energy intake was higher in young adults with than those without MetS, who lived in multi-person households, while young adults with MetS who lived alone had lower PA levels and lower energy intake than those without MetS. These findings highlight the need for different approaches of implementing PA and nutrition strategies according to the type of household in order to prevent MetS.

Hot oil–based frying is a popular cooking method that makes food more appealing in texture and aromatic, thus improving palatability. Fried foods are considered unhealthy because frying may increase the energy density of foods and therefore energy intakes as well as deteriorate oils through the process of oxidation and hydrogenation, leading to a loss of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids but increase in trans fatty acids, oil degradation, and advanced glycation end products (1,2). In epidemiological studies, high intakes of fried foods have been associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes including type 2 diabetes (T2D), although the results are not entirely consistent (3–6). The conflicting findings are partly due to the diverse types of oil used in frying foods. For instance, null associations between fried foods and T2D risk were reported in populations with fried foods prepared using mainly olive oil, which is more resistant to oxidation than other common oils used for frying such as corn oil (4). In addition, the varying compositions of the foods being fried and frying conditions (temperature, duration) may also trigger the heterogeneous results. An extra layer of complexity in the inconsistent observations is introduced by various confounding factors such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and lipidemia, which are correlated with both fried food consumption and T2D risk (1,7). The causality of fried foods in glucose dysregulation and the development of T2D could only be detected in investigations in which the cofounding was rigorously controlled, such as randomized clinical trials. In addition, the potential mechanisms underlying the observed adverse associations between fried foods …

Insulin resistance is a major mechanism involved in the onset of physical frailty (PF). Although rich carbohydrate diets may promote insulin resistance, few studies have examined their association with PF risk. This study aimed to investigate the spectrum of carbohydrate exposure, including carbohydrate intake (simple, complex, and total), glycemic load (a measure of the diet-related insulin demand), and adherence to a low-carbohydrate diet with the incident risk of PF in community-dwelling older adults. Baseline carbohydrate exposure was assessed in nonfrail participants of the Three-City Bordeaux cohort using a 24-hour dietary recall. Over 15 years of follow-up, participants were screened for PF, defined by the FRAIL scale (≥3 criteria out of Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, and weight Loss). Associations were estimated using mixed-effects logistic models adjusted for sex, age, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, depressive symptomatology, global cognitive performances, and protein and energy intakes. The sample included 1 210 participants (62% females, mean age 76 years). Over the follow-up, 295 (24%) incident cases of PF were documented (28% in females, 18% in males). Higher intake of simple carbohydrates was significantly associated with greater odds of incident PF (per 1-SD increased: OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.02–1.62), specifically among males (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.04–2.22). No association was observed with complex or total carbohydrate intake, glycemic load, or low-carbohydrate diet. Among the whole carbohydrate exposure, only higher consumption of simple carbohydrates in older age was associated with a higher risk of developing PF. Further studies are required to explore underlying mechanisms.

Simple Summary Horses with different metabolic tendencies are anecdotally referred to as “easy” or “hard” keepers. Easy keepers tend to gain weight easily while hard keepers require extra feed to maintain condition. Both easy and hard keeper horses carry a managerial and financial burden which can be a dissuading factor for horse shoppers. This research uses energy intake/need and body condition to develop a standard Equine Keeper Status Scale (EKSS) for assigning keeper status. The microbiome compositions based on EKSS assignments are then compared to explore microbiome differences based on metabolic tendencies of each group. The EKSS can be used by owners to accurately assess their horses’ metabolic tendencies and make improved feeding decisions to meet their horses’ needs. Understanding microbiome differences between easy, medium and hard keeper horses points to potential microbial roles in these metabolic tendencies. Abstract Thriftiness in horses has been associated with more efficient nutrient harvesting in digestion, absorption and/or utilization, but the relative contribution of the gut microbiome to host metabolic tendency is not well understood. Recognizing the unreliability of owner reported assignment of keeper status, this research describes a novel tool for calculating whether a horse is an easy (EK) or hard (HK) keeper and then characterizes microbiome differences in these groups. The Equine Keeper Status Scale (EKSS) was developed and validated based on data gathered from 240 horses. Estimates of dietary energy intakes and requirements to achieve the optimal BCS score of 5 were used in EKSS assignments. Sixty percent of owners’ characterizations disagreed with EKSS identified keeper assignments. Equine fecal 16S rRNA profiles (n = 73) revealed differences in α and β diversities and taxa abundances based on EKSS assignments. EK communities had more Planctomycetes and fewer Euryarcheaota, Spirochaetes and Proteobacteria than HK indicating functional differences in nutrient harvesting between groups. Differences in the gut microbiomes of horses based on keeper assignment point to host/microbial interactions that may underlie some differences in metabolic tendency. The EKSS enables robust, repeatable determination of keeper status which can be used by researchers and horse owners.

Background: French (2014) and American (2017) pediatric guidelines recommend starting enteral nutrition (EN) early in pediatric intensive care. The aims of this study were to compare the applicability of the guidelines in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and to identify risk factors of non-application of the guidelines.Methods: This retrospective, single-center study was conducted in a medical–surgical PICU between 2014 and 2016. All patients from 1 month to 18 years old with a length of stay >48 h and an exclusive EN at least 1 day during the PICU stay were included. The outcome variable was application of the 2014 and 2017 guidelines, defined by energy intakes ≥90% of the recommended intake at least 1 day as defined by both guidelines. The risk factors of non-application were studied comparing “optimal EN” vs. “non-optimal EN” groups for both guidelines.Results: In total, 416 children were included (mortality rate, 8%). Malnutrition occurred in 36% of cases. The mean energy intake was 34 ± 30.3 kcal kg−1 day−1. The 2014 and 2017 guidelines were applied in 183 (44%) and 296 (71%) patients, respectively (p < 0.05). Following the 2017 guidelines, enteral energy intakes were considered as “satisfactory enteral intake” for 335 patients (81%). Hemodynamic failure was a risk factor of the non-application of both guidelines.Conclusion: In our PICU, the received energy intake approached the level of intake recommended by the American 2017 guidelines, which used the predictive Schofield equations and seem more useful and applicable than the higher recommendations of the 2014 guidelines. Multicenter studies to validate the pediatric guidelines seem necessary.

There are two proven dietary approaches to shift type 2 diabetes (T2D) into remission: low energy diets (LED) and low carbohydrate diets (LCD). These approaches differ in their rationale and application yet both involve carbohydrate restriction, either as an explicit goal or as a consequence of reducing overall energy intake. The aims of this systematic review were to identify, characterise and compare existing clinical trials that utilised ‘low carbohydrate’ interventions with differing energy intakes. Electronic databases CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched to identify controlled clinical trials in adults with T2D involving low carbohydrate intake (defined as ad libitum) energy intakes produced clinically significant weight loss and reduction in HbA1c at study end-points. Trials that restricted energy intake were not superior to those that allowed ad libitum low carbohydrate feeding at 12 and 24 months. An association was observed across studies between average weight loss and reduction in HbA1c, which strengthened with trial length, indicating that sustained weight loss is key to T2D remission. Further research is needed to specifically ascertain the weight-independent effects of carbohydrate restriction on glycemic control in T2D.Graphical abstract

BACKGROUND\nOBJECTIVES\nMETHODS\nRESULTS\nCONCLUSION\nEating in the absence of hunger (EAH), the susceptibility to eat despite satiety, may increase overweight. While EAH has been established in school-aged children, less is known about it during toddlerhood.\nThis study assessed to what extent 18-month-old children eat in the absence of hunger, the stability of this behaviour at 24 months and the association of child eating behaviours with EAH.\nChildren were presented with four palatable finger foods (total 275 kcal) after dinner. Univariate GLM's assessed the association between EAH, child satiety and eating behaviours and energy intake of dinner at 18 and 24 months (n = 206 and 103, respectively). Another GLM was run to assess the association between EAH at both time points.\nMean (±SD) energy intakes from dinner and finger foods were 240 kcal (±117) and 40 kcal (±37), respectively. No association was found between energy intake of dinner and finger foods. Enjoyment of food was significantly related to intake of finger foods (P = .005). EAH at 18 months predicted EAH at 24 months.\nEighteen-month-old children ate in the absence of hunger, irrespective of satiety. Thus, preceding energy intake was not compensated for. Other factors, for example, enjoyment of food seem to determine finger food intake.

Introduction: Under-reporting of energy intake is a common cause of bias in nutritional studies. This study was aimed at examining the extent of underreporting of energy intake and its related characteristics among respondents in the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003 and MANS 2014. Methods: The present study analysed energy intakes of 9,624 adults aged 18-59 years from the MANS in year 2014 (2,890 respondents) and 2003 (6,734 respondents) using a single 24-hour diet recall. Basal metabolic rates (BMR) were calculated from the age- and gender-specific equations of Schofield. Under-reporting was defined as an energy intake:BMR ratio of

The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the nutritional knowledge levels and nutritional status of the sports trainers and individuals doing nine-round fitness sports, and compare the relationship between two groups. One hundred individuals doing sports and 10 trainers were included in the study. A questionnaire about general demographic information, anthropometric measurements, nutritional habits and sporting status were applied to the participants. In addition, 1-day retrospective food consumption record was taken to evaluate the intake levels of macro and micronutrients, and The Basic Nutrition Knowledge Level for Adults (YETBID) Scale was applied to measure the nutritional knowledge of the participants. The mean energy (kcal), protein (g), fat (g) and carbohydrate (g) intakes were found to be 1930±832,6, 117,8±61,3, 88±34,5, 159±111,1 for trainers and 1465±533, 81,8±33,9, 66,6±26,4, 128±76,9 for individuals doing sports, respectively. A significant difference was found between two groups in terms of energy intakes (p=0,042) whereas, no significant difference was found between the levels of macro nutrient intakes between trainers and individuals doing sports (p>0.05). According to the YETBID scores, it was found that the total score of individuals doing sports was significantly higher than trainers’ (p=0.037). It was concluded that the level of nutritional knowledge of sports trainers and individuals doing sports did not affect the nutritional status. Furthermore, dietitians should be present at sport centers and nutrition trainings should be arranged in order to prevent improper nutrition practices.

Maintaining muscle mass and function during rehabilitation from anterior cruciate ligament injury is complicated by the challenge of accurately prescribing daily energy intakes aligned to energy expenditure. Accordingly, we present a 38-week case study characterizing whole body and regional rates of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy (as inferred by assessments of fat-free mass from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in a professional male soccer player from the English Premier League. In addition, in Week 6, we also quantified energy intake (via the remote food photographic method) and energy expenditure using the doubly labeled water method. Mean daily energy intake (CHO: 1.9–3.2, protein: 1.7–3.3, and fat: 1.4–2.7 g/kg) and energy expenditure were 2,765 ± 474 and 3,178 kcal/day, respectively. In accordance with an apparent energy deficit, total body mass decreased by 1.9 kg during Weeks 1–6 where fat-free mass loss in the injured and noninjured limb was 0.9 and 0.6 kg, respectively, yet, trunk fat-free mass increased by 0.7 kg. In Weeks 7–28, the athlete was advised to increase daily CHO intake (4–6 g/kg) to facilitate an increased daily energy intake. Throughout this period, total body mass increased by 3.6 kg (attributable to a 2.9 and 0.7 kg increase in fat free and fat mass, respectively). Our data suggest it may be advantageous to avoid excessive reductions in energy intake during the initial 6–8 weeks post anterior cruciate ligament surgery so as to limit muscle atrophy.

Background Dietary Reference Intakes are used to guide the energy intake of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) field rations provided to military personnel deployed for training or operations. However, the high energy expenditures likely to occur under harsh environmental/metabolically challenging deployment conditions may not be adequately considered. This study examined the Ad libitum energy and nutrient intakes of CAF personnel (n = 18) consuming field rations in a resting thermoneutral environment and during a day of standardized strenuous infantry activities at varying environmental temperatures. Methods Dietary intake was assessed using a measured food intake/food waste method during the experimental treatment and for 6 h after treatment. Four treatments were administered in a randomized counterbalanced design: exercise (as standardized infantry activities) in the heat (30 °C), exercise in the cold (− 10 °C), exercise in temperate thermoneutral (21 °C) air temperatures and a resting (sedentary) trial (21 °C). Results The average Ad libitum consumption of field rations was 70% of the provided total energy (2776 ± 99 kcal/8 h) during all treatments. Even with an acute challenge of increased energy expenditure and temperature stress in the simulated field conditions, participants’ energy intakes (1985 ± 747 kcal/8 h) under hot, cold and temperate treatments did not differ from energy intake during the sedentary condition (1920 ± 640 kcal/8 h). Participants’ energy intakes (1009 ± 527 kcal/6 h) did not increase during the 6 h posttreatment period when the stresses of the strenuous physical activities and the harsh environmental temperatures had subsided. Conclusion These results should be considered when planning the provision of field rations for CAF personnel expected to be engaged in strenuous physical activities with prolonged exposure to temperature extremes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40779-019-0216-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objective:To identify differences in dietary quality, dietary greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and food consumption over 20 years in a Dutch cohort.Design:Participants (n 8932) filled out an FFQ in 1993–1997 and in 2015. The Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) score, GHG emissions and consumption of food groups (g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) were compared between the time points with paired t tests.Setting:The Netherlands.Participants:European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition – Netherlands (EPIC-NL) cohort, aged 18–65 years at baseline.Results:Total energy intake decreased by –678 (95 % CI –4908, 3377) kJ/d (–162 (95 % CI –1173, 807) kcal/d) for men and –372 (95 % CI –3820, 3130) kJ/d (–89 (95 % CI –913, 748) kcal/d) for women. DHD15-index scores increased by 11 % (from 64·8 to 71·9 points) and 13 % (from 65·2 to 73·6 points) in men and women, respectively (P 2-eq/4184 kJ (1000 kcal), P 2-eq/4184 kJ (1000 kcal), P = 0·3930) due to the increased consumption of (shell)fish, nuts/seeds/nut paste, poultry and higher GHG-intensive red meats such as beef.Conclusions:This Dutch cohort analyses showed more healthy diets without mitigated GHG emissions over a 20-year period, at similar energy intakes. Higher consumption of (shell)fish and poultry was not yet at the expense of red and processed meat. Lower consumption of animal-based foods is needed to achieve healthier as well as environmentally friendly diets.

© 2019 American Society for Nutrition. All rights reserved. The use of dietary supplements (DS) is pervasive and can provide substantial amounts of micronutrients to those who use them. Therefore when characterizing dietary intakes, describing the prevalence of inadequacy or excess, or assessing relations between nutrients and health outcomes, it is critical to incorporate DS intakes to improve exposure estimates. Unfortunately, little is known about the best methods to assess DS, and the structure of measurement error in DS reporting. Several characteristics of nutrients from DS are salient to understand when comparing to those in foods. First, DS can be consumed daily or episodically, in bolus form and can deliver discrete and often very high doses of nutrients that are not limited by energy intakes. These characteristics contribute to bimodal distributions and distributions severely skewed to the right. Labels on DS often provide nutrient forms that differ from those found in conventional foods, and underestimate analytically derived values. Finally, the bioavailability of many nutrient-containing DS is not known and it may not be the same as the nutrients in a food matrix. Current methods to estimate usual intakes are not designed specifically to handle DS. Two temporal procedures are described to refer to the order that nutrient intakes are combined relative to usual intake procedures, referred to as a shrinking the distribution to remove random error. The shrink then add approach is preferable to the add then shrink approach when users and nonusers are combined for most research questions. Stratifying by DS before usual intake methods is another defensible option. This review describes how to incorporate nutrient intakes from DS to usual intakes from foods, and describes the available methods and fit-for-purpose of different analytical strategies to address research questions where total usual intakes are of interest at the group level for use in nutrition research and to inform policy decisions. Clinical Trial Registry: NCT03400436. J Nutr 2019;149:181-197.

Background: Tribal ashram schools provide accommodation, food, and other services from 1st to 12th standards to children from marginalized sections of the society. Nutrition and growth are important aspects of this age group. Objectives: This study aims to estimate average macronutrient intakes in private and public ashram schools and to compare the growth of tribal with urban children and national standards. Methods: This is a cross-sectional cluster-based study in Nashik district of Maharashtra in ashram schools with an urban day school for comparison. The study was conducted from November 2017 to February 2018. The study includes 1510 students in four rural ashram schools and 322 urban school day scholars. Daily food amounts used by the school kitchens were analyzed. Height and weight of students were recorded with standard methods. Excel was used to estimate nutrient intakes and Epi Info for analysis of growth parameters. Results: Protein intakes were 76.5 g/student (2.9–3.1 g/kg body weight), with staples contributing 42%–50% and legumes and pulses contributing 22%–25%. Energy intakes were 2519 kcal/student (100–120 kcal/kg body weight) with oils contributing 13%. Boys ate 1.5–2 times than girls going by average intake of Chapattis. Height and weight of students at entry and exit age, respectively, of 7 and 15 years were significantly lower than urban students, ICMR and IAP standards. However, entry-level stunting had reduced by 15 years by 40%–50% in girls and boys. Conclusions: Macronutrient intakes in the ashram schoolchildren were sufficient, but growth gap persisted till adolescence. Protein quality in private schools needs improvement.

Evening eating has been associated with higher energy intake and lower nutrient density. However, these qualities may not characterize all late evening (LE) eating patterns.We sought to characterize US adults' LE eating patterns on a given day and identify differences, if any, in pattern-specific associations with, and impact on, daily energy intake and total diet quality.LE eating patterns, energy intakes, and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores were identified using Day-1 dietary recall data from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016.The sample included adults aged ≥ 20 years (n = 9,861). LE reporters were respondents who consumed foods/beverages between 20:00 and 23:59 on the intake day.Energy intake and HEI-2015 scores by LE status/pattern and the impact of LE consumption on these measures.Cluster analysis assigned individuals to LE eating patterns based on the LE energy contribution of food/beverage groups. Regression models estimated energy intake and HEI-2015 scores; estimates were compared between LE reporters and nonreporters. Similarly, LE's contribution to total energy and the difference in total HEI inclusive vs exclusive of LE consumption were estimated and compared among patterns.Among US adults, 64.4% were LE reporters. Eleven LE patterns were identified; the six most prevalent patterns (representing 89% of LE reporters) were further analyzed. Daily energy intake in all prevalent patterns except the fruit pattern exceeded that of nonreporters by ≥ 268 kcal (unadjusted; P0.001), varying by pattern. Conversely, total HEI score did not differ from that of nonreporters (51.0) in any pattern except the fruit pattern, where it was higher (57.4, unadjusted; P0.001). Generally, LE consumption's impact on energy was high and its impact on HEI scores was low.Late evening food/beverage consumption is common among US adults, and LE patterns are not monolithic in their associations with, and impact on, total energy intake and dietary quality.

Introduction Diet has an impact on weight status, health, and physical performance. Assessing the usual at-home dietary intakes of military personnel can help ascertain their nutritional status before field training or operations. Preference for foods consumed on a routine basis can also impact the military’s preference for and consumption of field rations. Military personnel are limited by the inherent nature of the field rations and availability of calories and food types; and despite previous studies indicating a high acceptability of the field rations, it is unknown whether military personnel self-select the same number of calories when faced with a restricted list of field ration options as they would from their usual foods. Although field rations are intended to be nutritionally sufficient for standard military operations, there are limited data on the ad libitum intake of nutrients of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) personnel from field rations in comparison to the military dietary reference intake (MDRI) recommendations, which establishes standards intended to meet the nutritional requirements of military personnel on duty. Thus, assessing the adequacy of their usual diets at home and longer-term sustenance on field rations in relation to MDRIs can provide insight on CAF personnel’s operational readiness. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare, in a convenience sample of CAF, their ad libitum nutrient intakes from the consumption of self-selected field rations at home with their usual home intakes and to compare both with MDRI recommendations. Materials and Methods Eighteen CAF participants weighed and recorded their dietary intake from the ad libitum consumption of field rations at home and their usual at-home diets. Both MDRIs and the Institute of Medicine’s dietary reference intake recommendations were used to assess the adequacy of intakes for each individual. Paired Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon-matched paired tests were used to compare nutrient intake levels between usual at-home diets and field rations consumed at home. Results Mean daily energy intakes were similar between ad libitum intakes from field rations (2,688 ± 619 kcal) and usual home diets (2,657 ± 580 kcal), although participants had significantly higher intakes of protein and fat from their home diets and higher intakes of carbohydrates from the field rations (P ≤ 0.05). Participants had less than the recommended intakes of some micronutrients (vitamins A and D, folate, calcium, magnesium, and potassium), from both their home diets and field rations, but adequate intakes of vitamin C and iron. Conclusions The results of this study showed no difference in energy intake between the consumption of field rations and home diets, with levels consistent with recommendations for individuals with average physical activity levels. The results also demonstrated less than the recommended intakes (in comparison with MDRIs) of some nutrients from both home diets and self-selected consumption of field rations, warranting further research into nutritional adequacy for operational readiness.

The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 updated the nutrition standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs (NSLP and SBP) and expanded universal free meals&rsquo, availability in low-income schools. Past studies have shown that school meals are an important resource for children in food-insecure households. This analysis used data from the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study to classify students as food insecure (FI), marginally secure (MS), or food secure (FS). Diet quality from school and nonschool foods that students consumed was assessed using Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 scores. Chi-squared and two-tailed t-tests were conducted to compare school meal participation, students&rsquo, energy intakes, and diet quality across food security groups. FI and MS students were significantly more likely to participate in NSLP than FS students (79%, 71%, and 49%, respectively). SBP participation followed a similar pattern but was lower (38% FI, 33% MS, and 16% FS). Compared to FS students, FI and MS students more likely attended schools offering SBP, universal free meals, or afterschool snacks and suppers. School meals contributed significantly more energy to FI and MS students&rsquo, diets than to FS students (22%, 20%, and 13%, respectively). All groups&rsquo, dietary intakes from school foods were of higher quality than non-school foods. These findings highlight the role of school meals in meeting the energy and diet quality needs of FI and MS students.

Submitted by Daniella Santos (daniella.santos@ufma.br) on 2021-02-21T02:14:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EvelynFeitosa.pdf: 1085444 bytes, checksum: 426d08dc9c4f9b054679466345e47f2a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-02-21T02:14:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EvelynFeitosa.pdf: 1085444 bytes, checksum: 426d08dc9c4f9b054679466345e47f2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-01-18 FAPEMA Aim: Evaluate body composition (BC), muscle thickness (MT) of bodybuilders in competition and, to describe the training variables performed between off season (OFF) and pre contest (PRE) periods of preparation. Materials and methods: 20 male bodybuilders were screened at the moments (M1): day of official weigh-in for competition and (M2): day of competition, 24 hours after weighing followed by the carbohydrate loading (CHO loading). BC measurements (Lean mass:% LM; Fat mass:% FM) and MT (Vastus lateralis: LV; Biceps brachii: BB) by ultrasonography (US); intracellular water (IWC); extracellular water (EWC) in percentage (%) and liters (L), total body water (TBW), TBW in relation to body mass (TBW/BM) through bioelectrical impedance (BIA); training record (TR) on OFF and PRE periods and containing background information; food record (FR) of the last 24 hours after the official weighing of the competition to obtain the description of the CHO loading performed by the athlete as a strategy. They were distributed as follows: M1 (US; BIA and TR) and M2 (US; BIA and RA). The level of significance was set at p

Types of diets and energy intakes of animals, feeding types and withdrawal times were perceived as most important pre-harvest and the use of vacuum and active packaging in combination with lower temperatures post-harvest factors influencing meat color. The color remains one of the most important meat quality attributes when consumers are concerned. According to the literature survey of 600 manuscripts, published only in the last two years, more than 40% of them failed to include information necessary to replicate and/or properly interpret instrumental color results. Color measuring systems and devices, that can successfully resolve the problem of meat translucency and its non-uniform refraction index, should be a preferred instrumental choice in the future. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Adequate dietary intake is critical to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. India has a high burden of maternal and child morbidity and mortality, but there is a lack of adequate tools to assess dietary intake. We validate an FFQ, New Interactive Nutrition Assistant - Diet in India Study of Health (NINA-DISH), among pregnant women living with and without HIV in Pune, India. Women were selected from a cohort study investigating immune responses to HIV and latent tuberculosis during pregnancy. The FFQ was administered during the third trimester and validated against multiple 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDR) collected in second and third trimesters. Data for analysis were available from fifty-eight women out of seventy enrolled into this sub-study, after excluding those with incomplete data or implausible energy intake. The median (Q1, Q3) age of study participants was 23 (20, 25) years. Median (Q1, Q3) daily energy intakes were 10 552 (8000, 11 958) and 10 673 (8510, 13 962) kJ by 24-HDR and FFQ, respectively, with FFQ overestimating nutrient intake. Pearson correlations between log-transformed estimates from FFQ and 24-HDR for energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, Fe and Zn were 0·47, 0·48, 0·45, 0·33, 0·4 and 0·54, respectively. Energy-adjusted and de-attenuated correlations ranged from 0·41 (saturated fat) to 0·73 (Na). The highest misclassification into extreme tertiles was observed for fat (22 %), saturated fat (21 %) and Na (21 %). Bias existed at higher intake levels as observed by Bland–Altman plots. In conclusion, NINA-DISH is a valid and feasible tool for estimating dietary intakes among urban pregnant women in Western India.

Huge amounts of energy are expended by athletes, both in training and competition. Often, energy and macronutrient intake are insufficient to compensate for this large energy expenditure. As a result, exercise performance can be affected adversely. It is recommended that those involved in regular exercise training consume 6–10 g•kg−1•d−1 of carbohydrate, ∼2 g•kg−1•d−1 of protein, and 1–2 g•kg−1•d−1 of fat. Moreover, energy intakes of 50 kcal•kg−1•d−1or greater will be necessary to maintain energy balance. Substantial interindividual differences exist, so regular monitoring of body composition and adjustments are also recommended.

Rationale: The aim of this analysis was to determine route and adequacy of nutrition support in patients with COVID19 during the first 7 days of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) Methods: Nutrition parameters were collected for all patients admitted to ICU with COVID19 and compared to best practice guidelines1 Results: Of the initial 64 patients admitted to ICU for management of COVID19, all patients were assessed by a critical care dietitian Patients who were tolerating oral diet were commenced on oral nutrition support as appropriate Forty eight patients (75%) required enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN) The feeding route of choice for the majority of patients was EN (89 5%) In patients with gastrointestinal (GI) intolerance where strategies to optimise tolerance were unsuccessful, supplementary or total PN was used (10 5%) Energy and protein intakes during the early and late acute phase are described below [Formula presented] The most common reason for suboptimal nutrition intake in the late acute phase was GI intolerance, affecting 27% of patients Compared with those without GI intolerance, patients who experienced feed regurgitation, vomiting or high gastric residual volumes achieved significantly less energy and protein intakes (p≤0 05) Proned position did not affect GI tolerance in our cohort (p=0 65) Conclusion: Energy intakes in the early acute phase were consistent with best practice guidelines while protein provision was a challenge in both phases GI intolerance was common which compromised nutrition intakes, though proned position did not affect these outcomes Where strategies to improve GI tolerance are unsuccessful supplementary PN should be considered without delay to optimise nutrition intake References: 1Singer et al Clinical Nutrition (2019) 38(1), 48-79 Disclosure of Interest: None declared

Background Portion sizes of commercially available foods and beverages have increased since the 1980s, as have portion sizes consumed by children. Children’s consumption of larger portion sizes is associated with higher energy intakes and weight status. Parents and guardians act as critical role models for children in the development of eating habits and often decide the amounts (portion sizes) their children are served. How parents portion foods and beverages, and how they decide the amounts to serve is an understudied domain. Children’s portion sizes, thus presents a clear, modifiable determinant of excess energy consumption in children and risk of weight gain. Methods The primary aim of this qualitative study, was to understand parents’ practices in portioning food and beverages for their children; their mechanisms for judging appropriate portion sizes and the factors influencing these judgements. A sample of 144 parents with at least one child aged 2–12 years who did not require a diet on medical grounds participated. Parents were recruited via purposive sampling of preschools and primary schools geographically located in either urban or rural areas of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, and classified as either higher or lower levels of disadvantage. Results Parents reported that they do not consciously think about the portion size (quantity) that they give to their children but place greater focus on the types of food served. Generally, parents feel that the portion sizes that they give to their children are appropriate. This was reflected in the three main themes comprising of multiple sub-themes that were identified from the analysis: 1) Parental portioning practices - parent serves and permitting child to self-serve; 2) Factors influencing parental portioning including parent motivations, knowledge, child-related factors, family influences, school influences, food retail and other settings, socio-cultural influences and portioning resources used; 3) Parental views on portion size guidance including receptivity to portion size guidance and usefulness of guidance. Conclusion Understanding how parents portion food for their children, the drivers of these practices and the type of information parents are receptive to will help inform future interventions and information campaigns to help parents understand child portion sizes. From this research it is evident that parents main concern regarding the amount that they feed their children is that their child eats enough to be fed. This amount is something that parents learn through experience of feeding their children and is highly specific to the appetite of each individual child.