50 results on '"Ergogenics"'
Search Results
2. The Influence of 8 Weeks of Whey-Protein and Leucine Supplementation on Physical and Cognitive Performance.
- Author
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Walker, Thomas B., Smith, Jessica, Herrera, Monica, Lebegue, Breck, Pinchak, Andrea, and Fischer, Joseph
- Subjects
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PHYSICAL fitness , *AEROBIC exercises , *ANALYSIS of variance , *BODY composition , *CHI-squared test , *CLINICAL trials , *COGNITION , *DIETARY supplements , *LEUCINE , *MILK proteins , *MUSCLE strength , *NURSING assessment , *HEALTH outcome assessment , *PLACEBOS , *RESEARCH funding , *T-test (Statistics) , *WEIGHT lifting , *X-ray densitometry in medicine , *SCALE items , *EFFECT sizes (Statistics) , *ERGOGENIC aids , *BODY movement , *REPEATED measures design , *BLIND experiment , *FOOD diaries , *DRUG administration , *DRUG dosage - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of whey-protein and leucine supplementation to enhance physical and cognitive performance and body composition. Thirty moderately fit participants completed a modified Air Force fitness test, a computer-based cognition test, and a dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry scan for body composition before and after supplementing their daily diet for 8 wk with either 19.7 g of whey protein and 6.2 g leucine (WPL) or a calorie-equivalent placebo (P). Bench-press performance increased significantly from Week 1 to Week 8 in the WPL group, whereas the increase in the P group was not significant. Push-up performance increased significantly for WPL, and P showed a nonsignificant increase. Total mass, fat-free mass, and lean body mass all increased significantly in the WPL group but showed no change in the P group. No differences were observed within or between groups for crunches, chin-ups, 3-mile-run time, or cognition. The authors conclude that supplementing with whey protein and leucine may provide an advantage to people whose performance benefits from increased upper body strength and/or lean body mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
3. Fitoterápicos e plantas medicinais com propriedades ergogênicas: evidências de uso em uma academia da cidade de Itaqui-RS
- Author
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Boeira, Silvana Peterini, Machado, Franciele Romero, Zimermann, Rafael Brandes, Maciel, Beatriz de Castro, Boeira, Silvana Peterini, Machado, Franciele Romero, Zimermann, Rafael Brandes, and Maciel, Beatriz de Castro more...
- Abstract
Objective: Analysis of the use of phytotherapics and medicinal plants with ergogenic properties in a gym in the city of Itaqui-RS. Materials and Methods: A semi-structured and self-completed questionnaire was applied to practitioners of physical exercises who attended a gym in the city of Itaqui-RS. The participants signed an informed consent form and the research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Pampa. Results: The sample consisted of 119 participants, 58% female and 42% male, with a predominance of ages between 18 and 23 years (42% of the total). Among the 119 interviewees, 74 claimed to use or had already used herbal medicines/ergogenic medicinal plants (62.18% of the total). As for the use, 12 different ergogenic phytotherapics/medicinal plants were mentioned, the 4 main ones being: green tea (58), tribulus (12), guarana (10) and Peruvian maca (8). Although the purposes of use of the main substances mentioned are in accordance with their scientific characteristics, the indication of use was inadequate. Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that the use of phytotherapics and medicinal plants with ergogenic purposes is a common practice among the interviewees of the academy where this work was carried out, but most of the time it does not come from the prescription by professionals marked out by the legislation., Obiettivo: Analisi dell'uso di erbe medicinali e piante medicinali con proprietà ergogeniche in una palestra di bodybuilding nella città di Itaqui-RS. Materiali e Metodi: Un questionario semi-strutturato e autocompilato è stato applicato a praticanti di esercizio fisico che frequentavano una palestra nella città di Itaqui-RS. I partecipanti hanno firmato un modulo di consenso informato e la ricerca è stata approvata dal Comitato etico della ricerca dell'Università federale di Pampa. Risultati: Il campione era composto da 119 partecipanti, suddivisi in 58% femmine e 42% maschi, prevalentemente di età compresa tra 18 e 23 anni (42% del totale). Dei 119 intervistati, 74 dichiarano di utilizzare o hanno già utilizzato fitoterapici/piante officinali ergogene (62,18% del totale). Per quanto riguarda l'uso, sono stati menzionati 12 diversi fitoterapici/piante medicinali ergogene, di cui i 4 principali citati: tè verde (58), tribulus (12), guaranà (10) e maca peruviana (8). Nonostante le finalità d'uso delle principali sostanze citate fossero conformi alle loro caratteristiche scientifiche, l'indicazione d'uso era inadeguata. Conclusione: è possibile concludere che l'uso di erbe medicinali e piante medicinali a scopo ergogenico è una pratica comune tra gli intervistati presso l'accademia in cui è stato svolto questo lavoro, ma il più delle volte non deriva dalla prescrizione di professionisti guidati da legislazione., Objetivo: Análise da utilização de fitoterápicos e plantas medicinais com propriedades ergogênicas em uma academia de musculação da cidade de Itaqui-RS. Materiais e Métodos: Foi aplicado um questionário semiestruturado e autopreenchido em praticantes de exercícios físicos que frequentavam uma academia do município de Itaqui-RS. Os participantes assinaram Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e a pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Pampa. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 119 participantes, distribuídos em 58% do sexo feminino e 42% do sexo masculino, predominando a faixa etária de 18 a 23 anos (42% do total). Dentre os 119 entrevistados, 74 alegaram utilizar ou já terem utilizado fitoterápicos/plantas medicinais ergogênicas (62,18% do total). Quanto à utilização, foram citados 12 diferentes fitoterápicos/plantas medicinais ergogênicos, sendo os 4 principais citados: chá verde (58), tribulus (12), guaraná (10) e maca peruana (8). Apesar das finalidades de uso das principais substâncias citadas estarem de acordo com a característica científica delas, a indicação de uso foi inadequada. Conclusão: É possível concluir que a utilização de fitoterápicos e plantas medicinas com propósitos ergogênicos é uma prática comum entre os entrevistados da academia onde este trabalho foi realizado, porém na maioria das vezes não é oriunda da prescrição por profissionais balizados pela legislação., Objetivo: Análisis del uso de fitoterápicos y plantas medicinales con propiedades ergogénicas en un gimnasio de musculación en la ciudad de Itaqui-RS. Materiales y Métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario semiestructurado y autocumplimentado a practicantes de ejercicio físico que asistían a un gimnasio en la ciudad de Itaqui-RS. Los participantes firmaron un consentimiento informado y la investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidad Federal de Pampa. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 119 participantes, divididos en 58% mujeres y 42% hombres, predominantemente de 18 a 23 años (42% del total). Entre los 119 entrevistados, 74 afirmaron utilizar o ya han utilizado fitoterápicos/plantas medicinales ergogénicas (62,18% del total). En cuanto al uso, se mencionaron 12 fitoterapias/plantas medicinales ergogénicas diferentes, siendo las 4 principales citadas: té verde (58), tribulus (12), guaraná (10) y maca peruana (8). A pesar de que los fines de uso de las principales sustancias citadas estaban de acuerdo con sus características científicas, la indicación de uso era inadecuada. Conclusión: Es posible concluir que el uso de fitoterápicos y plantas medicinales con fines ergogénicos es una práctica común entre los encuestados de la academia donde se realizó este trabajo, pero la mayoría de las veces no proviene de prescripción por parte de profesionales guiados por legislación. more...
- Published
- 2023
4. Nutritional Supplements for Endurance Athletes
- Author
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Rasmussen, Christopher J., Greenwood, Mike, Kalman, Douglas S., and Antonio, Jose
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- 2008
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5. Consumo de suplementos nutricionais por frequentadores de academias da cidade de Porto Alegre Consumo de suplementos nutricionales por los frecuentadores de las academias de la ciudad de Porto Alegre Consumption of nutritional supplements among individuals in Porto Alegre's fitness centers
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Ana Paula Trussardi Fayh, Cláudia Villela da Silva, Flávia Roanna Dotto de Jesus, and Gabriela Kerpel Costa
- Subjects
Suplementos nutricionales ,alimentos ,desportistas ,ergogénicos ,Suplementos nutricionais ,esportistas ,ergogênicos ,Nutritional supplements ,foods ,physically active person ,ergogenics ,Sports ,GV557-1198.995 - Abstract
O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a prevalência do uso de suplementos alimentares nas academias da cidade de Porto Alegre. Foram entrevistados 316 indivíduos com idade entre 18-59 anos. A abordagem foi por voluntariedade, em 22 academias da cidade. Observou-se um expressivo uso de suplementos nutricionais pelos participantes (28,8%), e os homens utilizam mais suplementos do que as mulheres (pEl objetivo del estúdio fue verificar la prevalencia de la utilizacíon de suplementos dietéticos en las academias de la ciudad de Porto Alegre. Fueron entrevistadas 316 personas con edad entre 18 y 59 años. La abordaje fue por voluntariedad en 22 academias de la ciudad. Se ha observado un expresivo uso de suplementos nutricionales por los participantes (28,8%), y los hombres utilizan más los suplementos que las mujeres (pThe aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of the use of food supplements at fitness centers in the city of Porto Alegre. Were interviewed 316 individuals at an age range between 18 and 59. Individuals participated voluntarily in 22 fitness centers in the city. The study has revealed a significant use of nutritional supplements by the participants (28.8%) and men intake more supplements than women (p more...
- Published
- 2013
6. Creatine and maltodextrine dietetic supplementation in eventing horses at training
- Author
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Alexandre Soares Fagundes, Fernando Queiroz Almeida, Fernanda Nascimento de Godoi, Eduardo Xavier Ferreira Migon, Tiago Marques dos Santos, and Paula Vieira Evans Hossell Laranjeira
- Subjects
equine ,ergogenics ,nutrition ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the creatine and maltodextrine dietetic supplementation of eventing horses. The experimental period consisted of 56 days, with 20 horses, which were randomly divided into four groups with different diets. Diets were: diet without supplement (Control); diet supplemented with creatine, 44.4 mg/kg body weight/day (20 g creatine/horse/day); diet supplemented with creatine, 88.8 mg/kg body weight/day (40 g creatine/horse/day); diet supplemented with maltodextrine, 222.2 mg/kg body weight/day (100 g/horse/day), during three days before each test. Every horse was submitted to three tests. Blood samples and heart rate were collected at rest, immediately after the tests and 10 and 20 minutes after the test. Supplementation with creatine (44.4 mg/kg body weight/day) and maltodextrine reduced plasma concentration of lactate in horses during tests. Supplementation of creatine and maltodextrine did not alter serum concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, urea or creatinine, but training affected blood biochemical variables in eventing horses. more...
- Published
- 2011
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7. Use of nutritional supplements in sports: risks, knowledge, and behavioural-related factors Utilización de suplementos nutricionales en el deporte: riesgos, información y factores conductuales
- Author
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O. Molinero and S. Márquez
- Subjects
Suplementos nutricionales ,Ergogenia ,Deporte ,Conducta ,Nutritional supplements ,Ergogenics ,Sports ,Behavior ,Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ,RC620-627 - Abstract
A large number of recreational and elite athletes use nutritional supplements in hopes of improving performance. These aids can be costly and potentially harmful, and the advertised ergogenic gains are often based on little or no scientific evidence. Due to the lack of regulation of the dietary supplement industry, an abundance of supplement products of dubious value, content, and quality are now available around the world. Many supplement products contain substances that are prohibited in sport or that have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. For athletes, lack of knowledge or misinformation has been established despite numerous sources of information being available, and the reasons for, and implications of, unsupervised and unrestricted supplement use require further attention. In addition to the necessity of an appropriate regulation of dietary supplements, nutritional education and scientifically sound guidance for athletes is required. Intervention and prevention efforts should be particularly targeted to adolescents.Una gran cantidad de deportistas, tanto recreacionales como de elite, utilizan suplementos nutricionales con la esperanza de incrementar el rendimiento. Estas ayudas pueden tener un coste económico elevado y ser potencialmente peligrosas para la salud, basándose muchas veces sus supuestos beneficios en un escaso o nulo apoyo científico. Debido a la falta de regulación de la industria de suplementos nutricionales, existe una enorme cantidad de productos en el mercado que son de valor, contenido y calidad dudosos. Muchos suplementos contienen sustancias prohibidas en el deporte y que se han asociado con morbilidades y mortalidades significativas. A pesar de la gran cantidad de datos disponibles, resulta llamativa la información escasa o errónea por parte de los deportistas y se debe prestar especial atención a las implicaciones de un uso de suplementos no supervisado correctamente. Además de la necesidad de una regulación adecuada, los deportistas deben recibir una correcta educación nutricional y una información sustentada en datos científicos rigurosos. Los esfuerzos de intervención y de prevención han de ser especialmente importantes en los adolescentes. more...
- Published
- 2009
8. Effekte ergogener Substanzen eines Sportgetränks auf die Ausdauerleistung - eine randomisierte Cross-Over-Studie: Effects of Ergogenic Substances of a Sports Beverage on Endurance Performance: a Randomized Cross-Over Study.
- Author
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Fröhlich, H., Gatterer, H., Philippe, M., Insam, K., Gröbner, F., and Burtscher, M.
- Abstract
Copyright of German Journal of Sports Medicine / Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin is the property of Verein zur Forderung der Sportmedizin Hannover e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...
- Published
- 2017
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9. Sodium Phosphate Supplementation and Time Trial Performance in Female Cyclists.
- Author
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Buck, Christopher L., Dawson, Brian, Guelfi, Kym J., McNaughton, Lars, and Wallman, Karen E.
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SODIUM phosphates , *BODY composition , *ANALYSIS of variance , *ANTHROPOMETRY , *ATHLETIC ability , *CARDIOPULMONARY system , *CLINICAL trials , *CROSSOVER trials , *CYCLING , *DIETARY supplements , *EXERCISE physiology , *EXERCISE tests , *PHOSPHATES , *STATISTICAL sampling , *STATISTICS , *DATA analysis , *EFFECT sizes (Statistics) , *ERGOGENIC aids , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *REPEATED measures design , *OXYGEN consumption , *ERGOMETRY , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
This study investigated the effects of three doses of sodium phosphate (SP) supplementation on cycling 500 kJ (119.5 Kcal) time trial (TT) performance in female cyclists. Thirteen cyclists participated in a randomised, Latin-square design study where they completed four separate trials after ingesting either a placebo, or one of three different doses (25, 50 or 75 mg.kg-1 fat free mass: FFM) of trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate which was split into four equal doses a day for six days. On the day after the loading phase, the TT was performed on a cycle ergometer. Serum phosphate blood samples were taken at rest both before and after each loading protocol, while a ~21 day washout period separated each loading phase. No significant differences in TT performance were observed between any of the supplementation protocols (p = 0.73) with average completion times for the 25, 50 or 75 mg.kg-1 FFM being, 42:21 ± 07:53, 40:55 ± 07:33 and 40:38 ± 07:20 min respectively, and 40:39 ± 07:51 min for the placebo. Likewise, average and peak power output did not significantly differ between trials (p = 0.06 and p = 0.46, respectively). Consequently, 500 kJ cycling TT performance was not different in any of the supplementation protocols in female cyclists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2014
10. National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Evaluation of Dietary Supplements for Performance Nutrition.
- Author
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Buell, Jackie L., Franks, Rob, Ransone, Jack, Powers, Michael E., Laquale, Kathleen M., and Carlson-Phillips, Amanda
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DIETARY supplement laws , *PREVENTION of doping in sports , *ATHLETIC ability , *ATHLETIC trainers , *DIET , *DIETARY supplements , *DRUG adulteration , *DRUG labeling , *EXERCISE physiology , *LABELS , *HEALTH outcome assessment , *PRODUCT safety , *OCCUPATIONAL roles , *ATHLETIC associations , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *CONTINUING education units , *STANDARDS - Abstract
Objectives: To help athletic trainers promote a "food-first" philosophy to support health and performance, understand federal and sport governing body rules and regulations regarding dietary supplements and banned substances, and become familiar with reliable resources for evaluating the safety, purity, and efficacy of dietary supplements. Background: The dietary supplement industry is poorly regulated and takes in billions of dollars per year. Uneducated athletes need to gain a better understanding of the safety, eligibility, and efficacy concerns associated with choosing to take dietary supplements. The athletic trainer is a valuable athletic team member who can help in the educational process. In many cases, athletic trainers are asked to help evaluate the legality, safety, and efficacy of dietary supplements. For this position statement, our mission is to provide the athletic trainer with the necessary resources for these tasks. Recommendations: Proper nutrition and changes in the athlete's habitual diet should be considered first when improved performance is the goal. Athletes need to understand the level of regulation (or lack thereof) governing the dietary supplement industry at the interactional, federal, state, and individual sport- participation levels. Athletes should not assume a product is safe simply because it is marketed over the counter. All products athletes are considering using should be evaluated for purity (i.e., truth in labeling), safety, and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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11. Use of nutritional supplements in sports: risks, knowledge, and behavioural-related factors.
- Author
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Molinero, O. and Márquez, S.
- Subjects
- *
ERGOGENIC aids , *SPORTS , *ATHLETES' health , *NUTRITION , *ATHLETES , *DRUGS , *SPORTS nutrition - Abstract
A large number of recreational and elite athletes use nutritional supplements in hopes of improving performance. These aids can be costly and potentially harmful, and the advertised ergogenic gains are often based on little or no scientific evidence. Due to the lack of regulation of the dietary supplement industry, an abundance of supplement products of dubious value, content, and quality are now available around the world. Many supplement products contain substances that are prohibited in sport or that have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. For athletes, lack of knowledge or misinformation has been established despite numerous sources of information being available, and the reasons for, and implications of, unsupervised and unrestricted supplement use require further attention. In addition to the necessity of an appropriate regulation of dietary supplements, nutritional education and scientifically sound guidance for athletes is required. Intervention and prevention efforts should be particularly targeted to adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2009
12. Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older women.
- Author
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Gotshalk, Lincoln, Kraemer, William, Mendonca, Mario, Vingren, Jakob, Kenny, Anne, Spiering, Barry, Hatfield, Disa, Fragala, Maren, and Volek, Jeff
- Subjects
- *
CREATINE , *MUSCLE strength , *OLDER women , *EXERCISE , *PHYSICAL fitness - Abstract
Muscle power and strength decrease with age leading to reduced independence and increased health risk from falls. Creatine supplementation can increase muscle power and strength. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 7 days of creatine supplementation on body composition, muscular strength, and lower-body motor functional performance in older women. Thirty 58–71 year old women performed three test sessions (T1–T3) each separated by one week. Each session consisted of one repetition maximum tests for bench press and leg press, and isometric hand-grip, tandem gait, upper-body ergometer, and lower-body ergometer tests. Following T2, subjects were assigned to a creatine monohydrate (0.3 g kg body mass−1 for 7 days) (CR: 63.31 ± 1.22 year, 160.00 ± 1.58 cm, 67.11 ± 4.38 kg) or a placebo (PL: 62.98 ± 1.11 year, 162.25 ± 2.09 cm, 67.84 ± 3.90 kg) supplementation group. CR significantly ( P < 0.05) increased bench press (1.7 ± 0.4 kg), leg press (5.2 ± 1.8 kg), body mass (0.49 ± 0.04 kg) and fat free mass (0.52 ± 0.05) and decreased completion time on the functional tandem gait tests from T2–T3. No significant changes were found for PL on any of the measured variables. No adverse side-effects were reported by either group. Short-term creatine supplementation resulted in an increase in strength, power, and lower-body motor functional performance in older women without any adverse side effects [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2008
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13. Muscle dysmorphia and use of ergogenics substances. A systematic review
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Georgina Alvarez-Rayón, Jaime García-Rodríguez, Jaime Camacho-Ruíz, Adriana Amaya-Hernández, and Juan Manuel Mancilla-Díaz
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050103 clinical psychology ,05 social sciences ,Applied psychology ,050109 social psychology ,Context (language use) ,Performance-Enhancing Substances ,Body Dysmorphic Disorders ,medicine.disease ,Muscle dysmorphia ,Body Image ,medicine ,Humans ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Ergogenics ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The use of ergogenic substances (UES) is not restricted to achieving a better athletic performance, but also it is a behavior for body changing through muscle development; however, little is known about the relationship between muscle dysmorphia (MD) and UES. Therefore, it was conducted a systematic review of those empirical papers that have studied this relationship over the last decade (2004-2014). First it is highlighted that of the 22 articles analyzed, only 13 explicitly aimed this interest. Besides, although the documented data outlined some relevant aspects such as the existence of a high co-occurrence (60-90%) between MD and UES. In general, the evidence is still incipient and uncertain, mainly because of the large disparity between the methodologies of the studies, particularly in terms of indicators, parameters and measures utilized to assess UES within the context of MD. more...
- Published
- 2017
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14. THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON MULTIPLE SPRINT CYCLING AND RUNNING PERFORMANCE IN RUGBY PLAYERS.
- Author
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AHMUN, ROBERT P., TONG, RICHARD J., and GRIMSHAW, PAUL N.
- Abstract
The benefits of creatine (CR) supplementation are well documented, particularly during repeated bouts of high-intensity muscular activity. Most published experiments use mass-supported (cycle ergometry) activities as a means of evaluating creatine's efficacy, therefore minimizing any possible adverse effects of increased body mass associated with CR supplementation. This study aims to use both mass-supported and mass-dependent activities to assess the effectiveness of acute CR supplementation on a group of highly trained rugby players. A randomized, double-blind, crossover research design was utilized, with subjects receiving 20 g·d-1 3 5dof both CR and a glucose placebo (PL). Subjects were assessed via 10 3 6-second Wingate test and a 10 X 40-m sprint test on separate days, presupplementation and postsupplementation. A 28-d washout period separated the two treatments. No significant treatment (p > 0.05) or treatment by test interaction effects (p > 0.05) were observed for peak or minimum power output (W), peak or minimum running velocity (m·s1), or fatigue index (%). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found postsupplementation for body mass and percentage body fat. Although statistical significance was not achieved for any of the measured parameters, there were small improvements in performance that may be of benefit to rugby players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2005
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15. Changes in the Supplementation Practices of Elite Australian Swimmers Over 11 Years
- Author
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Gregory Shaw, Gary J. Slater, and Louise M. Burke
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Adult ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Adolescent ,Glutamine ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Pilot Projects ,Cohort Studies ,Electrolytes ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Sex Factors ,0302 clinical medicine ,Caffeine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ,Supplement use ,Humans ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Micronutrients ,Swimming ,Glucosamine ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,sport food ,business.industry ,Probiotics ,Australia ,030229 sport sciences ,General Medicine ,ergogenic ,Zinc ,Sodium Bicarbonate ,Athletes ,Dietary Supplements ,Cohort ,beta-Alanine ,Female ,Dietary Proteins ,business ,performance ,Demography - Abstract
Thirty nine elite Australian swimmers (13 AIS, 26 OTHER) completed a standardized questionnaire regarding their supplement use during a pre competition camp. The data were compared with a similar study conducted 11 years earlier (11 AIS, 23 OTHER) and framed around the classification system of the Sport Supplement Program of the Australian Institute of Sport. The prevalence of supplement use remained constant over time (2009: 97%, 1998: 100%). However, the current swimmers used a greater number of dietary supplements (9.2 ± 3.7 and 5.9 ± 2.9; p = .001), accounted for by an increase in the reported use of supplements with a greater evidence base (Sports Foods, Ergogenics, and Group B supplements). In contrast, fewer supplements considered less reputable (Group C and D) were reported by the 2009 cohort (0.7 ± 1.0 and 1.6 ± 1.3; p = .003). AIS swimmers reported a greater use of Ergogenics (4.3 ± 1.8 and 3.1 ± 1.7; p = .002), and less use of Group C and D supplements overall (0.8 ± 1.2 and 1.3 ± 1.2; p = .012), which was explained primarily by a smaller number of these supplements reported by the 2009 group (1998 AIS: 1.5 ± 1.4, 2009 AIS: 0.2 ± 0.6; p = .004). Although the prevalence of supplement use has not changed over time, there has been a significant increase in the number and type of products they are using. The potential that these changes can be attributed to a Sports Supplement Program merit investigation. more...
- Published
- 2016
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16. Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Sports Supplements for Resistance Training
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Wagner S Dantas, Jason M. Cholewa, Lucas Guimarães-Ferreira, Michael J. Duncan, Igor Hisashi Murai, and Nelo Eidy Zanchi
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Performance-enhancing drugs ,Resistance training ,Human metabolism ,Growth hormone ,Creatine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,Medical prescription ,business ,Intensive care medicine - Abstract
In general, nutritional sports ergogenics are designed to enhance energy production and/or improve body composition, promoting muscle growth and decreasing body fat. Many of the nutritional supplements and pharmacological substances have been used during resistance training without knowledge about the effects on human metabolism caused by their chronic administration. Before the usage or prescription of any ergogenic aid, it is important to consider some questions about that substance: Is it effective? Is it safe? Is it legal and ethical? In this chapter we will discuss the most widely used drugs and supplements among individuals engaged in resistance training—testosterone, growth hormone and insulin growth factor-1, creatine, beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate and caffeine—focusing on their effects on strength and body composition, the safety of their usage, and the mechanisms of action. more...
- Published
- 2019
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17. Ergogenics in the Cardiac Care of the Athlete
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Melissa L Givens, Mark C. Haigney, and Francis G. O'Connor
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,business - Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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18. Sodium Phosphate Supplementation and Time Trial Performance in Female Cyclists
- Author
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Christopher L. Buck and Brian Dawson, Kym J. Guelfi, Lars McNaughton, Karen E. Wallman
- Subjects
lcsh:Sports ,lcsh:GV557-1198.995 ,Ergogenics ,3-DPG ,lcsh:Sports medicine ,lcsh:RC1200-1245 ,endurance performance - Abstract
This study investigated the effects of three doses of sodium phosphate (SP) supplementation on cycling 500 kJ (119.5 Kcal) time trial (TT) performance in female cyclists. Thirteen cyclists participated in a randomised, Latin-square design study where they completed four separate trials after ingesting either a placebo, or one of three different doses (25, 50 or 75 mg·kg-1 fat free mass: FFM) of trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate which was split into four equal doses a day for six days. On the day after the loading phase, the TT was performed on a cycle ergometer. Serum phosphate blood samples were taken at rest both before and after each loading protocol, while a ~21 day washout period separated each loading phase. No significant differences in TT performance were observed between any of the supplementation protocols (p = 0.73) with average completion times for the 25, 50 or 75 mg·kg-1 FFM being, 42:21 ± 07:53, 40:55 ± 07:33 and 40:38 ± 07:20 min respectively, and 40:39 ± 07:51 min for the placebo. Likewise, average and peak power output did not significantly differ between trials (p = 0.06 and p = 0.46, respectively). Consequently, 500 kJ cycling TT performance was not different in any of the supplementation protocols in female cyclists. more...
- Published
- 2014
19. Consumo de suplementos nutricionales por los frecuentadores de las academias de la ciudad de Porto Alegre
- Author
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Gabriela Kerpel Costa, Ana Paula Trussardi Fayh, Flávia Roanna Dotto de Jesus, and Cláudia Villela da Silva
- Subjects
lcsh:Sports ,education.field_of_study ,Health (social science) ,business.industry ,alimentos ,ergogenics ,Population ,Suplementos nutricionais ,ergogénicos ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,desportistas ,physically active person ,lcsh:GV557-1198.995 ,foods ,esportistas ,Nutritional supplements ,ergogênicos ,Suplementos nutricionales ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,education ,business - Abstract
O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a prevalência do uso de suplementos alimentares nas academias da cidade de Porto Alegre. Foram entrevistados 316 indivíduos com idade entre 18-59 anos. A abordagem foi por voluntariedade, em 22 academias da cidade. Observou-se um expressivo uso de suplementos nutricionais pelos participantes (28,8%), e os homens utilizam mais suplementos do que as mulheres (p more...
- Published
- 2013
20. Creatine and maltodextrine dietetic supplementation in eventing horses at training
- Author
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Fernando Queiroz de Almeida, Tiago Marques dos Santos, Eduardo Xavier Ferreira Glaser Migon, Fernanda Nascimento de Godoi, Paula Vieira Evans Hossell Laranjeira, and Alexandre Soares Fagundes
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Creatinine ,business.industry ,ergogenics ,Horse ,Serum concentration ,Creatine ,Body weight ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,Animal science ,nutrition ,chemistry ,Internal medicine ,Heart rate ,Plasma concentration ,medicine ,Urea ,Animal Science and Zoology ,lcsh:Animal culture ,business ,equine ,lcsh:SF1-1100 - Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the creatine and maltodextrine dietetic supplementation of eventing horses. The experimental period consisted of 56 days, with 20 horses, which were randomly divided into four groups with different diets. Diets were: diet without supplement (Control); diet supplemented with creatine, 44.4 mg/kg body weight/day (20 g creatine/horse/day); diet supplemented with creatine, 88.8 mg/kg body weight/day (40 g creatine/horse/day); diet supplemented with maltodextrine, 222.2 mg/kg body weight/day (100 g/horse/day), during three days before each test. Every horse was submitted to three tests. Blood samples and heart rate were collected at rest, immediately after the tests and 10 and 20 minutes after the test. Supplementation with creatine (44.4 mg/kg body weight/day) and maltodextrine reduced plasma concentration of lactate in horses during tests. Supplementation of creatine and maltodextrine did not alter serum concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, urea or creatinine, but training affected blood biochemical variables in eventing horses. more...
- Published
- 2011
21. Carnosine-based supplement: Preliminary clinical studies
- Author
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di Pierro, Francesco, Bertuccioli, Alexander, Bressan, Alfredo, and Rapacioli, Giuliana
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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22. The Ergogenics of Hypoxia Training in Athletes
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James L. Glazer and Brett M. Loffredo
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena ,education ,Hypoxic exposure ,Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Altitude training ,Humans ,Ergogenics ,Medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Cardiac Output ,Exercise physiology ,Hypoxia ,Exercise ,business.industry ,Altitude ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Oxygen transport ,General Medicine ,Hypoxia (medical) ,Adaptation, Physiological ,Hematopoiesis ,Training intensity ,Physical Endurance ,Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ,Physical therapy ,Muscle composition ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Hypoxia elicits hematopoiesis, which ultimately improves oxygen transport to peripheral tissues. In part because of this, altitude training has been used in the conditioning of elite endurance athletes for decades, despite equivocal evidence that such training benefits subsequent sea level performance. Recently, traditional live high-train high athletic conditioning has been implicated in a number of deleterious effects on training intensity, cardiac output, muscle composition, and fluid and metabolite balance--effects that largely offset hematopoietic benefits during sea level performance. Modified live high-train low conditioning regimens appear to capture the beneficial hematopoietic effects of hypoxic training while avoiding many of the deleterious effects of training at altitude. Because of the logistical and financial barriers to living high and training low, various methods to simulate hypoxia have been developed and studied. The data from these studies suggest a threshold requirement for hypoxic exposure to meaningfully augment hematopoiesis, and presumably improve athletic performance. more...
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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23. β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate and Its Use in Athletics
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Tenley E. Palisin and Jason J. Stacy
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medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,Sports medicine ,business.industry ,Athletes ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Weight lifting ,Lean body mass ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Wasting Syndrome ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,business ,Adverse effect ,human activities - Abstract
Nutritional supplements are widely used by patients and athletes around the world for many different reasons. Many companies are thriving on this billion-dollar industry with little proof that these substances do what they are reported or suggested to do. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a relatively new supplement on the ergogenic landscape. Studies of HMB supplementation have shown minimal gains in strength and lean body mass in specific populations, mainly untrained athletes and patients with wasting syndromes. HMB use in those athletes involved in regular high-intensity exercise has not been proven to be beneficial when multiple variables are evaluated. Unlike other ergogenics, with HMB no adverse events have been reported in association with short-term use. Despite these findings, HMB cannot be recommended as an ergogenic until further studies in larger groups reproduce early data. This review summarizes current literature on HMB, and provides the reader with information to better educate and treat patients and athletes. more...
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON MULTIPLE SPRINT CYCLING AND RUNNING PERFORMANCE IN RUGBY PLAYERS
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Robert P. Ahmun, Richard Tong, Paul N. Grimshaw, University of South Australia, Grimshaw, Paul, Ahmun, Robert, and Tong, Richard
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,ergogenics ,Football ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Creatine ,Placebo ,Sports Medicine ,Phosphocreatine ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animal science ,Randomized controlled trial ,Double-Blind Method ,law ,Exercise Physiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Muscle, Skeletal ,high-intensity exercise ,phosphocreatine ,Wingate test ,Cross-Over Studies ,Muscle fatigue ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Crossover study ,chemistry ,Sprint ,Dietary Supplements ,Muscle Fatigue ,Physical therapy ,Body Composition ,Exercise Test ,business ,Psychomotor Performance - Abstract
The benefits of creatine (CR) supplementation are well documented, particularly during repeated bouts of high-intensity muscular activity. Most published experiments use mass-supported (cycle ergometry) activities as a means of evaluating creatine's efficacy, therefore minimizing any possible adverse effects of increased body mass associated with CR supplementation. This study aims to use both mass-supported and mass-dependent activities to assess the effectiveness of acute CR supplementation on a group of highly trained rugby players. A randomized, double-blind, crossover research design was utilized, with subjects receiving 20 g.d(-1) x 5 d of both CR and a glucose placebo (PL). Subjects were assessed via 10 x 6-second Wingate test and a 10 x 40-m sprint test on separate days, presupplementation and postsupplementation. A 28-d washout period separated the two treatments. No significant treatment (p > 0.05) or treatment by test interaction effects (p > 0.05) were observed for peak or minimum power output (W), peak or minimum running velocity (m.s(-1)), or fatigue index (%). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found postsupplementation for body mass and percentage body fat. Although statistical significance was not achieved for any of the measured parameters, there were small improvements in performance that may be of benefit to rugby players. more...
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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25. Does medium chain triglyceride play an ergogenic role in endurance exercise performance?
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Rodrigo Vitasovic Gomes and Marcelo Saldanha Aoki
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Glycogen ,business.industry ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Enteral administration ,Endurance ,Clinical Practice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,Parenteral nutrition ,Fat oxidation ,chemistry ,Endurance training ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Ergogenics ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Medium-chain triglyceride ,lcsh:Sports medicine ,Ergogenic effect ,lcsh:RC1200-1245 ,business ,Medium chain triglycerides - Abstract
Because of the medium chain triglycerides (MCT) specific physical and chemical properties, they have been used over the last 40 years in enteral and parenteral nutrition. Results from clinical practice lead some researchers in the early 80's to use them for ergogenics purposes. The hypothesis was based on the relationship between the oxidation rates of carbohydrate and fat. The increase in fat oxidation would promote glycogen sparing effect, and therefore, delay the time to exhaustion. The aim of the present paper is to review the effects of MCT supplementation upon endurance exercise performance. Most of the studies failed to prove the ergogenic effect of MCT. A few studies that showed the ergogenic effect of MCT administration used alternative experimental designs, such as high MCT dose (above from the previous established limit) or infusion. The chronic use of MCT by athletes is new and few studies have been done in this matter. These few studies showed controversial results. There is a strong tendency in the literature that MCT is not a viable strategy to increase performance during endurance exercise. The aim of this study is to discuss the effects of MCT use on endurance exercise. more...
- Published
- 2003
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- View/download PDF
26. Smoking, Alcohol, Ergogenic Aids, Doping and the Endurance Performer
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Melvin H. Williams
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,business.industry ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,business ,medicine.disease - Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: evaluation of dietary supplements for performance nutrition
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Jackie Buell, Kathleen M. Laquale, Rob Franks, Jack Ransone, Michael E. Powers, and Amanda Carlson-Phillips
- Subjects
Position statement ,Doping in Sports ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Medical education ,biology ,business.industry ,Trainer ,Athletes ,education ,Dietary supplement ,Alternative medicine ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,General Medicine ,Athletic Performance ,biology.organism_classification ,United States ,Dietary Supplements ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,business ,health care economics and organizations ,Original Research - Abstract
ObjectivesTo help athletic trainers promote a “food-first” philosophy to support health and performance, understand federal and sport governing body rules and regulations regarding dietary supplements and banned substances, and become familiar with reliable resources for evaluating the safety, purity, and efficacy of dietary supplements.BackgroundThe dietary supplement industry is poorly regulated and takes in billions of dollars per year. Uneducated athletes need to gain a better understanding of the safety, eligibility, and efficacy concerns associated with choosing to take dietary supplements. The athletic trainer is a valuable athletic team member who can help in the educational process. In many cases, athletic trainers are asked to help evaluate the legality, safety, and efficacy of dietary supplements. For this position statement, our mission is to provide the athletic trainer with the necessary resources for these tasks.RecommendationsProper nutrition and changes in the athlete's habitual diet should be considered first when improved performance is the goal. Athletes need to understand the level of regulation (or lack thereof) governing the dietary supplement industry at the international, federal, state, and individual sport-participation levels. Athletes should not assume a product is safe simply because it is marketed over the counter. All products athletes are considering using should be evaluated for purity (ie, truth in labeling), safety, and efficacy. more...
- Published
- 2013
28. Performance Enhancement Drugs and Sports Supplements for Resistance Training
- Author
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Wagner S Dantas, Nelo Eidy Zanchi, Igor Hisashi Murai, Lucas Guimarães-Ferreira, and Michael J. Duncan
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Resistance training ,Human metabolism ,Creatine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,Medical prescription ,business ,Intensive care medicine ,Performance enhancement - Abstract
In general, nutritional sports ergogenics are designed to enhance energy production and/or improve body composition, promoting muscle growth and decreasing body fat. Many nutritional supplements and pharmacological substances have been used during resistance training without knowledge of the effects on human metabolism caused by their chronic administration. Before the utilization or prescription of any ergogenic aid, it is important to consider some questions about that substance: Is it effective? Is it safe? Is it legal and ethical? In this chapter we discuss the most widely utilized drugs and supplements among individuals engaged in resistance training—testosterone, creatine, beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and caffeine—focusing on their effects on strength and body composition, the safety of their utilization, and their mechanisms of action. more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Nutritional ergogenics in athletics
- Author
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Melvin H. Williams
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,business.industry ,Athletes ,Energy metabolism ,Energy control ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,biology.organism_classification ,Additional research ,Endocrinology ,Physical performance ,Internal medicine ,Environmental health ,Food, Fortified ,Body Composition ,Humans ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Energy Metabolism ,business ,Sports - Abstract
Nutritional ergogenic aids may be theorized to improve performance in athletics in a variety of ways, primarily by enhancing energy efficiency, energy control or energy production. Athletes have utilized almost every nutrient possible, ranging from amino acids to zinc, as well as numerous purported nutritional substances, such as ginseng, in attempts to enhance physical performance. This review focuses primarily on nutritional ergogenic aids thought to enhance performance by favourably affecting energy metabolism. Although most purported nutritional ergogenic aids have not been shown to enhance physical performance in well-trained, well-nourished athletes, some reliable scientific data support an ergogenic efficacy of several substances, including caffeine, creatine and sodium bicarbonate, but additional research is needed to evaluate their potential for enhancing performance in specific athletics events. more...
- Published
- 1995
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30. Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Ergogenics and Side Effects of Clenbuterol Treatment
- Author
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Aymeric Douillard
- Subjects
business.industry ,Cardiac muscle ,Skeletal muscle ,Pharmacology ,Muscle hypertrophy ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Clenbuterol ,medicine ,Salbutamol ,Ergogenics ,Salmeterol ,Formoterol ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Well known, well detected and still used by athletes, clenbuterol is one of the β 2 -agonists which has no authorization for therapeutic use, contrarily to salbutamol, salmeterol and formoterol in the 2012 World Anti-Doping Agency list. However, clenbuterol is still detected in athletes’ antidoping test samples. Its ability to induce muscle hypertrophy but also its strong lipolytic action and the absence of androgenic effects have made it a prized substances by athletes, specially females, without scruples whose performance requires significant muscle strength. Like the effects of clenbuterol on the heart, the effects of clenbuterol on skeletal muscle are dependent on the doses used and duration of the treatment. If there is a consensus concerning the clenbuterol action on the phenotypic conversion from slow to fast type fibers and on the hypertrophy, there is, to our knowledge, no consensus concerning the effects of clenbuterol on the slow type fibers and slow profile muscles. There is also no consensus concerning the clenbuterol effects on performance. We will shortly reviewing the known operating mode, side and benefits effects of short and long term β-agonists, and specially clenbuterol, treatment on mammals more...
- Published
- 2012
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31. Use of nutritional supplements in sports: risks, knowledge, and behavioural-related factors
- Author
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Molinero,O. and Márquez,S.
- Subjects
Behavior ,Nutritional supplements ,Ergogenics ,Sports - Abstract
A large number of recreational and elite athletes use nutritional supplements in hopes of improving performance. These aids can be costly and potentially harmful, and the advertised ergogenic gains are often based on little or no scientific evidence. Due to the lack of regulation of the dietary supplement industry, an abundance of supplement products of dubious value, content, and quality are now available around the world. Many supplement products contain substances that are prohibited in sport or that have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. For athletes, lack of knowledge or misinformation has been established despite numerous sources of information being available, and the reasons for, and implications of, unsupervised and unrestricted supplement use require further attention. In addition to the necessity of an appropriate regulation of dietary supplements, nutritional education and scientifically sound guidance for athletes is required. Intervention and prevention efforts should be particularly targeted to adolescents. more...
- Published
- 2009
32. Optimal organization of musical playlist for physical exercising
- Author
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Dons, Karolien
- Subjects
fyysinen kunto ,urheilu ,flow ,ergogenics ,musiikki ,harjoittelu ,musical playlists - Published
- 2009
33. Development and validation of an attitude scale regarding ergogenics : bodybuilders attitude, consumption and body image
- Author
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Adriana Camurça Pontes Siqueira, Silva, Maria Aparecida Azevedo Pereira da, 1954, Bolini, Helena Maria André, Behrens, Jorge Herman, Sampaio, Karina de Lemos, Almeida, Selma Bergara, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos e Nutrição, and UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS more...
- Subjects
Body image ,Attitude ,Ergogenicos ,Ergogenics ,Imagem corporal ,Atitude (Psicologia) ,Bodybuilders ,Treinamento de resistência ,Ergogenicos - Consumo ,Escala de atitudes ,Scale - Abstract
Orientador: Maria Aparecida Azevedo Pereira da Silva Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivos: i) avaliar as crenças e atitudes de homens que praticam musculação sobre substâncias ergogênicas; ii) desenvolver e validar uma escala de atitude sobre substâncias ergogênicas para homens que praticam musculação; iii) determinar a prevalência do consumo de ergogênicos na referida população; iv) estudar a imagem corporal desses indivíduos e, v) correlacionar a atitude dos citados indivíduos sobre substâncias ergogênicas com a imagem corporal e o consumo de ergogênicos dos mesmos. Participaram do estudo 100 homens praticantes de musculação, com idades entre 18 e 46 anos. Para avaliar o consumo de ergogênicos, os voluntários responderam a um questionário estruturado, auto-aplicado e anônimo. O desenvolvimento dos itens da escala de atitude sobre ergogênicos foi realizado através de entrevista com 25 indivíduos da população estudada. Na sequência, uma amostra de 100 indivíduos expressou seu grau de concordância a cada item através de uma escala estruturada de 7 pontos (1 = discordo muito; 7 = concordo muito). Para validar a escala desenvolvida foram utilizadas as seguintes metodologias: teste-reteste, consistência Interna e validade de construção. Os construtos de natureza similar aplicados foram: ¿Escala da Catexe Corporal¿, dismorfia muscular diagnosticada através de índices de proporcionalidade antropométrica (B/P), e questionário de dependência de exercício. Adicionalmente o consumo de ergogênicos foi também correlacionado com a atitude dos indivíduos. Os dados foram avaliados através de coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r), a-Cronbach, ANOVA, Tukey, Wilcoxon ranksum test e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). A análise dos dados revelou que 68% dos entrevistados consumiam ergogênicos. Os consumidores tinham em média 27 anos, eram solteiros (82%), sem filhos (88%), possuíam curso superior (62%), e trabalhavam (78%). O consumo médio de ergogênicos foi igual a 3 ergogênicos/indivíduo e a maioria (62%) consumia os ergogênicos diariamente. Os ergogênicos mais consumidos eram os suplementos de proteína (65%), os carboidratos (50%) e os suplementos de aminoácidos (43%). Faziam uso de anabolizantes e estimulantes proibidos no Brasil 10% e 9% dos indivíduos, respectivamente. Os principais motivos para o uso dessas substâncias foram: ¿aumentar a massa muscular¿ e ¿garantir a performance esportiva¿. Apenas 3 % dos indivíduos recebiam orientação médica e 12%, de nutricionista. Uma escala de atitude sobre ergogênicos contendo 22 itens foi desenvolvida e validada. O coeficiente de Cronbach do questionário foi igual a 0,80, garantindo a confiabilidade interna do instrumento. Da mesma forma, o teste-reteste (1 mês) revelou alto grau de correlação entre as duas aplicações do questionário (r = 0,756; p more...
- Published
- 2009
34. Nutritional Supplements for Endurance Athletes
- Author
-
Chris Rasmussen
- Subjects
Gerontology ,Regimen ,Dietary interventions ,Glycemic index ,business.industry ,education ,Glucose polymers ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,Beetroot Juice ,business ,Long chain - Abstract
Endurance athletes often seek nutritional strategies inclusive of dietary supplements to maximize their performance. Effective supplement routines, however, are only beneficial when built on a sound training diet, training regimen, and an appreciation of dietary needs relative to their training schema. While traditional dietary interventions are based on the glycemic index of carbohydrate, coupled with the addition of protein quality and quantity, recent innovations have introduced the potential utility of long chain glucose polymers and dietary nitrates, such as beetroot juice. Consideration is also given to the utility of supplement strategies aimed at attenuating immune responses accompanying training and competition. A key to implementing successful supplementation routines is the appreciation that athletes should be considered on an individual basis and training volume and intensity must be taken into account. more...
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The Influence of 8 Weeks of Whey-Protein and Leucine Supplementation on Physical and Cognitive Performance
- Author
-
AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB BROOKS AFB TX HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS DIRECTORATE, Walker, Thomas B., Smith, Jessica, Herrera, Monica, Lebegue, Brech, Pinchak, Andrea, Fischer, Joseph, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB BROOKS AFB TX HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS DIRECTORATE, Walker, Thomas B., Smith, Jessica, Herrera, Monica, Lebegue, Brech, Pinchak, Andrea, and Fischer, Joseph more...
- Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of whey-protein and leucine supplementation to enhance physical and cognitive performance and body composition. Thirty moderately fit participants completed a modified Air Force fitness test, a computer-based cognition test, and a dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry scan for body composition before and after supplementing their daily diet for 8 wk with either 19.7 g of whey protein and 6.2 g leucine (WPL) or a calorie-equivalent placebo (P). Bench-press performance increased significantly from Week I to Week 8 in the WPL group, whereas the increase in the P group was not significant. Push-up performance increased significantly for WPL, and P showed a nonsignificant increase. Total mass, fat-free mass, and lean body mass all increased significantly in the WPL group but showed no change in the P group. No differences were observed within or between groups for crunches, chin-ups, 3-mile-run time, or cognition. The authors conclude that supplementing with whey protein and leucine may provide an advantage to people whose performance benefits from increased upper body strength and/or lean body mass., Pub. in International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, v20, p409-417, 2010. more...
- Published
- 2010
36. Ergogenics
- Author
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Luke Bucci
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Physical stress ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,business.industry ,medicine ,Ergogenics ,business - Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Food-Drug Synergy and Safety
- Author
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Lilian U. Thompson and Wendy E. Ward
- Subjects
Feeding behavior ,Synergy ,Traditional medicine ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,Vitamin b6 ,Pharmacology ,Body weight ,Food safety ,business ,Plant sterols ,Coronary heart disease - Abstract
Section I: Introduction Understanding Food and Food-Drug Synergy Wendy E. Ward and Lilian U. Thompson Section II: Cardiovascular Disease Lipid Sources and Plant Sterols: Effect of Food and Food-Drug Synergy on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Krista A. Varady and Peter J.H. Jones Antioxidant Phytochemicals and Potential Synergistic Activities at Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Disease David D. Kitts Synergy of Portfolio Diet Components and Drugs in Coronary Heart Disease David J.A. Jenkins, Augustine Marchie, Julia M. Wong, Russell de Souza, Azadeh Emam, and Cyril W.C. Kendall The Role of Complementary Vitamins, Folate, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12, in Cardiovascular Disease Louise Mennen, Pilar Galan, and Angelika de Bree Food Synergy in Dietary Patterns and Risk for Chronic Diseases Rob M. van Dam Section III: Cancer Soy-Food and Soy-Drug Interactions in Prevention and Treatment of Cancer Jin-Rong Zhou Flaxseed, Lignans, n-3 Fatty Acids, and Drug Synergy in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer Lilian U. Thompson Whole-Grain Component Synergy and Cancer Joanne Slavin Synergy and Safety of Antioxidants with Cancer Drugs Kedar N. Prasad Probiotics: Synergy with Drugs and Carcinogens in Diet Seppo Salminen, Hani El-Nezami, Eeva Salminen, and Hannu Mykkanen Section IV: Osteoporosis Synergy of Soy, Flaxseed, Calcium, and Hormone Replacement Therapy in Osteoporosis Wendy E. Ward Synergy of Protein, Fats, and Calcium Potential Synergies with Drugs for Osteoporosis Marlena C. Kruger and Raewyn C. Poulsen Section V: Inflammatory Disease, Hypertension, and Obesity Molecular Targets for Antiinflammation and Dietary Component-Drug Synergy Akira Murakami and Hajime Ohigashi Food and Food-Drug Synergies: Role in Hypertension and Renal Disease Protection Manuel T. Velasquez Milk Proteins in Food-Food and Food-Drug Synergy on Feeding Behavior, Energy Balance, and Body Weight Regulation Alfred Aziz and G. Harvey Anderson Section VI: Ergogenics Caffeine, Creatine, and Food-Drug Synergy: Ergogenics and Applications to Human Health Terry E. Graham and Lesley L. Moisey Section VII: Experimental Designs Designing Experiments for Food-Drug Synergy: Health Aspects Lyn M. Steffen Designing Experiments for Food-Drug Synergy: Safety Aspects V.J. Feron, J.P. Groten, R.J.J. Hermus, D. Jonker, I. Meijerman, G.J. Mulder, F. Salmon, and E.D. Schoen Index more...
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Caffeine, Creatine, and Food–Drug Synergy: Ergogenics and Applications to Human Health
- Author
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Lesley L. Moisey and Terry E. Graham
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Human health ,Synergy ,chemistry ,business.industry ,Ergogenics ,Medicine ,Pharmacology ,Creatine ,business ,Mode of action ,Caffeine - Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Ergogenic aids: human growth hormone
- Author
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Thomas R. Terrell, Thomas D. Armsey, and Jason J. Stacy
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Muscle volume ,Bone and Bones ,film.subject ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Internal medicine ,Exercise performance ,medicine ,High doses ,Ergogenics ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ,Intensive care medicine ,Amateur sports ,Doping in Sports ,biology ,business.industry ,Athletes ,Human Growth Hormone ,Human growth hormone ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Endocrinology ,film ,Acromegaly ,business ,Sports - Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) has a number of accepted medical uses, but has quickly become a popular ergogenic aid among athletes. The issue of performance-enhancing substances such as anabolic steroids and GH has drawn the attention of athletes, their parents, and politicians. On almost a daily basis, headlines about the status of doping in professional, international, and amateur sports seem to be more pervasive. The supraphysiologic effects of GH lead to lipolysis, with increased muscle volume. Due to the ethical limitations of studying the use of high doses of GH in isolation or combined with anabolic steroids, the scientific literature has not produced compelling results on its efficacy. GH has potential as an anti-aging drug and does lead to some improved athletic performance in isolated studies. Despite the lack of compelling data, GH seems to have developed a reputation among athletes for enhancing performance. The detection of illegal doping with GH has been the focus of a concerted international effort by the International Olympic Committee. A number of promising detection techniques may allow the detection of illicit GH use. This review on GH as an ergogenic aid includes a discussion of the basic physiology of GH and its actions, the accepted medical indications for its use, the results of scientific studies that assess whether it improves exercise performance or work capacity, and the scientific techniques under development to detect ergogenics with strong abuse potential. more...
- Published
- 2004
40. Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on muscle relaxation time in humans
- Author
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B Op 't Eijnde, Peter Hespel, and M. Van Leemputte
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Physiology ,Muscle Relaxation ,Creatine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Double-Blind Method ,Physiology (medical) ,Internal medicine ,Caffeine ,medicine ,Reaction Time ,Ergogenics ,Humans ,Knee ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Contraction time ,Cross-Over Studies ,business.industry ,Crossover study ,Electric Stimulation ,Muscle torque ,Muscle relaxation ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Torque ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Muscle contraction ,Muscle Contraction - Abstract
The effect of creatine and caffeine supplementation on muscle torque generation and relaxation was investigated in healthy male volunteers. Maximal torque (Tmax), contraction time (CT) from 0.25 to 0.75 of Tmax, and relaxation time (RT) from 0.75 to 0.25 of Tmax were measured during an exercise test consisting of 30 intermittent contractions of musculus quadriceps (2 s stimulation, 2 s rest) that were induced by electrical stimulation. According to a double-blind randomized crossover design, subjects ( n = 10) performed the exercise test before (pretest) and after (posttest) creatine supplementation (Cr, 4 × 5 g/day, 4 days), short-term caffeine intake (Caf, 5 mg · kg−1 · day−1, 3 days), creatine supplementation + short-term caffeine intake (Cr+Caf), acute caffeine intake (ACaf, 5 mg/kg) or placebo. Compared with placebo, Cr shortened RT by ∼5% ( P < 0.05). Conversely, Caf increased RT (+∼10%, P < 0.05), in particular as RT increased because of fatigue. RT was not significantly changed by either Cr+Caf or ACaf. Tmax and CT were similar during all experimental conditions. Initial Tmax was ∼20% of voluntary maximal isometric contraction force, which was not different between treatments. It is concluded that Caf intake (3 days) prolongs muscle RT and by this action overrides the shortening of RT due to creatine supplementation. more...
- Published
- 2002
41. No effects of oral ribose supplementation on repeated maximal exercise and de novo ATP resynthesis
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R. Van Schuylenberg, Monique Ramaekers, B Op 't Eijnde, Fred Brouns, M. Van Leemputte, Patricia Verbessem, Peter Hespel, G. J. Van Der Vusse, Valery Labarque, and H. Wijnen
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Adult ,Blood Glucose ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Physiology ,Ribose ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,Oxygen Consumption ,Double-Blind Method ,Adenine nucleotide ,Oral administration ,Ammonia ,Physiology (medical) ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Ergogenics ,Humans ,Knee ,Lactic Acid ,Exercise physiology ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Exercise ,Adenine Nucleotides ,Carbohydrate ,Diet ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Physical Fitness ,Maximal exercise ,human activities ,Adenosine triphosphate - Abstract
A double-blind randomized study was performed to evaluate the effect of oral ribose supplementation on repeated maximal exercise and ATP recovery after intermittent maximal muscle contractions. Muscle power output was measured during dynamic knee extensions with the right leg on an isokinetic dynamometer before (pretest) and after (posttest) a 6-day training period in conjunction with ribose (R, 4 doses/day at 4 g/dose, n = 10) or placebo (P, n = 9) intake. The exercise protocol consisted of two bouts ( A and B) of maximal contractions, separated by 15 s of rest. Bouts A and B consisted of 15 series of 12 contractions each, separated by a 60-min rest period. During the training period, the subjects performed the same exercise protocol twice per day, with 3–5 h of rest between exercise sessions. Blood samples were collected before and after bouts A and B and 24 h after bout B. Knee-extension power outputs were ∼10% higher in the posttest than in the pretest but were similar between P and R for all contraction series. The exercise increased blood lactate and plasma ammonia concentrations ( P < 0.05), with no significant differences between P and R at any time. After a 6-wk washout period, in a subgroup of subjects ( n = 8), needle-biopsy samples were taken from the vastus lateralis before, immediately after, and 24 h after an exercise bout similar to the pretest. ATP and total adenine nucleotide content were decreased by ∼25 and 20% immediately after and 24 h after exercise in P and R. Oral ribose supplementation with 4-g doses four times a day does not beneficially impact on postexercise muscle ATP recovery and maximal intermittent exercise performance. more...
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- 2001
42. Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training
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L. Vangerven, M. Van Leemputte, Katleen Vandenberghe, P. Van Hecke, Marina Goris, and Peter Hespel
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Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Phosphocreatine ,Weight Lifting ,Physiology ,Physical exercise ,Creatine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,Double-Blind Method ,Physiology (medical) ,Internal medicine ,Ergogenics ,Medicine ,Humans ,Muscle, Skeletal ,business.industry ,Resistance training ,Weight lifting ,Diet ,Phosphocreatine metabolism ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Physical Fitness ,Body Composition ,Female ,Creatine Monohydrate ,business - Abstract
Vandenberghe, K., M. Goris, P. Van Hecke, M. Van Leemputte, L. Vangerven, and P. Hespel. Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 2055–2063, 1997.—The effects of oral creatine supplementation on muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) concentration, muscle strength, and body composition were investigated in young female volunteers ( n = 19) during 10 wk of resistance training (3 h/wk). Compared with placebo, 4 days of high-dose creatine intake (20 g/day) increased ( P < 0.05) muscle PCr concentration by 6%. Thereafter, this increase was maintained during 10 wk of training associated with low-dose creatine intake (5 g/day). Compared with placebo, maximal strength of the muscle groups trained, maximal intermittent exercise capacity of the arm flexors, and fat-free mass were increased 20–25, 10–25, and 60% more ( P < 0.05), respectively, during creatine supplementation. Muscle PCr and strength, intermittent exercise capacity, and fat-free mass subsequently remained at a higher level in the creatine group than in the placebo group during 10 wk of detraining while low-dose creatine was continued. Finally, on cessation of creatine intake, muscle PCr in the creatine group returned to normal within 4 wk. It is concluded that long-term creatine supplementation enhances the progress of muscle strength during resistance training in sedentary females. more...
- Published
- 1998
43. Nutrition and ergogenic AIDS symposium: nutritional and legal substances for increasing FFM and athletic performance
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Robert Girandola
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medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,business.industry ,Athletes ,High intensity ,Resistance training ,Anabolic Effect ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,food.food ,Anabolic Agents ,food ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Chocolate milk ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,business ,Intensive care medicine - Abstract
Athletes are always trying to get an edge on competitors, whether it is a training technique, drug or nutritional substance. World Anti-Doping Agency and other drug testing agencies ban many drugs and ergogenic aids, whether these substances have efficacy or not. However, athletes often overlook some of the more benign substances because they appear to have no effect. This presentation will look at regular milk and chocolate milk as nutritional ergogenics that have proven to maximise the anabolic effect of resistance exercise (regular milk) and also to shorten recovery time following high intensity exercise (chocolate milk). In addition, two legal ergogenics, creatine and β-hydroxy-methylbutyrate will be discussed as potential anabolic agents that may also prove efficacious. more...
- Published
- 2010
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44. An Applied Model for the Evaluation of Multiple Physiological Stressors
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ARMSTRONG LAB BROOKS AFB TX, Constable, Stefan H., Sherry, Clifford J., Walters, Thomas J., ARMSTRONG LAB BROOKS AFB TX, Constable, Stefan H., Sherry, Clifford J., and Walters, Thomas J.
- Abstract
Published in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, v15 p115-121, 1991.
- Published
- 1991
45. RESEARCH SUMMARIES: Nutritional Ergogenics
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L. Perry Koziris
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Medical education ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Ergogenics ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,business - Published
- 2001
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46. The Ergogenics Edge: Pushing the Limits of Sports Performance
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John A. Lombardo
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Optics ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Ergogenics ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Edge (geometry) ,business - Published
- 1998
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47. Ergogenic and ergolytic substances
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Melvin H. Williams
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Vitamin ,medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,business.industry ,Athletes ,Vitamin E ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Physiology ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Weight loss ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Ergogenics ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ,Carnitine ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Caffeine ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Genetic endowment and proper training are the major factors contributing to athletic success in endurance and ultraendurance events. Proper nutrition, primarily adequate carbohydrate and fluid, prior to and during the event is also critical. Endurance athletes often utilize other nutritional substances or practices, often referred to as ergogenics, in attempts to obtain a competitive edge by enhancing energy utilization and delaying the onset of fatigue. Numerous nutritional ergogenics have been used in attempts to enhance endurance performance, but with several exceptions most have been shown to be ineffective, including bee pollen, L-carnitine, CoQ10, inosine, amino acids, alkaline salts, and vitamin E at sea level. Research findings are equivocal relative to the ergogenicity of caffeine, phosphate salts, and vitamin E at altitude. Loss of excess body fat, a nutritional practice, may be an effective ergogenic. Conversely, some agents such as alcohol may impair performance, an ergolytic effect. Additional research is necessary to support the efficacy of several nutritional ergogenics to enhance prolonged endurance performance, such as caffeine, phosphates, specific amino acids, and various commercial products. Such research should involve exercise tasks comparable in intensity and duration to that experienced in the marathon and similar endurance events. more...
- Published
- 1992
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48. Induced Erythrocythemia and Maximal Aerobic Power: An Examination of Modifying Factors
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ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA, Sawka,Michael N, Young,Andrew J, Muza,Stephen R, Gonzalez,Richard R, Pandolf,Kent B, ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA, Sawka,Michael N, Young,Andrew J, Muza,Stephen R, Gonzalez,Richard R, and Pandolf,Kent B more...
- Abstract
Induced erythrocythemia is associated with an increase in maximal oxygen uptake. Two factors which might influence inter-subject variability for this increase in maximal oxygen uptake are the magnitude of change in hemoglobin concentration and the individual's initial aerobic fitness. To examine these factors, we have obtained and combined individual data from our own research and three other studies which employed similar procedures. In each study freeze-preserved erythrocytes representing the product of two blood units were reinfused and maximal oxygen uptake was measured within 24 to 72-h after reinfusion. The 30 subjects had an initial aerobic power which ranged from 36 to 88 ml 02/dg/min. The combined results from these studies indicate that after erythrocyte reinfusion: 1) the increase in hemoglobin concentration is fairly homogeneous; 2) nearly all individuals demonstrate an increase in maximal oxygen uptake; 3) the magnitude of increase in hemoglobin concentration is not related to the magnitude of increase in maximal oxygen uptake is related to the individual's initial aerobic fitness. Individuals with an initial aerobic fitness between 50 to 64ml O2/kg/min experience approximately twice the increase in maximal oxygen uptake after erythrocyte reinfusion compared to individuals with lesser or geater fitness. Keywords: Blood doping; Blood reinfusion; Ergogenic aids; Exercise performance. more...
- Published
- 1986
49. Ergogenic Influence of Erythrocyte Reinfusion: Aerobic Power and Thermoregulation
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ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA, Latzka, William A., Sawka, Michael N., Muza, Stephen R., Gonzalez, Richard R., Young, Andrew J., ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA, Latzka, William A., Sawka, Michael N., Muza, Stephen R., Gonzalez, Richard R., and Young, Andrew J. more...
- Abstract
We measured the physical exercise capabilities of the U.S. Army Special Forces soldiers (male) and determined the subsequent ergogenic influence of autologous erythrocyte reinfusion. Twelve subjects (Ss) completed maximal exercise treadmill testing in a comfortable environment. Six Ss were later transfused with a 600 ml autologous erythrocyte in a NaCl glucose-phosphate solution and completed identical maximal exercise tests approximately 3 and 10 days post-transfusion. For the 6 reinfused Ss, hemoglobin (Hb) and erythrocyte volume (RCV) increased 10% (p<0.05) VO2 and 11% (p<0.05), respectively, post transfusion. We concluded that induced polycythemia can have an ergogenic effect by increasing maximal aerobic power and enhancing the thermoregulatory response during exercise-heat stress. more...
- Published
- 1987
50. Dietary Supplements and Sports Performance: Introduction and Vitamins
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Melvin H. Williams
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Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Sports medicine ,sports performance ,Alternative medicine ,lcsh:TX341-641 ,Legislation ,Competitive advantage ,dietary supplements ,Testing protocols ,medicine ,Ergogenics ,lcsh:Sports medicine ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,biology ,Athletes ,business.industry ,Genetic endowment ,vitamins ,biology.organism_classification ,sport nutrition ,Commentary ,lcsh:RC1200-1245 ,business ,lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,human activities ,Food Science - Abstract
Sports success is dependent primarily on genetic endowment in athletes with morphologic, psychologic, physiologic and metabolic traits specific to performance characteristics vital to their sport. Such genetically-endowed athletes must also receive optimal training to increase physical power, enhance mental strength, and provide a mechanical advantage. However, athletes often attempt to go beyond training and use substances and techniques, often referred to as ergogenics, in attempts to gain a competitive advantage. Pharmacological agents, such as anabolic steroids and amphetamines, have been used in the past, but such practices by athletes have led to the establishment of anti-doping legislation and effective testing protocols to help deter their use. Thus, many athletes have turned to various dietary strategies, including the use of various dietary supplements (sports supplements), which they presume to be effective, safe and legal. more...
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- View/download PDF
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