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Using these definitions, we may judge that the Ottoman army waged thirty-two campaigns (fourteen offensive campaigns and eighteen defensive campaigns) during the First World War. An Overview of the Ottoman Campaigns 12 Of the fourteen offensive campaigns waged by the Ottoman army in the First World War, seven were deliberate campaigns and seven were campaigns of 8 Mesut Uyar and Edward Erickson, Military History of the Ottomans From Osman to Ataturk (Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger Security International, 2009), p. 264. The article also presents an appraisal of the various offensive and defensive campaigns that the Ottoman army conducted in the First World War as well as identifying a new vocabulary that distinguishes the army's deliberate campaigns from its campaigns of opportunity and expediency. VOLUME 20, ISSUE 2 ©Centre of Military and Strategic Studies, 2021 ISSN: 1488-559X Journal of Military and Strategic Studies Ottoman Campaigns in the First World War Ed Erickson Introduction Unlike the British or the Americans, the Turks do not officially designate or name military campaigns in their official histories. [Extracted from the article]

Utah's Gold Medal Schools program supports the adoption of school policies that provide opportunities for nutritious food choices and regular physical activity. The effectiveness of Gold Medal Schools was evaluated via anthropometric measurements and dietary and physical activity surveys. The study population included first-, third-, and fifth-grade elementary school students and parents from four schools in Tooele County, UT. Two schools implemented Gold Medal Schools (intervention) and two did not (comparison). Data were collected at baseline (June 2005) and 1 year (May 2006). Body mass index (calculated as kg/m(2)) z scores increased significantly in the comparison group (0.53+/-0.38; P<0.05), but not in the intervention group (0.21+/-0.47; P=0.484), from baseline to 1 year. Children in the Gold Medal Schools cohort reported drinking fewer soft drinks per day (excluding diet drinks) at 1 year (P=0.008) and walking or biking to school more often at baseline and 1 year (P<0.001) than non-Gold Medal Schools children. While children in both groups increased the days per week they walked or biked to school, a substantial improvement was observed for the non-Gold Medal Schools students only (P<0.001). Overall, this pilot study suggests that Gold Medal Schools positively impacted body mass index z scores and health behaviors among elementary-aged students.

Proliferative enteritis, swine dysentery, and porcine salmonellosis are the most common enteric bacterial diseases affecting pigs in the growing and finishing stages of production. Currently, diagnoses of these diseases by standard cultural techniques of intestinal specimens can be laborious, time consuming, and expensive (swine dysentery, porcine salmonellosis) or impossible (proliferative enteritis). Amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of DNA sequences specific for each bacterial agent is a highly sensitive and specific method that overcomes the limitations associated with standard detection methods. A multiplex PCR (M-PCR) assay was developed for simultaneous detection and identification of the etiologic agents associated with proliferative enteritis, swine dysentery, and porcine salmonellosis in a single reaction using total DNA obtained directly from intestinal specimens. Purified DNA obtained from pure cultures of each bacterial agent alone or mixed in different combinations and concentrations and total DNA from intestinal specimens were amplified using the Lawsonia intracellularis-, Serpulina hyodysenteriae-, and salmonellae-specific M-PCR assay. Intestinal specimens consisted of feces and mucosal scrapings obtained from field cases of each disease alone or in combinations and feces obtained from pigs challenged with S. hyodysenteriae. The banding pattern of the amplified PCR products, after agarose gel electrophoresis and staining, indicated the presence of individual or combinations of etiologic agents in each specimen. Results from this study indicated that simultaneous amplification of L. intracellularis-, S. hyodysenteriae-, and salmonellae-specific DNA sequences by M-PCR can be used for specific detection and identification of three major enteric bacterial pathogens associated with proliferative enteritis, swine dysentery, and porcine salmonellosis occurring alone or in combinations. Also, the M-PCR assay can be done using DNA obtained directly from intestinal specimens submitted for diagnostic investigation.

The technique of time array detection (TAD) is designed to take advantage of the high spectral generation rate available in time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. In TAD, a number of successive TOF arrival time transient signals are summed to produce each recorded mass spectrum. The TOF/TAD technique offers significant improvements over conventional scanning mass spectrometers for the analysis of capillary GC effluents. Up to 20 mass spectra per second were generated to demonstrate the accurate reconstruction of the chromatographic profile and the lack of mass spectral distortion despite the rapidly changing analyte concentration. Varying the number of TOF transients per recorded spectrum allows the chromatography to be optimized for speed of analysis without sacrificing chromatographic resolution or detection limits. Components of charcoal lighter fluid were chromatographically separated in less than 4 min with quality mass spectra obtained for each eluent.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were sought that would identify Streptococcus suis. Spleen cells from Balb/c mice immunized with formalin-killed S. suis were fused with the murine cell-line SP-2/0. Hybridomas positive for S. suis were identified by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay with a mixture of all available serotypes of S. suis. On further screening with individual serotypes of S. suis (Types 1, 2, 1/2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 12) and other related and unrelated bacteria, a hybridoma specific for Type 1 was identified. Another hybridoma was positive for all serotypes of S. suis. S. suis Type 1-specific MAbs in the form of ascites fluid was used in coagglutination test. Agglutination with S. suis Type 1 was observed within 45 s, while there was no reaction with other serotypes of S. suis or other bacteria, during the 5-min observation period. A library of type-specific MAbs should help in rapid and accurate serotyping of S. suis isolates.

The permeability of the bleached disk membrane of retinal rod outer segments to univalent and divalent ions is studied by light scattering. The membranes are isolated from frozen dark-adapted bovine retinae, swollen into spherical vesicles in a hypotonic medium and bleached in dilute suspension and their size is determined by elastic and quasi-elastic light scatterings. Various electrolytes are then added to the suspending medium in order to examine their osmotic activity relative to the vesicles deformation characteristics. By following the deformation behavior of the membrane vesicles by elastic light scattering in terms of the oblate ellipsoidal shell model, the osmotic activity of a given electrolyte is qualitatively deduced and thereby the permeability of the membrane to the electrolyte is ranked in reference to a chosen standard, i.e., sucrose. By this method, we show that the permeabilities to Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ are all alike, and those to halides (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-), nitrate and phosphates (HPO4(2-)/H2PO4-) are similar. Acetate, however, is about 3-times more permeative, while sulfate is less permeative than the other anions by about the same factor. The viability of our method is checked with use of an ionophore, lasolocid (X-537A), by establishing partial recovery from the osmotic deformation through the suppression of the cation osmotic effect. Ion-induced aggregation and pH-dependent size and shape changes are both found to be insignificant.

Infection with Trichosporon spp was diagnosed in 2 cats. In one cat, infection consisted of a granulomatous dermatitis and was concurrent with disseminated lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma. In another cat, urinary cystitis caused by T beigelii was diagnosed.

Streptococcus suis was isolated from swine with localized and diffuse infections. The isolates (n = 121) were unable to grow in broth containing 6.5% NaCl. Their abilities to hydrolyze esculin were variable, as were their fermentative reactions in lactose, trehalose, raffinose, and inulin. Sorbitol was not attacked by any strain. Serologic reactions were obtained between the isolates and coagglutination reagents prepared from commercially available antisera to streptococcal groups D, R, or S.

An analysis of the cell surface antigens of Streptococcus equi is presented. Following extraction from cell walls, whole cells and hyaluronidase treated cells the immunoprecipitation patterns of the intact and protease treated components were developed with rabbit anti serum against S. equi. It was determined by mouse protection tests that the specificity of protective antibodies was directed toward a trypsin labile antigen. The presence of antigens similar to those designated M and R in Group A streptococci were found in S. equi.

One hundred and twenty Holstein cows were assigned to a randomized complete block design to determine effects of selenium, vitamins, and ration fiber on incidence of placental retention and other health and reproductive problems. The selenium treatment (50 mg selenium, 680 IU vitamin E) was administered as a single injection approximately 3 to 4 wk prepartum. The vitamin treatment (3 million IU vitamin A, 450,000 IU vitamin D3, 300 IU vitamin E) consisted of two injections, one administered at 3 to 4 wk prepartum and another at 2 to 3 wk postpartum. Fiber treatments were: control, 15.7% crude fiber; beet pulp, 19.3% crude fiber; and soyhull, 19.0% crude fiber. Feeding of experimental rations was begun 1 day postpartum, and the ration effect on placental retention was examined only at subsequent parturition. The overall placental retention rate of 28% was not affected by either selenium, vitamin, or combined treatments. Ration treatments did not affect the placental retention rate of 42% at subsequent parturition. Cows receiving the soyhull ration required fewer services per conception. Incidence of foot problems tended to be higher in the cows that received the combined selenium and vitamin A, D, E treatments. Supplemental selenium, vitamins A, D, and E, and ration fiber treatments did not reduce incidence of placental retention or improve most other health and reproductive measures.

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was isolated from an aborted placenta and stillborn lamb from a sheep flock having multiple abortions. Given intravenously, it caused elevated body temperatures and purulent placentitis in eight of nine ewes. Two ewes died following infection at 2.5 months of gestation. Two ewes infected at 3.5 months gestation aborted; three infected at four months gave birth to weak, premature, or moribund lambs. One ewe infected at 4.5 months gave birth to a healthy lamb. One lamb which died minutes after birth had focal necrotizing hepatitis, a lesion observed in a stillborn lamb during the original disease outbreak. Y. pseudotuberculosis was reisolated from endometrial, placental, and fetal lesions of experimentally infected animals.