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This scientific article delves into the multifaceted impacts of carbon farming practices, focusing on both environmental and social dimensions. Through a comprehensive analysis, various aspects such as soil quality, biodiversity preservation, water management, and socioeconomic effects on local communities are examined. Drawing from an extensive review of existing literature and empirical evidence, the study evaluates the potential benefits and challenges inherent in carbon farming initiatives. Furthermore, it offers insights into strategies for optimizing carbon farming approaches to ensure ecological sustainability and promote positive social outcomes. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on sustainable agriculture and provide valuable guidance for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders involved in carbon farming initiatives.

Climate change induced by greenhouse gases poses significant risks and vulnerabilities to ecosystems, economies, and societies worldwide. This abstract delves into the multifaceted impacts of greenhouse gas-induced climate change, exploring the associated risks, vulnerabilities, and adaptation strategies. Firstly, the abstract outlines the diverse range of risks posed by climate change, including extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, floods, and heatwaves. These events not only endanger human lives but also threaten infrastructure, agriculture, and biodiversity. Moreover, rising sea levels due to melting ice caps and glaciers exacerbate coastal flooding, leading to displacement of communities and loss of habitat. Secondly, it examines the vulnerabilities of various sectors and regions to climate change impacts. Vulnerable populations, including low-income communities and marginalized groups, are disproportionately affected by climate-related disasters due to limited resources and inadequate infrastructure.

The Chechen Republic has one of the highest levels of biological diversity, due to the unique natural conditions and the presence of various high-altitude zones, ranging from semi-deserts to glaciers. This diversity includes animals from Europe, Asia, Siberia, and even Africa, making it a fascinating place to explore. However, the biological diversity in the region is still poorly understood. The vertebrate fauna in the Chechen Republic includes 44 fish species and subspecies, nine amphibian species, at least 31 reptile species, more than 320 bird species that nest, and up to 88 mammal species. Unfortunately, this rich ecosystem is threatened by the devastating effects of war, which have led to uncontrolled and intensive exploitation of natural resources. As a result, preserving the biodiversity of the area is a significant challenge. Many areas have changed, losing their original appearance. The environmental conditions for many animal species have deteriorated, leading to fewer of them. Some species, such as bison, moose, tarpans, kulans, and beavers have completely disappeared, while others, like the common grouse and geese, are becoming rare. Bezoar goats, chamois, martens, otters, minks, bustards, strepets, cranes, grey partridges and ulars have become few. Taking into account the current ecological situation in the republic and to preserve the unique fauna and flora, it is essential to take measures to conserve and increase the biodiversity of the landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mountainous regions of the Earth have significant elevation differences even on small areas of the earth's surface, which is the main reason for the characteristic combination of natural conditions in these regions. This includes height as a leading factor, resulting in relief and a corresponding complex of natural components. All other components of development in these areas will be radically different from those in nearby plains, and the conditions of existence for the population will also be characteristic of these territories. These conditions affect lifestyle, occupation, and health. Altitude is most clearly traced in the variability of hydroclimatic, soilbiological, and landscape components vertically. As altitude and climatic components directly affect agricultural specialization, it is important to consider these factors when planning agricultural activities in mountainous areas. There is a change in the direction of reducing the duration of the vegetation period for plants. Agriculture is associated with growing coldresistant plants, while heat-loving plants are grown on the plains and their growing season is shorter. The physical and geographical challenges of highlands involve determining the limits of disturbance or barrier that can cause instability, as well as forecasting the development of weak components. It is necessary to identify processes that affect the development of mountains. These include altitude, topography, climate, and weathering, which together determine the stability of natural complexes in highlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was extremely difficult for the deported peoples to adapt to new natural conditions, and to a new ethnic environment, and to a new humiliating situation. K.D. Ushinsky wrote that the influence of natural conditions on people is so powerful that the destruction of these conditions (and in this case separation) torments a person with painful homesickness. A number of government regulations established a cruel special regime. Settlers scattered in small groups from Kyrgyzstan to Kazakhstan did not have the opportunity to keep in touch with each other. In order to survive physically and morally, the settlers had to prove their innocence every minute of their existence. Adaptation in new geographic and climatic conditions, different from historical ones, had a dominating and depressing effect on the moral and psychological state of people.

Carbon farming, often referred to as carbon sequestration or carbon agriculture, is gaining recognition as a powerful climate change management tool worldwide. It involves agricultural and land management practices that enhance carbon storage in soils and vegetation, ultimately reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Russia, with its vast land resources and role as a major contributor to global carbon emissions, has a unique opportunity to harness the potential of carbon farming as a proactive response to climate change. The urgency of addressing climate change is undeniable, as its far-reaching consequences have become increasingly evident. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and disruptions in ecosystems necessitate immediate action. Carbon farming is a promising approach that not only mitigates greenhouse gas emissions but also offers several environmental, economic, and social benefits. This introduction provides an overview of the concept of carbon farming and its relevance in the context of Russia’s climate and land use challenges. By exploring the principles and practices of carbon farming, we can understand its potential to transform the agricultural and land management sectors in Russia while contributing to global efforts to combat climate change. This paper aims to delve into the methods, benefits, and challenges associated with carbon farming in Russia and assess its role as a new and innovative climate change management tool.

The study of carbon polygons and their role in greenhouse gas dynamics is of paramount importance in the context of climate change and global environmental concerns. Carbon polygons, also known as peat plateaus or peat polygons, represent unique ecosystems found in northern regions, which play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. These landscapes consist of a mosaic of waterlogged polygon centers and elevated rims, characterized by diverse vegetation and complex hydrological processes. One of the key concerns regarding carbon polygons is their potential to release greenhouse gases, primarily methane and carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere. As global temperatures rise and permafrost thaws in northern areas, these ecosystems become critical focal points for scientific research and monitoring.

The national climate policy of Russia against the international background has been developing quite slowly. Its development entered an active phase in the 2010s with the adoption of the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation at the end of 2009, and is now detailed in action plans aimed at achieving the goals of reducing GHG emissions and adapting to climate change. The climate doctrine has secured the priority of national interests in the development and implementation of climate policy, but the driver of its current development is the international agenda and climate initiatives of Russia's main trading partners (primarily the EU). According to a VTsIOM survey from September 202067, the majority of Russians agree that climate change is taking place on the planet (93% of respondents), and notes that they have an impact on their lives (57%). At the same time, if 52% of the Russians surveyed consider global warming to be a really serious problem, then 40% characterize this problem as far-fetched and inflated (8% found it difficult to answer). Russians are generally not ready to pay more for goods and services, even if these funds are used to introduce alternative energy sources or improve energy efficiency (62%-76% of respondents, depending on the product or service). Russian business is also against the introduction of additional climate fees. Strengthening the national climate policy in Russia is supported by the majority of the scientific community (although there are also climate skeptics in Russia) and by a number of experts who point to a significant potential increase in costs associated with both the need to adapt to climate change and the further spread of climate initiatives in the world. Thus, the climate policy in Russia can be attributed to one of the most controversial and difficult areas to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fight against climate change is one of the key tasks both at the international level and in a single country. All regions of the world today are assessing the negative consequences of global warming, developing regulatory mechanisms in order to reduce the negative impact on the climate and adapt to it as much as possible, as well as transform economies to move towards a low-carbon development model. Goals are set and commitments are made to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. More than 140 countries, accounting for 90% of global GHG emissions, have already reported targets for achieving carbon neutrality. Accordingly, business and entire sectors of the economy determine their opportunities in this direction, setting their own goals and identifying tools for reducing emissions and developing new technological solutions. Obviously, it is impossible to immediately switch to a new economic model and technologies with zero greenhouse gas emissions. For some industries, in principle, such solutions are complex, and alternatives to them appear extremely slowly. To achieve carbon neutrality goals, carbon dioxide capture, capture and storage projects play an important role. A climate project is a set of measures that reduce (prevent) greenhouse gas emissions or increase GHG1 absorption. The result of the implementation of climate projects are carbon units, expressed as the number of avoided or absorbed emissions in tons of CO2 equivalent. Special requirements are imposed on these projects and their justification, and their results are confirmed by external experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]