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In this study, we conducted successful experiments on ethylenediamine sulfate (EDS), an organic compound, to investigate its enantioselectivity in chiral crystallization. We employed optical trapping with circularly polarized laser beams, using a continuous wave laser at 1064 nm. By focusing the laser at the air–solution interface of a heavy water-saturated EDS solution, the formation of sub-micrometer-sized chiral EDS crystals was verified. Two generated enantiomorphs (d-crystal and l-crystal) were identified by the rotating analyzer method. The enantioselectivity in the chiral crystallization of EDS was assessed through 30 to 60 times experiments conducted under various conditions of laser powers and polarization modes, utilizing the count of generated crystals for each enantiomorph in the evaluation. Circularly polarized lasers at a specific power created an imbalance in the generation probability of the enantiomorphs, resulting in crystal enantiomeric excess values of 23% and −30%. The enantioselectivity mechanism was explored from two perspectives: refractive index differences of two enantiomorphs and 3D helical optical forces. Study of the thermodynamic mechanism was insufficient to explain the outcomes. Conversely, the 3D helical optical force mechanism revealed that the forces acting on EDS clusters in solution induced helical fluid motion, driving EDS nucleation, with the helicity of fluid motion determining the crystal's chirality. This approach will present new insights into chirality in industrial and research fields, with potential applications in regard to improving optical resolution and addressing the origin of homochirality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study outlines the approach that was employed for cloning, expression, and characterization of the recombinant pullulanase enzyme from Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using pET‐25b (+) expression vector. The recombinant pullulanase enzyme was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). The molecular mass of the purified pullulanase enzyme was measured using sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) as 95 kDa. The purified recombinant pullulanase enzyme demonstrated significant thermal stability, maintaining its structural integrity and functionality at temperatures as high as 90°C over a period of 4 h. The inclusion of divalent metal ions, specifically Ca2+ and Mg2+, had a positive effect on the activity of the pullulanase enzyme. Conversely, the presence of Co2+ and EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid) resulted in suppression of the enzyme activity. The purified pullulanase enzyme demonstrated remarkable resistance when exposed to organic solvents. The enzyme activity was notably decreased in the presence of SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) while β‐mercaptoethanol and tween‐60 did not substantially affect the enzyme activity and stability which suggest its potential applicability in the detergent sector. This discovery indicates a potential approach to improve the effectiveness of currently available detergents in the marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) films modified with ethylenediamine (en) and doped by nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO, NiO, and MgO). A mixture of 0.5 g PVC/en dissolved in THF and 0.01 wt % of nanoparticles were used in doping PVC to produce the nanocomposite films. All modified PVC films were characterized by different analysis techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (NMR), diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DRS was used to analyse the scattered IR energy of the samples at wavelengths between (250–1350 nm). The optical properties and oscillator strength were also studied, the transmittance and reflectance values declined for the PVC films, and the absorption coefficient was observed between (79–89 %). The direct energy gap decreased from 4.6 to 1.9, and the indirect energy gap reduced from 4.3 to 1.9. The XRD exhibited a semi‐crystalline structure and the SEM test exhibited a porous structure of all samples. The Urbach energy was increased from 0.8772 eV to 14.712 eV, single oscillator energy (Eo ${{E}_{o}}$) was also increased from 6.38 eV to 13.69 eV and the dispersion energy (Ed) ${{(E}_{d})}$ increased from 23.40 eV to 70.63 eV. Moreover, the surface roughness parameters Ra and Rq of the PVC films in modified and doping were increased from 3.86 nm to 8.14 nm, and 5.08 nm to 10.10 nm respectively. So, PVC results show increased optical properties after modification with en and doping by NPs are used in the light conversion and aerospace industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, the transformation of polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) from thermoset into vitrimer is introduced. First, two N‐coordinated diboronic diols are successfully synthesized via the reaction of N,N,N‐tri(2‐hydroxyethyl)amine and/or N,N,N",N"‐tetrakis(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine with 4‐(hydroxymethyl) phenylboronic acid and then they are transformed into two N‐coordinated cyclic boronic diacrylates. The latter two dienes carrying electron‐withdrawing substituents are used for the ring opening insertion metathesis copolymerization (ROIMP) of dicyclopentadiene to afford the crosslinked PDCPD. In the crosslinked PDCPD networks, N‐coordinated cyclic boronic ester bonds are integrated. It is found that the as‐obtained PDCPD networks displayed the excellent reprocessing properties. In the meantime, the fracture toughness is significantly improved. Owing to the inclusion of N‐coordinated cyclic boronic ester bonds, the modified PDCPDs have the thermal stability much superior to plain PDCPD. The results reported in this work demonstrate that PDCPD can successfully be transformed into the vitrimers via the introduction of N‐coordinated cyclic boronic ester bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pd-based anode catalysts with superior activity are urgent for formic acid oxidation to further boost the direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) technologies. Herein, a strategy of ethylenediamine (EDA) modified Pd/C catalyst was developed by two main steps of EDA adsorbed on Vulcan XC-72 carbon by impregnation and Pd nanoparticles loaded on the freeze-dried C-EDA supports by liquid reduction method. The effects of sweep rates and concentrations of EDA on the formic acid electrooxidation were systematically studied. Results showed that the above parameter was optimized as the concentration of EDA of 0.1 mol L−1. Pd nanoparticles with even distribution were fabricated and particle sizes were in the range of 3.5–4.2 nm. In addition, Pd particle size became smaller with the addition of EDA, suggesting that EDA could induce the generation of smaller Pd. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the electrocatalytic activity of Pd/C-0.22EDA (1021 mA mg−1) with optimized modification concentration was improved as a factor of 3.82 than that of Pd/C (267 mA mg−1). An enhanced stability (about 41 times higher than Pd/C) and faster charge-transfer kinetics of formic acid electrooxidation were observed for Pd/C-0.22EDA catalyst. CV and CA measurements showed that the most active catalyst was made of the smallest (3.5 nm) Pd nanoparticles for Pd/C-0.22EDA catalyst. The better electrocatalytic performances of Pd/C-0.22EDA might be ascribed to evenly dispersed Pd with relatively smaller particle size, electron regulation between Pd and amine group as well as stable Pd structure. • Ethylenediamine modified Pd/C was firstly prepared to enhance properties of formic acid oxidation. • The adding of EDA contributed to form fine and stable Pd with even distribution. • The modification of EDA greatly enhanced electrocatalytic activity and stability. • The mechanism of enhanced electrocatalytic performances for Pd/C-EDA was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and delayed wound healing caused by the use of cosmetic creams containing panthenol. Panthenol is commonly found in hypoallergenic cosmetics, including moisturizers and wound-healing creams. The patient experienced eczema and delayed wound healing after using several creams on her face and for aftercare treatment of her wounds. Patch testing confirmed a diagnosis of ACD from panthenol contact allergy. The article highlights the importance of being aware of the presence of panthenol in cosmetic products and its potential to cause allergic reactions. [Extracted from the article]

TiO 2 -based photoelectrocatalysts are synthesized by anodization at 90, 70 and 50V, using ethylenediamine to incorporate C and N elements (i.e. formation of coordinated complexes). The analysis is focused on determining the effects of oxygen vacancies, crystallite size, phase type, band gap size, elemental surface composition, roughness, and thickness of the photoelectrodes, to establish those influencing the photoelectroactivity of H 2 production. H 2 is generated with irradiations simulating solar conditions, and only visible-light. The photoelectrode formed at 70V develops the largest photocurrent, and consequently the largest H 2 production. It is revealed that the lowest content of oxygen vacancies, the highest amount of elemental C and O at the surface, and the reduction of the main band gap in this photoelectrode substantially control the photoactivity of this reaction. While the roughness and thickness of the coatings, the crystallite size, the specific surface area, and the surface compositions of elemental Ti and N are found to be negligible. [Display omitted] • Ethylenediamine was effective to incorporate C and N species into anodized TiO 2. • C and N incorporations reduced the main band gaps of all (CN)–TiO 2 photoanodes. • Oxygen vacancies, surface contents of C and O, and band gap size control H 2 yield. • Roughness, thickness, and crystallite size of catalysts do not impact H 2 activity. • Specific area and surface compositions of Ti and N are negligible for H 2 generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper selenide nanoparticles (CuSeNP) were synthesized using histidine, ethylenediamine, and sodium selenate as precursors by one-step microwave digestion methods. The as-prepared CuSeNPs exhibit excellent catechol oxidase mimic enzyme and catalase (CAT)-like activities. Dopamine (DA) can be oxidized to aminochrome with H2O2 by CuSeNPs, and the intermediate product aminochrome can further react with α-naphthol to yield a highly fluorescent derivative. It was confirmed that Cr(III) could adsorb on the surface of CuSeNPs and inhibit the production of semiquinone radicals in the reaction system, and the catalytic activity of CuSeNPs was inhibited. The detection mechanisms, kinetics, and catalytic properties of CuSeNPs were systematically investigated. As a result, a novel fluorescence method for the assay of Cr(III) was established. The feasibility of CuSeNP nanozyme in detecting speciation Cr(III) in food samples was explored with satisfactory results. It showed the obvious potential for developing effective and dependable fluorescent detection method for protecting food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the synthesis of α-hemihydrate gypsum (α-HH) through semiliquid autoclaving of phosphogypsum (PG) using various carboxylic acids as modifying agents. The impact of carboxyl group spatial location, auxiliary functional group type, and the number of carboxyl groups within the carboxylic acid modifiers on the mechanical strength and crystal morphology of α-HH was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), strength testing, and molecular dynamics simulations. The results revealed a significant influence of the carboxylic acid molecular structure on the α-HH crystal morphology. Monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids with a long carbon chain length between carboxyl groups exhibited preferential adsorption on the (200), (110), and (-110) crystal planes, promoting crystal growth along the c-axis. In contrast, hydroxyl groups and cis double bonds in the modifier structure induced selective adsorption on the (001) plane, hindering growth along the c-axis. Conversely, trans double bonds favored adsorption on the (200), (110), and (-110) planes, enhancing growth along the c-axis. Based on these observations, screening principles for carboxylic acid modifiers were established, suggesting that: 1) the number of carboxyl groups should exceed 2; 2) the optimal carbon atom spacing between carboxyl groups is 3; and 3) auxiliary functional groups such as hydroxyl groups and cis double bonds should be introduced. Modifiers like citric acid, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and pyromellitic acid, within concentration ranges of 0.05%-0.1%, 0.1%-0.15%, and 0.05%-0.1%, respectively, yielded α-HH with flexural strengths exceeding 4 MPa and compressive strengths greater than 35 MPa, demonstrating the validity of these principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarcity of freshwater resources, driven by rapid population growth and industrialization, underscores the urgent need for advanced desalination technologies. This research aims to meet this critical demand by enhancing the performance of polyamide membranes through innovative chemical tuning of the active layer. By strategically using Boc-protected ethylenediamine (EDA), we can precisely control the membrane's surface properties. One amino group in EDA is protected with a Boc group, allowing the other to participate in the interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction with meta-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). This inclusion of Boc-protected EDA enables in situ tuning of the active layer chemistry during polymerization. Subsequent removal of the Boc protection generates hydrophilic ammonium groups on the membrane surface, enhancing its desalination capabilities. As a result, three distinct membranes were fabricated and thoroughly characterized: MPD-TMC (control), MPD-TMC-EDA-Boc, and MPD-TMC-EDA-Deboc. At 20 bar and 2000 ppm NaCl feed, the MPD-TMC-EDA-Deboc membrane demonstrated superior desalination performance with a salt rejection of 98 ± 0.5% and a permeate flux of 25 L m−2 h−1; an increase of 25% compared to the control membrane. For the seawater nanofiltration (NF) permeate with a TDS of 33,700 ppm, a salt rejection of 97% and a permeate flux of 23 L m−2 h−1 was recorded at 20 bar. The MPD-TMC-EDA-Deboc membrane showed enhanced antifouling performance (95 ± 1% flux recovery) compared to the control MPD-TMC membrane with 93 ± 1% flux recovery. The Boc-protection/deprotection strategy demonstrated the high potential of this approach to significantly enhance the performance of polyamide membranes for desalination applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problems of heavy environmental pollution, high energy consumption, and process complexity for current degumming techniques, three types of deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems as eco‐friendly sustainable solutions including choline chloride/urea (CU), ethylenediamine hydrochloride/ethylene glycol (EE) and choline chloride/imidazole (CI) were prepared and applied to the degumming of seed hemp. It was clearly showed that all three DES systems exhibit excellent degumming efficiency on seed hemp to remove noncellulosic components involving in pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin in amorphous region without damage to the structure and crystalline morphology of cellulose, leading to an increase of cellulose portion from 54% to about 80%. CI with the molar ratio of 3:8 at 175°C for 2.5 h give the best removal performance for hemicellulose and pectin while EE with molar ratio of 1:2 at 175°C for 3 h can remove lignin with highest efficiency. However, CU with the lowest cost reveals a balanced removal of three noncellulosic components, which may be the optimal choice for industrial production. Furthermore, density functional theory analysis disclosed the essential information of configuration stability for three DES systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) synthesized using the method of green synthesis and the chemical (titanium (IV) ethoxide sol-gel technique) which was previously our work on the Ethylenediamine Bisborane (EDAB) hydrolysis process. Nanocomposites based on TiO 2 doped with Palladium (Pd) were synthesized by green synthesis using the Aloe Vera plant as the starting materials. The investigation of the structure and surface morphology of the plant mediated Pd/TiO 2-green catalyst was evaluated using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS), Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) analyzes. The effect of catalyst on EDAB was examined at five different temperatures (20°C–80 °C), two different amounts of catalyst (0.08, 0.16 g) and in the different volumes of the reactor. For the comparison of catalyst preparation methods, the hydrogen gas release (HGR) for the hydrolysis of the EDAB using Pd/TiO 2-green and Pd/TiO 2-sol_gel (60 °C, 28.5 mM EDAB, 0.05 g catalyst) catalysts were determined as 360 ml min−1.g−1 and 78.48 ml min−1.g−1 respectively. The hydrolysis study shows the green synthesis Pd/TiO 2 displays a higher HGR efficiency compared to chemically synthesized Pd/TiO 2. • TiO 2 were synthesized by green synthesis using the Aloe Vera extract. • Green synthesis technique has come forward due to the non-uses of non-toxic solvents and reagents. • Catalytic hydrolysis of EDAB with Pd/TiO 2-green catalyst. • The hydrogen gas release of EDAB by Pd/TiO 2-green was improved compared with the Pd/TiO 2-sol_gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a promising method for creating high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. The approach involves crafting a unique composite material—nickel-cobalt-layered double hydroxides (NiCo-LDH) grown on carbon nanoballs (CNBs). This is achieved by first creating a special carbon material rich in oxygen and nitrogen from a polybenzoxazine source. At first, eugenol, ethylene diamine and paraformaldehyde undergo Mannich condensation to form the benzoxazine monomer, which undergoes self-polymerization in the presence of heat to produce polybenzoxazine. This was then carbonized and activated to produce CNBs containing heteroatoms. Then, through a hydrothermal technique, NiCo-LDH nanocages are directly deposited onto the CNBs, eliminating the need for complicated templates. The amount of CNBs used plays a crucial role in performance. By optimizing the CNB content to 50%, a remarkable specific capacitance of 1220 F g−1 was achieved, along with excellent rate capability and impressive cycling stability, retaining 86% of its capacitance after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, this NiCo-LDH/CNB composite, when combined with active carbon in a supercapacitor configuration, delivered outstanding overall performance. The exceptional properties of this composite, combined with its simple and scalable synthesis process, position it as a strong contender for next-generation sustainable energy storage devices. The ease of fabrication also opens doors for its practical application in advancing energy storage technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to determine the smear layer removal from the root canals using different irrigant solutions with diode laser. Methods: A set of sixty human upper incisor teeth were chosen. Access cavity preparation was done followed by canal instrumentation. Samples were divided into six groups (Group A: sodium hypochlorite NaOCl, Group B: NaOCl + diode laser, group C: NaOCl + EDTA ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid solution, Group D: NaOCl + EDTA + diode laser, Group E: NaOCl + garlic extract, Group F: NaOCl + garlic extract + diode laser. Examining the smear layer removal at the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canals was done by using electron microscope analysis. Using an energy-dispersive X-ray, the calcium/phosphorus Ca/P ratio was measured. Results: Among the examined groups, there were not any significant differences regarding the smear layer removal. The elimination of smear layers at the middle and coronal thirds was greater in all examined groups than in the apical third. EDX analysis revealed no statistically significant variation between the tested groups. Conclusions: Using diode laser with sodium hypochlorite and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid irrigant solution was more effective for the elimination of smear layers. Garlic extract could be used as an alternative irrigant solution in debris removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer-like dielectrics with superb thermal conductivity as well as high dielectric properties hold great promise for the modern electronic field. Nevertheless, integrating these properties into a single material simultaneously remains problematic due to their mutually limited physical connotations. In this study, we developed high-quality thermally conductive epoxy composites with excellent dielectric properties. This was achieved by incorporating surface-functionalized microscale hexagonal boron nitride (BN) along with N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylene diamine (DN) and N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]aniline (PN). In the resulting epoxy composite, microscale BN serves as the primary building block for establishing the thermally conductive network, while silica particles act as bridges to regulate heat transfer and reduce interfacial phonon-scattering. The prepared composites were thoroughly examined across various filler contents (ranging from 10 to 80 wt%). Among them, the DNBN/epoxy composite exhibited higher thermal conductivity (in-plane: 47.03 W m−1 K−1) at 60 wt% filler content compared to BN/epoxy (39.40 W m−1 K−1) and PNBN/epoxy (33 W m−1 K−1) composites. These results highlight the usefulness of surface modification of BN in improving compatibility between fillers and epoxy, ultimately reducing composite viscosity. Furthermore, the DNBN/epoxy composite at 60 wt% demonstrated superb dielectric constant (∼6.15) without compromising on dissipation loss (∼0.06). The strategy adopted in this study offers significant insights into designing dielectric thermally conductive composites with superior performance outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excitation-dependent emission properties of carbon dots (Cdots) are extensively reported, but their red emission is often weak, limiting their wider application. Here we introduce ethidium bromide, as a functional precursor with red emission, to enhance the red emission for Cdots, with comparable intensity at a broad wavelength range to multi-emission Cdots (M-Cdots). We found that Cdots prepared with ethidium bromide/ethylenediamine exhibited strong blue and red emission at 440 and 615 nm, with optimal excitation at 360 and 470 nm as M-Cdots, respectively, but the Cdots from single ethidium bromide (EB-Cdots) possessed weak red emission. M-Cdots exhibited a broad absorption band at 478 nm, but a band blue-shifted to 425 nm was observed for EB-Cdots, while no absorption was observed at 478–425 nm for the Cdots prepared with citric acid and ethylenediamine. Thus, we proposed that C=O and C=N formed a π-conjugation structure as the absorption band at 478 nm for the red emission of M-Cdots, as also confirmed with the excitation at 470 nm. Moreover, the π-conjugation structure is fragile and sensitive to harsh conditions, so red emission was difficult to observe for the Cdots prepared with citric acid/ethylenediamine or single ethidium bromide. M-Cdots possess two centers for blue and red emission with different structures. The dual emission was therefore used for ratiometric sensing with dichromate (Cr2O72−) and formaldehyde (HCHO) as the targets using the intensity ratio of the emissions at 615 and 440 nm. Due to the comparable intensity at a broad wavelength range, we designed encryption codes with five excitations at 360, 400, 420, 450, and 470 nm as the inputs, and the emission colors were used for information decoding. Thus, we determined why red emission was difficult to realize for Cdots, and our results could motivate the design of red-emission Cdots for extensive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of benzoquinoline-employing heterocycles was synthesized by treating 3-chlorobenzo[f]quinoline-2-carbaldehyde with N-phenyl-3-methylpyrazolone, 4-aminoacetophenone, 1,2-diaminoethane, and 2-cyanoethanohydrazide. Also, pyridine, chromene, α,β-unsaturated nitrile, thiosemicarbazone, and 1,2-bis-aryl hydrazine derivatives were prepared from the cyanoethanohydrazone obtained. The DFT calculations and experiment outcomes were consistent. In vitro screening of their antiproliferative efficacy was examined against HCT116 and MCF7 cancer cell lines. The pyrazolone 2 and cyanoethanohydrazone 5 derivatives exhibited the most potency, which was demonstrated by their molecular docking towards the CDK-5 enzyme. The binding energies of compounds 2 and 5 were − 6.6320 kcal/mol (with RMSD of 0.9477 Å) and − 6.5696 kcal/mol (with RMSD of 1.4889 Å), respectively, which were near to that of co-crystallized ligand (EFP). This implies a notably strong binding affinity towards the CDK-5 enzyme. Thus, pyrazolone derivative 2 would be considered a promising candidate for further optimization to develop new chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) analyses displayed its desirable drug-likeness and oral bioavailability properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood adhesives were made using defatted soy flour, casein, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethylene diamine. These eco-friendly wood adhesives are used to substitute formaldehyde-derived adhesives in order to decrease formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds emissions from the adhesives that are utilised in plywood. The features of adhesively-glued wood joints in terms of performance such as tensile strength, water resistance and chemical resistance were gauged in this study. The results revealed that adhesives showing good performance and eco-friendly adhesive system was prepared for wood joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method is proposed to synthesize ethylenediamine complex [RuNO(en)2OH]I2 from K2[RuNOCl5], which increases the target product yield to 76%. Subsequent treatment of nitrate salt [RuNO(en)2 OH](NO3)2 with concentrated HF with the precipitation of HClO4 gives [RuNO(en)2F](ClO4)2 with a quantitative yield. According to the single crystal XRD data, in the [RuNO(en)2F]2+ cationic moiety, nitrosyl and fluoride are in the trans-position relative to each other, and in the ruthenium coordination environment, the equatorial plane is composed of four nitrogen atoms from ethylenediamine ligands. The 450 nm light irradiation of the [RuNO(en)2F](ClO4)2 complex at 80 K results in the formation of metastable linkage isomer MS1 with nitrosyl group coordination through the oxygen atom. According to the IR spectroscopic data, the population of MS1 is about 1%, and the respective vibrational band disappears when heated in a temperature range of 280-310 K. The activation parameters of the MS1–GS (ground state) transition according to the DSC data are Ea = 107.1±6.8 kJ/mol, lnk0 = 36.1±2.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is an inexpensive bio-adsorbent and has many applications in the adsorption of heavy metals. The structure and size of the lignin molecular chain affect its properties. Introducing of amino functional groups to the structure of lignin can improve its physical and chemical properties and increase its reactivity and adsorption power. Lignin cross-linking also improves its performance and adsorption characteristics. In the first step, lignin as a black liquor was extracted and purified from the waste of the wood factory. The lignin was then reacted with phenol to obtain lignophenol. The obtained lignophenol was then aminated via reacting with the ethylene diamine. Finally, in order to increase the strength of the adsorbent structure and prevent the dissolution of the adsorbent at low pHs (suitable for adsorption), 37% aqueous formaldehyde was added to the aminated lignin, from which aminated and cross-linked lignophenol was then obtained. Different types of lignins including lignin, lignophenol and amine-functionalized (branched or cross-linked) lignophenol were well synthesized and identified. The results of FT-IR spectrum showed that the amine functional groups were well attached to the lignophenol branches and the lignophenol was converted to the amino-containing lignophenol. Also, the results of acid–base titration and 11HNMR show that phenol was successfully bonded onto the lignin and amine functional groups were observed in lignin structure. The results of acid–base titration, elemental analysis and zeta potential tests also confirmed amination of lignophenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ethylenediamine (EDA)-modified wheat straw (EMWS) was prepared and used as an efficient adsorbent for removing Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. Adsorption of CR by EMWS was examined through static adsorption experiments to determine the effect of contact time, initial pH values, particle size of the adsorbent, solution concentration, and temperature. As pH ranged from 4.0 to 10.0, CR adsorption by the EMWS remained considerably elevated. The equilibrium adsorption capacity was determined to be 97.92 mg·g−1 for a CR concentration of 400 mg·L−1, pH of 4.0, temperature of 318 K, and EMWS dose of 2 g·L−1, which was found to be comparable to other materials used for CR adsorption. Following that, optimal conditions were used to conduct isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. In the adsorption process of CR, the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics provided the best fit, indicating the presence of both physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms. Electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding were primarily responsible for CR adsorption onto the EMWS. Based on thermodynamic investigations, the adsorption of CR on EMWS is determined to be spontaneous (ΔG < 0) and endothermic (ΔH = 60.83 kJ·mol−1), while also exhibiting an increase in disorder (ΔS = 289.9 J·mol−1·K−1). The elution was carried out using 0.20 M HCl, followed by washing the EMWS with water, resulting in no loss of functionality. This study suggests that EMWS possesses the potential to serve as a feasible and efficient adsorbent for CR removal in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs), such as molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) and molybdenum selenide (MoSe2), have been presented as effective materials for extracting the generated holes from perovskite layers. Thus, the work function of MoS2 can be tuned in a wide range from 3.5 to 4.8 eV by adjusting the number of layers, chemical composition, elemental doping, surface functionalization, and surface states, depending on the synthetic approach. In this proposed work, we attempt to synthesize MoS2 nanoparticles (NPs) from bulk MoS2 using two steps: (1) initial exfoliation of bulk MoS2 into few-layer MoS2 by using curcumin-cholesteryl-derived organogels (BCC-ED) and curcumin solution in ethylene diamine (C-ED) under sonication; (2) ultrasonication of the subsequently obtained few-layer MoS2 at 60–80 °C, followed by washing of the above chemicals. The initial treatment with the BCC-ED/C-ED undergoes exfoliation of bulk MoS2 resulted in few-layer MoS2, as evidenced by the morphological analysis using SEM. Further thinning or reduction of the size of the few-layer MoS2 by prolonged ultrasonication at 60–80 °C, followed by repeated washing with DMF, resulted in uniform nanoparticles (MoS2 NPs) with a size of ~10 nm, as evidenced by morphological analysis. Since BCC-ED and C-ED produced similar results, C-ED was utilized for further production of NPs over BCC-ED owing to the ease of removal of curcumin from the MoS2 NPs. Utilization of the above synthesized MoS2 NPs as an ETL layer in the cell structure FTO/ETL/perovskite absorber/spiro-OMeTAD/Ag enhanced the efficiency significantly. The results showed that MoS2 NPs as an ETL exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PEC) of 11.46%, a short-circuit current density of 18.65 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 1.05 V, and a fill factor of 58.66%, at the relative humidity of 70 ± 10% (open-air conditions) than that of the ED-treated MoS2 devices without curcumin. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of both curcumin and ED plays a critical role in obtaining high-quality MoS2 NPs, beneficial for efficient charge transport, lowering the crystal defect density/trap sites and reducing the charge recombination rate, thus, significantly enhancing the efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of gas channeling during CO2 flooding in low-permeability reservoirs, a novel CO2 responsive gel channeling system was prepared by using carrageenan, branched polyethylene imide and ethylenediamine under laboratory conditions. Based on the Box–Behnken response surface design method, the optimal synthesis concentration of the system was 0.5 wt% carrageenan, 2.5 wt% branchized polyethylenimide and 6.5 wt% ethylenediamine. The micromorphology of the system before and after response was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The rheology and dehydration rate were tested under different conditions. The channeling performance and enhanced oil recovery effect of the gel system were simulated by a core displacement experiment. The experimental results show that the internal structure of the system changes from a disordered, smooth and loosely separated lamellae structure to a more uniform, complete and orderly three-dimensional network structure after exposure to CO2. The viscosity of the system was similar to aqueous solution before contact with CO2 and showed viscoelastic solid properties after contact with CO2. The experiment employing dehydration rates at different temperatures showed that the internal structure of the gel would change at a high temperature, but the gel system had a certain self-healing ability. The results of the displacement experiment show that the plugging rate of the gel system is stable at 85.32% after CO2 contact, and the recovery rate is increased by 17.06%, which provides an important guide for the development of low-permeability reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel smart catalyst was developed with amino‐modified thermo‐responsive poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) grafts on silica‐coated magnetic nanoparticles using the conventional free radical polymerization process. By this methodology, the polymer was successfully grafted mainly onto silica‐modified iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Si). The PNIPAM‐grafted Fe3O4@Si was then subjected to ethylenediamine treatment to produce the amino‐functionalized support (Fe3O4@Si@PNIPAM‐NH2), which was subsequently modified with carboxyl functional groups by using EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) to create Fe3O4@Si@PNIPAM‐NH2‐EDTA. Au nanoparticles were then decorated on this support through its two amines and four carboxylates. Different methods were used to study this novel catalyst, including inductively coupled plasma, Fourier transport infrared spectroscopy, TGA, dynamic light scattering, SEM, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, XRD and elemental CHN analysis. The reduction of several aryl‐nitro derivatives demonstrated a significant catalytic activity for the as‐synthesized gold catalyst (Fe3O4@Si@PNIPAM‐NH2‐EDTA‐Au). The Au catalyst can be successfully removed from the reaction components using a magnetic field and used again in eight successive reduction reactions without significant gold leaching and loss of catalytic activity. © 2024 Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, improved treatment of synthetic wastewater using integrated electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) and the addition of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO-NPs) is reported. For this aim, GO-NPs were reduced and modified using ethylene diamine (EDA). After that, EDA-treated GO particles (RGO-NH2) were exposed to alkylation, and repetitive amidation for synthesizing polyamidoamine (PAMAM)-bonded nanosheets of GO. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results confirmed the formation of various structures, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) graphs showed the occurrence of non-ideal reactions and lack of PAMAM bonding as expected. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) graphs showed that the bonding resistance exists against the bonding of nanosheets. The results showed that GO-NPs included EMBR systems led to a significant reduction in membrane fouling, and operational time was extended for ca. 20 days before reaching the flux limit. This could be due to the reduction in the cake layer extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fraction with a significant decrease in the content of protein-like compounds in the lightly bound EPS (LB-EPS) fraction. This could be related to the electrophilic attack of electro-generated OH· radicals to the electron-rich moieties of fouling agents, adsorption of organic fouling agents on the outer surface of GO-NPs, increase in overall sludge particle size and prevention of floc penetration through membrane pores. The results were validated by the FTIR and emission excitation matrix (EEM) spectroscopy methods. The results of the current study could be beneficial for the operation of a scaled-up system using more membrane modules and a larger permeate flowrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabrication route of the antifogging coating. [Display omitted] Hydrophilic coating can prevent surface from fogging but its application is limited by low mechanical performance. In this study, a hydrophilic coating was prepared by crosslinking the Si-doped carbonized polymer dot (Si-CPD) with 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and ethylene oxide (EO). The hydrophilic coating can be used as robust hydrophilic anti-fogging coating. The Si-CPD derived from ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and aminopropyl oligosiloxanes (APOS) was successfully prepared via one-step hydrothermal method. Then, a resin solution was prepared by mixing Si-CPD, GPTMS and EO. Epoxy group of GPTMS and EO can react with amino group of Si-CPD. Finally, a composite coating with antifogging function can be obtained by simple heating curing. Due to the introduction of hydroxyl which derived from EO, the coating shows excellent antifogging performance. Meanwhile, the presence of inorganic component endows the coating with outstanding mechanical performance. The coating has great potential in related applications, such as optical lenses, mirrors and other transparency substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the purpose of economizing the routine soil testing for micronutrients and avoiding the use of multiple soil extraction procedures, a laboratory investigation was attempted to evaluate a new chemical extractant for assessing the availability of common micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, and B) in soils of widely varying properties (n = 32). The new extractant designated as OM-MES-VERA# contained 0.01 M oxalic acid, 0.02 M maleic acid, 0.02 M 2-(N-Morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid (MES), 0.0025 M ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid di-sodium salt, 0.02 M acetic acid, and 0.1% polyacrylamide (final pH adjusted to 6.0). OM-MES-VERA extracted significantly higher amounts of micronutrient cations and B from soils compared to the conventional diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA, pH 7.3) extractable micronutrient cations and hot water soluble B, respectively, but lesser amount of Mo compared to Mehlich-3 universal extractant. Soil test values by both OM-MES-VERA- and conventional extractants were correlated with soil properties. The labile (E and L) values of micronutrient cations and Mo estimated by isotopic dilution method, ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA, pH 7.6 extractable soil B (as an estimate of E for B) and B concentration in maize (as an estimate of L for B) were successfully regressed on soil test values of micronutrients by OM-MES-VERA and conventional soil extractants except in the case of DTPA (pH 7.3) for E-value of Fe and L-value of Mn. The OM-MES-VERA extractant can be considered to assess the availability of common micronutrients in soils of diverse soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), which is a special subgroup of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), was synthesized and modified by ethylenediamine (ZIF-8-EDA) to prepare an efficient adsorbent for the high sorption of Cd2+ ions from solution. The synthesized and modified ZIF-8 (ZIF-8-EDA) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The optimum conditions for dosage of adsorbent, initial ion concentration, pH, and contact time were 0.05 g/l, 50 mg/l, 6, and 60 min, respectively, for cadmium ion sorption from aqueous solutions with a removal efficiency of 89.7% for ZIF-8 and 93.5% for ZIF-8-EDA. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The Langmuir model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich model. According to the Langmuir equation, the maximum uptake for the cadmium ions was 294.11(mg/g). The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) indicated that the adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic at 20–50 °C. Based on the results, the amino functionalized ZIF-8 had improved adsorption performance due to the replacing of the starting linker with organic ligands that had effective functional groups, leading to chemical coordination due to the interaction of metal ions with the non-bonding pair of electrons on the N atoms of the amino functional group. The selectivity toward metal ion adsorption by ZIF-8-EDA was Cd2+ > Pb2+ > Ni2+‏.

Nowadays, fire retardants are very important. These materials are added to flammable items to increase their resistance to flammability. Zinc borates are an important class of the fire retardants, which have been prepared in this paper using two different precursors. In the first method, tris(ethylenediamine) zinc(II) tetraphenyl borate complex, [Zn(en)3](BPh4)2, was prepared by reaction of ZnCl2 with en ligand in the presence of NaBPh4 in water solvent. The prepared Zn(II) complex was calcined at 650 ºC to obtain zinc borate. In the second method, a mixture of H3BO3/ZnO with a mole ratio of 6:2 was reacted under the hydrothermal operation at 200 ºC, and zinc borate was obtained. The prepared zinc borates were characterized by different methods including FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TGA. In addition, the application of the prepared zinc borates as a fire retardant was investigated for poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) polymer. The results show that the addition of zinc borate to PAN increased its resistance to flammability and the combustion process immediately terminated when the sample removed from the flame. Therefore, the prepared zinc borates are good candidates for use as fire retardants in polymers.

To investigate the effect of the chemical composition of a metal–organic crosslinker on the performances of fracturing fluid in high-temperature conditions, four zirconium (Zr) crosslinkers and one aluminum–zirconium (Al-Zr) crosslinker with a polyacrylamide were used. The crosslinkers possessed the same Zr concentration, but they differed in component amounts and the order of the addition of the crosslinker components, leading to different chemical compositions in the crosslinkers. The fracturing fluids prepared by different tested crosslinkers were compared in terms of properties of rheological behavior, sand-carrying ability, microstructure, and gel breaking characteristics. The results showed that the fracturing fluids prepared by zirconium lactic acid, ethanediamine, and sorbitol crosslinkers offered the slowest viscosity development and highest final viscosity compared to the zirconium lactic acid crosslinker and the zirconium lactic acid and ethanediamine crosslinker. The zirconium sorbitol, lactic acid, and ethanediamine crosslinker exhibited a faster crosslinking rate and a higher final viscosity than the zirconium lactic acid, ethanediamine, and sorbitol crosslinker; the crosslinker showed crosslinking density and crosslinking reactivity, resulting in more crosslinking sites and a higher strength in the fracturing fluid. The Al-Zr-based crosslinker possessed better properties in temperature and shear resistance, viscoelasticity, shear recovery, and sand-carrying ability than the Zr-based crosslinker due to the synergistic crosslinking effect of aluminum and zirconium ions. The tertiary release gelation mechanism of the Al-Zr-based fracturing fluid achieved a temperature resistance performance in the form of continuous crosslinking, avoiding the excessive crosslinking dehydration and reducing viscosity loss caused by early shear damage. These results indicated that the chemical compositions of metal–organic crosslinkers were important factors in determining the properties of fracturing fluids. Therefore, the appropriate type of crosslinker could save costs without adding the additional components required for high-temperature reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have emerged as an efficient and easily prepared class of anion adsorbents, showcasing remarkable potential in the adsorption and recovery of phosphate from wastewater, notably due to their unique "memory effect" post-calcination. This study focuses on the enhancement of phosphate adsorption capabilities of ZnAl layered double hydroxides (ZnAl-LDHs), which are particularly known for their high phosphate affinity, through the incorporation of copper and subsequent modification with ethylenediamine. The resultant ZnAlCu layered trimetallic oxide (ZnAlCu-1%-LDO), post-calcination, was modified with ethylenediamine to produce a novel inorganic metal/organic amine composite adsorbent, designated as ZACen-0.5. Characterization of ZACen-0.5 demonstrated an improvement in surface hydrophilicity, alongside a notable alteration in the adsorbent's skeletal structure, which manifested as degraded granular layers, an increased pore volume, and an enhanced specific surface area. The specific surface area of ZACen-0.5 was found to be 104.61 m2 g-1, marking a 51% increase compared to ZnAlCu-1%-LDO (69.27 m2 g-1). The adsorption capacity of ZACen-0.5 for phosphate was significantly elevated to 271.00 mg P g-1, maintaining an efficiency of 88.2% over four regeneration cycles. The study elucidated the adsorption mechanism of ZACen-0.5, attributing it to monolayer and chemical adsorption processes, which involve electrostatic attraction, ligand exchange, and surface precipitation. In practical wastewater treatment, ZACen-0.5 achieved a phosphate removal efficiency of over 98% from wastewater with an initial phosphate concentration of 3.43 mg P L-1, reducing the phosphate level to 0.0531 mg P L-1, thereby surpassing the stringent firstlevel standard of GB 8978-1996 (0.5 mg P L-1). The findings of this research underscore the effectiveness of ethylenediamine modification of ZnAlCu-1%-LDO in significantly enhancing the phosphate adsorption efficiency of LDH-based materials, presenting a promising avenue for the development of advanced wastewater treatment technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterocyclic trifluoromethylation is efficiently initiated through a photochemical reaction utilizing an electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complex, proceeding smoothly without the use of photocatalysts, transition‐metal catalysts, or additional oxidants. This method has been optimized through extensive experimentation, demonstrating its versatility and efficacy across various substrates, including quinoxalinones, coumarins, and indolones. Notably, this approach enables the practical synthesis of trifluoromethylated quinoxalinones on a gram scale. Mechanistic investigations that incorporate radical trapping and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, confirmed the formation of the an EDA complex and elucidated the reaction pathways. This study highlights the crucial role of EDA photoactivation in trifluoromethylation, significantly expanding the application scope of EDA complexes in chemical synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrakis-benzimidazoles draw attention with their structural similarities to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) which is a medication used in the management and treatment of heavy metal toxicity, as well as having many different derivatives. In addition to the tetradentate feature due to the donor characteristic of the C=N nitrogen atom in each benzimidazole unit, there are also tetrakis-benzimidazole derivatives that show ligand properties up to octadentate through donor atoms such as N and O in the bridge units. The applications of tetrakis-benzimidazole derivatives and various metal complexes in many fields such as corrosion inhibitor, catalyst, enzyme inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, superoxide oxidase, DNA affinity, determination of H2O2, were investigated. In this study, a comprehensive review was conducted on N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (EDTB), a hexadentate tetrakis-benzimidazole derivative. Synthesis routes, properties, various complexes of EDTB and its derivatives, their structural features and application areas have been reviewed and compiled in order to be useful for researchers who will work in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drugs that are poorly soluble in water are difficult to absorb orally, resulting in low bioavailability. Flurbiprofen (FLU) is an arylpropionic acid nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug belonging to BCS class II, with low water solubility. In this study, a novel flurbiprofen‐ethylenediamine salt (FLU‐EDA) was successfully prepared via solvent crystallization. Its crystal structure was determined via single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SXRD). Further, the physicochemical properties of FLU‐EDA salt were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of FLU‐EDA salt in water were investigated. The results showed that compared with FLU, the solubility and IDR of FLU‐EDA salt increased by 57‐fold and 32‐fold, respectively. This indicates that FLU‐EDA salt can significantly enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of flurbiprofen in water. This study provides basic data and theory for the development of new formulations of flurbiprofen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Aqueous ammonium-ion capacitors (AAICs) are promising for large-scale energy storage owing to low cost and inherent safety, while their practical applications are suffered from performance under extreme environment. Low ion conductivity and high viscosity, as well as freezing of the electrolyte, are the main issues for the electrochemical performance failure at low temperatures. In this work, the AAICs were assembled with commercial carbon electrodes and antifreeze electrolyte, where the electrolyte with a freezing point lower than −115 °C is developed by using Ethylenediamine (EDA) as an additive with a volume ratio of 50 % to an aqueous solution of 0.5 M NH 4 Cl. This antifreeze electrolyte displays a superior ionic conductivity of 8.58 mS cm−1 and a weaker viscosity of 8.16 mPa s at low temperatures. Furthermore, the spectroscopic investigations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate that the addition of EDA can break the hydrogen bonds of water molecules and modulate the solvation structure. Therefore, the assembled AAICs with electrolytes of 0.5 M NH 4 Cl (50 %-EDA) could be operated at wide-temperature conditions steadily, exhibiting excellent capacity, rate performance and good cycling stability. This work provides a simple and effective strategy for wide-temperature energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In nature, arsenopyrite commonly acts as a companion mineral of chalcopyrite. As the arsenic in arsenopyrite easily exudes during the smelting process, arsenic will not only pollute the environment but also seriously affect human health once it flows into the nature, so it is important to realize the separation of arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite. Flotation is the most efficient and commonly used means to separate these two minerals. As the floatability of arsenopyrite is similar to that of chalcopyrite, the two are usually separated using depressants to suppress arsenic and float copper. The commonly used inorganic depressants in the separation process of copper and arsenic have drawbacks such as poor selectivity, strong toxicity, and environmental pollution. Therefore, the development of a clean, efficient and non-toxic inhibitor is the key to the separation of copper and arsenic. Ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphoric acid (EDTMP) was developed as a novel depressant of arsenopyrite to achieve the separation of arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite. Micro-flotation experiments and artificial mixture flotation tests verified the flotation performance of EDTMP, and the mechanisms of EDTMP adsorbed on arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite surface were revealed by Zeta potential, FTIR spectrum, and XPS measurements. The flotation experiments revealed that EDTMP could effectively depress the flotation of arsenopyrite without affecting chalcopyrite at pH = 10 and SIBX concentration of 200 mg/L, and the results of zeta potential and FTIR spectrum indicated that EDTMP is preferred to adsorb on arsenopyrite, which hindered the adsorption between SIBX and arsenopyrite. XPS results showed that EDTMP chemisorbed on arsenopyrite surface in the form of P-O-Fe bonds, while EDTMP weakly physisorbed on chalcopyrite surface. EDTMP was a novel arsenopyrite depressant, which was highly efficient, clean, and environmentally friendly compared to traditional depressants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pharmaceutical industry, effective risk management and control strategies for potential genotoxic impurities are of paramount importance. The current study utilized GC–MS to evaluate a precise, linear, and accurate analytical method for quantifying ethylenediamine present in tripelennamine hydrochloride using phthalaldehyde as a derivatizing agent. When phthalaldehyde is sonicated for 10 min at room temperature, it reacts with ethylenediamine to form (1z,5z)‐3,4‐dihydrobenzo[f][1,4]diazocine. This approach minimizes matrix interference issues and resolves sample preparation difficulties encountered during ethylenediamine identification in GC–MS. In this method, helium serves as the carrier gas, while methanol acts as the diluent. The stationary phase consists of a DB‐5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The retention time of (1z,5z)‐3,4‐dihydrobenzo[f][1,4]diazocine was determined to be 6.215 min. The method validation demonstrated limits of detection and quantification for (1z,5z)‐3,4‐dihydrobenzo[f][1,4]diazocine at 0.4 and 1.0 ppm, respectively, with a linearity range spanning from 1 to 30 ppm concentration with respect to the specification level. System suitability, precision, linearity, and accuracy of the current method were assessed in accordance with guidelines, yielding results deemed suitable for the intended use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids are common cellulose solvents and biomass pretreatment agents, while beta-irradiation ("e-beaming") is often used to decrease the recalcitrance of biomass towards hydrolysis or saccharification. Aiming at the general goal of elucidating the interaction between lignocellulosics, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, and beta-irradiation, we studied the effect of beta-irradiation on the pure ILs 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, both as chloride and acetate. Contrary to the expectation of inertness, irradiation caused degradation of the ILs, which was proportional to irradiation dosage, i.e., to irradiation time and intensity. At a dosage of 2400 kGy, 0.2% (2000 ppm) of the IL were chemically altered. The main degradation pathway is the formation of imidazole and N-methylimidazole with concomitant dealkylation. The cleaved-off alkyl groups, apparently in cationic form, react with the anions present, accounting for the formation of alkyl chlorides and alkyl acetates from the chloride ILs and acetate ILs, respectively. A second, minor pathway comprises the degradation of the imidazole ring under conversion of the C2-unit from the former C4-C5 moiety into ethylenediamine and reaction of the C1-unit from the former C2 with the IL anions. Because of the non-neglible byproduct formation, the degradation of the ILs upon beta-irradiation and possible side reactions of the resulting byproducts need to be kept in mind for all setups that involve beta-irradiation and imidazolium ILs simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biphenyl derivative in which two benzene rings are strapped with two chains is prepared. The synthesized product shows molecular asymmetry, which was confirmed by HPLC analysis with chiral column and named as winding vine‐shaped biphenyl. The synthesis of such vine shaped molecule was performed by ring‐closing metathesis or alternatively by annulation with nosylated ethylenediamine. The structure of the obtained product was confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The absolute configuration of the molecular asymmetry was assigned after leading to the corresponding camphor sulfonamide through denosylation and re‐amidation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic–inorganic hybrid materials have emerged as a class of novel materials over the last two decades, as they combine functional organic components and inorganic building blocks into unique materials through various chemical or physical interactions. In the present work, the importance of the use of ethylenediamine in sulfided materials applied to photocatalytic processes in the H2 production is demonstrated. The ZnS/ZnO heterojunction was prepared by the solvothermal synthesis in the presence and absence of ethylenediamine. The photocatalytic behavior showed that the addition of ethylenediamine increases the photocatalytic efficiency up to eight times compared to the photocatalyst without the organic agent. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, infrared and UV–visible spectroscopies of solids, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoelectrochemical characterization. The ethylenediamine plays a double role: to stabilize the cubic phase of zinc sulfide and to act as a promoter molecule of charge transfer on the surface of ZnS/ZnO/en heterojunction, slowing down the rate of recombination of the electron–hole pair, which is reflected in a decrease in the resistance to transfer of charge carriers, improving the H2 production rate until 1564 µmol h−1 g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-Chloro-5-[(6-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1-benzofuran-5-yl)carbonyl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (3) was synthesized and its chemical reactivity was investigated toward a diversity of binucleophiles. Treatment of compound 3 hydrazine hydrate and phenylhydrazine produced pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines while isoxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine was obtained from reacting compound 3 with hydroxylamine. A diversity of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines was synthesized from treatment of staring substrate 3 with some 1,3-N,N-binucleophiles. Treating compound 3 with some 1,4-binucleophiles including ethylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, 2-aminophenol and 2-aminothiophenol furnished pyrido[2,3-e][1,4]diazepine 12 and pyrido[2,3-b][1,5] benzodiazepine 13, pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzoxazepine 14 and pyrido[2,3-b][1,5] benzothiazepine 15, respectively. The synthesize compounds shown remarkable effect against yeast and fungus, while compounds 4 and 7–11 exhibit excellent efficacy against all types of Gram + and Gram - bacteria. Structures of the produced compounds were established using analytical and spectroscopic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Multilayered graphene oxide (GO) membranes are promising to be widely applied to purify water effectively. However, the performance of most membranes prepared at present is not ideal, which may be related to the pore diameter of the substrate (determining the real loading amount of GO) and the size of the GO nanosheets (determining the number of channels on the unit area), which has not been fully studied. In this study, a rotating dip-coating reactor were firstly developed to ensure the uniform deposition of reactants on the surface of the substrate. Then, the preparation method for the membrane was improved. Microfiltration membranes were used as the supporting substrate, polydopamine was deposited as the adhesive layer, ethylenediamine was used to restrict the layer spacing to strengthen the size exclusion effect, and positively charged polyethyleneimine (PEI) was used to strengthen the Donnan effect. Finally, the effects of the pore size of the substrate and the size of the GO nanosheets on the membrane performance were investigated. Compared with the substrates with a pore size of 0.22 μm in most literatures, substrates of 0.1 μm can retain more small GO (SGO) nanosheets, thereby improving the performance. The performance of the SGO membrane was much better than that of the large-sized GO membrane. With a water permeability of no less than 7.9 L/(m2·h·bar), rejection rates for Pb2+ and Cd2+ of the SGO membrane could reach more than 97%. These findings are constructive to separate heavy metals from water effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), which is a special subgroup of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), was synthesized and modified by ethylenediamine (ZIF-8-EDA) to prepare an efficient adsorbent for the high sorption of Cd2+ ions from solution. The synthesized and modified ZIF-8 (ZIF-8-EDA) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The optimum conditions for dosage of adsorbent, initial ion concentration, pH, and contact time were 0.05 g/l, 50 mg/l, 6, and 60 min, respectively, for cadmium ion sorption from aqueous solutions with a removal efficiency of 89.7% for ZIF-8 and 93.5% for ZIF-8-EDA. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The Langmuir model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich model. According to the Langmuir equation, the maximum uptake for the cadmium ions was 294.11(mg/g). The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) indicated that the adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic at 20–50 °C. Based on the results, the amino functionalized ZIF-8 had improved adsorption performance due to the replacing of the starting linker with organic ligands that had effective functional groups, leading to chemical coordination due to the interaction of metal ions with the non-bonding pair of electrons on the N atoms of the amino functional group. The selectivity toward metal ion adsorption by ZIF-8-EDA was Cd2+ > Pb2+ > Ni2+‏. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of an aqueous solution of potassium dicyanoargentate with a mixture of nickel(II) or copper(II) chloride and ethylenediamine or 4,4'-bipyridyl in ethanol afford coordination polymers [Ni(Еn)2(Ag(CN)2)][Ag(CN)2] (I), [Cu(Еn)2(Ag(CN)2)][Ag(CN)2] (II), and [Cu(4,4'-Вipy)2(Ag(CN)2)2] (III) characterized by XRD (CIF files CCDC nos. 2225984 (I), 2214320 (II), and 2229270 (III)) and IR spectroscopy. According to the XRD data, the crystals of complexes I and II are formed by 1D chains {··NC–Ag–CN–M(Еn)2··}n (M = Ni (I), Cu (II)) linked with each other by the dicyanoargentate anions via argentophilic contacts (Ag···Ag 3.288(8) Å (I), 3.1616(14) Å (II)). The crystal of compound III consists of independent interpenetrating 3D networks built of polymer layers {Cu[Ag(CN)2]2}n bound to each other by the 4,4'-bipyridyl molecules. The bipyridyl linkers connect the Cu centers with the Ag centers of the [Ag(CN)2]– anions thus providing the tridentate coordination of the silver atoms. No Ag···Ag interactions are observed in the crystal of complex III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir (TEV), nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs), is advised as firstline treatment for people suffering from multidrug-resistant hepatitis B due to their favorable safety profile, low sideeffect rate, and high genetic barrier. This study reports the fabrication of a novel cross-linked ethylenediamine sulfonamide polymer resin (EDASP) and graphene (Gr)-modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE) for the simultaneous determination of the anti-HBV drugs ETV and TEV in bulk and dosage form by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The electrodes were specified through cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the analytical parameters were optimized. The findings indicate that both drugs displayed clear oxidation peaks on the Gr-CPE and EDASP-CPE electrodes at pH 4.5 and 4.0, respectively, in the Britton-Robinson buffer. The linear dynamic range of ETV and TEV was determined between 1µM and 250µM on both working electrodes by DPV. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for ETV were 0.2µM and 0.6µM, respectively, on Gr-CPE. The LOD and LOQ for TEV were 0.2µM and 0.7µM, respectively. The novel EDASP-CPE exhibited improved sensitivity with LOD and LOQ for ETV of 0.2µM and 0.5µM, respectively. The LOD and LOQ for TEV on EDASP CPE were 0.2µM and 0.7µM, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of ETV and TEV in a commercial tablet dosage form, exhibiting good accuracy and precision. The results highlight the potential of the novel cross-linked ethylenediamine sulfonamide polymer resin-modified carbon paste electrode for the simultaneous determination of anti-HBV drugs in dosage form by differential pulse voltammetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of the Schiff base 2-N-(salicylidene) benzothiazole (SabtH) with palladium chloride afforded the neutral 2-N-(salicylidene) benzothiazole palladium(II) complex. This was then treated with one molar equivalent of either ethylenediamine or 1,10-phenanthroline, yielding the neutral mixed ligand complexes 1 and 2, respectively. The prepared organic ligand and its mixed ligand complexes were characterised via UV-Vis, FTIR, ¹H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The antiproliferative activities of 1 and 2 were tested against MCF-7 (breast) and HT-29 (colon) cancer cells using an MTT assay. 1 showed strong antiproliferative activity against both MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cells, with IC50 values of 74.6 ± 8.35 and 174 ± 20.28 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, 2 exhibited the maximum antioxidant activity, with an EC50 value of 1029 ± 196.76 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel chromonyltriazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivative 5 was efficiently synthesized and utilized as key intermediate for construction of a diversity of heterocyclic rings; through reactions with binucleophilic reagents. Treating electron deficient substrate 5 with hydrazine hydrate, phenylhydrazine and hydroxylamine furnished pyrazolyl/isoxazolyltriazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 6-8. Also, reacting substrate 5 with guanidine, cyanoguanidine and thiourea provided pyrimidinyltriazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 9-11. Reaction of substrate 5 with ethylenediamine and o-phenylenediamine afforded diazepine derivatives 12 and 13. Reaction of substrate 5 with malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate and cyanoacetamide afforded pyrans 14, 15 and pyridine 16 linked triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazolyl chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines. The anticancer efficiency of the current compounds presented diverse inhibitory action against certain cancer cell lines. On the basis of analytical and spectral findings, the structures of the synthesized products were confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting carbon dioxide into value-added products is one of the most important inventions to solve global warming and energy demand. Herein, we prepared a series of Zr-doped CeO2 catalyst (Ce1Zrx, x = 0.01, 0.05 and 0.2) for the catalytic production of ethylene urea (EU) from ethylenediamine (EDA) and CO2. Several characterization techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, TEM, N2 adsorption, CO2-TPD and XPS, were used to investigate the relationship between catalytic activity and structural characteristics, especially the doping form and promotion mechanism of Zr in CeO2 lattice. The results present that the Ce1Zr0.01 catalyst revealed excellent catalytic activity with 91.5% EDA conversion and 100% EU selectivity and cyclic stability in comparison with undoped CeO2. The doped Zr was beneficial to the formation of enriched defects and led to more oxygen vacancies and weak basic sites, thus enhancing CO2 adsorption and activation. This work laid a foundation for the design of highly active catalysts for the synthesis of EU from CO2 and EDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiretroviral therapy use in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, has previously been linked to anaemia or a decrease in haematologic performance. Given that HIV/AIDS has a significant impact on immune responses, using antioxidants in the treatment of these disease may improve immunological outcomes, as evidenced by haematologic indices. This investigation sought to ascertain the haematological response of Wistar arts treated orally with Lamivudine and Zidovudine along with Vitamins C and E. For 90 days, Wistar rats were given Zidovudine and Lamivodine orally along with vitamin C and E supplements. The rats were divided into groups: one group received Zidovudine and Lamivudine orally at a dose of 15 mg Zidovudine/kg/body and 7.5 mg Lamivudine/kg BW. Vitamin E was also administered at 25 IU/kg BW; the same dose was administered for Vitamin C. The other group received a combination of the antiretroviral drug (ARD) and an antioxidant. The last (or control) group received distilled water at 10ml/kg. At the end of the treatment, the Wistar rats were humanly sacrificed and whole blood collected into Ethylene Diamine tetraacetic acid containers for analysis of haematological indices. The effects of the antiretroviral therapy on red blood indices varied with the ARD administered; there was a significant increase in haematocrit levels in Lamivudine-treated Wistar rats (p<0.05). The results also revealed that lymphocyte concentration was more likely to be related with Lamivudine+Vitamin E treatment than with Lamivudine administration alone. Similarly, the combination of Zidovudine and Vitamin C was more likely to impact platelet count concentrations than Zidovudine alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]