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ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas, tablas La Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la demencia más común, un desorden neurodegenerativo de carácter multifactorial caracterizado por la presencia de placas amiloides, ovillos neurofibrilares, reducción de la actividad colinesterasa, estrés oxidativo, entre otros mecanismos. A pesar de la inversión en investigación durante las últimas décadas, se considera que la investigación debe tomar nuevos enfoques, buscar nuevas dianas biológicas y desarrollar nuevos fármacos, es por ello que en este trabajo se realiza la búsqueda y caracterización de compuestos con actividad multi-diana a partir de productos naturales, teniendo en cuenta que estudios previos de los grupos de investigación demostraron la actividad biológica y el potencial neuroprotector de especies de la familia Rutaceae y particularmente las pertenecientes al género Zanthoxylum de la flora colombiana, las cuales poseen efectos antioxidantes, agonista de LXR e inhibidores de colinesterasas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una búsqueda de agentes neuroprotectores a partir de la especie Z. caribaeum. Inicialmente se obtuvo un extracto mediante maceración etanólica en frio de la raíz, posteriormente se determinaron el tipo de metabolitos presentes usando técnicas de coloración, se fraccionó el extracto usando cromatografía liquida al vacío (CLV), los compuestos se purificaron usando técnicas cromatográficas, se identificó la estructura química de los compuestos mediante técnicas espectroscópicas y espectrométricas, se evaluó la capacidad antioxidante mediante el método DPPH, y protección del foto-blanqueo del β-caroteno, se evaluó la actividad inhibitoria de acetil y butiril colinestearasas mediante el método Ellman, se realizaron ensayos de viabilidad celular y neuro-protección por MTT, se evaluó la actividad agonista de LXR mediante el ensayo del gen reportero y se determinó la capacidad antiagregante de Aβ de los compuestos mediante un modelo in vitro de cinética de agregación del péptido amiloide. Dentro de los resultados, se logró determinar en el extracto la presencia de metabolitos de tipo alcaloidal, fenólicos, aminas, entre otros. Tanto el extracto como algunas fracciones obtenidas, presentaron actividad agonista de LXR, actividad captadora de radicales libres, protección frente a la peroxidación lipídica y actividad inhibitoria de la butiril colinesterasa; de estas fracciones y mediante el aislamiento químico dirigido, se obtuvo el compuesto 10H-furano [3,2-a] carbazol, el compuesto 5,7 -dimetoxi-4H-cromen-4-ona, y una mezcla de esteroles que contiene estigmasterol y β-sitosterol. El compuesto 10H-furano [3,2-a] carbazol presentó actividad agonista de LXR, se observó efecto neuroprotector y actividad antiagregante de Aβ; el compuesto 5,7 -dimetoxi-4H-cromen-4-ona se reporta por primera vez en esta especie, presenta efecto neuroprotector y actividad antiagregante de Aβ; por su parte, la mezcla de esteroles estigmasterol y β-sitosterol presentó actividad agonista de LXR, efecto neuroprotector y actividad antiagregante de Aβ. Nuestros resultados nos permiten concluir que tanto las fracciones y compuestos aislados de Z. caribaeum presentan un potencial multifuncional para la terapéutica de la EA. (Texto tomado de la fuente). Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common dementia, a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, reduced cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress, among other mechanisms. Despite the investment in research during the last decades, it is considered that research must take new approaches, search for new biological targets and develop new drugs. Here we carry out the search and characterization of compounds with multi-functional activity from Ethanolic extract of Z.caribaeum roots. Previous studies of our research groups demonstrated the biological activity and neuroprotective potential of species of the Rutaceae family and particularly those belonging to the Zanthoxylum genus, which have antioxidant effects, LXR agonist activity and cholinesterase inhibitors. The aim of this work was the search for neuroprotective agents from Zanthoxylum caribaeum. Ethanolic extract of Z.caribaeum roots, was obtained by maceration. The kind of metabolites presents in the extract were determined using coloration assays, the fractionation was carried out using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). The compounds were purified by chromatographic techniques, the chemical structures were identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The multifunctional potential of ethanolic extract roots, and fractions was determined by antioxidant capacity (DPPH method, and protection from photo-bleaching of β-carotene), inhibitory activity of cholinesterases (acetyl and butyryl cholinesterases), and LXR agonist effect (the gene-reporter assay). In the extract was detected the presence of alkaloidal, phenolic, amines metabolites. The extract and some fractions have LXR agonist activity, free radical scavenging activity, protection against lipid peroxidation, and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitory activity. The compound 10H-furan[3,2-a]carbazole, 5,7-dimethoxy-4H-chromen-4-one, and a mixture of sterols containing stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were isolated and this multifuntional potential was determined by the LXR agonistic activity, Neuroprotective and the Aβ antiaggregating capacity in model in vitro of amyloid peptide aggregation kinetics The compound 10H-furan [3,2-a] carbazole showed LXR agonist activity, neuroprotective effect and antiaggregant activity of Aβ; the compound 5,7-dimethoxy-4H-chromen-4-one is reported for the first time in this species and has a neuroprotective effect and antiaggregant activity of Aβ. Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol presented LXR agonist activity, neuroprotective effect and Aβ antiaggregant activity. Our results allow us to conclude that both the fractions and compounds isolated from Z. caribaeum have multifunctional potential for therapeutics in AD. Maestría Magíster en Neurociencias Neurofarmacología

Background:\ud Neurodegeneration is the pathological substrate that causes major disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. A synthesis of preclinical and clinical research identified three neuroprotective drugs acting on different axonal pathobiologies. We aimed to test the efficacy of these drugs in an efficient manner with respect to time, cost, and patient resource.\ud Methods:\ud We did a phase 2b, multiarm, parallel group, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial at 13 clinical neuroscience centres in the UK. We recruited patients (aged 25–65 years) with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis who were not on disease-modifying treatment and who had an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4·0–6·5. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) at baseline, by a research nurse using a centralised web-based service, to receive twice-daily oral treatment of either amiloride 5 mg, fluoxetine 20 mg, riluzole 50 mg, or placebo for 96 weeks. The randomisation procedure included minimisation based on sex, age, EDSS score at randomisation, and trial site. Capsules were identical in appearance to achieve masking. Patients, investigators, and MRI readers were unaware of treatment allocation. The primary outcome measure was volumetric MRI percentage brain volume change (PBVC) from baseline to 96 weeks, analysed using multiple regression, adjusting for baseline normalised brain volume and minimisation criteria. The primary analysis was a complete-case analysis based on the intention-to-treat population (all patients with data at week 96). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01910259.\ud Findings:\ud Between Jan 29, 2015, and June 22, 2016, 445 patients were randomly allocated amiloride (n=111), fluoxetine (n=111), riluzole (n=111), or placebo (n=112). The primary analysis included 393 patients who were allocated amiloride (n=99), fluoxetine (n=96), riluzole (n=99), and placebo (n=99). No difference was noted between any active treatment and placebo in PBVC (amiloride vs placebo, 0·0% [95% CI −0·4 to 0·5; p=0·99]; fluoxetine vs placebo −0·1% [–0·5 to 0·3; p=0·86]; riluzole vs placebo −0·1% [–0·6 to 0·3; p=0·77]). No emergent safety issues were reported. The incidence of serious adverse events was low and similar across study groups (ten [9%] patients in the amiloride group, seven [6%] in the fluoxetine group, 12 [11%] in the riluzole group, and 13 [12%] in the placebo group). The most common serious adverse events were infections and infestations. Three patients died during the study, from causes judged unrelated to active treatment; one patient assigned amiloride died from metastatic lung cancer, one patient assigned riluzole died from ischaemic heart disease and coronary artery thrombosis, and one patient assigned fluoxetine had a sudden death (primary cause) with multiple sclerosis and obesity listed as secondary causes.\ud Interpretation:\ud The absence of evidence for neuroprotection in this adequately powered trial indicates that exclusively targeting these aspects of axonal pathobiology in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is insufficient to mitigate neuroaxonal loss. These findings argue for investigation of different mechanistic targets and future consideration of combination treatment trials. This trial provides a template for future simultaneous testing of multiple disease-modifying medicines in neurological medicine.\ud Funding:\ud Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) Programme, an MRC and NIHR partnership, UK Multiple Sclerosis Society, and US National Multiple Sclerosis Society.

Polyphenolic compounds from green tea have great interest due to its large CONSUMPTION and therapeutic potential on the age-associated brain decline. The current work compares a similar dose regimen of a whole-green-tea extract and catechin in old rats over the course of 36 days. Results showed a significant improvement in visuo-spatial working memory and episodic memory of old rats after polyphenolic compounds administration assessed by behavioral tests. No effects were observed on the age-associated motor coordination decline. Statistically, results were correlated with significant improvements, mainly in hippocampal and striatal noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, but also with the striatal dopaminergic system. Both polyphenolic treatments also reverted the age-associated reduction of the neuroinflammation by modulating protein sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression in hippocampus, but no effects were observed in the usual reduction of the histone-binding protein RBAP46/48 protein linked to aging. These results are in line with previous ones obtained with other polyphenolic compounds, suggesting a general protective effect of all these compounds on the age-associated brain decline, pointing to a reduction of the oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory status reduction as the leading mechanisms. Results also reinforce the relevance of SIRT1-mediated mechanism on the neuroprotective effect and rule out the participation of RBAP46/48 protein., This research was funded by the Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB)-Govern Balear (grant number ECT 025 09), Pont La Caixa-UIB Program (grant number 7/2014) and MINECO, Madrid, Spain (grant number SAF2014-55903-R).

The present study had as objective to verify the effectiveness of the use of lithium in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. It is a review of the integrative type, using articles published in the years 2011 to 2014, available in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scielo databases. Recent studies have shown that dietary supplementation with lithium prevented the increase of inflammatory mediators in the rat brain, leading to apparent therapeutic neuroprotective effects of lithium. It also leads to increased neurogenesis in the hippocampal gyrus and appears to increase gray matter, evidence that lithium has a neuroprotective action in the treatment of symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease. It was observed that the use of lithium in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease has some positive effects, however, more detailed studies are needed. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la efectividad del uso del litio en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se trata de una revisión del tipo integrativa, se utilizó de artículos publicados en los años 2011 a 2014, disponibles en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y Scielo. Estudios recientes muestran que la suplementación alimenticia con litio ha prevenido el aumento de mediadores inflamatorios en el cerebro de ratas, llevando a aparentes efectos neuroprotectores terapéuticos del litio. También se produce un aumento de la neurogénesis en el giro dentado del hipocampo y parece aumentar la masa gris, evidenciando que el litio presenta acción neuroprotectora en el tratamiento de los síntomas asociados a la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se observó que el uso del litio en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer tiene algunos efectos positivos, sin embargo, son necesarios estudios más detallados. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a efetividade do uso do lítio no tratamento da Doença de Alzheimer. Trata-se de uma revisão do tipo integrativa, utilizou-se de artigos publicados nos anos de 2011 a 2014, disponíveis nas bases de dados PubMed, ScienceDirect e Scielo. Estudos recentes mostram que a suplementação alimentar com lítio preveniu o aumento de mediadores inflamatórios no cérebro de ratos, levando a aparentes efeitos neuroprotetores terapêuticos do lítio. Leva também a um aumento de neurogênese no giro denteado do hipocampo e parece aumentar a massa cinzenta, evidenciando que o lítio apresenta ação neuroprotetora no tratamento de sintomas associados a doença de Alzheimer. Observou-se que o uso do lítio no tratamento da doença de Alzheimer possui alguns efeitos positivos, contudo, são necessários estudos mais detalhados.

Desde su primer uso en 1926 en el manejo de la eclampsia el sulfato de magnesio ha sido un medicamento utilizado y estudiado ampliamente por obstetras. Durante mucho tiempo se mantuvo escepticismo sobre sus potenciales beneficios, pero la aparición de estudios bien estructurados aportó evidencia a favor o en contra de algunos de estos. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión de la literatura acerca dela farmacología, fisiología, farmacocinética, mecanismos de acción, principales usos y regímenes de administración del sulfato de magnesio en obstetricia. Metodología: Búsqueda bibliográfica en Medline, a través de PubMed, utilizando los términos Magnesium Sulfate, Pharmacology, Obstetrics, Pre-eclampsia, Eclampsia, Neuroprotective Agents. Se adicionaron otros artículos con el fin de ampliar información en ciertos temas. Conclusiones: Las propiedades farmacológicas que expresa el sulfato de magnesio se relacionan directamente con su efecto antagónico con el calcio. Muestra efectos a nivel muscular, neuronal, cardiovascular, entre otros. Sus usos en obstetricia abarcan principalmente el manejo de la preeclampsia, prevención de la eclampsia, y prevención de la parálisis cerebral del recién nacido prematuro. El uso como agente tocolitico en el trabajo de parto prematuro aun es discutido ya que la evidencia es inconclusa. [Rodríguez-Hernández PA, Beltrán-Avendaño MA. Aproximación a la farmacología del sulfato de magnesio desde la perspectiva obstétrica. MedUNAB 2016; 19(1): 25-32]. Since its first use in 1926 in eclampsia´s management magnesium sulphate has been a drug used and studied extensively by obstetricians. For a long time, practitioners remained sceptical about its potential benefits but the emergence of well-structured studies provided evidence in favor and against. Objective: A review of the literature on the pharmacology, physiology, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, main applications and schemes of administration of the sulfate of magnesium in obstetrics. Methodology: Search in the database MEDLINE via PubMed, using the terms: Magnesium Sulfate, pharmacology, Obstetrics, Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, Neuroprotective Agents. Other papers were added in order to expand information on some topics. Conclusions: The pharmacological properties that express the magnesium sulfate is linked directly with its effect antagonistic with the calcium. Shows effects to level muscle, neuronal, cardiovascular, among others. Its uses in obstetrics include mainly the management of preeclampsia, prevention of eclampsia, and prevention of cerebral palsy in the premature neonate. The magnesium sulphate tocolytic effects even is discussed because the evidence is inconclusive. [RodrÍguez-Hernández PA, Beltrán-Avendaño MA. An approach to the pharmacology of magnesium sulfate from an obstetric perspective. MedUNAB 2016; 19(1): 25-32]

Introdução: O xénon, um gás nobre, possui qualidades anestésicas, associadas a uma notável estabilidade hemodinâmica assim como propriedades cardioprotectoras e neuroprotectoras. As suas características físico-químicas conferem-lhe uma rápida indução e emergência anestésica, estando livre de efeitos deletérios importantes nos diversos orgãos e não apresentando teratogenicidade; o que suscitou um recente recrudescimento no interesse de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre este gás nobre, afim de compreender osseus mecanismos de acção e determinar as várias indicações que possui para a prática clínica.Material e Métodos: Revisão da literatura dos artigos considerados relevantes sobre o tema, com recurso à pesquisa de artigos indexados na Medline, com as palavras-chaves: xénon, xénon anestesia, xénon neuroproteção, xénon cardioproteção.Resultados: A aprovação do uso do xénon em doentes ASA I-II, ocorreu em Março 2007, após a realização de dois ensaios clínicos aleatorizados multicêntricos. No entanto, o seu uso na prática clínica, tem sido limitado pelo seu preço elevado. Parece pouco provável que as vantagens que oferece em relação aos restantes anestésicos justifique o seu uso em doentes ASA I-II. No entanto, poderá ser uma preciosa ajuda para a redução das co-morbilidades e mortalidade na anestesia de doentes ASA III-IV. As suas propriedades neuro e cardio-protectoras, são também alvo de intensa investigação, com resultados promissores.Discussão: Infelizmente, ainda não existem estudos de aleatorizados e multicêntricos que comprovem um perfil favorável do custobenefício do xénon em doentes ASA III-IV, em relação aos demais anestésicos.Conclusão: O lugar do xénon na Anestesiologia ainda se encontra por definir.

Objetivo: revisar la evidencia disponible acerca de la efectividad y seguridad del sulfato de magnesio como neuroprotector en fetos pretérmino.Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos, Medline, SciELO, Embase y ScienceDirect y Cochrane, utilizando los términos de búsqueda: "premature birth, cerebral palsy, magnesium sulfate", restringida a los siguientes tipos de estudios: metaanálisis, revisiones sistemáticas, guías de práctica clínica y ensayos clínicos controlados, entre el 2000 y el 2013.Resultados: la búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas arrojó 31 títulos, de los cuales se excluyeron 19 estudios debido a que no respondían a la pregunta inicial, eran artículos de revisión narrativa, doble publicación, incluían estudios observacionales o se trataba de protocolos de investigación. Finalmente, se seleccionaron 12 artículos que corresponden a 5 revisiones sistemáticas, 5 ensayos clínicos controlados y 2 guías de práctica clínica. El sulfato de magnesio disminuye el riesgo de parálisis cerebral en alrededor del 30 % y de disfunción motora gruesa en un 40 %. No tiene impacto significativo en otros desenlaces como mortalidad perinatal, leucomalacia periventricular o hemorragia intraventricular. Este efecto protector es mayor en edades gestacionales más tempranas. Los eventos adversos maternos y neonatales son generalmente leves.Conclusiones: el sulfato de magnesio utilizado en pacientes con trabajo de parto pretérmino, fase activa antes de semana 32, es un tratamiento efectivo y seguro en la prevención de la parálisis cerebral en fetos prematuros.

Tese de doutoramento, Medicina (Neurocirurgia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2015 Submitted by Amelia Janeiro (ajaneiro@reitoria.ul.pt) on 2015-06-03T14:47:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ulsd070716_td_Bernardo_Ratilal.pdf: 68365920 bytes, checksum: 483bdd20cdba59bf1d7a35a73c2138b9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-12T17:50:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ulsd070716_td_Bernardo_Ratilal.pdf: 68365920 bytes, checksum: 483bdd20cdba59bf1d7a35a73c2138b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015

Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;Erratium: http://ijnp.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/3/pyw004.long BACKGROUND The acylethanolamides oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide are endogenous lipid mediators with proposed neuroprotectant properties in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. The precise mechanisms remain partly unknown, but growing evidence suggests an antiinflammatory/antioxidant profile. METHODS We tested whether oleoylethanolamide/palmitoylethanolamide (10 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuate neuroinflammation and acute phase responses (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis stress axis activation, thermoregulation, and anhedonia) induced by lipopolysaccharide (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide increased mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, nuclear transcription factor-κB activity, and the expression of its inhibitory protein IκBα in cytoplasm, the inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase mRNA, and proinflammatory prostaglandin E2 content in frontal cortex 150 minutes after administration. As a result, the markers of nitrosative/oxidative stress nitrites (NO2(-)) and malondialdehyde were increased. Pretreatment with oleoylethanolamide/ palmitoylethanolamide reduced plasma tumor necrosis factor-α levels after lipopolysaccharide, but only oleoylethanolamide significantly reduced brain tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA. Oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide prevented lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB)/IκBα upregulation in nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively, the expression of inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase and the levels of prostaglandin E2. Additionally, both acylethanolamides reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress. Neither oleoylethanolamide nor palmitoylethanolamide modified plasma corticosterone levels after lipopolysaccharide, but both acylethanolamides reduced the expression of hypothalamic markers of thermoregulation interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin E2, and potentiated the hypothermic response after lipopolysaccharide. Interestingly, only oleoylethanolamide disrupted lipopolysaccharide-induced anhedonia in a saccharine preference test. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide have antiinflammatory/neuroprotective properties and suggest a role for these acylethanolamides as modulators of CNS pathologies with a neuroinflammatory component. Yes