Search

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the association between the steroid use patterns and the risk of AEs in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). A total of 2691 newly diagnosed adults with ITP between 2011 and 2018 were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan, and the date of first steroid use was defined as the index date. Post‐index steroid use was calculated on a 90‐day basis as a time‐dependent variable and categorized by the average prednisolone‐equivalent daily dose (<10 mg vs. ≥10 mg) and intensity (medication possession ratio <80% vs. ≥80%). Patients were followed up for 1 year from the index date for acute AE events, while chronic AEs were assessed until death, or end of 2019. Compared to patients with low‐dose+low‐intensity steroid use, those with high‐dose+high‐intensity steroid use were associated with a higher risk of acute AE (adjusted incident rate ratio [aIRR]: 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38–1.78, p < 0.01) and chronic AE (aIRR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08–1.47, p < 0.01). Metabolic/endocrine and ophthalmologic disorders demonstrated the strongest correlation with a high dose and intensity. The joint effect of steroid dose and intensity was observed in patients with ITP, and the findings suggest that steroids should be used carefully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for nonlinear quasistatic poroelasticity problems. The fully implicit nonlinear numerical scheme is constructed by utilizing DG method for the spatial approximation and the backward Euler method for the temporal discretization. The existence and uniqueness of the numerical solution is proved. Then we derive the optimal convergence order estimates in a discrete H¹ norm for the displacement and in H¹ and L² norms for the pressure. Finally, numerical experiments are supplied to validate the theoretical error estimates of our proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We focus on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and investigate their potential for perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) remediation through ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations and quantum chemistry calculations. The binding energy, the bond relative orientation, and the free state of fluorinated functional molecules in DES affects the F⋯F interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study intended to identify and categorize the drivers of using online English learning resources (OELR) and to understand OELR's impacts. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted an online survey, obtained complete responses from 157 OELR users and used structural equation modeling (SEM) for hypothesis testing. Findings: Most utilitarian and hedonic drivers lead to positive perceptions of OELR, which in turn positively contribute to continuance intention (CI). Two counterintuitive findings were obtained. First, functionality was negatively related to the perception of ease of use. Second, perceived ease of use (PEOU) was not related to CI to use OELR. Practical implications: This study has implications as follows: (1) complexity of the functions of OELR may deter rather than attract users, (2) ease of use of OELR is not directly positively related to CIs and (3) users may seek practical benefits (utilitarian) and experiential learning processes (hedonic) when using OELR. Originality/value: The authors' study has theoretical significance by being the first to caution that excessive functionality or complexity in assisting learning tools would likely hinder further use of OELR. The practical significance of this finding is that the finding highlights two factors (perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived enjoyment) that could effectively increase OELR use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we analyse the physical processes causing the weakening of the tropical circulation in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6). We apply a diagnostic model for the large-scale tropical circulation (vertical motion) based on the moist static energy for the first baroclinic mode (MSEB) and evaluate the sensitivity of the tropical circulation changes to the changes in advection of moisture and heat, the net radiation, the moist static stability, the baroclinic mode, and to the height of the tropopause. Based on the CMIP6 model simulations we find that the tropical circulation weakens by about 10-15% over the twenty-first century. The analysis of the MSEB model suggests that the primary cause for this weakening of the tropical circulation is the lifting of the tropopause height. This effect is fairly uniform throughout the tropics and present in all model simulations. The tropopause height increase shifts the first baroclinic mode away from lower levels with unstable air masses into high levels of the troposphere where stable air masses lead to a stabilisation of the large-scale circulation. Other factors such as changes in the advection of moisture and heat, increased net heating or increased instability of the lower tropospheric gross moist stability do have strong regional differences, and mostly increase tropical circulations, counteracting the weakening caused by the lifting of the tropopause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sheds light on the intricate relationship between the revival of Hanfu, traditional couture from the Han Dynasty, and rising Chinese nationalism among Chinese youth living in the United Kingdom. Mobilizing the theoretical tool 'affective economies', we explore how particular feelings and values are assigned and attached to Hanfu, and thereby circulate among young Chinese migrants. We begin by examining the Hanfu movement to interrogate how Hanfu is reinvented based on a selective historicity of the past, serving as a specific cultural product for China's rejuvenation. We then move on to analyze a series of in-depth interviews conducted between December 2019 and July 2020. We probe the lived experiences of young Hanfu supporters, who are members of the UK Han Culture Association, and the cultural events organized by the Association, in order to scrutinize the ways Hanfu conjures up an imagined community suffused with nationalism. Drawing upon on the affective economies of Hanfu, we discern the following three key findings: First, we argue that there are both positive and negative affective attachments to Hanfu, such as homesickness, loneliness, alienation, happiness, pride and beauty, which impinge on migrant bodies, assigning values to Hanfu and the Hanfu-related cultural events. Second, we show through the analysis of the fieldwork materials the paradoxical desire for chuguo (going abroad) and huiguo (returning to the nation) in the hearts of the young migrants. Finally, we argue that Hanfu circulates as a 'mnemonic thing' that signifies a specific imaginary of Ancient China, where young migrant's aiguo (love of the nation) sentiments are then 'stuck' to this reinvented fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of deep eutectic solvent as an alternative and environmentally friendly option has gained significant attention. This study first proposed a series of benzylammonium chloride based‐deep eutectic systems for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Through the implementation of response surface methodology, the optimal solvent was determined to be dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride–levulinic acid (1:3, mol/mol) with 35% (v/v) water, specifically tailored to extract geniposide, genipin‐1‐β‐d‐gentiobioside, crocin‐1, and crocin‐2 from gardenia fruits with the ratio of solid to liquid of 1:20 at 86°C for 16 min. Their total extraction yields could reach 70.6 mg/g, outperforming those obtained by other solvents and corresponding techniques. Furthermore, the eutectic system was retrieved after first‐cycle extraction, and then applied in the subsequent extraction progress, yielding a consistent extraction efficiency of 97.1%. As compared to previous traditional methods, a quick, high‐yielding, and green extraction procedure was achieved through simple heating settings that did not constrain the instrument. Therefore, dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride–levulinic acid could serve as a sustainable and reusable solvent for efficient extraction of natural bioactive compounds from plant‐based raw materials. The application of deep eutectic solvents has demonstrated their potential as designable solvents with stronger extraction capabilities than traditional organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to infect people worldwide. While the vaccinated population has been increasing, the rising breakthrough infection persists in the vaccinated population. For living with the virus, the dietary guidelines to prevent virus infection are worthy of and timely to develop further. Tannic acid has been demonstrated to be an effective inhibitor of coronavirus and is under clinical trial. Here we found that two other members of the tannins family, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) and punicalagin, are also potent inhibitors against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection with different mechanisms. OPCs and punicalagin showed inhibitory activity against omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The water extractant of the grape seed was rich in OPCs and also exhibited the strongest inhibitory activities for viral entry of wild-type and other variants in vitro. Moreover, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of grape seed extractants (GSE) supplementation against SARS-CoV-2 viral entry in vivo and observed that serum samples from the healthy human subjects had suppressive activity against different variants of SARS-CoV-2 Vpp infection after taking GSE capsules. Our results suggest that natural tannins acted as potent inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and GSE supplementation could serve as healthy food for infection prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puppets, a kind of wooden figure whose movements are manipulated by artists, were frequently used in ancient Chinese singing and dancing activities and dramas. The uniqueness of substituting human beings for puppets has drawn tremendous attention from scholars. However, despite previous research on the long development process of puppet dramas, a considerable number of details remain neglected, and behind these details lies an abundance of complicated religious factors. Therefore, this paper uses several fragments as entry points in terms of puppet dramas' modeling, materials, craft, rites, function, artists, organization, and other aspects to comprehensively analyze the influence of witchcraft, Daoism, and Buddhism on China's puppet dramas. This research first unveils that a ferocious appearance and mahogany as a material, both used in puppets, are outer manifestations to reveal the magical power of witchcraft. Next, the rites performed in Li Yuan Jiao using ritual puppets were characterized by mystery in their implication and ambiguity in their religious sect, which was related to the attempt to hide their notorious identities as wizards on the part of the artists. Third, general puppet artists enjoyed a fairly high social status, conferred by their semi-religionist identity and the puppet dramas' historical status. Finally, the improvement in the puppet-making process and the emergence of skeleton-style puppets embody the secularization of the spread of Buddhism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carefully orchestrated opening and closing of ion channels control the diffusion of ions across cell membranes, generating the electrical signals required for fast transmission of information throughout the nervous system. Inactivation is a parsimonious means for channels to restrict ion conduction without the need to remove the activating stimulus. Voltage-gated channel inactivation plays crucial physiological roles, such as controlling action potential duration and firing frequency in neurons. The ball-and-chain moniker applies to a type of inactivation proposed first for sodium channels and later shown to be a universal mechanism. Still, structural evidence for this mechanism remained elusive until recently. We review the ball-and-chain inactivation research starting from its introduction as a crucial component of sodium conductance during electrical signaling in the classical Hodgkin and Huxley studies, through the discovery of its simple intuitive mechanism in potassium channels during the molecular cloning era, to the eventual elucidation of a potassium channel structure in a ball-and-chain inactivated state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes Friedrichs learning as a novel deep learning methodology that can learn the weak solutions of PDEs via a minimax formulation, which transforms the PDE problem into a minimax optimization problem to identify weak solutions. The name "Friedrichs learning" is to highlight the close relation between our learning strategy and Friedrichs theory on symmetric systems of PDEs. The weak solution and the test function in the weak formulation are parameterized as deep neural networks in a mesh-free manner, which are alternately updated to approach the optimal solution networks approximating the weak solution and the optimal test function, respectively. Extensive numerical results indicate that our mesh-free Friedrichs learning method can provide reasonably good solutions for a wide range of PDEs defined on regular and irregular domains, where conventional numerical methods such as finite difference methods and finite element methods may be tedious or difficult to be applied, especially for those with discontinuous solutions in high-dimensional problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the collusive stability of downstream competition in a vertical market with network externalities and cost asymmetry. A dynamic collusion game is constructed, and backward induction is employed to solve the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium. We show that larger network externalities lead to less collusive incentive for an inefficient firm, while for an efficient firm, this depends on the efficiency gap. An increase in network externalities will destabilize the downstream collusion when the cost asymmetry is large and network externalities are relatively weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research studies on novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems, their features, and potential utilization are becoming highly attractive. Novel eutectic mixtures composed of cyano-based derivatives (bromophenylacetonitrile and bromobenzonitrile) and levulinic acid are described herein. These systems were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Quantum mechanical calculations, including electrostatic potential surfaces and visual analysis of non-bonded interactions, were applied to study hydrogen bonding in minimal molecular clusters. Other microscopic features were evaluated by classical molecular dynamics simulations, including contact probability, radial distribution functions, pair dynamic analysis, and void distribution. It is interesting to find the occurrence of a proton transfer process in the system based on 3-bromobenzonitrile, which in turn may affect the chemical shifts of corresponding protons in NMR characterization. The structures of these systems were determined by the formation of heteroassociations through hydrogen bonds between the cyano site in bromophenylacetonitrile/bromobenzonitrile and the hydroxyl hydrogen bond donor site in levulinic acid. Nevertheless, the homoassociations of starting materials with a longer dimer lifetime cannot be ignored since they contributed to the formation of heterogeneous nanostructures in DESs. These simultaneous and competing nanostructures can be considered as the driving forces for the eutectic solvent formation. The developed solvents can be further utilized in a variety of chemical and biochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The five-factor model (FFM), a popular personality typology that identifies five key personality traits, has been used to predict use intention in various e-commerce applications, but the role of FFM in triggering certain evaluations of the various quality dimensions of e-commerce websites has not been examined, revealing a gap, i.e. the authors do not know how the five personality traits impact evaluations of the quality dimensions of e-commerce websites. The 3Q model—which comprises system quality (SysQ), information quality (IQ), and service quality (SQ), spanning 13 quality dimensions—is helpful for evaluating website quality, but the model neglects user characteristics and their impacts on quality evaluation, posing another gap, i.e. the authors do not know how user characteristics impact the user's evaluation of quality dimensions. Thus, the authors used the FFM to extend the 3Q model to explain how user personality predicts the evaluation of websites in the 13 quality dimensions. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used an online survey to collect responses from 392 online shoppers. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Findings: The authors found that openness in a shopper predicts their favorable evaluation of a website in the quality dimensions of format and flexibility; conscientiousness predicts favorable evaluation in terms of completeness, accuracy, currency, timeliness, and service reliability; neuroticism predicts unfavorable evaluation in terms of reliability, accessibility, and assurance; and extraversion predicts favorable evaluation in terms of responsiveness; while agreeableness did not predict empathy. Originality/value: In sum, the authors successfully used the FFM to theoretically extend the 3Q model, which clarifies the usefulness and pathways of personality in formulating strategies for e-commerce success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuing pursuit for a healthy life has led to the urgent need for on-site analysis. In response to the urgent needs of on-site analysis, we propose a novel concept, called lab at home (LAH), for building automated and integrated total analysis systems to perform chemical and biological testing at home. It represents an emerging research area with broad prospects that has not yet attracted sufficient attention. In this paper, we discuss the urgent need, challenges, and future prospects of this area, and the possible roadmap for achieving the goal of LAH has also been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study two-layer neural networks in the mean field limit, where the number of neurons tends to infinity. In this regime, the optimization over the neuron parameters becomes the optimization over the probability measures, and by adding an entropic regularizer, the minimizer of the problem is identified as a fixed point. We propose a novel training algorithm named entropic fictitious play, inspired by the classical fictitious play in game theory for learning Nash equilibriums, to recover this fixed point, and the algorithm exhibits a two-loop iteration structure. Exponential convergence is proved in this paper and we also verify our theoretical results by simple numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we construct a class of non-weight modules over the affine-Virasoro algebra of type A1 by taking the tensor product of irreducible U(h)-free modules of rank 1 with irreducible highest weight modules. The irreducibility and the isomorphism classes of these modules are determined. Moreover, we show that these tensor product modules are different from the known non-weight modules. Finally, we realize some tensor product modules as induced modules from modules over certain subalgebras of the affine-Virasoro algebra of type A1, and give sufficient and necessary conditions for these induced modules to be reducible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper purposes an optimal organization of route and transportation mode in a multimodal transportation network. It considers the uncertainties of freight volumes, expenses, time, and carbon emissions. Considering the above factors comprehensively, it establishes a multiobjective chance-constrained model which aims to minimize total transportation cost. Base on this, the corresponding NSGAâ...¢ is introduced to solve the model, and the distribution of the Pareto solutions under different parameters are discussed. Using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, the paper explores the solutions of each objective under different reliabilities, and found them to be in accordance with economic regularity. With an increase in reliability, each objective increases monotonously, and the results that correspond to an 80% reliability are the best choice. The corresponding cost is acceptable, and the transportation process completes with high reliability. The study provides a reference for similar studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of carbosilane quaternary ammonium surfactants with different hydrophobic carbosilane structures (triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, trihexylsilyl, triphenylsilyl) and tail groups (C12, C16, C18) have been synthesized and the structures of the organosilicon carbosilane quaternary ammonium surfactants were determined by means of FTIR, NMR and elemental analysis. The properties of aqueous solutions were determined by electrical conductivity measurements and with the method of maximum bubble formation. Members of this series reduced the surface tension of water to approximately 30.5 mN/m at concentration levels of 0.14 mmol/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been proven to be an efficient way to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent dramatic progress on deep learning greatly promotes the MRI analysis based on data-driven CNN methods using a large-scale longitudinal MRI dataset. However, most of the existing MRI datasets are fragmented due to unexpected quits of volunteers. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel Temporal Recurrent Generative Adversarial Network (TR-GAN) to complete missing sessions of MRI datasets. Unlike existing GAN-based methods, which either fail to generate future sessions or only generate fixed-length sessions, TR-GAN takes all past sessions to recurrently and smoothly generate future ones with variant length. Specifically, TR-GAN adopts recurrent connection to deal with variant input sequence length and flexibly generate future variant sessions. Besides, we also design a multiple scale & location (MSL) module and a SWAP module to encourage the model to better focus on detailed information, which helps to generate high-quality MRI data. Compared with other popular GAN architectures, TR-GAN achieved the best performance in all evaluation metrics of two datasets. After expanding the Whole MRI dataset, the balanced accuracy of AD vs. cognitively normal (CN) vs. mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and stable MCI vs. progressive MCI classification can be increased by 3.61% and 4.00%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are recognized as sustainable mediums, and DES-related materials have been used for the detection of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). However, such studies were usually limited to only one category of PFASs among the massive target PFASs compounds. Additionally, the selectivity of the related detection method still needs improvement. In this study, a convenient and effective method for the direct selective microextraction of multiple PFASs was developed based on a target-specific DES-based superparamagnetic nanofluid. Parameters such as DES compositions, amount of DES-based nanofluid, and microextraction time were systematically investigated to establish a straightforward, rapid, sensitive, and efficient green pretreatment method. Under optimal conditions, the method demonstrated high sensitivity, good precision, a detection limit of 0.04–8.71 ng kg−1, a spike recovery of 80.49–119.95%, and low matrix effects (<20%). The potential mechanism was elucidated by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The solvent system exhibited diverse interaction modes with analytes of varying types, including hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA)···PFASs, HBA···FAAs···hydrogen bond donors (HBD), and hetero-halogen interactions. Finally, this method was applied to the monitoring of 13 PFASs compounds in 17 edible oil samples, and targets were detected in the range of 0.05–10.04 ng kg−1. [Display omitted] • Multiple PFASs analysis using DES-based superparamagnetic nanofluid was proposed. • DES-based nanofluid is a green solvent that replaces harmful organic solvents. • Nanofluid exhibited diverse interaction modes with target analytes of varying types. • Method showed less adsorbent amount, short extraction time and high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports an environment-friendly protocol to prepare a metal–organic framework (MOF) with simultaneously controlled particle size and open metal site for adsorption removal of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The successful preparation of UiO-66 with defect and crystal size modulation was achieved using a green and straightforward method, adjusting the components and molar ratios of ammonium salt/glycolic acid deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The corresponding modulation mechanism primarily relied on the combined regulation of the deprotonation and competitive coordination abilities of the eutectic solvent components. The adsorption process was thoroughly examined using spectral analyses, adsorption behavior profiling, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The results revealed that PFAS adsorption is driven by combined capturing effects, such as CF–π, acid/base coordination, C–F⋯Zr, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Our findings were not thus that the smaller the crystal size of MOF and the higher the defect concentration in the material, the better the PFAS adsorption performance. The result demonstrated the combined effect of these adsorbent features on PFAS mixtures. Furthermore, they revealed unique differences in sorption properties between these targets with different carbon chain lengths. Extensive defects in DES-based UiO-66 led to larger pores, increasing the availability of many adsorption sites and aiding in PFAS adsorption and diffusion. Nevertheless, the surplus of larger pores in the substance increased the competitive adsorption, reducing the total quantity of PFASs absorbed. Furthermore, various interactions and a less restrictive configuration increased the contact of functional groups with adsorbates, substantially enhancing the adsorption. This study investigates the basic questions about how PFAS molecules are adsorbed on DES-based MOFs and the relationship among the structure, properties, and performance to improve the efficiency of this novel adsorbent. [Display omitted] • Green DES-based method was proposed to prepare MOF with controlled properties. • Results demonstrated combined effect of size and defect on PFAS mixture adsorption. • Different - chain PFASs presented distinct rate-controlling step and interaction site. • Synergistic capturing effects arose from combination of multiple interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of emerging organic pollutants characterized by high toxicity, environmental persistence, and widespread detection in water sources. The removal of PFASs from water is a matter of global concern, given their detrimental impact on both the environment and public health. Many commonly used PFAS adsorbents demonstrate limited adsorption capacities and/or slow adsorption kinetics. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of efficient adsorbents. For the first time, this work systematically investigated the performance of a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based amorphous metal-organic framework (MOF) for the adsorption of PFASs with different carbon-chain lengths under the state of the mixture in aquatic environments. The adsorption mechanism was probed by a suite of adsorption kinetics studies, adsorption isotherm profiling, spectral characterization, and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, revealing that PFAS adsorption is driven by synergistic capturing effects including acid/base coordination, CF-π (carbon-fluorine-π), hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, the adsorption processes of short-chain and long-chain targets were found to involve different rate-controlling steps and interaction sites. Hydrophobic interactions facilitated the swift arrival of long-chain PFASs at the coordinatively interacting sites between carboxyl termini and Lewis acid Zr unsaturated sites, thanks to their lower reaction barriers. On the other hand, the adsorption of short-chain PFASs primarily relied on a Zr hydroxyl-based ligand exchange force, which would take place at Brønsted acid sites. The existence of massive structural disorder in amorphous UiO-66 led to the development of larger pores, thus improving the accessibility of abundant adsorption sites and facilitating adsorption and diffusion. The presence of multiple types of interactions and flexible structure in defect-rich amorphous UiO-66 significantly increased the exposure of functional groups to the adsorbates. Additionally, this material possessed outstanding regeneration efficiency and outperformed other MOF-based adsorbents with high affinity for targets. It enhances our understanding of the adsorption performances and mechanisms of amorphous materials toward PFASs, thereby paving the way for designing more efficient PFAS adsorbents. [Display omitted] • This work investigated performance of DES-based amorphous MOF for adsorption of PFASs. • Different chain targets presented distinct rate-controlling steps and interaction sites. • Hydrophobic interactions drove long-chain PFASs reaching at Lewis acid coordination sites. • Short-chain PFASs adsorption was based on Brønsted acid Zr hydroxyl ligand exchange force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Noncoding RNAs exert critical biological effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The role of circFMN2, a newly discovered functional RNA in prostate cancer and colorectal cancer, was investigated for the first time in sorafenib-resistance HCC cells. Methods. The level of circFMN2 was assessed via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Cell proliferation was detected via CCK-8 and colony formation assay. Cell apoptosis was measured via the TUNEL assay and flow cytometry analysis. A Western blot assay was conducted to detect the CCHC-type zinc finger nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP) level and ubiquitination. RNA pull-down assay and RNA immunoprecipitation were carried out to explore the interaction between circFMN2 and CNBP. Results. CircFMN2 was highly expressed in multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells. CircFMN2 overexpression exerted pro-proliferation effects in sorafenib-treated HCC cells, while depletion of circFMN2 displayed negative effect on sorafenib-treated MDR cells. Moreover, CNBP was verified as the binding protein of circFMN2. CNBP was upregulated in MDR cells, which was achieved by inhibition of ubiquitination by circFMN2. Besides, CNBP overexpression was found to boost sorafenib resistance in HCC cells. Conclusions. CircFMN2 is aberrantly expressed in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells and contributes to sorafenib resistance in HCC cells via upregulation of CNBP by restraining ubiquitination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metformin, the frontline antidiabetic drug, has gained increasing attention for the prevention and treatment of aging, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Yet a clear mechanistic understanding of its action is still lacking, largely due to the suprapharmacological concentrations of metformin used in most studies. Here, we report an inhibition of glucose production by primary hepatocytes from dietary and genetic mouse models of type 2 diabetes (T2D) using metformin at clinically relevant concentrations. Mechanistically, metformin up-regulates microRNA let-7 that in turn down-regulates TET3, evoking a change in the ratio of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4a) isoforms and subsequent inhibition of key gluconeogenic genes. Importantly, this let-7-mediated mechanism is faithfully recapitulated in mice with T2D chronically treated with therapeutic doses of metformin. Furthermore, hepatic delivery of let-7 ameliorates hyperglycemia and improves glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice, whereas liver-specific inhibition of let-7 abrogates these beneficial effects of metformin. Moreover, let-7 overexpression decreases glucose production from primary hepatocytes from obese humans. Thus, we propose the reactivation of a let-7-dependent pathway that is pathologically repressed in the liver of diabetes as a major mechanism of metformin action and that liver-specific delivery of let-7 represents a potential therapeutic for T2D. Our findings are also pertinent to the development of therapeutic strategies for other chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault diagnosis of bearings is a crucial part of the maintenance process of the rotary machinery. Extracting the cyclic characteristics of the impact force is of significant importance for the bearing diagnosis. To highlight the fault features from signals combined with heavy background noise, a novel approach for bearing fault diagnosis based on the short-time processing is proposed. Fault signals are regarded as periodic impulse response signals. Firstly, a vibration signal is band-pass filtered with a subsequent spectral analysis. Then we integrate the energy of the filtered signal with a constant length, and the natural logarithm is considered to obtain the energy curve. The energy curve is a straight decaying curve, and its spectral energy is more concentrated on the fault characteristic frequency compared with envelope. Finally, the fault characteristic frequency of the bearing is found by the spectral analysis of the energy curve. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation and experiments. The harmonics and sidebands in logarithmic energy spectrum are suppressed well, and the fault characteristic frequency is highlighted. Comparison of the proposed method with Hilbert envelope method shows that the proposed method can highlight the fault characteristic frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To implement the human–robot interactions in a noisy environment, the speech improvement-based (SIB) stratified adaptive finite-time saturation control (SAFTSC) for omnidirectional service robot (OSR) is developed. From the outset, the feature vectors of nine designed speech commands are extracted from their frequency signals and then trained by multiclass support vector machine. Two background noises are on-line filtered with the characteristic: “the smaller error in power spectrum is, the larger recovery from noisy power spectrum is.” Comparisons among without or with noise, and filtering are addressed. To achieve the zero pose error of OSR in finite time, an adaptive finite-time indirect trajectory (AFTIT) is constructed. To track the AFTIT with the zero error in finite time, the adaptive finite-time saturation control (AFTSC) is also established. Both AFTIT and AFTSC possess nonlinear switching gain increasing the high-frequency motion capability to fulfill the classified speech command. Simply put, the proposed SIB stratified AFTSC includes the speech improvement for classification, the AFTIT, and the AFTSC. Besides the stability of the closed-loop system is verified by the Lyapunov stability theory, three categories of SIB experiments are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crocetin, an aglycone derived from crocin, is synthesized in biological systems through the hydrolysis of crocin as a bioactive metabolite, which is closely associated with its pharmacodynamic effects. This research demonstrates, for the first time, that deep eutectic solvents (DES) could not only exhibit excellent solubilizing properties for crocin-based compounds, but also offer a protic medium capable of catalyzing the cleavage of glycosides to yield crocetin. A series of bifunctional and recyclable DES was proposed and characterized using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and cytotoxicity analysis. The benzyltriethylammonium chloride-oxalic acid dihydrate (TEBAC-OA, 1:1.5, mol/mol) was tailor-made for the simultaneous extraction and conversion process with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 and heating at 80 °C for 30 min. The yield of crocetin could reach 8.485 mg/g. Following the processing, DES and crocetin were successfully recovered separately, resulting in a 94% recovery rate for crocetin. The used DES was then utilized in the subsequent processing step, maintaining a production efficiency of 95.8%. Additionally, the cytotoxicity assessment revealed that the final used eutectic systems exhibited lower cytotoxicity compared to other commonly used solvents. The hydrogen bonding energy between DES and crocin, as well as the acidity of DES, were found to have a strong correlation with the yield of crocetin. Consequently, this study has successfully developed a sustainable, efficient, and simple technique for the one-step production of crocetin from gardenia fruit. [Display omitted] • Different benzylammonium DES was characterized by DSC, FTIR and cytotoxicity. • First study to yield crocetin from gardenia fruits using bifunctional and recyclable DES. • One-step production of crocetin was proposed integrating solubilization and deglycosylation. • Economics of the process was verified through regeneration and reusability of the DES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new DES-functionalized MOF material was constructed for extraction of FTOHs. • Analytical method was developed using UiO-66-NH 2 @DES enrichment and GC–MS detection. • Underlying mechanisms involving synergistic enhancement of double hydrogen-bond and fluorine affinity. • The proposed method was short in time and high in sensitivity. The enrichment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) poses significant challenges for environmental and food safety monitoring, given their toxic and persistent nature, highly fluorinated character, and low concentration. This study focuses on the construction of a new deep eutectic solvent (DES)-functionalized magnetic metal–organic framework (MOF) adsorbent for fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) analysis in foods. The DES, composed of levulinic acid and trifluoromethoxylbenzene, was modified onto the surface of magnetic UiO-66-NH 2 to enable the specific adsorption of FTOHs during the pretreatment process, which was then followed by GC–MS analysis. The method exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 31.51 to 185.76 pg g – 1 with satisfactory recoveries (73.83 %-128.55 %), and was successfully used in detecting FTOHs in 12 edible oils samples with the concentrations ranging from 401.89 to 8006.18 pg g − 1. The proposed adsorbent exhibited significantly improved enrichment performance for PFASs, primarily attributed to the cooperative enhancement of double hydrogen-bonding interactions and fluorine affinity via the elucidation of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), 19F NMR, and quantum chemical calculations. This study provided new insights and directions for the design and fabrication of selective materials to pretreatment ultra-trace emerging contaminants in complex matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we present a diagnostic model for the large-scale tropical circulation (vertical motion) based on the moist static energy equation for first baroclinic mode anomalies (MSEB model). The aim of this model is to provide a basis for conceptual understanding of the drivers of the large-scale tropical circulation changes or variations as they are observed or simulated in Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP) models. The MSEB model is based on previous studies relating vertical motion in the tropics to the driving forces of the tropospheric column heating rate, advection of moisture and heat, and the moist stability of the air columns scaled by the first baroclinic mode. We apply and evaluate the skill of this model on the basis of observations (reanalysis) and CMIP model simulations of the large-scale tropical vertical motion. The model is capable of diagnosing the large-scale pattern of vertical motion of the mean state, annual cycle, interannual variability, model-to-model variations and in warmer climates of climate change scenarios; it has spatial correlations of 0.6–0.8 and nearly unbiased amplitudes for the whole tropics (30° S–30° N). The skills are generally better over oceans at large scales and worse over land regions. For the interannual variation of zonally anomalous and zonal mean circulation in tropical Pacific region, it has temporal correlations ~ 0.8. The model also tends to have an upward motion bias at higher latitudes, but still has good correlations in temporal and spatial variations even at the higher latitudes. It is further illustrated how the MSEB model sensitivities can be used to determine the mechanisms in the models that are responsible for the mean state, seasonal cycle and interannual variability such as El Nino. The model clearly illustrates that the seasonal cycle in the circulation is driven by the incoming solar radiation and that the El Nino shift in the Walker circulation results mainly from the sea-surface temperature changes. Overall, the model provides a powerful diagnostic tool to understand tropical circulation change on larger and longer (> month) time scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the great demand for the characterization of interfacial rheology in academic and industrial research, the study of interfacial rheology is still scarce compared to its counterpart of bulk rheometry and limited only to specialized laboratories. One of biggest hurdles impeding the broad application of interfacial rheometry is the delicate design and the high cost of interfacial rheometers. Here, we propose a new design of a miniature magnetic rod interfacial stress rheometer (mini-ISR), which uses a pair of small permanent magnets as a magnetic trap and a single magnetic coil for perturbation. The simple design of our ISR substantially reduces its dimension, allowing us to directly couple the rheometer to a conventional commercial optical microscope. Such unprecedented adaptability makes the new ISR highly portable and cost-effective. Moreover, the use of a commercial microscope improves the imaging quality and lowers the difficulty of synchronized imaging of interfacial rheometry. We show the calibration of the mini-ISR and demonstrate its functionality by measuring the interfacial rheology and imaging the microscopic dynamics of particle monolayers at a water-oil interface. Our design can be used by any laboratories that have access to optical microscopes for a wide range of interfacial rheology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation-induced emesis (RIE) is usually noted during abdominal-pelvic radiotherapy. In gynecological malignancies, it is usually noted in para-aortic but not whole-pelvic irradiation. Irradiated small bowel (SB) may be associated with RIE. The significance of SB dosimetry remains unclear. Dosimetric and non-dosimetric factors were evaluated and correlated with RIE in 45 patients with gynecological malignancies undergoing extended-field radiotherapy (EFRT) (median 45 Gy) from 2006 to 2021. Early-onset RIE (within 72 h after the first fraction of EFRT) was noted in 10 of 12 RIE patients. RIE was significantly associated with the SB mean dose. The RIE rates were 58.3% and 15.2% (p = 0.007) in patients with a low (<63%) and high (≥63%) SB mean dose. Logistic regression revealed that the SB mean dose remained the independent factor of overall RIE (p = 0.049) and early-onset RIE (p = 0.014). Therefore, constraint of the SB mean dose limited to less than 63% of the prescribed dose is suggested to decrease RIE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabidopsis thaliana small GTP-binding proteins, AtRAB8s, associate with the endomembrane system and modulate tubulovesicular trafficking between compartments of the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways. There are five members in Arabidopsis , namely AtRAB8A-8E. Yeast two-hybrid assays, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays and glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assays showed that RAB8A, 8B and 8D interacted with several membrane-associated reticulon-like (AtRTNLB) proteins in yeast, plant cells and in vitro. Furthermore, RAB8A, 8B and 8D proteins showed interactions with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence protein, VirB2, a component of a type IV secretion system (T4SS). A. tumefaciens uses a T4SS to transfer T-DNA and Virulence proteins to plants, which causes crown gall disease in plants. The Arabidopsis rab8A, rab8B and rab8D single mutants showed decreased levels of Agrobacterium -mediated root and seedling transformation, while the RAB8A, 8B and 8D overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis plants were hypersusceptible to A. tumefaciens and Pseudomonas syringae infections. RAB8A-8E transcripts accumulated differently in roots, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, inflorescence and flowers of wild-type plants. In summary, RAB8A, 8B and 8D interacted with several RTNLB proteins and participated in A. tumefaciens and P. syringae infection processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of short service life (2 months) and zero leakage of air cylinder in aerospace engineering, this paper innovatively designs a magnetic fluid sealing device of air cylinder in aerospace engineering through magnetic circuit analysis and magnetic fluid sealing theory. The magnetic field finite element method is used to calculate the magnetic field distribution in the sealing gap under different key parameters such as the number of pole teeth, the height of the radial sealing gap, the thickness of the permanent magnet, the slot width, the ratio of pole piece height to shaft. And numerical analysis of the number of pole teeth, the radial sealing gap height, permanent magnet thickness, slot width, the ratio of pole piece height to shaft and other key parameters on the magnetic fluid sealing performance. Finally, the reliability of the reciprocating magnetic fluid sealing withstand voltage is verified by experimental methods. Research indicates. The pressure capabilities of magnetic fluid sealing is increasing with the increase of the number of pole teeth. The pressure capabilities of magnetic fluid sealing is decreasing with the increase of the radial sealing gap. The sealing withstand voltage increases first and then decreases with the increase of the thickness of the permanent magnet, and finally increases, and the value of the withstand voltage is the largest when the thickness of the permanent magnet is 7.8 mm. The sealing pressure capabilities increases as the slot width increases. The sealing withstand voltage increases first and then decreases as the ratio of pole piece height to shaft increases, and when the ratio of pole piece height to shaft is 0.8, the sealing withstand voltage reaches a maximum value. The pressure test finally reaches the pressure value of 6 MPa, which can meet the pressure value demand of medium pressure cylinder, indicating that the magnetic fluid sealing technology can effectively solve the leakage problem existing in the air cylinder technology of Aerospace Engineering, and improve the reliability and service life of the air cylinder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesised sound of a car engine is used to alert people to the approach of an electric vehicle, to personalise the sound of an engine and for virtual reality. A methodology for synthesising engine sound based on concatenating samples is proposed. First, using filtering, the engine sound is decomposed into a combination of low-frequency harmonics that depend on the engine speed and high-frequency narrowband amplitude-modulated signals. The high-frequency signals are modulated by the harmonics that depend on the engine speed. The carrier and envelope of the amplitude-modulated signal are extracted with a Hilbert transform. The decomposed segments are concatenated by overlap smoothing. All the concatenated segments are assembled to form a synthesised sound. Finally, the synthesised sound is evaluated using the cepstrum distance and subjective auditory experiment, and it is compared with the raw engine sound and other synthesised sound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project sought to develop a test to assess expeditious reading abilities in low proficiency English learners with Spanish L1, which to the date the project was conducted and to authors' best knowledge constituted a research gap. To achieve this aim, the team developed a new construct based on the existing literature and extrapolated from current research to fill the gap. Participants were Chilean high school students enrolled in the public education system. Results showed that low proficiency learners can perform expeditious reading operations in their L2. These results, however, must be taken with care as further research is required to reach conclusive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Array‐based analytical platforms have a distinct advantage of being able to detect analytes rapidly and simultaneously with the use of very small quantities of reagents and samples. However, the analyses of enzyme activities using this technique remain challenging, as the heterogeneous interface between the enzyme in the solution and the probe on the array surface impede the efficient binding and the subsequent enzymatic reaction. In this paper, we showed that the combination of affinity‐switchable biotin (ASB) probes and a novel click‐chemistry based immobilization method can overcome this heterogeneity problem. Three ASB probes were synthesized for the detection of alkaline phosphatase, nitroreductase, and the fluoride ion. This approach can be applied to determine the relative levels of phosphatase in different cell lines. We believe that the new strategy holds great potential for the effective sensing of a wide range of biomolecules in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • DFT calculations were used to explore CNRR trends on each TM − Pc nanosheet. • TM − Pc catalysts (Sc to Zn) were evaluated for stability and activity via DFT. • Limiting potentials and descriptors enable volcano plots, showing CNRR roles. • Sc, Ti, Cr and Fe − Pc catalysts excel in CH 4 and NH 3 production via CNRR. Catalysis facilitated by transition metals (TM), specifically when these are 4 N-coordinated and embedded within a phthalocyanine (Pc) framework, appears to have promising capabilities for the ecologically responsible generation of methane and ammonia, notably under conditions reflecting the ambient environment. The potential benefits of such applications have sparked escalating interest in studying single atom catalysts (SACs) with regard to their prospective role in the electrochemical cyanide reduction reaction (CNRR). Through the application of first-principles mechanistic investigations and electrochemical modeling, a variety of TM − Pc catalysts are examined under rigorous systematic exploration to ascertain their stability, activity and selectivity. To specifically address the scenarios, it's typically observed that the NC* model demands increased free energy inputs for CNRR, predominantly leading to the production of CH 3 NH 2. In contrast, the analogous CN* model requires comparatively lower free energy, resulting in a more diversified mix of products, notably CH 4 and NH 3. Our research highlights the significant role of limiting potentials (U L) and their relationship with a particular kind of descriptor (φ) in crafting volcano plots, thereby elucidating the association between the inherent distinctive properties of various TM − Pc and their promising capabilities in CNRR activities. In a significant finding, the catalysts Sc − Pc, Ti − Pc, Cr − Pc and Fe − Pc are recognized as the most efficient electrocatalysts for CH 4 and NH 3 production through CNRR. This effectiveness is validated by their remarkable stability, superior reactivity, pronounced selectivity at relatively low limiting potentials (ranging from −0.05 to −0.39 V), and extraordinary Faradaic efficiencies exceeding 91.17 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) drives critical inhibitory processes in and beyond the nervous system, partly via ionotropic type-A receptors (GABA A Rs). Pharmacological properties of ρ-type GABA A Rs are particularly distinctive, yet the structural basis for their specialization remains unclear. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of a lipid-embedded human ρ1 GABA A R, including a partial intracellular domain, under apo, inhibited, and desensitized conditions. An apparent resting state, determined first in the absence of modulators, was recapitulated with the specific inhibitor (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid and blocker picrotoxin and provided a rationale for bicuculline insensitivity. Comparative structures, mutant recordings, and molecular simulations with and without GABA further explained the sensitized but slower activation of ρ1 relative to canonical subtypes. Combining GABA with picrotoxin also captured an apparent uncoupled intermediate state. This work reveals structural mechanisms of gating and modulation with applications to ρ-specific pharmaceutical design and to our biophysical understanding of ligand-gated ion channels. • Structures of the human ρ1 GABA A receptor in 3 unique states at resolutions to 2.2 Å • Compact GABA-binding pocket in resting state gives unique function and pharmacology • Small rearrangements in GABA-binding pocket drive large global rearrangements • Picrotoxin uncouples GABA binding from pore gating, yielding intermediate state Cowgill et al. report apo, inhibited, and desensitized structures of the human ρ1 GABA A receptor. These structures, combined with supporting simulations and electrophysiology experiments, reveal a more compact neurotransmitter-binding site that defines the unique function and pharmacology of ρ-type GABA A receptors relative to canonical synaptic GABA A receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Accurate dynamic quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is demonstrated by various phase object, including living cancer cells and red blood cells. • Multi-wavelength multiplexing method is used to multi-defocus images simultaneous capture. • Multi-plane iterative phase retrieval algorithm is proposed for accurate and wide-applicable phase reconstruction. We present a novel, accurate, full-filed, dynamic quantitative phase imaging (QPI) technique by using multi-wavelength multiplexing and multi-plane iterative phase retrieval algorithm. In our method, a liquid crystal spatial light modulator is employed to flexibly generate multiple defocus intensity images at once, using its adjustable phase modulation characteristics of different wavelengths. Then these images contained at different wavelengths are captured by two color cameras with single exposure. To achieve accurate QPI, a multi-plane iterative phase reconstruction algorithm is also proposed based on transport of intensity equation (TIE). Finally, with these multiple defocus images, an accurate dynamic phase result can be provided by our approach. In addition, the errors caused by color coupling of color camera and chromatic aberration of the optical system are both analyzed and effectively compensated. Experiments conducted on the phase plate, living human colorectal cancer cells and human red blood cells well demonstrate the accuracy, dynamic measurement ability and flexibility of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-delayed spalling is proposed to describe the time-dependent splitting failure near the tunnel periphery, which occurs in several days or several months after excavation. This kind of failure has been frequently encountered in a deep TBM tunnel, endangering workers' security and delaying the construction schedule. In this paper, two typical time-delayed spalling cases were systematically introduced, including geological and supporting conditions. Based on field observation, microseismic monitoring and laboratory creep tests, the characteristics and mechanism of time-delayed spalling were investigated. Results showed that time-delayed spalling is a stress-induced time-dependent failure in the vicinity of tunnel surface and appears as flake or plate-like splitting fracture subparallel to the free surface. Although the failure region where time-delayed spalling happened is intact, discontinuities are scattered in the peripheral region. Time-delayed spalling is sensitive to boundary conditions and timely support is an essential method for preventing time-dependent spalling. This research is helpful to the tunnel excavation under similar geological conditions and provides foundations for the prevention of time-delayed spalling. • This paper makes an all-around introduction to the evolution process and mechanism of time-delayed spalling. • The spatial-temporal characteristics of fracture activities of time-delayed spalling were investigated. • The fundamental drivers of time-delayed spalling and the effective prevention method were analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-gate MIS structures with and without ZrN capping layer on high-k Y2O3:Zr/Y2O3 stack were fabricated. The binding energies and depth profiles were investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were compared. It is found that Ti out-diffusion into Zr-based high-k dielectric becomes lesser with the insertion of ZrN capping layer. The electrical properties of current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics were measured in the postannealing temperature range of 550-850 °C. According to the defect reaction model, Zr cation vacancies are associated with the concentration of Ti ion by a transition from +3 to +2 states. The amount of Zr cation vacancies is quantified and equal to a half of Ti substitution amount at Zr site. The reduction in cation vacancies at high temperatures can well explain the decrease in ΔVFB for samples with ZrN layer. In contrast, an excess of Ti outdiffusion will produce the interstitial defects in high-k films without ZrN capping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cables are the most sensitive components in cable-supported bridges, and the failure of cables is usually caused by the degradation of mechanical properties of internal wires. Based on Faraday's law and the rates of microcrack initiation and propagation, a multi-scale corrosion fatigue damage model was developed to describe the damage evolution in the stages of pit growth and microcrack propagation. The accuracy and effectiveness of this damage model were also verified through the experimental data of corrosive fatigue life of high-strength bridge wires. The result shows that this damage model can describe the multi-scale corrosion fatigue damage evolution process of high-strength bridge wires reasonably and effectively, which provides a new way to better understand the trans-scale damage evolution mechanism during the corrosion fatigue process of high-strength bridge wires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delphinidin‐3‐rutinoside, a high‐value of anthocyanin, was isolated and purified by ionic liquid (IL)‐modified countercurrent chromatography (CCC) from waste peel of eggplant (Solanum melongena), one of the most common vegetables consumed all around the world. Different conventional CCC and IL‐CCC solvent systems were evaluated in respect of partition coefficient (K), separation factor (α), and stationary phase retention factor (Sf) to separate polar target and other components. Basic solvent system, kind of ILs, and amount of ILs were systematically optimized by totally K‐targeted strategy, which drastically reduced the experimental effort. Finally, a novel CCC two‐phase solvent system (methyl tert‐butyl ether–butanol–acetonitrile–1% trifluoroacetic acid water–1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4MIM][PF6]) [2:4:1:5:0.2; v/v/v/v/v]) was successfully established and applied. The baseline separation of target fraction was obtained in one cycle process. The purity of delphinidin‐3‐rutinoside was over 99%. Moreover, the distribution behavior of different kinds of ILs in biphasic solvent system and the removal method of ILs were explored. The results showed that hydrophobic IL significantly improved the partition of polar anthocyanin in organic solvent system, thereby the separation resolution and stationary phase retention through introducing intermolecular forces. This IL‐modified CCC strategy may be applied for the separation of other anthocyanins from variety of natural food resources and waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tocopherol homologues are important fat‐soluble bioactive compounds with high nutritional value. However, it is of great challenge to separate these homologues because of their high structural similarities. In this work, ionic‐liquid‐based countercurrent chromatography was used for the separation and purification of tocopherol homologues. Conventional countercurrent chromatography and ionic‐liquid‐based countercurrent chromatography solvent systems were evaluated in respect of partition coefficient, separation factor, and stationary phase retention factor to separate these targets. Kind of ionic liquids, amount of ionic liquid, and sample amount were systematically optimized. A novel countercurrent chromatography non‐aqueous biphasic system composed of n‐hexane‐methanol‐1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride was established. The baseline separation of tocopherol mixtures was obtained in one cycle process. The ionic liquid played a key role in the countercurrent chromatography separation, which resulted in difference of partition behavior of individual tocopherol in the whole system through different hydrogen‐bonding affinity. Finally, n‐hexane‐methanol‐1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (5:5:3, v/v) water‐free biphasic system was successfully applied to separate tocopherol homologues from vegetable oil that was not achieved beforehand. This method can be widely employed to separate many similar molecules such as tocotrienols, tocomonoenols, and marine‐derived tocopherol in food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effects of controlled substrate stiffness, mimicking human tissue mechanics, on endodermal lineage specification in hPSCs. Topics discussed include the integrative analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), regulation of the expression of LINC00458 by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the functional role of LINC00458 in lineage specification.