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BackgroundPsychopathology research mainly focused on the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between personality and psychiatric disorders without considering the moment-to-moment dynamics of personality in response to environmental situations. The present study aimed to both cluster a young sample according to three mixed clinical conditions (poor sleep quality, depression, and somatization) and to predict the derived clusters by maladaptive personality traits and sex differences using a deep machine learning approach.MethodsA sample of 839 adults aged 18-40 years (64% female) from the west of Iran were clustered according to the mixed clinical conditions using the cluster analysis techniques. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling is used to predict the derived clusters by maladaptive personality traits and biological gender. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to identify independent variables with high sensitivity specific to the derived clusters.ResultsThe cluster analysis techniques suggested a fully stable and acceptable four-cluster solution for Depressed Poor Sleepers, Nonclinical Good Sleepers, Subclinical Poor Sleepers, and Clinical Poor Sleepers. The ANN model led to the identification of one hidden layer with two hidden units. The results of Area under the ROC Curve were relatively to completely acceptable, ranging from.726 to.855. Anhedonia, perceptual dysregulation, depressivity, anxiousness, and unusual beliefs are the most valuable traits with importance higher than 70%.ConclusionThe machine learning approach can be well used to predict mixed clinical conditions by maladaptive personality traits. Future research can test the complexity of normal personality traits connected to mixed clinical conditions.

Background: There is little and heterogeneous knowledge on the links between the temperamental predispositions of psychopathology and the contemporary dimensional models of psychopathology, such as the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) classification system, which can be aligned with the five-factor model (FFM) of personality. This meta-analysis seeks to expand the temperamental theoretical basis of the HiTOP model by incorporating associations of temperament traits of two temperamental theories measured, respectively, by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) with (a) the FFM’s personality domains and (b) HiTOP’s five psychopathological spectra. Methods: A systematic search was done on Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Cochrane Database, and Google Scholar for all articles published in English from January 1990 to August 2020. Because of heterogeneity in the results of almost 70% of studies, pooled estimates of correlation coefficients were calculated using the random-effects method. Risk of bias (low-quality studies) and publication bias are reported. Results: The pooled correlations obtained from the analysis of 35 studies showed that the temperamental profile associated with each FFM domain and HiTOP spectra is distinct. Specifically, TCI-harm avoidance (HA) and all TEMPS temperaments were more strongly related to neuroticism/internalizing, extraversion/low detachment, and conscientiousness/disinhibition. In contrast, TCI-novelty seeking was more strongly related to both disinhibited/antagonistic externalizing and thought disorder. Conclusions: A large body of research supports maladaptive variants of all FFM domains and some psychopathological spectra of HiTOP related to the abnormal-range temperaments.

Abstract Background If somatization is an independent personality trait, it is not clear whether it is specific to the temperament or maladaptive spectrum of personality. We aimed at the head-to-head comparison of temperament and maladaptive systems and spectra of personality to predict both somatization and somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRD). Methods The samples included 257 cases with SSRD (70.8% female) and 1007 non-SSRD (64.3% female) from Western Iran. The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS), and Positive Affect and Negative Affect Model (PANAS) was used to data collection. A somatization factor plus temperament and maladaptive spectra of personality were extracted using exploratory factor analysis. Several hierarchical linear and logistic regressions were used to test the predictive systems and spectra. Results All personality systems jointly predict both somatization and SSRD with a slightly higher contribution for temperament systems. When the temperament and maladaptive spectra were compared, both spectra above each other significantly predicted both somatization (R 2 = .407 versus .263) and SSRD (R 2 = .280 versus .211). The temperament spectrum explained more variance beyond the maladaptive spectrum when predicting both the somatization factor (change in R 2 = .156 versus .012) and SSRD (change in R 2 = .079 versus .010). Conclusion All temperament and maladaptive frameworks of personality are complementary to predicting both somatization and SSRD. However, the somatization is more related to the temperament than the maladaptive spectrum of personality.

Introduction: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent mental health condition, characterized by an individual’s excessive and persistent worry about various social situations. It is a common problem which can induce numerous physical and mental alterations in the person affected. Aim: The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an integrated transdiagnostic treatment approach in alleviating symptoms of worry, anxiety, and depression and improving emotional regulation in patients diagnosed with GAD. Method: In this semi-experimental study, a pretest-posttest, control group design with a follow-up was employed. The research population consisted of all clients aged 18-51 years with GAD in Sanandaj, Iran, during 2018. The research sample comprised 20 patients diagnosed with GAD based on the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). These diagnoses were confirmed through structured interviews conducted by a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist. The samples were selected via convenience sampling and randomly allocated into experimental and control groups. The research utilized several assessment tools, including the Beck Depression Inventory (1961), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (1988), the Pennsylvania Anxiety Inventory (1990), and the Emotional Regulation Inventory (2008). The collected data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance test in SPSS Version 24 software. Results: According to the results, the integrated transdiagnostic treatment had an impact on reducing anxiety and depression. However, it was not effective in alleviating anxiety and improving emotional regulation in patients with GAD (P≤0.001). Conclusion: The integrated transdiagnostic treatment method utilized in this study proved to be effective in alleviating worry and depression in patients diagnosed with GAD. Consequently, it is recommended for use in the therapeutic management of worry and depression symptoms in individuals suffering from GAD.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which the facts surrounding a person are interpreted as abnormal. The treatment aims to reduce symptoms and the possibility of disease recurrence. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of spironolactone on schizophrenia symptoms. Method: In this double-blind analytical and clinical study, 44 patients were randomly divided into two groups. The study was carried out in Quds Hospital and centers for psychiatric patients in Sanandaj city in 2019 and 2020. The number of patients decreased to 32 due to drug side effects and unwillingness to continue treatment. The instrument used was the scale test of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Datum were analyzed using chi-square and ANOVA with repeated measurements and independent t-tests by SPSS-23 software. Results: The results showed that out of 44 patients studied, 37 (84.1%) were men and 7 (15.9%) were women. The imbalance was due to the small sample size. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex distribution, literacy level, marital status, employment history, and background medication use (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of reducing negative symptoms (P=0.666), positive symptoms (P=0.748) and general symptoms (P=0.342). Conclusion: According to the finding, spironolactone has no significant effect on reducing negative, positive, and general symptoms. Therefore, it is suggested to carry out more studies using this drug (by removing the limitations of this study) and other drugs.

Abstract The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a phenotypic data-driven framework for the classification of psychopathology. We tested the construct and criterion validity of the HiTOP spectra measured by the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and hierarchical regressions both to predict somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRD) and a somatization factor. The case–control study used hierarchical logistic regressions to distinguish 257 cases with SSRD from 1007 healthy controls by both the maladaptive and the temperament factors. The extracted factors were also used in hierarchical linear regressions to predict the dimensional somatization factor. The seven temperament factors explained more variance above and beyond the five maladaptive factors when predicting SSRD (pseudo R 2 = 0.169 to 0.266 versus 0.125 to 0.196; change in pseudo R 2 = 0.055 to 0.087 versus 0.011 to 0.017). The temperament factors also explained more variance above and beyond the maladaptive factors when predicting the somatization factor (R 2 = 0.392 versus 0.269; change in R 2 = 0.146 versus 0.023). Although the HiTOP spectra measured by PID-5 are significant structures related to the categorical and dimensional measurements of somatoform, our findings highlight potential problems with both the construct and criterion validity of the HiTOP spectra.

Today, the role of managers in organizations and companies is so important that having a capable and quality manager is considered one of the competitive advantages. The tools that managers use to succeed are information that is often derived from their characteristics. The role of managers in competitive markets is also more intense. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of management characteristics on the relationship between product market competition and management performance. The sample consists of 120 firms selected during 2012-2019. The data is collected through the archival method and is analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings suggest that as market product competitiveness and management characteristics increase, management performance improves. In addition, management characteristics improve the positive relationship between competition and management performance and affects the management ability. The effectiveness of characteristics is more evident in and in markets with a higher level of competition.

Abstract Background The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) are tools designed for personality dispositions for mental health symptoms. The present study was conducted to compare these models in terms of their relative sensitivity to the symptoms of personality disorders (PDs) and non-personality disorders (NPDs). Methods Subjects in this cross-sectional study were 1232 (805 female; 63.5%) community samples in western Iran. Data were collected using the PID-5, the TEMPS-A, the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90-R), and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4). Correlations and Regression models were used to examine associations between traits and symptoms. Results Maladaptive traits assessed by the PID-5 were more strongly associated with PD symptoms, whereas affective temperaments measured by the TEMPS-A were more strongly associated with NPD symptoms. Conclusion The present findings highlighted the practical utility of both the PID-5 and TEMPS-A indicating risk for psychopathology, but also suggest a distinction between PDs and NPDs in terms of underlying personality dispositions.

Earning is one of the most important items of financial statements. Sometimes managers manipulate and distort earning reports to maximize their own benefits, reach a certain profitability level, or achieve a certain corporate objective. Firms with a low level of debt tend to have few or no restrictive clauses in their debt contracts, which allow them to operate with less concern about breaching these contracts and give less incentive to managers to engage in earning management reports through accrual manipulation. However, when firms accumulate large amounts of debt, the relationship between debt and accrual-based earnings management tends to get reversed. In firms with large debts, managers are incentivized to report good earnings as they are under pressure to avoid the penalties of violating the restrictive clauses in their debt contracts. In the absence of scientific and empirical evidence regarding this issue, the present study examined the nonlinear relationship between debt structure and real and accrual-based earnings management. For this purpose, the data pertaining to a sample of 130 firms listed on the Tehran stock exchange from 2014 to 2019 were collected and analyzed. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed a nonlinear relationship between debt structure and accrual-based earnings management. A non-linear relationship was also found between current debt structure and real earnings management. However, the results could not confirm the presence of a non-linear relationship between total debt structure and real earnings management

Some psychiatric disorders are mostly overlapping and measures for facilitating differential profiles play a key role in the identification of a disease, course, prognosis, and management. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (i) explore the association between the components of temperament and character model and three overlap psychiatric diagnoses including avoidant personality disorder (APD), schizoid personality disorder (SPD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD) and (ii) provide differential profiles for each of these disorders. The literature search was performed on 7 international scientific databases for all articles published in English, January 1990-June 2019. The pooled effect sizes were obtained using the correlation coefficients or the standardized mean differences between cases with SAD and healthy controls by the random-effects method. Fifteen correlational studies for APD and SPD and eight case–control studies for SAD met the criteria for entering meta-analysis. All three disorders were positively associated with harm avoidance (HA) and negatively associated with novelty seeking (NS), self-directedness (SD), and cooperativeness. APD and SPD were also negatively associated with reward dependence (RD). The differential profiles are as follows: NS (APD < SAD), HA (APD > SPD, SAD), RD (SPD < APD < SAD), SD (APD < SPD, SAD), cooperativeness (APD, SPD < SAD), and self-transcendence (ST: APD > SPD, SAD). It seems that HA, SD, and cooperativeness are the common core of these three diagnostic categories. More extreme tendencies in NS and RD, along with ST with a lower possibility, are the main traits in the differential profiles.

Objective: In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify, rank and weight the factors affecting the bias of tax auditors or compliance auditors. Methods: The present research is an applied one in terms of purpose and its nature is exploratory. In the qualitative section, by reviewing the theoretical foundations and conducting semi-structured interviews with 17 members of the Supreme Tax Council, affecting components the bias of tax officials was identified. The statistical population of the study is the members of the Supreme Tax Council. After gathering the effective components, in order to rank and weight them, a questionnaire based on fuzzy technique and hierarchical analysis was designed and distributed among experts. After collecting information, the components were ranked using fuzzy technique and their weight was determined based on Analytical Hierarchy process in Expert Choice 11 software. Results: Based on the research findings, 15 components were identified as the main affecting factors on bias of tax officials, which are: the concept of bias, philosophy and mission of taxation, different motives, acceptance of biased tax, inconsistency of goals, borderless judgment, Conflicting rather than interactive perspectives, shortcomings of tax investigation, behavioral controls, bigotry, lack of knowledge, understanding of the concept of tax justice, avoidance and context, personal characteristics and structure. Among these, the results of fuzzy TOPSIS and Analytical Hierarchy process techniques showed that lack of knowledge of the philosophy and mission of taxation, acceptance of biased taxation and lack of proper understanding of the concept of bias are the most important factors. Conclusion: The research findings indicate that tax laws and regulations alone cannot meet the goals of legislators. Fair and equitable tax regulations require the supervision and care of professional executives, and without considering these issues, the mission of taxation and taxation will not be achieved

Sleep and its disorders are still the least understood phenomena in biology. This systematic review aims to identify four personality psychobiological models related to sleep disorders and sexual dysfunction. The literature search for English-language records was conducted on the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest and Cochrane databases from January 1990 to April 2019. According to the number of studies available related to research variables and heterogeneous designs, the pooled effect size was calculated separately for both case-control and correlation studies using the random-effects method because of the heterogeneity of the studies and use of the I2 measure. The numbers of studies on parasomnias, Restless Legs syndrome, sleep breathing disorders, daytime sleepiness and sexual dysfunction were minimal. However, the present meta-analysis on four studies on insomnia showed that the cases and controls in harm avoidance (HA) are significantly different (p=0.001). Another meta-analysis on 11 studies showed that a significant correlation exists between poor sleep quality assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index with negative affect (NA) (z=10.437, p

Introduction: There is a scarcity reports on the situation of psychotherapy as an effective treatment for mental illness and interpersonal problems in Iran. Aim: The study aimed to explore the situation of psychotherapy in Iran. Method: The present qualitative study was performed using conventional content analysis in 2017. The current sample included 13 experts in psychotherapy. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection. All interviews were audio recorded and subsequently transcribed. Qualitative analysis using constant comparisons was performed for transcribed interviews. Results: Two main categories were emerged to describe situation of psychotherapy in Iran: challenges and opportunities. Additionally, specific subcategories within each main category were documented. The challenges category described the problems in psychotherapy education and services delivery including lack of coordination in training and lack of insurance coverage. The opportunities category also described the improvement in psychotherapy status including the psychiatrists tendency towards psychotherapy, the varity in psychotherapy approaches and increasing awareness to psychotherapy in community. Conclusion: The results showed that psychotherapy in Iran is facing challenges and opportunities that can affect the provision of psychotherapy services. These results can be used in policies related to psychotherapy in Iran.

Social trust and spiritual health play an important role in social communication. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between spiritual health and social trust among Iranian students. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Sanandaj, in the West of Iran, in 2018. 686 students from 5 universities were included in the study through simple random sampling. The data were collected using established, reliable instruments for the assessment of social trust and spiritual health. Logistic regression models were applied to assess the association between social trust and spiritual health. We reported estimated logits and Odds Ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The students with a literate father had substantially higher odds of social trust (OR=1.98, 95% CI=1.19-3.28, p

Sustainability is a wide concept that contains other concepts such as social responsibility and has been investigated with concepts such as competition sustainability, reporting sustainability, and social sustainability. The present study aims to investigate the role of social interest rate risk management (SIRRM) in the relationship between sustainability performance and investment efficiency. In terms of purpose, this study is an applied one, and form the methodological point of view is a descriptive correlational study. Accordingly, the required data has been collected from 79 listed firms on Tehran Stock Exchange during 2013-2017. In this research, social risk management includes SIRRM, and sustainability performance includes sustainability of reporting, competition, and ownership. The results indicate that SIRRM reinforces the relationship between competition sustainability, reporting sustainability, and ownership sustainability with investment efficiency.

Objective To explore the relationship between temperament and character traits in Cloninger’s psychobiological theory and mental disorders. Method s: A systematic literature search was conducted of five international databases for all articles published in English between January 1990 and April 2019 (PROSPERO-CRD42019133214). Owing to heterogeneity, pooled estimates of correlations for personality disorders and standardized mean differences for case–control studies related to other mental disorders were calculated using the random-effects method. Results The pooled effect sizes obtained from 149 studies showed that high harm avoidance (related to 22/24 diagnostic categories), low self-directedness (21/23), low cooperativeness (17/23), high self-transcendence (14/23), low reward dependence (11/24), high novelty-seeking (10/24), low novelty-seeking (7/24), high persistence (2/23), low persistence (2/23) and high reward dependence (2/24) were related to psychopathology. Conclusions All traits provided unique psychobiological tools for differential diagnosis of mental disorders. However, high harm avoidance and low self-directedness played a canonical role in psychopathology. Despite the study limitations, additional studies are warranted to evaluate the differential diagnoses suggested by the present model.

Objective: The cost of common stock is called the minimum expected rate of return of investors. The cost of common stock is one of the most important means in many financial and management decisions, that are influenced by several factors like liquidity, financial leverage, operating cash flow, company size and profitability. Information ambiguity increases the investment risk and make the cost of equity capital increased. Growth of value relevance of earning decreases the investment risk and consequently make the cost of common stock decreased. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present an empirical test to compare the efficiency of two cost of capital models as Gordon and Olson Junter under the influence of information ambiguity and value relevance of earning. Methods: For this purpose, this study was conducted with 104 sample companies during 7 years from 2012 to 2018, using descriptive analysis with Kruskal Wallis test. Results: To this end, this study was concluded that two models of Olson Junter and Gordn have accepted reliability index and validity at different level. There is significant difference between two models. Conclusion: The results showed that Olson Junter's model performs more efficient than Gordon's model at high- low risk levels. Consequently, cost of common stock of the former model would be useful in decision making through portfolio hedging og potential losses.

The current classification of personality disorder in ICD-11 includes a description of personality functioning, derived from a number of theoretical paradigms, but most notably consistent with the psychodynamic approach. Concurrently, an object-relations model of personality functioning in a dimensional assessment of severity is provided in the Structured Interview of Personality Organization-Revised (STIPO-R). To date, there are no published measures of International Classification of Diseases-11 (ICD-11) personality severity, though the construct is very comparable to the concepts assessed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) levels of personality functioning concept, which is measured by the Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Self-Report (LPFS-SR). This study examined the validity of ICD-11 personality functioning, as measured by the LPFS-SR, by evaluating its associations with the STIPO-R in Kurdistan region. The samples included 231 University students and 419 inpatient participants across four hospitals (267 with a diagnosed personality disorder). All the components of LPFS-SR and STIPO-R were positively and significantly intercorrelated. The components of each measure discriminated PD and non-PD patients from a University, non-clinical group adequately. Despite slightly better performance of the STIPO-R in this discrimination, the measures had a high congruence in predicting personality dysfunction. Overall, the findings of the present study support the validity of ICD-11 construct for evaluating personality functioning.

This is a letter to the editor.

Behavioral financial knowledge deals with the behavior of investors and other users in the capital market. According to the financial knowledge, it is no longer expected that only factors such as accounting information and macroeconomic variables will affect decision-making but also a variety of behavioral variables including manager’s optimism, information influence management, patience of major shareholders and other investors' biases can have an impact on the prices and stock returns. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of managers' optimism on the relationship between the patience of major shareholder and information influence management. This study attempts to investigate the relationship between these behaviors and information influence management by measuring the degree of major shareholders patience and managers’ optimism. This is a descriptive post-event research. The study population consisted of the companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (n = 87) between the years 2008 and 2017. Multivariate regression was used to test the hypotheses. The findings showed no significant relationship between the major shareholders patience and the information influence management (high, low, balanced). Further, it was found that managers’ optimism has a significant effect on the relationship between the major shareholders' patience and the information influence management (balanced level) and no significant relationship was observed between two other levels.

This research was done with the aim of investigating the effect of social responsibility performance on the financial crisis at different stages of the company's life cycle. Research data was collected from the stock exchange. The present study is empirical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of inference. Also, this research is post-event in terms of research design. The statistical population of this study are all the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2012 to 2016 (5-year period). The screening method was used to select the sampling method. The total number of companies used in the study sample is 141. In this study, the research hypotheses were analysed using the collected data, using the Excel spreadsheet and EViews software. The Generalized Estimated Least Squares (EGLS) method has been used to test the research models. The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between social responsibility performance and financial crisis. The relationship between performance of social responsibility and financial crisis in the growth stage, is stronger than in the maturity stage. The relationship between performance of social responsibility and financial crisis in the growth phase, is stronger than in the decline phase. Also, the relationship between social responsibility performance and financial crisis in the maturity stage, is stronger than in the decline stage.

This research investigates the effect of financial information risk on firms' capital structure with agency approach from 2004 to end of 2013 in 87 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The conflicts of interests between managers and owners due to Information asymmetry, I ncrease the risk of financial information which is effective on capital structure. The pooled regression analysis is incorporated to test the hypotheses. The results show an increase in conflicts of interest between managers, the financing deficit increase and as a result, the financing of the debt increases, so there is a positive and significant relationship between the financing deficit and changes in capital structure. Also, the impact of financial information risk on the relationship between financing deficit and changes in capital structure is significant and negative. On the other hand, the impact of financial information risk on the relationship between financing deficit and changes in capital structure with intervention of asymmetry as a first agency proxy was confirm, but with the intervention of asymmetry as a second agency proxy was not confirm.

How the investors react to the received information plays a crucial role in determining the return of stock exchange market. Supply and demand based upon incorrect decisions lead to the price deviation of inherent values. This paper aims to study the impact of salience phenomenon on disproportionate pricing and investor overreaction in the corporates in Tehran stock exchange. Research methodology is correlative. Statistical sample involves 120 corporates accepted by Tehran stock exchange during 2012-2016. To test the hypotheses, a regression analysis method has been selected. Research findings have indicated that there exists a promising phenomenon in Tehran stock exchange causing the investors overreaction followed by the disproportionate pricing and also, the results have shown that the impact of salience is different on strong and weak information environments.

Introduction: Emotional stimulus is processed automatically in a bottom-up way or can be processed voluntarily in a top-down way. Imaging studies have indicated that bottom-up and top-down processing are mediated through different neural systems. However, temporal differentiation of top-down versus bottom-up processing of facial emotional expressions has remained to be clarified. The present study aimed to explore the time course of these processes as indexed by the emotion-specific P100 and late positive potential (LPP) event-related potential (ERP) components in a group of healthy women. Methods: Fourteen female students of Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran aged 18–30 years, voluntarily participated in the study. The subjects completed 2 overt and covert emotional tasks during ERP acquisition. Results: The results indicated that fearful expressions significantly produced greater P100 amplitude compared to other expressions. Moreover, the P100 findings showed an interaction between emotion and processing conditions. Further analysis indicated that within the overt condition, fearful expressions elicited more P100 amplitude compared to other emotional expressions. Also, overt conditions created significantly more LPP latencies and amplitudes compared to covert conditions. Conclusion: Based on the results, early perceptual processing of fearful face expressions is enhanced in top-down way compared to bottom-up way. It also suggests that P100 may reflect an attentional bias toward fearful emotions. However, no such differentiation was observed within later processing stages of face expressions, as indexed by the ERP LPP component, in a topdown versus bottom-up way. Overall, this study provides a basis for further exploring of bottomup and top-down processes underlying emotion and may be typically helpful for investigating the temporal characteristics associated with impaired emotional processing in psychiatric disorders.

This study is aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of financial leverage on real earnings management. In this study 125 firms in 2 different groups of high financial leverage and low financial leverage have been studied during 2004-2013. The real earnings management criteria include Abnormal operating cash flow, abnormal production costs and abnormal discretionary expenses. To investigate the effect of financial leverage on the real earnings management criteria, multivariate regression analysis using the panel data has been applied. The results show that in firms with high levels of financial leverage, the financial leverage has significant negative effect on each real earnings management criteria and also on sum of the real earnings management criteria. On the other hand, in firms with low levels of financial leverage, except when the real earnings management criteria is abnormal operating cash flow, financial leverage has significant negative effect on each real earnings management criteria and also on sum of the real earnings management criteria.

Background: Attachment theory is one of the most important achievements of contemporary psychology. Role of medical students in the community health is important, so we need to know about the situation of happiness and attachment style in these students. Objectives: This study was aimed to assess the relationship between medical students′ attachment styles and demographic characteristics. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected students of Medical Sciences in Kurdistan University, in 2012. To collect data, Hazan and Shaver′s attachment style measure and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire were used. The results were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16 (IBM, Chicago IL, USA) and statistical analysis was performed via t-test, Chi-square test, and multiple regression tests. Results: Secure attachment style was the most common attachment style and the least common was ambivalent attachment style. Avoidant attachment style was more common among single persons than married people (P = 0.03). No significant relationship was observed between attachment style and gender and grade point average of the studied people. The mean happiness score of students was 62.71. In multivariate analysis, the variables of secure attachment style (P = 0.001), male gender (P = 0.005), and scholar achievement (P = 0.047) were associated with higher happiness score. Conclusion: The most common attachment style was secure attachment style, which can be a positive prognostic factor in medical students, helping them to manage stress. Higher frequency of avoidant attachment style among single persons, compared with married people, is mainly due to their negative attitude toward others and failure to establish and maintain relationships with others.

The research deals with the relation between asset growth and stock return and also the role of financing resources in returns of firms with high or low asset growth. With an accurate study of literature, six hypotheses and a statistical sample of 96 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for a seven-year period during 2005 to 2011 have been provided. Hypotheses were analyzed by multivariate regression and tests of F and t. Results obtained by hypothesis test show that there is a significant positive relation between asset growth and stock return of firms and there is a significant negative (positive) relation between internal & external financing and stock return of firms with high (low) asset growth. But relation of financing through bank and capital market with stock return of firms with high (low) asset growth is significantly positive (negative). In addition, the results show that there is no significant relation between the proportion of free float shares and stock return of firms with high asset growth, however, there is positive and significant relation between the proportion of free float shares and returns of firms with low asset growth.

Objective: The aim of the current research was to determine of the Personality Disorders and clinical signs in aggression attempter in the Public Places of sanandaj City. Method: This research was a descriptive study, targeting all Aggression attempter referred to the commissariat due to aggression attempt in Public Places of sanandaj City that were selected 102 attempter (87 males and 15 females) by convenience sampling. Data were collected by Demographic questionnaire and Millon Multi-axial personality inventory-III (MCMI-III). The data were analyzed by SPSS and used the MANOVA. Results: results showed that the highest personality disorders respectively include of Hystrionic, narcissist, depression and lowest include of dependence, schizotypal, avoidance, passive- aggression. the highest clinical disorders respectively include of dysthymia, Thought disorder, major depression, and the lowest include of Delusion Disorder and PTSD. There was significant difference between two groups in the all personality disorders except passive aggression, obsessive-compulsion and in the all clinical disorders except PTSD and somatoform (p≤./.5). Conclusion: The findings of this study can be helpful in identifying and preventing aggression in the Public Places as Social problem.

This study investigates the effect of political connections with the government on the relationship between ownership concentration with quality of financial reporting and the cost of equity capital in companies that are the member of Tehran Stock Exchange. The result of research hypotheses test based on a statistical sample consist of 95 companies in period of 2001- 2011 showed that earnings quality in companies with concentrated ownership structure is high. On the other hand, in companies with extensive political connections and concentrated ownership structure, earnings quality is lower than other companies. Also, in companies with concentrated ownership structure, the cost of equity capital is low, but in companies with extensive political connections with government which has concentrated ownership structure, the cost of equity capital is higher.

Objective: There are different pathophysiological mechanisms for obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) as suggested by the serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic hypotheses. The present study aimed at comparing the efficacy and safety of saffron (stigma of Crocus sativus) and fluvoxamine in the treatment of mild to moderate obsessive- compulsive disorder. Method: In this study, 50 males and females, aged 18 to 60 years, with mild to moderate OCD, participated. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either saffron (30 mg/day, 15 mg twice a day) or fluvoxamine (100 mg/day) for 10 weeks. Using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Adverse Event Checklist, we assessed the patients at baseline, and at the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth week. Finally, the data were analyzed using general linear repeated measures. Results: In this study, 46 patients completed the trial. General linear repeated measures demonstrated no significant effect for time-treatment interaction on the Y-BOCS total scores [F (2.42, 106.87) = 0.70, P = 0.52], obsession Y-BOCS subscale scores [F (2.47, 108.87) = 0.77, p = 0.49], and compulsion Y-BOCS subscale scores [F (2.18, 96.06) = 0.25, P = 0.79]. Frequency of adverse events was not significantly different between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that saffron is as effective as fluvoxamine in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate OCD.

The paper studies of the effect the related and unrelated diversification for products and ownership structure on capital structure for a sample of 87 firms out of 19 industry listed on the Tehran stock exchange during the period 2004- 2009. For to regress of models to apply of multivariate approach include panel data and cross-sectional regressions. This study adopts panel fixed effects regression models to estimate the relationship between diversification (related/unrelated), ownership structure on capital structure, while controlling for some firm-specific characteristics like size, tangibility, growth opportunities, none-debt tax shields, return of total assets and coefficient of variation.The results indicated that related diversification (RD) positively and unrelated diversification (UD) negatively and significantly, effects on capital structure. Base‌on the definition of capital structure in this paper, firms that are undertake to unrelated diversification strategy, mainly financed by debt; whereas firms that follow related diversification strategy, increased their profitability and sale of production. therefore firms that use of the strategy (RD), minimize risk of liquidity and are likely to be mainly financed by equity. In addition, the results indicated that there was between ownership concentration and capital structure negatively and significant relation. According to the results, the firms that tend to engage in a high degree of ownership concentration, tending in have a lower level of debt in capital structure and stockholders more tend to finance by equity and thus minimize agency costs. The findings of the research also indicate that there isnot perceive significant relation between institutional stockholders and capital structure.

With forming Agency relationship, there is relation between the conflict between Managers and Shareholders and the managers can behave like opportunities and make decisions that are toward based on their benefits and interest and in contrast of the shareholder’s interest. The companies that are member of Stock Exchange, have different structure and in recent years, corporate governance of Harvey Company influenced upon its structure. This research was performed for studying the effect of structure of corporate Governance upon their performance in Tehran Stock Exchange, for this research, 70 active Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange at time period (2004-2010) and panel data was used. The results showed that there is not meaningful relation between ownership concentration and firm financial performance for stock exchange companies and the relation is as not hump – shaped and there is positive relation between Institutional investors and firm financial performance. JEL:G32,G34

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of industryconcentration on the average stock returns, and proposing a model toexplain this relationship. Explanatory variables are Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of industry concentration, industry size (marketequity), book-to-market ratio, leverage, past 1-year's industry returnand systematic risk (beta); also the industry average return is taken asthe dependent variable. With respect to the concentration index is anindustry specific, all of the dependent and independent variables inthis research are evaluated in industry level. The study covers 1380-1386 and uses 31 manufacturing industry-year observations. Forexamine the research hypothesizes, we use the Panel Data techniquewith Fixed Effect and Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method.Results indicate that in Tehran Securities Exchange there is significantrelationship between industry concentration, size, book-to-marketratio, systematic risk and average stock returns. On the other hand,leverage and past 1-year's industry returns are not associated withannual industry returns.

This Study tries to provide significant evidences about the effects of the firm characteristics on corporate governance indices exchange .Thus 60 companies were selected during 2004-2008 period. Corporate Governance indices in this research included: 1-Board index, 2- Audit Opinion index. In order to evaluate Board and Audit Opinion indices variables of Adequacy (Sustainability) of Board Members and Independent Audit Opinion were used respectively. Moreover, variables of investment opportunities, growth opportunities, financial risk, firm size, institutional shareholder ratio were used to explain firm characteristics. Implementing a multivariate Logistic regression and linear regression patterns as (combined) panel data, an appropriate pattern for each corporate governance index was provided. Findings corroborate that the effects of investment opportunities, financial risk, growth opportunities and lag adequacy of board members on adequacy of board members(current) as board index are significant and also the effects of financial risk and growth opportunities and lag independent audit opinion on independent audit opinion (current) as audit index are significant.

Objective: Therapeutic interventions can be classified into two distinct approaches: abstinent and maintenance method. Currently, there are no clear criteria for referring addicted patients to one of these modalities. We aimed to compare the personality characteristics of individuals with addiction who attended narcotics anonymous sessions with those who received methadone maintenance therapy. Methods: This was a cross- sectional study. The participants were NA members and patients who were undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in outpatient clinics. Using the randomized cluster sampling method, 200 individuals with opioid dependence were selected (each group 100 persons). Data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and the five-factor personality inventory (NEO-FFI). Comparison of the mean scores of NEO-PPI in the two groups was performed by independent t test, and qualitative variables were compared using the Chi-square test. Results: We found a significant difference between the MMT and NA roups with respect to neuroticism, extroversion, and agreeableness. No significant difference was found in the subscales of conscientious and openness. Conclusion: People who regularly attended the NA sessions had lower neuroticism and higher agreeableness than patients who were under the maintenance modality. Whether this is the cause or effect of attending NA sessions requires future large-scale cohort studies.