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Impaired glycemic control is a potential predictor for macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes, which could be recognized by glycemic variability. The aim of this 10-year prospective cohort study presented here is to gain a better understanding of the correlation between GV and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) as one of the most common complications of T2DM.Since February 2010, 1152 adult patients with T2DM have been followed-up. Baseline features, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory findings were collected and documented during ten years. The association between DPN incidence and glycemic profile variability was evaluated using cox regression analysis. The coefficient of variation of glycemic indices within subjects was calculated and compared using an independent sample t-test.Individuals who developed neuropathy had significantly higher mean levels of glycemic indices (HbA1c, FBS, and 2hpp), urinary albumin excretion, mean creatinine levels, and a longer duration of diabetes. A significant positive correlation between incidence of DPN and glycemic profile variability (cv-FBS10 %, cv-FBS20 %, cv-2hpp20 %, cv-HbA1c5 % and cv-HbA1c10 %) was revealed. Results also showed that higher variability of FBS was associated with the higher risk of neuropathy incidence (HR: 12.29, p-value: 0.045), which indicates that glycemic profile variability is an independent risk factor for DPN in patients with T2DM.Variability of glycemic profiles from a visit to visit, regardless of sustained hyperglycemia, was indeed a significant risk factor for DPN in diabetic type 2 patients. CV-FBS was the most critical glycemic variability indices for DPN development.

Obesity plays a major role in the pathogenesis and development of macro- and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed to assess the association between obesity and macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes.This study consisted of 111,830 patients (age range: 1-106) with diabetes including 10,641 T1D (3187 obese [38.2% men] and 7454 non-obese [45.5% men]) and 101,189 T2D (51,873 obese [27.5% men] and 49,316 non-obese [33.4% men]) from the National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes (NPPCD-2021) in Iran, who attended academic tertiary care outpatient clinics from February 2016 to April 2021. A pooled logistic regression model was used to examine the association between obesity and diabetic complications.Among patients with T1D, a significant association was found between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD), neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy (OR= 1.75, 1.56, 1.80 and 1.92, P-value= 0.001, 0.004, 0.001 and0.001, respectively). In T2D, a statistically significant association was found between obesity and CVD, neuropathy and nephropathy (OR= 1.63, 1.98, 1.21, respectively, P-values0.001).Obesity was independently associated with CVD, neuropathy and nephropathy in patients with T1D and T2D and with retinopathy only in T1D, to different degrees. The association between obesity and retinopathy and neuropathy was the strongest among T1D and T2D, respectively. Findings from this study suggest that obesity affects diabetic complications differently among the two types of diabetes, in terms of epidemiology and pathophysiology. This signifies the importance of different preventive and therapeutic approaches to obesity in T1D compared to T2D, on a national and global scale.

Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication of liver transplant. Here, we assessed the rate and contributing factors of acute kidney injury and need for renal replacement therapy in patients undergoing liver transplant at a transplant center in Tehran, Iran.We identified all patients who underwent liver transplant at the Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex from March 2018 to March 2019 and who were followed for 3 months after transplant. Acute kidney injury was defined based on the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. We collected demographic and pretransplant, intraoperative, and posttransplant data. Univariable and multivariable models were applied to explore independent risk factors for acute kidney injury incidence and need for renal replacement therapy.Our study included 173 deceased donor liver transplant recipients. Rates of incidence of acute kidney injury and need for renal replacement therapy were 68.2% and 14.5%, respectively. The 3-month mortality rate among those with severe and mild or moderate acute kidney injury was 44.0% (14/25) and 9.7% (9/ 93), respectively (P.001). Multivariable analyses indicated that serum albumin (relative risk of 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.87; P = .021), baseline serum creatinine (relative risk of 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-2.90; P = .037), and intraoperative mean arterial pressure (relative risk of 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.82; P = .008) were independent factors for predicting posttransplant acute kidney injury. Independent risk factors for requiring renal replacement therapy were pretransplant serum creatinine (relative risk of 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.89-4.47; P = .044) and intraoperative vasopressor infusion (relative risk of 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-2.00; P = .021).We found a high incidence of acute kidney injury among liver transplant recipients in our center. There was a significant association between severity of acute kidney injury and 3-month and in-hospital mortality.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a Mediterranean dietary pattern on the incidence of macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes, namely cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetic foot disorders, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.This longitudinal study was conducted among 71392 adults with diabetes who attended academic tertiary-care outpatient clinics from February 2016 to March 2020 across Iran using the National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes database. Among them, 22187 patients with diabetes (type 1 and type 2) completed 2-11 follow-up visits after baseline registration. The association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and diabetic complications was assessed using pooled logistic regression models. This association was adjusted for potential confounders. The effect of time was assessed using fractional polynomials.A total of 22187 participants were included in the analysis (30.22% men and 69.78% women) with either type 1 (mean age 50.7 years) or type 2 (mean age 59.9 years) diabetes. After adjustment for confounding variables, there was a negative correlation between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and the incidence of CVD among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 2 diabetes (T2D) (OR= 0.53, 95% CI: 0.37 - 0.75, p-value0.001 and OR= 0.61, 95% CI: 0.57 - 0.89, p-value0.001, respectively). Also, the diet had a statistically significant protective effect against incident symptomatic neuropathy (OR= 0.32, 95% CI: 0.23 - 0.43, p-value0.001, and OR= 0.68, 95% CI: 0.64 - 0.72, p-value0.001, respectively), nephropathy (OR= 0.42, 95% CI: 0.30 - 0.58, p-value0.001, and OR= 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80 - 0.96, p-value= 0.007, respectively), and retinopathy (OR= 0.32, 95% CI: 0.24 - 0.44, p-value0.001, and OR= 0.68, 95% CI: 0.61 - 0.71, p-value0.001, respectively) in T1D and T2D.The Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with a lower incidence of CVD and microvascular complications (i.e. diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) among a cohort of patients with T1D and T2D in Iran.

BACKGROUND: This study examines the changes in segmental and global cervical sagittal parameters after single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in patients with cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. We also investigate whether these changes have any relation with postoperative pain and functional outcome of the patients. METHODS: Sixty patients (37 females and 23 males) with a mean age of 45.9 ± 9.5 years who were candidates of single-level ACDF due to cervical myelopathy or radiculopathy participated in the study. At baseline, 1 month, and 6 months after ACDF, outcomes of the study including sagittal balance parameters, pain intensity, and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were measured among the patients. Intensity of pain and neck disability were measured using the visual analog scale (VAS) and validated version of NDI, respectively. Using a standard lateral cervical radiography, the Cobb angle for occiput–C2, C1–C2, and C2–C7 as well as operation-level angle (OA; Cobb's angle at the level of discopathy), the thoracic inlet angle, and C7 and T1 slope angles were measured. RESULTS: The intensity of pain and neck disability of patients improved significantly during the follow up of the study comparing with baseline measurements (P < .001). There was a significant correlation between the increase of C2–C7 angle, C1–C2 angle, and OA and improvement in neck pain and NDI at 1- and 6-month follow ups. CONCLUSIONS: We found that changes at C2–C7 angle, C1–C2 angle, and OA have positive significant correlation with clinical outcome including pain improvement and decrease of disability in patients who undergo ACDF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study might be beneficial in selection of cervical cages with appropriate size during ACDF surgery, as our findinds showed that larger cages could lead to better functional outcome in patients.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major mortality risk factor in patients with diabetes. LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. There is one apolipoprotein B (ApoB) molecule in each LDL particle. We aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the LDL-C/ApoB ratio for CHD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).In this case-cohort study (apo)lipoproteins and glycemic indices were measured in 1058 individuals with T2D from February 2002 to March 2019, with a median duration of follow up of 10 years. Of 1058 patients with T2D, coronary heart disease occurred in 242 patients. Increased waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and hemoglobin A1c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) ratio, presence of hypertension and metabolic syndrome, and insulin and statin use were more prevalent among patients with CHD (P 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that an LDL-C/ApoB ratio equal or lower than 1.2 could predict CHD independent of ASCVD risk score [adjusted OR:1.841, CI:1.257-2.698, P 0.001] when adjusted for multiple confounders. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) did not predict CHD.This study showed that LDL-C/ApoB ratio, but not the atherogenic index of plasma, may be considered as an indicator of CHD independent of the ASCVD risk score in patients with T2D. This finding merits further clarification to optimize preventive strategies for CHD.

The neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and the consequential damage to the olfactory system have been proposed as one of the possible underlying causes of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19. We aimed to aggregate the results of the studies which reported imaging of the olfactory system of patients with COVID-19 versus controls.PubMed and EMBASE were searched to identify relevant literature reporting the structural imaging characteristics of the olfactory bulb (OB), olfactory cleft, olfactory sulcus (OS), or olfactory tract in COVID-19 patients. Hedge's g and weighted mean difference were used as a measure of effect size. Quality assessment, subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were also conducted.Ten studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, out of which seven studies with 183 cases with COVID-19 and 308 controls without COVID-19 were enrolled in the quantitative synthesis. No significant differences were detected in analyses of right OB volume and left OB volume. Likewise, right OS depth and left OS depth were also not significantly different in COVID-19 cases compared to non-COVID-19 controls. Also, we performed subgroup analysis, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis to investigate the potential effect of confounding moderators.The findings of this review did not confirm alterations in structural imaging of the olfactory system, including OB volume and OS depth by Covid-19 which is consistent with the results of recent histopathological evaluations.

Our aim in this study was to assess the relationship between serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and apolipoproteins and the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy (DR).One thousand fifty-seven patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into 2 main groups and followed for 5 years: 637 patients without DR and 420 patients with DR. A group of patients with DR were then divided into 2 subgroups: 162 patients with nonproliferative DR (NPDR) and 163 patients with proliferative DR (PDR). The association between serum Lp(a) and apolipoproteins with NPDR and PDR was assessed using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was performed based on the new cutoff values.There was a positive relationship between Lp(a) and the presence of DR as well as a negative correlation between ApoA and DR (p0.001 and p=0.03, respectively). We also found a positive association between ApoB and the severity of DR (p=0.008). ApoA1 had an area under the curve of 55.0% for the prediction of DR. The calculated cutoff values of ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (0.58 g/L) and ApoB (77.5 g/L) in detection of DR were lower than their standard cutoff values of 0.8 and 90 g/L, respectively. Also, the sensitivity of new cutoff values for ApoB and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was higher than the standard value, but the specificity of the standard cutoff values for both was higher than our new cutoff value.Serum Lp(a) and ApoA1 levels were independently associated with DR, and serum ApoB correlated with severity of DR. These measurements can be used for assessment and early treatment of this vision-threatening complication of diabetes.

Smoking is among the top leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, studies on the association between smoking and diabetes complications and metabolic control have shown conflicting results. In this study, we aimed to assess the association of smoking with micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes and lipid and glycemic indices.We used the National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes of Iran database of 99,651 adult patients with diabetes across Iran. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the association between smoking and diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. This association was adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin (A1C), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, medication, obesity and type of diabetes.Smoking was associated with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy (odds ratios [ORs] for patients with type 1 diabetes were 1.51, 2.29, 2.70 and 2.40, respectively; for patients with type 2 diabetes, ORs were 1.27, 1.21, 1.51 and 1.70, respectively; all with p values0.001). Among patients with type 1 diabetes, smoking was significantly (p0.05) associated with A1C (OR, 2.12), 2-h postglucose level (OR, 1.30), triglycerides (OR, 1.48) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) control (OR, 1.34). Among patients with type 2 diabetes, smoking was significantly associated with A1C (OR, 1.09) and HDL control (OR, 1.21).Smoking was associated with multiple diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy and worse A1C and HDL control in both patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It was also associated with worse 2-h postglucose level and triglyceride control among patients with type 1 diabetes. Our findings signify that national programs for smoking prevention and cessation may be beneficial to diabetes control in Iran.

To investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) in combination with losartan compared to the high dose of losartan alone on serum markers of diabetic nephropathy such as HSP70, copeptin, CRP, and TNFα in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.A single-center, randomized, double-blind, open-label clinical trial was conducted. Sixty-two patients were eligible and allocated to "PTX + losartan" and "high-dose losartan" arms of the trial using software for random number generation. The first arm received 400 mg PTX two times a day (BD) plus 50 mg losartan daily, while the second arm received 50 mg losartan two times a day (BD) for 12 weeks. Comparison of the biomarkers' levels before and after treatment was done using paired sample t test variance. ANCOVA was applied to evaluate the comparative efficacy of the two interventions. The effect size was calculated and reported for each biomarker.Urine albumin excretion (UAE), hs-CRP, and HbA1c significantly decreased in both trial arms compared to the baseline measures. Copeptin and TNFα showed significant differences (after vs before) only in the losartan group (p = 0.017 and p = 0.043, respectively). The losartan arm was more successful in reducing TNFα, copeptin, HSP70, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values (p = 0.045, effect size = 7.3%; p = 0.018, effect size 10.1%; p = 0.046, effect size 4.7%, p = 0.001, effect size 23%; p = 0.012, effect size 10.2%, respectively) and the PTX arm was associated with a superior reduction of UAE and hs-CRP levels (p = 0.018, effect size 9.1%; p = 0.028, effect size 9.2%, respectively).Add-on PTX to losartan may have more effective anti-inflammatory and anti-albuminuric roles and therefore may be more applicable in the management of diabetic nephropathy compared with high-dose losartan alone.Trial number IRCT 20121104011356N10.

Background Immunocompromised (IC) patients are at higher risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, morbidity, and mortality compared to the general population. They should be prioritized for primary prevention through vaccination. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in IC patients through a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Method PubMed-MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for original articles reporting the immunogenicity of two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in adult patients with IC condition between June 1, 2020 and September 1, 2021. Meta-analysis was performed using either random or fixed effect according to the heterogeneity of the studies. Subgroup analysis was performed to identify potential sources of heterogeneity. Results A total of 26 studies on 3207 IC patients and 1726 healthy individuals were included. The risk of seroconversion in IC patients was 48% lower than those in controls (RR = 0.52 [0.42, 0.65]). IC patients with autoimmune conditions were 54%, and patients with malignancy were 42% more likely to have positive seroconversion than transplant recipients (P P = 0.03). Subgroup meta-analysis based on type of transplantation (kidney vs. others) showed no statistically significant between-group difference of seroconversion (P = 0.55). Conclusions IC patients, especially transplant recipients, developed lower immunogenicity with two-dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Among patients with IC, those with autoimmune conditions and solid organ malignancies are mostly benefited from COVID-19 vaccination. Findings from this meta-analysis could aid healthcare policymakers in making decisions regarding the importance of the booster dose or more strict personal protections in the IC patients.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we aimed to assess the association between visit-to-visit variability of fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, blood sugar 2 h post-prandial (BS2hpp), lipid indices, creatinine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and incident CHD in patients with type 2 diabetes during a median follow-up of ten years. The current case-cohort study consisted of 1500 individuals with type 2 diabetes, followed up for the occurrence of CHD from 2002 to 2019. The patients had at least four annual follow-ups during which glycemic and lipid profile were measured. Co-efficient of variance (CV) for each parameter was calculated by 10-21 measurements. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the association between CV of glycemic indices, lipid profile, blood pressure, creatinine, weight and incident CHD during the follow-up period. Hazard ratios (HR) were adjusted for the confounding variables. Glycemic indices variability (i.e., CV-HbA1c, CV-FBS, and CV-BS2hpp), were significantly higher in the group with incident CHD (P=0.034, P=0.042, and P=0.044, respectively). Hazard ratios were 1.42 (95 % CI=1.13-2.09) for CV-HbA1c, 1.37 (95 % CI=1.02-2.10) for CV-FBS, and 1.16 (95 % CI=1.01-1.63) for CV-BS2hpp (P=0.012, P=0.046, P=0.038, respectively). Creatinine was significantly higher in the group with incident CHD (P=0.036) and it was significantly associated with higher incidence of CHD (HR=1.14, 95 % CI=1.02-2.17, P=0.048). Visit to visit variability of glycemic indices of the patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with incident CHD independent of their baseline and mean values.

COVID‐19 could potentially lead to the progression of the course of undiagnosed type 1 diabetes in an infected individuals.

Objective: To evaluate the recovery rate and duration of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction of patients over a period of two months in the Iranian population.Methods: In this study, 305 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled and followed over a duration of 2 months. Binary logistic regression was employed to assess the association between olfactory and gustatory dysfunction with clinical manifestations and past medical history of patients.Results: Olfactory-gustatory dysfunction was reported in 103 (33.7%) patients. Of them, approximately 54.5% and 56.9% of patients did not recover from olfactory and gustatory dysfunction before 10 days, respectively. In addition, almost 21.8% and 20.1% of the patients did not recover from olfactory and gustatory dysfunction after two-month follow-up, respectively. Severe form of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was reported in 93% and 74.7% of patients, respectively.Conclusion: We found that the majority of patients had olfactory and gustatory dysfunction for more than 10 days and about one fifth of patients did not recover after 60 days. Also, longer recovery time from olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was seen in patients who experienced the symptoms of weakness and dyspnea during the time of their disease.

Background In 2013 American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association released a guideline on the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) including a composite of death from CVD, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke (hard CVD). This guideline recommended a risk score that was calculated using pooled cohort equations (ASCVD-PCE). The guideline was updated in 2018/2019 and further risk discussion was suggested for deciding whether to continue or initiate statin therapy among non-diabetic individuals with ASCVD-PCE score ranged 5–20%. They recommended a risk discussion with considering risk enhancing factors (ASCVD-REFs) including family history of premature CVD, chronic kidney disease, triglycerides ≥ 175 mg/dl, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥ 160 mg/dl, metabolic syndrome (Mets), and for women premature menopause, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). In the current study, we aimed to examine the predictability of recommended ASCVD-REFs on incident hard CVD in non-diabetic individuals with LDL-C 70-189 mg/dl, with ASCVD-PCE risk 5–20% during 10 and 15-year follow-up. Methods Among a total of 3546 non-diabetic individuals aged 40-75 years, after excluding those with ASCVD-PCE score Results During the 10-year follow-up, 73 hard CVD events occurred. Although in univariable analysis, high blood pressure (BP) component of Mets, GDM/macrosomia, and HDP remained as significant ASCVD-REFs, in the multivariable analysis, only the history of HDP (5.35 (1.22–23.38)) and GDM/macrosomia (3.18 (1.05–9.65)) showed independent risks. During the 15-year follow-up, Mets (1.47 (1.05–2.06)) and its components of high waist circumference (1.40 (1.0–1.95)) and high BP (1.52 (1.07–2.15)) significantly increased the risk. These ASCVD-REFs did not improve discrimination or predictive ability. Conclusions In a decade follow-up, only conditions specific for women and in longer follow-up, the presence of Mets perse, and its components of high WC and high BP were shown as significant ASCVD-REFs.

Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by loss of hypocretin neurons, has been associated with metabolic disturbances. Although the metabolic alterations in narcolepsy patients are widely investigated in the literature, the results are controversial. We performed a systematic search of literature to identify metabolic profiling studies in narcolepsy patients. A total of 48 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Narcolepsy patients exhibited higher prevalence of obesity (log OR = 0.93 [0.73-1.13], P 0.001), diabetes mellitus (log OR = 0.64 [0.34, 0.94], P 0.001), hypertension (log OR = 0.33 [0.11, 0.55], P 0.001), and dyslipidemia (log OR = 1.19 [0.60, 1.77], P 0.001) compared with non-narcoleptic controls. Narcolepsy was associated with higher BMI (SMD = 0.50 [0.32-0.68], P 0.001), waist circumference (MD = 8.61 [2.03-15.19], P = 0.01), and plasma insulin (SMD = 0.61 [0.14-1.09], P = 0.01). Levels of fasting blood glucose (SMD = -0.25 [-0.61,0.10], P = 0.15), BMR-RMR (SMD = -0.17 [-0.52-0.18], P = 0.34), systolic blood pressure (SMD = 0.29 [-0.39-0.97], P = 0.40), diastolic blood pressure (SMD = 0.39 [-0.62, 1.40], P = 0.45), CSF melanin-concentrating hormone (MD = 5.56 [-30.79-41.91], P = 0.76), serum growth hormone (SMD = 7.84 [-7.90-23.57], P = 0.33), as well as plasma and CSF leptin (SMD = 0.10 [-1.32-1.51], P = 0.89 and MD = 0.01 [-0.02-0.04], P = 0.56, respectively) did not significantly differ between narcolepsy patients and controls. These findings necessitate early screening of metabolic alterations and cardiovascular risk factors in narcolepsy patients to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates.

BackgroundTo date, anthropometric measures (i.e. body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) have shown to be associated with prediction of incident hypertension. However, the difference in accuracy of these measures has been of controversy. We aimed to determine whether WHtR is a more accurate tool for HTN than WHR and BMI in patients with type 2 diabetes.Material and MethodsThe study population consisted of 1685 normotensive patients with T2DM. They were followed up for hypertension incidence for a mean of 4.8 years from April 2002 to January 2020. Cox regression was performed to assess the association between anthropometric measures (i.e., BMI, WHR, and WHtR) and incident hypertension during the follow-up period. Area under the ROC curve analysis was performed and optimal cutoff values were calculated using Youden index.ResultsWHtR and BMI were significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension (HR=3.296(0.936-12.857), P < 0.001 and HR:1.050 (1.030-1.070), P < 0.001, respectively). The discriminative powers of each anthropometric index for HTN were 0.571 (0.540–0.602) for BMI, 0.518 (0.486–0.550) for WHR, and 0.609 (0.578–0.639) for WHtR. The optimal cutoff points for predicting HTN in patients with T2DM were 26.94 (sensitivity=0.739, specificity=0.380) for BMI, 0.90 (sensitivity=0.718, specificity=0.279) for WHR and 0.59 (sensitivity=0.676, specificity=0.517) for WHtR.ConclusionIn the current study WHtR was a more accurate screening tool for HTN compared to WHR and BMI in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: To assess the effect of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk enhancing factors (ASCVD-REFs) on incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among non-diabetic individuals with borderline and intermediate ACC/AHA score during 10 and 15-year follow-up. Moreover, the added value of these ASCVD-REFs on the predictive power of the pooled cohort equations (PCE) was examined. Methods: A total of 1204 adults aged 40-75 years, free from CVD at baseline with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) between 70-189 mg/dl, were included. Unadjusted Cox regression analysis was used. The predictive ability of each significant ASCVD-REFs was estimated using the cut-point-free integrated discrimination improvement (IDI).Results: During 10-year follow up, 181 CVD events (including 73 hard CVD) occurred. For hard CVD events, the high blood pressure (BP) component (i.e. ≥130/85 mmHg) of metabolic syndrome (Mets) (Hazard ratio: HR (95% CI; 1.67(1.03-2.70)) and positive history of preeclampsia (5.06(1.17-22.0)) were significant ASCVD-REFs. During the longer follow-up, Mets and its components of high waist circumference (WC) and high BP significantly increased the risk. As for CVD events, the Mets and its high BP and high WC components significantly increased the risk. However, in the ACC/AHA adjusted score, these covariates did not significantly improve the predictive power of the CVD or hard CVD. Conclusions: The high BP was the most consistent and independent ASCVD-REFs in the prediction of all CVD and hard CVD, among the population with borderline/intermediate risk. Hence, considering pharmacologic therapies for patients with high BP and high LDL-C might be beneficial for preventive initiatives.

AimTo evaluate the predictive value of the LDL-C/ApoB ratio for coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients with type2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsIn this case-cohort study, (apo)lipoproteins and glycemic indices were measured in 1058 individuals with T2D from February 2002 to March 2019, with a median duration of follow up of 10 years.ResultsOf 1058 patients with T2D, coronary heart disease occurred in 242 patients. Increased waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and hemoglobin A1c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) ratio, presence of hypertension and metabolic syndrome, and insulin and statin use were more prevalent among patients with CHD (PConclusionThis study showed that LDL-C/ApoB ratio and Lp(a) each, but not the atherogenic index of plasma, may be considered as an indicator of CHD independent of ASCVD risk score in patients with T2D. This finding merits further clarification to optimize preventive strategies for CHD.

Similar to its predecessors, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits neurotrophic properties, which lead to progression of neurologic sequelae. Besides direct viral invasion to the central nervous system (CNS), indirect CNS involvement through viral-mediated immune response is plausible. Aberrant immune pathways such as extreme release of cytokines (cytokine storm), autoimmunity mediated by cross-reactivity between CNS components and viral particles, and microglial activation propagate CNS damage in these patients. Here, we review the currently available evidence to discuss the plausible immunologic pathways that may contribute to the development of COVID-19 neurological complications, namely Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, seizure, and brainstem involvement.

Background To explores the prevalence of autoantibodies (zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A), antibodies to insulin (IAAs), glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GAD65)), the relation of the type of positive autoantibody and the number of positive autoantibodies with the glycemic and lipid profile of the patients with LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults) and compares it to the metabolic profile of patients presenting with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods 263 patients with T2DM were recruited for this cross-sectional study in Tehran, Iran. Data from patients included complete medical history, GAD65, ZnT8A, IAA and routine metabolic laboratory workup. Assay for autoantibodies were conducted using ELISA kits. The association between autoantibodies and glycemic and lipid profile of patients with diabetes was assessed using univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Results Our study revealed that among 263 patients with T2DM, 29 (11%) cases were positive for IAAs, 9 (3.4%) for ZnT8A, and 12 (4.6%) for GAD65. Six (2.3%) of the patients had triple positive antibodies. Patients with positive results were younger, had lower body mass index (BMI), c-peptide, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL), HbA1c and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. Triple antibody positivity was significantly associated with lower levels of C-Peptide, Triglycerides, FBG, and HbA1c compared to triple negative antibodies. Conclusion Patients with LADA positive for either of the autoantibodies (GAD65, ZnT8 and IAA) presented with worse glycemic control. Measurement of these autoantibodies can assist in discrimination of these patients and help with earlier control of glycemic profile.

Background: High burden of chronic cardio-metabolic disease (CCD) including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been reported in the Middle East and North Africa region. We aimed to externally validate a Europoid risk assessment tool designed by Alssema et al, including non-laboratory measures, for the prediction of the CCD in the Iranian population. Methods: The predictors included age, body mass index, waist circumference, use of antihypertensive, current smoking, and family history of cardiovascular disease and or diabetes. For external validation of the model in the Tehran lipids and glucose study (TLGS), the Area under the curve (AUC) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) goodness of fit test were performed for discrimination and calibration, respectively. Results: Among 1310 men and 1960 women aged 28-85 years, 29.5% and 47.4% experienced CCD during the 6 and 9-year follow-up, respectively. The model showed acceptable discrimination, with an AUC of 0.72(95% CI: 0.69-0.75) for men and 0.73(95% CI: 0.71-0.76) for women. The calibration of the model was good for both genders (min HL P=0.5). Considering separate outcomes, AUC was highest for CKD (0.76(95% CI: 0.72-0.79)) and lowest for T2DM (0.65(95% CI: 0.61-0.69)), in men. As for women, AUC was highest for CVD (0.82(95% CI: 0.78-0.86)) and lowest for T2DM (0.69(95% CI: 0.66-0.73)). The 9-year follow-up demonstrated almost similar performances compared to the 6-year follow-up. Conclusion: This model showed acceptable discrimination and good calibration for risk prediction of CCD in short and long-term follow-up in the Iranian population.

Aims To investigate the associations between Lp(a), Apo A1, Apo B, and Apo B/Apo A1 ratio with micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Methods and results In this case-cohort study, 1057 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were followed in the diabetes clinic of Vali-Asr Hospital from 2014 to 2019. The association between serum Lp (a) and apolipoproteins with cardiovascular disease (CVD), neuropathy, and nephropathy were assessed by using binary regression analysis. The ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive properties of proteins. Youden index was used to calculate cutoff values. Among patients with T2DM, 242, 231, and 91 patients developed CVD, neuropathy, and nephropathy, respectively. The serum Lp (a) level was positively correlated with the development of all three. (P-values = 0.022, 0.042, and 0.038, respectively). The Apo A1 level was negatively correlated with nephropathy. Among the biomarkers, Lp(a) had the highest AUC for prediction of CVD, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Calculated cutoff values of Lp(a), and Apo A1 levels were higher than the standard cutoff values. Conclusion Serum level of Lp(a) is a predictor for CVD, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Based on the calculated cutoff values in patients with T2DM, we should consider diabetic complications at higher levels of Lp(a).

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially among middle and low income nations. Many diabetic complications and comorbidities are attributable to poor glycemic control. The aim of this study was to update and extend the national diabetes reports on the status of comorbidities, diabetes care and complications in Iran. Moreover, we investigated the risk factors of poor glycemic control in the Iranian population.National database of 99,651 patients with diabetes who attended university-affiliated clinics between April 1, 2017 and February 30, 2018 was used to carry out a cross-sectional study. Stepwise backward selection logistic regression model was used to examine the associated factors of glycemic control.In this study 73.0% and 56.5% of the enrolled population with diabetes, had hypertension and hyperlipidemia, respectively. The prevalence of patients who received education for nutrition therapy or diabetes self-management was 16.3% and 23.3% respectively. Poor glycemic control was associated with male gender (OR=1.06, p=0.001), obesity (OR=1.03, p=0.05), duration of diabetes (OR=1.018, p0.001), smoking (OR=1.08, p=0.041), hypertension (OR=1.53, p0.001), hyperlipidemia (OR=1.15, p0.001), insulin therapy (OR=1.26, p0.001) and combination of insulin and oral anti-diabetic agents compared to oral anti-diabetic agents alone (OR=2.36, p0.001).We demonstrated that the prevalence of diabetes comorbidities is high in Iranian population and that a great proportion of Iranian patients with diabetes had not reached the goal of glycemic control. Our findings provide a starting point from which to investigate the obstacles that prevent patients with diabetes from reaching metabolic targets.