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1. Household Salt consumption and urinary iodine levels in Schoolchildren aged 8–10 in Darab City, Iran: 2022

Author

Sakineh Hooshmand, Fatemeh Yousefian, Habibollah Rahimi, Mahdieh Mohammadzadeh, and Rouhullah Dehghani

Subjects
Goiter, Hypothyroidism, Sodium chloride, Iodized salt, Deficiency, Urine, Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Iodized salt serves as an effective intervention strategy, combating iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and promoting overall health. This study aimed to assess the household salt consumption status and its relationship with urinary iodine (UI) levels among school-aged children. This is a descriptive-cross-sectional study that was selected by cluster-random sampling from 5 girls’ schools (182) and 5 boys’ schools (169), with a total of 351 primary school students (8–10 years old) of Darab. To explore the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable, urinary iodine (UI) levels, linear regression model was applied. A significance level of 0.05 was adopted for all analyses. The median UI level was 138 µg/L (IQR = 111). Our findings revealed that 66% of used iodized salt. A significant majority of participants properly stored their salt in containers with lids. Nearly half of the students in Darab have insufficient iodine intake. Despite controlling for the effect of iodized foods consumption, no significant association (P-value = 0.693) was observed between the storage method and iodized foods. Our study showed that students do not receive enough iodine or have received more than the required amount of iodine. Therefore, efforts should be focused on increasing awareness of diseases caused by iodine deficiency.

Published
2024
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2. Biochar-amended food waste compost: A review of properties

Author

Mehdi Ebrahimi, Sahar Gholipour, Gholamreza Mostafaii, and Fatemeh Yousefian

Subjects
Compost, Food waste, Biochar, Solid waste management, Technology
Abstract

The attention towards managing food waste (FW) and transforming it into compost has significantly increased in recent years, driven by the potential advantages it offers for sustainable agriculture and waste reduction. Biochar, a carbon-rich amendment derived from biomass through pyrolysis, has gained significant attention due to its potential benefits to enhance compost quality. This systematic review analyzed 11 studies to assess the role of biochar in optimizing FW composting. Studies revealed several benefits of biochar addition, including shortening of the time to reach the thermophilic stage and an increase in composting temperature. Biochar also improved compost quality by maintaining nitrogen content, reducing ammonia emissions, and promoting a favorable pH for microbial activities. Its porous structure created a suitable habitat for microbes, potentially accelerating organic matter degradation. Additionally, biochar's high cation exchange capacity (CEC) helped immobilize potentially toxic metals, reducing their availability in the final compost. However, our knowledge of biochar's benefits in improving compost quality remains incomplete. The reviewed studies neglected to evaluate the microbial quality of the resulting compost and the cost-effectiveness of biochar application. Future research should prioritize long-term studies to assess plant uptake from soils amended with biochar. Additionally, investigations into the optimal biochar-to-compost ratio, as well as the most effective timing and methods for land application, should be undertaken. Addressing these knowledge gaps is crucial for optimizing the utilization of biochar in FW composting, thereby leading to sustainable waste management practices and enhanced soil fertility.

Published
2024
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3. Lizards: Poisonous animals or biological pest control agents?

Author

Rouhullah Dehghani, Kobra Foroughi, and Fatemeh Yousefian

Subjects
lizards, poison, biological pest, control agent, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

The lack of accurate understanding of the environment and its surrounding fauna has led to the spread of misconceptions about the behaviors of certain animals, such as lizards. This is evident even in articles that lack scientific rigor. For instance, one article claims that the painful bites of lizards can cause fear and infection.[1]Additionally, many people believe that lizards possess poisonous tails, leading to the erroneous assumption that if they were to fall into cooking pots and be consumed, it could result in death due to cyanide poisoning. Such beliefs, particularly regarding Iranian lizards, are unfounded. This fear is largely rooted in superstition; it is important to note that lizards do not pose a threat to human life. They are completely harmless creatures, and even when captured or trapped, they do not endanger humans. Over the past 35 years, various species of Iranian lizards-ranging from 2 to 80 centimeters in size-have coexisted in both natural environments and traditional and modern homes without causing any harm [Figure 1].This fear is entirely baseless and primarily stems from cultural misconceptions that should be addressed through public awareness initiatives. Lizards are not merely pests; they are also among the best biological pest control agents.[2,3] They can effectively hunt mosquitoes for hours behind window screens in homes. As some of the most efficient insectivores, lizards have adapted well to a variety of habitats, including deserts, mountains, forests, and both urban and rural residential areas, without causing any harm or damage. They play a vital role in controlling pests such as cockroaches and mosquitoes.[4] However, awareness of the benefits of these creatures in Iran remains low.Having a lizard in the house is akin to hiring someone to tirelessly combat household pests day and night-without incurring any expenses, chemical pollution, or the need for management and supervision.[5]While some lizards are venomous, they belong to specific families. The Iguanidae family includes the green iguana (Iguana iguana), which has a weak venom and is found from Mexico to Brazil. The Helodermatidae family features well-known venomous species such as the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), which inhabits areas in the southern United States-including Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico-and parts of Mexico such as Sonora and Sinaloa, as well as Guatemala's borders. Human bites from these lizards are rare, with the last reported death occurring in 1939.[6,7]A significant number of venomous species have been reported within the Varanidae family. Among them is the West African Nile monitor, Varanus niloticus stellatus, which possesses mild and harmless venom. The Crocodile monitor, Varanus salvadorii, native to the islands of New Guinea, is known for its invasive nature. Another notable species is the Malayan water monitor, Varanus salvator, which has been reported in regions such as Bengal, Sri Lanka, and China. The Komodo dragon, Varanus komodoensis, is one of the largest lizards in the world and inhabits the Komodo Islands of Indonesia.[8,9] Recent studies have identified 171 lizard species in Iran, three of which belong to the Varanidae family. While many of the world's venomous lizard species are part of this family, no venomous species have been documented in Iran to date.[10,11To date, there has been no documented evidence indicating that Iranian lizards are poisonous or venomous. Many individuals mistakenly believe that lizards shed their tails to distract predators, leading to the predator's demise due to toxins such as cyanide or other harmful substances. Occasionally, we hear unfounded claims that people have died after a lizard fell into a pot of food or a milk churn.Some researchers have demonstrated that ingesting domestic lizards in Iran does not result in any poisonous effects, such as nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain, drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, high fever, chills, loss of appetite, headaches, irritability, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), breathing difficulties, excessive salivation, skin rashes, cyanosis (blue lips and skin), burns around the nose or mouth, double vision or blurred vision, mental confusion, seizures or convulsions, loss of consciousness, or coma.[12]The fear or phobia of lizards, similar to apprehensions regarding other phenomena, is widespread globally and manifests in hundreds of phobia types across various cultures and geographical regions. The role of researchers is not to endorse or validate these unfounded fears stemming from ignorance but rather to educate the public about the true nature of these creatures. Education should begin at the earliest stages of life. It is notable that while most members of society may enjoy seeing a sheep's head in a pot, they often express concern about having a lizard in their home. This reaction is not inherent but rather a set of cultural behaviors passed down through generations. If this fear and discomfort regarding lizards become widespread, it could exacerbate the situation. Certainly, we know individuals who may have sensitivities or aversions to certain foods or fruits; however, these sensitivities often diminish over time with increased experience or knowledge.Lizards play a crucial role in ecosystems, particularly in controlling rodent populations. By preying on rodents, they help maintain balance within the food web and contribute to the overall health of their environments. This ecological function is especially important in agricultural settings, where rodent infestations can cause significant crop damage and economic losses.The reliance on chemical pesticides for pest control has raised numerous environmental concerns. Pesticides can have detrimental effects on non-target species, including beneficial insects, birds, and aquatic life. Additionally, the need to change pesticide formulations over time often leads to the use of more potent chemicals, further harming ecosystems and potentially impacting human health.In contrast, biological control methods-such as using natural predators like lizards, rodents, and predatory birds-offer a more sustainable approach to pest management. This method not only reduces reliance on chemical pesticides but also promotes biodiversity and enhances ecosystem resilience. By integrating lizards into pest management strategies, farmers can harness their natural predation abilities, resulting in healthier crops and improved public health outcomes.Furthermore, fostering lizard populations in agricultural areas can decrease the prevalence of pests that transmit diseases to humans and livestock, underscoring their importance in maintaining ecological balance. As awareness of these benefits grows, more agricultural practices are likely to incorporate biological control methods, recognizing the invaluable contributions of lizards and other natural predators to sustainable farming and environmental health.Lizards primarily feed on rodents, making them a vital natural control factor for rodent populations.[9] Consequently, they hold significant ecological value within the energy pyramid. By removing lizards from the natural ecosystem, humans would eliminate one of the key players in maintaining population balance.Experts in agricultural and environmental sciences have concluded that the use of pesticides for pest control should be minimized due to their harmful effects on the environment. Furthermore, every few years, the types of pesticides used must be changed to maintain their effectiveness against pests, often resulting in the application of stronger chemicals that exacerbate environmental damage.In response to these challenges, humans have increasingly turned to breeding and utilizing various natural predators, such as lizards, rodents, and predatory birds, to combat agricultural pests. This approach, known as biological control, is now widely adopted in many countries. By controlling populations of both agricultural and health-related pests, lizards play a crucial role in enhancing public health and increasing crop yields.[5,9]

Published
2024
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4. Two Decades of Air Pollution Health Risk Assessment: Insights From the Use of WHO’s AirQ and AirQ+ Tools

Author

Heresh Amini, Fatemeh Yousefian, Sasan Faridi, Zorana J. Andersen, Ellénore Calas, Alberto Castro, Karla Cervantes-Martínez, Thomas Cole-Hunter, Magali Corso, Natasa Dragic, Dimitris Evangelopoulos, Christian Gapp, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Ingu Kim, Alain Le Tertre, Sylvia Medina, Brian Miller, Stephanie Montero, Weeberb J. Requia, Horacio Riojas-Rodriguez, David Rojas-Rueda, Evangelia Samoli, Jose Luis Texcalac-Sangrador, Maayan Yitshak-Sade, Joel Schwartz, Nino Kuenzli, Joseph V. Spadaro, Michal Krzyzanowski, and Pierpaolo Mudu

Subjects
AirQ, air pollution, burden of disease, health risk assessment, WHO, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

ObjectivesWe evaluated studies that used the World Health Organization’s (WHO) AirQ and AirQ+ tools for air pollution (AP) health risk assessment (HRA) and provided best practice suggestions for future assessments.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive review of studies using WHO’s AirQ and AirQ+ tools, searching several databases for relevant articles, reports, and theses from inception to Dec 31, 2022.ResultsWe identified 286 studies that met our criteria. The studies were conducted in 69 countries, with most (57%) in Iran, followed by Italy and India (∼8% each). We found that many studies inadequately report air pollution exposure data, its quality, and validity. The decisions concerning the analysed population size, health outcomes of interest, baseline incidence, concentration-response functions, relative risk values, and counterfactual values are often not justified, sufficiently. Many studies lack an uncertainty assessment.ConclusionOur review found a number of common shortcomings in the published assessments. We suggest better practices and urge future studies to focus on the quality of input data, its reporting, and associated uncertainties.

Published
2024
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5. The relationship of self-efficacy and resilience with academic engagement: the mediating role of psychological hardiness

Author

Fatemeh Yousefian

Subjects
self-efficacy, resilience, academic engagement, psychological hardiness, Education
Abstract

Objective: This study examines the interplay between self-efficacy, resilience, academic engagement, and the mediating role of psychological hardiness among a sample of 182 students at the Islamic Azad University of Bandar Abbas. Furthermore, the study explores the potential mediating role of psychological hardiness in this relationship. Methods: The research investigates the extent to which students' beliefs in their capabilities (self-efficacy) and their ability to adapt and rebound from challenges (resilience) relate to their active participation and involvement in academic activities (academic engagement). Data were collected through self-report questionnaires measuring self-efficacy, resilience, psychological hardiness, and academic engagement. Statistical analyses, including correlation and mediation analyses, were conducted to uncover the complex interactions among these variables. Results: The findings shed light on the pathways through which self-beliefs and psychological strengths influence students' academic engagement. Conclusions: This research contributes to our understanding of the psychological factors that impact students' academic experiences and outcomes.

Published
2023

6. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on portable air cleaners and blood pressure: Recommendations for users and manufacturers

Author

Sasan Faridi, Ryan W. Allen, Robert D. Brook, Fatemeh Yousefian, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, and Christopher Carlsten

Subjects
Cardiovascular health, Blood pressure, Air pollution, Particulate matter, Portable air cleaners, Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution is a leading contributor to the global burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD). One important underlying mechanism is an increase in blood pressure (BP). A growing number of studies have reported a beneficial effect of portable air cleaners (PACs) on systolic and diastolic BP; SBP and DBP. We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using true versus sham mode filtration reporting the effects on BP. Of 214 articles identified up to February 5, 2023, seventeen (from China, USA, Canada, South Korea and Denmark) enrolling approximately 880 participants (484 female) met the inclusion criteria for meta-analyses. Aside from studies conducted in China, research on PACs and BP has been conducted in relatively low pollution settings. Mean indoor PM2.5 concentrations during the active and sham mode purification were 15.9 and 41.2 µg/m3, respectively. The mean efficiency of PACs against indoor PM2.5 was 59.8 % (ranging from 23 % to 82 %). True mode filtration was associated with a pooled mean difference of − 2.35 mmHg (95 % confidence interval [CI]: − 4.5, − 0.2) and − 0.81 mmHg (95 % CI: − 1.86, 0.24) in SBP and DBP, respectively. After removing the studies with high risk of bias, the magnitude of the pooled benefits on SBP and DBP increased to − 3.62 mmHg (95 % CI: − 6.69, − 0.56) and − 1.35 mmHg (95 % CI: − 2.29, − 0.41), respectively. However, there are several barriers to the use of PACs, specifically in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), such as the initial purchase cost and filter replacements. There may be several avenues to help overcome these economic burdens and improve cost effectiveness, such as implementing government or other subsidized programs to distribute PACs targeting vulnerable and higher-risk individuals. We propose that environmental health researchers and healthcare providers should be better trained to educate the public regarding the use of PACs to reduce the impacts of PM2.5 on cardiometabolic diseases globally.

Published
2023
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7. Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and autism spectrum disorders: Results from a family‐based case‐control study

Author

Nima Ghahari, Fatemeh Yousefian, and Ehsan Najafi

Subjects
air pollution, autism, case‐control, family‐based, traffic‐related, Pediatrics, RJ1-570, Psychiatry, RC435-571
Abstract

Abstract Background Autism prevalence has increased considerably, but its etiology is still poorly understood. While there have been suggestions regarding associations between air pollution exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders, several studies have looked at the effect of air pollution exposure on autism. However, the results are inconsistent. The possible role of unknown confounders is mainly blamed for this inconsistency. Methods To minimize confounding effects, we evaluated the impact of air pollution exposure on autism using a family‐based case‐control study. Cases were individuals with a diagnosis of autism born between 2009 and 2012 in Isfahan city, Iran. The controls did not have a previous history of autism and were cousins of the case person. The controls were matched with the autistic cases in terms of residential location and age range. For each trimester of pregnancy, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and PM10 exposure were estimated using the inverse distance weighted method. Results The analysis indicates a significant association between CO exposure and autism in the second trimester (OR = 1.59; p = 0.046, 95% CI: 1.01–2.51) and entire pregnancy (OR = 2.02; p = 0.049, 95% CI: 1.01–2.95). Likewise, exposure to NO2 during the second trimester (OR = 1.17; p = 0.006, 95% CI: 1.04–1.31), third trimester (OR = 1.11; p = 0.046, 95% CI: 1.01–1.24), and entire pregnancy (OR = 1.27; p = 0.007, 95% CI: 1.07–1.51) were found to be associated with increased risk of autism. Conclusions Overall, our study found higher exposure to CO and NO2, particularly during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, was significantly associated with a higher risk of autism.

Published
2023
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8. Ambient Air Quality Standards and Policies in Eastern Mediterranean Countries: A Review

Author

Sasan Faridi, Michal Krzyzanowski, Aaron J. Cohen, Mazen Malkawi, Heba Adel Moh’d Safi, Fatemeh Yousefian, Faramarz Azimi, Kazem Naddafi, Fatemeh Momeniha, Sadegh Niazi, Heresh Amini, Nino Künzli, Mansour Shamsipour, Adel Mokammel, Vahid Roostaei, and Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand

Subjects
air pollution, Eastern Mediterranean Region, air quality standards, air quality guidelines, NAAQS, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Objectives: National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) are critical tools for controlling air pollution and protecting public health. We designed this study to 1) gather the NAAQS for six classical air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries, 2) compare those with the updated World Health Organizations Air Quality Guidelines (WHO AQGs 2021), 3) estimate the potential health benefits of achieving annual PM2.5 NAAQS and WHO AQGs per country, and 4) gather the information on air quality policies and action plans in the EMR countries.Methods: To gather information on the NAAQS, we searched several bibliographic databases, hand-searched the relevant papers and reports, and analysed unpublished data on NAAQS in the EMR countries reported from these countries to the WHO/Regional office of the Eastern Mediterranean/Climate Change, Health and Environment Unit (WHO/EMR/CHE). To estimate the potential health benefits of reaching the NAAQS and AQG levels for PM2.5, we used the average of ambient PM2.5 exposures in the 22 EMR countries in 2019 from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) dataset and AirQ+ software.Results: Almost all of the EMR countries have national ambient air quality standards for the critical air pollutants except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen. However, the current standards for PM2.5 are up to 10 times higher than the current health-based WHO AQGs. The standards for other considered pollutants exceed AQGs as well. We estimated that the reduction of annual mean PM2.5 exposure level to the AQG level (5 μg m−3) would be associated with a decrease of all natural-cause mortality in adults (age 30+) by 16.9%–42.1% in various EMR countries. All countries would even benefit from the achievement of the Interim Target-2 (25 μg m−3) for annual mean PM2.5: it would reduce all-cause mortality by 3%–37.5%. Less than half of the countries in the Region reported having policies relevant to air quality management, in particular addressing pollution related to sand and desert storms (SDS) such as enhancing the implementation of sustainable land management practices, taking measures to prevent and control the main factors of SDS, and developing early warning systems as tools to combat SDS. Few countries conduct studies on the health effects of air pollution or on a contribution of SDS to pollution levels. Information from air quality monitoring is available for 13 out of the 22 EMR countries.Conclusion: Improvement of air quality management, including international collaboration and prioritization of SDS, supported by an update (or establishment) of NAAQSs and enhanced air quality monitoring are essential elements for reduction of air pollution and its health effects in the EMR.

Published
2023
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9. Rural-Urban Differences in Age at Autism Diagnosis: A Multiple Model Analysis

Author

Nima Ghahari, Fatemeh Yousefian, Saeed Behzadi, and Amin Jalilzadeh

Subjects
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Early Diagnosis, Health Services Accessibility, Health Status Disparities, Multivariate Analysis, Symptom Assessment, Psychiatry, RC435-571
Abstract

Objective: Early recognition of autism is important, but diagnosis age varies among children. Recent studies have aimed to identify factors affecting age of diagnosis and several studies have attempted to explore geographic variation in age at diagnosis of autism. However, there is a lack of research examining geographic variations with multiple models to find whether geographic differences can be explained by risk factors such as socioeconomic status and differences in child characteristics. This study aimed to address this gap of knowledge by comparing age at diagnosis of autism between the group of people living in the center of the province and the group of people living in the rest of the province, considering potential medical and socioeconomic confounders. Method: The study population consisted of 50 autistic children born in East Azerbaijan Province between 2004 and 2016. Initially, univariate testing by ANOVA was performed to identify family and individual factors contributing to differences in age at autism diagnosis. Following this, the association between living in the center of the province and age at diagnosis in univariate and multivariate analyses was examined. Results: Results from the initial univariate analysis indicate a significant association between living in the center of province and early diagnosis. However, inclusion of possible confounders in multiple model illustrates that these geographical disparities in age at diagnosis can be explained by differences in socioeconomic and medical status. Conclusion: Although geographic variation in age at diagnosis of autism was observed, analyses show that differences in individual and family-level factors may contribute to geographic differences. In this study, most of the observed variation was accounted for by family-level factors rather than geographic policies. Findings prove that multiple strategies are required to identify targeted interventions and strategies.

Published
2022
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10. Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in Tehran, Iran

Author

Mina Aghaei, Mehdi Yaseri, Maryam Rostami Aghdam Shendi, Firoozeh Akbari Asbagh, Fatemeh Yousefian, Vida Past, and Amir Hossein Mahvi

Subjects
Air pollution, Exposure, Low birth weight, Preterm, Iran, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066
Abstract

Introduction: Adverse effects of air pollution on human health has been identified as a major concern worldwide. We conducted this study to investigate the association between prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and Low Birth Weight (LBW) and preterm among newborns in the megacity of Tehran. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 1605 newborns. Data on the residential locations of mothers were collected from birth certificates. To estimate the prenatal exposure to air pollutants, data of 21 air quality monitoring stations in Tehran were used. The Man-Whitney test was used to estimate the association between exposure to ambient air pollution and LBW and preterm. Results: The mean birth weight in our analyses was 3117 g. A significant association was found between maternal exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) in the first trimester and incidence of preterm (p=0.011) and LBW (p=0.003) in newborns. Also, a close association was observed between exposure to Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the first and second trimesters and LBW (p=0.002, p=0.015). There were no statistically significant associations in LBW in the case of Particulate Matter less than 10 µm (PM10), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), and Ozone (O3). Conclusion: The results revealed that the higher risk for LBW was related to ambient PM2.5 and CO. Since many factors may affect LBW, and the pathogenic mechanisms of the effect of air pollution on LBW have not been completely elucidated, the findings should be interpreted with caution and further studies need to be conducted on this issue considering the large sample size

Published
2022
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11. Spatial and temporal variation of endotoxin concentrations at composting facilities in one of the largest solid waste management facilities in the Middle East

Author

Mina Aghaei, Kamyar Yaghmaeian, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Masud Yunesian, Ramin Nabizadeh, Fatemeh Yousefian, Mahdi Hosseini Beinabaj, and Mohammad Hossein Hedayati

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, General Chemical Engineering, Environmental Chemistry, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Published
2022
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14. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Khanh Bao Tran, Justin J Lang, Kelly Compton, Rixing Xu, Alistair R Acheson, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Louise Penberthy, Amirali Aali, Qamar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab, Gholamreza Abdoli, Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdorrahim Absalan, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Daniel Addison, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Sumia Afrin, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Addis Aklilu, Maxwell Akonde, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Saleh Ali Alessy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Nivaldo Alonso, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi, Haya Altawalah, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Yaregal Animut Animut, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Benny Antony, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Hany Ariffin, Timur Aripov, Muhammad Arshad, Al Artaman, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Armin Aryannejad, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Reza Assadi, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Davood Azadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Saber Azami-Aghdash, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Y Azzam, Amirhesam Babajani, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Ahad Bakhtiari, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Nasir Z Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Aeysha Begum, Alehegn Bekele Bekele, Alemayehu Sayih Belay, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Luis Belo, Habib Benzian, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Eduardo Bernabe, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Sadia Bibi, Awraris Hailu Bilchut, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Antonio Biondi, Mesfin Geremaw Birega Birega, Habitu Eshetu Birhan, Tone Bjørge, Oleg Blyuss, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Christina Maree Buchanan, Norma B Bulamu, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto 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Melinda Gates Foundation, Kuwait University (Kuwait), Ministry of Higher Education (Malasia), Lega Italiana per la Lotta ai Tumori, Health Effects Institute (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (Reino Unido), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finnish Cancer Foundation, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (India), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Panjab University (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Lung Foundation Australia, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust, UNSW Sydney (Australia), ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology (India), University of Tasmania (Australia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (Irán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Islamabad), National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), University of Oxford (Reino Unido), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Irán), Marga und Walter Boll - Stiftung, Ministero della Salute (Italia), IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), King College London, Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance (India), Public Health, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division

Subjects
Male, DEATHS, DALY, cancer, risk factors, Medizin, systematic analysis, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Cancer prevention, Global Burden of Disease, RC0254, Risk-attributable cancer deaths, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Neoplasms, cancer, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, UK, Medicine(all), MCC, RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer), Risk Factor, Smoking, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Disability-adjusted life-years, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, Risk assessments, risk factor, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, OBESITY, Cancer burden, Neoplasm, Female, LIFE-STYLE, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, RA, Human, RC
Abstract

Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. We are grateful to the surveillance systems, including cancer registries, that generated and shared observed cancer burden data. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H Ariffin acknowledges support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (grant FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/UM/01/1). F Barra acknowledges support from Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori - LILT - Bando 5 x 1000 anno 2019. L Belo and M Carvalho acknowledge the support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. A J Cohen was supported by the Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA. J Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council - ERC Starting Grant 848325. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. T C Ekundayo was supported by the African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH). N Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). J C Glasbey is support by a Doctoral Research Fellowship from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR300175). V K Gupta and V B Gupta acknowledge funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu, A Pana, and M Ausloos acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is also partially supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported from Operational Programme Research, Development and Education–Project, Postdoc2MUNI (number CZ.02.2. 69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). M Jakovljevic acknowledges partial support through the grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. J H Kauppila acknowledges research grants from Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Finnish Cancer Foundation. M N Khatib acknowledges support from Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (deemed-to-be-university). Y J Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional assistance by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. I Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). M-C Li was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2314-B-003-001). G Liu acknowledges support from the CREATE Hope scientific fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia. J Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation (72122001). J A Loureiro was supported by Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT; CEECINST/00049/2018). E Mathews is supported by a Clinical and Public Health Early Career Fellowship (grant number IA/CPHE/17/1/503345) from the DBT India Alliance/Wellcome Trust Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2018–2023). T J Meretoja was supported by an unrestricted grant from Cancer Foundation Finland sr. S Mohammed acknowledges a fellowship grant from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, outside the submitted work. M Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta received support from the Italian Ministry of Health at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste - Italy (RC 34/2017). U Mons is supported by the Marga and Walter Boll Foundation, Kerpen, Germany. M A Moosavi acknowledges the financial support of National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB). J Musa acknowledges support from the NIH/FICK43TW011416 for research-protected time for cervical cancer research and career development at University of Jos. V Nuñez-Samudio is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). O O Odukoya acknowledges support by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the award number K43TW010704 for research-protected time. The content is solely the responsibility of all the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A S Oguntade acknowledges funding by a doctoral scholarship from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford (Oxford Population Health). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their constant support in research collaborations. R G Pestell acknowledges support from NIH grant W81XWH1810605 Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Grant R21 CA235139-01. Z Z Piracha acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. R A Radhakrishnan acknowledges support from Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance - IA/CPHI/18/1/503927. U Saeed acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F Sha was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant number KQTD20190929172835662). H R Shahsavari acknowledges the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council. A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. D A S Silva acknowledges financing in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and D A S Silva is supported in part by CNPq-Brazil (309589/2021-5). L M L R Silva was supported by project CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). Am Singh is supported by the International Graduate Research Scholarship, University of Tasmania. R Suliankatchi Abdulkader acknowledges support from ICMR—National Institute of Epidemiology. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. H Xiao acknowledges support from the Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. X Xu is supported by the University of New South Wales (Australia) Scientia Program. C Yu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 82173626) and Wuhan Medical Research Program of Joint Fund of Hubei Health Committee (grant number WJ2019H304). Sí

Published
2022
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16. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Ambient Air Particulate Matter in Tehran

Author

Sadegh Niazi, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Sasan Faridi, and Fatemeh Yousefian

Subjects
Environmental chemistry, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Particulates, General Environmental Science, Ambient air
Published
2021
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17. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Ambient Air Particulate Matter in Tehran

Author

Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari, Sadegh Niazi, Kazem Naddafi, Sasan Faridi, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, and Fatemeh Yousefian

Subjects
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Mortality rate, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Outbreak, Particulates, complex mixtures, Pollution, Ambient air, Environmental health, Pandemic, Environmental Chemistry, Medicine, business, Air quality index
Abstract

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has indirectly produced both positive and negative effects on the environment, particularly in terms of air quality. Our study aimed to determine these effects in the city of Tehran by comparing the ambient PM2.5 and PM10 levels recorded at 22 air quality monitoring stations during the outbreak (20 February–2 April 2020) with those from the corresponding period last year (20 February–3 April 2019). Contrary to expectation, the average concentrations of both the PM2.5 and the PM10 were markedly higher during the former, increasing by 20.5% and 15.7%, respectively, for the first month of the outbreak (20 February–19 March 2020) and by 23.5% and 20.0% for the subsequent Nowruz New Year holidays (from late March till early April), which resulted in overall increases of 20.5% and 16.5% for the entire period. The non-integrated responses to the pandemic, including the failure to close administrative centers and, in particular, the recommendation to maintain social distancing by reducing public transportation use (prompting citizens to travel by private vehicle), have worsened the ambient air quality in Tehran, providing an exceptional opportunity to evaluate the direct/indirect influence of air quality policies and emission control measures on PM2.5 and PM10. Because of the significant association between the lethality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and exposure to ambient air pollution, the rise in airborne PM2.5 during this outbreak may increase the mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2.

Published
2020
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18. Characteristics of cohort studies of long-term exposure to PM2.5: a systematic review

Author

Mostafa Hadei, Vahid Kazemi Moghadam, Fatemeh Yousefian, and Ramin Nabizadeh

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Public health, Hazard ratio, MEDLINE, General Medicine, Disease, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Epidemiology, Covariate, Environmental Chemistry, Medicine, business, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Demography, Exposure assessment, Cohort study
Abstract

This study systematically reviewed all the cohort studies investigating the relationship between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and any health outcome until February 2018. We searched ISI Web of Knowledge, Pubmed, and Scopus databases for peer-reviewed journal research articles published in English. We only extracted the results of the single-pollutant main analysis of each study, excluding the effect modifications and sensitivity analyses. Out of the initial 9523 articles, 203 articles were ultimately included for analysis. Based on the different characteristics of studies such as study design, outcome, exposure assessment method, and statistical model, we calculated the number and relative frequency of analyses with statistically significant and insignificant results. Most of the studies were prospective (84.8%), assessed both genders (66.5%), and focused on a specific age range (86.8%). Most of the articles (78.1%) had used modeling techniques for exposure assessment of cohorts’ participants. Among the total of 317 health outcomes, the most investigated outcomes include mortality due to cardiovascular disease (6.19%), all causes (5.48%), lung cancer (4.00%), ischemic heart disease (3.50%), and non-accidental causes (3.50%). The percentage of analyses with statistically significant results were higher among studies that used prospective design, mortality as the outcome, fixed stations as exposure assessment method, hazard ratio as risk measure, and no covariate adjustment. We can somehow conclude that the choice of right characteristics for cohort studies can make a difference in their results.

Published
2019
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19. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on human mobility and ambient air quality around the world: A systematic review

Author

Kazem Naddafi, Hosna Janjani, Faramarz Azimi, Fatemeh Yousefian, Sadegh Niazi, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, and Sasan Faridi

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Web of science, Ambient air pollution, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Geography, Planning and Development, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Ambient air, Urban Studies, Geography, Search terms, Environmental health, Pandemic, medicine, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We conducted this systematic review to identify and appraise studies investigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) effect on ambient air pollution status worldwide. The review of studies was conducted using determined search terms via three major electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach. A total of 26 full-text studies were included in our analysis. The lockdown measures related to COVID-19 pandemic caused significant decreases in the concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, PM10, SO2 and CO globally in the range of 2.9%–76.5%, 18.0%–96.0%, 6.0%–75.0%, 6.8%–49.0% and 6.2%–64.8%, respectively. However, O3 concentration increased in the range of 2.4%–252.3%. The highest decrease of PM2.5 was found in 16 states of Malaysia (76.5%), followed by Zaragoza (Spain) with 58.0% and Delhi (India) with 53.1%. The highest reduction of NO2 was found in Sale city (Morocco) with 96.0%, followed by Mumbai (India) with 75.0%, India with 70.0%, Valencia (Spain) with 69.0%, and Sao Paulo (Brazil) with 68.0%, respectively. The highest increase of O3 was recorded for Milan (Italy) with 252.3% and 169.9% during the first and third phases of lockdown measures, and for Kolkata (India) with 87% at the second phase of lockdown measures. Owing to the lockdown restrictions in the studied countries and cities, driving and public transit as a proxy of human mobilities and the factors affecting emission sources of ambient air pollution decreased in the ranges of 30–88% and 45–94%, respectively. There was a considerable variation in the reduction of ambient air pollutants in the countries and cities as the degree of lockdown measures had varied there. Our results illustrated that the COVID-19 pandemic had provided lessons and extra motivations for comprehensive implementing policies to reduce air pollution and its health effects in the future.

Published
2021

20. Impact of smoking on oxidant/antioxidant status and oxidative stress index levels in serum of the university students

Author

Reza Ahmadkhaniha, Noushin Rastkari, and Fatemeh Yousefian

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Antioxidant, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, medicine.medical_treatment, Physiology, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, chemistry.chemical_compound, 020401 chemical engineering, Medicine, Cigarette smoke, 0204 chemical engineering, Adverse effect, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Oxidant antioxidant, Serum samples, Pollution, chemistry, behavior and behavior mechanisms, Population study, Trolox, business, Oxidative stress, Research Article
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Despite frequent warnings of irreversible side effects of smoking in public media, the consumption of cigarette is increasing dramatically in both developed and developing countries. Cigarette smoke contains different kinds of chemicals, which all capable of inducing free radical production. There are studies supporting the idea that these free radicals have adverse effects in body and causing oxidative stress. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is considered as the total effect of all antioxidants and total oxidant status (TOS) shows the total effect of all oxidants existing in body fluids. Therefore, this research focused on the measurement and comparison of these markers in the serum of university students. METHODS: This study designed to determine the total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels in the serum of active smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers in university students. A total of 150 participants were included in the study. The study population consisted of 50 smokers, 50 passive smokers and 50 nonsmokers. In serum samples, the levels of TAC and TOS were measured by spectrophotometric method using Rel Assay Diagnostics kit. Oxidative stress index was calculated through the TOS/TAC formula in three groups. RESULTS: The mean value TAC levels in serum samples of the three groups of smokers, passive smokers and nonsmokers were 1.096, 1.220 and 1.844 mmol Trolox equivalent/L, respectively, which were significantly greater in nonsmokers than smokers and passive smokers. The mean value TOS levels in serum samples of the three groups of smokers, passive smokers and nonsmokers were 13.747, 11.099 and 7.6510 µmol H2O2 equivalent/L, respectively, which were significantly lower in nonsmokers than two other groups. OSI values in smokers and passive smokers were significantly higher than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, the antioxidant capacity in all smokers (active and inactive) was less than the control group (non-smokers). The results of this study showed that smoking reduces the activity of the antioxidant defense system and activates the oxidative stress system in the body. Based on these findings, it can be clearly concluded that the decrease in antioxidant capacity in smokers is associated with increased production of oxidants and free radicals.

Published
2021

21. Effects of respirators to reduce fine particulate matter exposures on blood pressure and heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Sasan Faridi, Robert D. Brook, Fatemeh Yousefian, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi, Mansour Shamsipour, Sanjay Rajagopalan, and Kazem Naddafi

Subjects
Ventilators, Mechanical, Heart Rate, Air Pollution, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Hypertension, Humans, Blood Pressure, Female, Particulate Matter, General Medicine, Toxicology, Pollution
Abstract

Particulate-filtering respirators (PFRs) have been recommended as a practical personal-level intervention to protect individuals from the health effects of particulate matter exposure. However, the cardiovascular benefits of PFRs including improvements in key surrogate endpoints remain unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies (wearing versus not wearing PFRs) reporting the effects on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV). The search was performed on January 3, 2022 to identify published papers until this date. We queried three English databases, including PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus. Of 527 articles identified, eight trials enrolling 312 participants (mean age ± standard deviation: 36 ± 19.8; 132 female) met our inclusion criteria for analyses. Study participants wore PFRs from 2 to 48 h during intervention periods. Wearing PFRs was associated with a non-significant pooled mean difference of -0.78 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.06, 0.50) and -0.49 mmHg (95%CI: -1.37, 0.38) in systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP). There was a marginally significant reduction of mean arterial pressure (MAP) by nearly 1.1 mmHg (95%CI: -2.13, 0.01). The use of PFRs was associated with a significant increase of 38.92 ms

Published
2022
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22. Rural-Urban Differences in Age at Autism Diagnosis: A Multiple Model Analysis

Author

Nima Ghahari, Fatemeh Yousefian, Saeed Behzadi, and Amin Jalilzadeh

Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health
Abstract

Objective: Early recognition of autism is important, but diagnosis age varies among children. Recent studies have aimed to identify factors affecting age of diagnosis and several studies have attempted to explore geographic variation in age at diagnosis of autism. However, there is a lack of research examining geographic variations with multiple models to find whether geographic differences can be explained by risk factors such as socioeconomic status and differences in child characteristics. This study aimed to address this gap of knowledge by comparing age at diagnosis of autism between the group of people living in the center of the province and the group of people living in the rest of the province, considering potential medical and socioeconomic confounders. Method: The study population consisted of 50 autistic children born in East Azerbaijan Province between 2004 and 2016. Initially, univariate testing by ANOVA was performed to identify family and individual factors contributing to differences in age at autism diagnosis. Following this, the association between living in the center of the province and age at diagnosis in univariate and multivariate analyses was examined. Results: Results from the initial univariate analysis indicate a significant association between living in the center of province and early diagnosis. However, inclusion of possible confounders in multiple model illustrates that these geographical disparities in age at diagnosis can be explained by differences in socioeconomic and medical status. Conclusion: Although geographic variation in age at diagnosis of autism was observed, analyses show that differences in individual and family-level factors may contribute to geographic differences. In this study, most of the observed variation was accounted for by family-level factors rather than geographic policies. Findings prove that multiple strategies are required to identify targeted interventions and strategies.

Published
2020

23. The concentration of BTEX compounds and health risk assessment in municipal solid waste facilities and urban areas

Author

Mina Aghaei, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Fatemeh Yousefian, Masud Yunesian, Noushin Rastkari, Heresh Amini, Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi, and Kamyar Yaghmaeian

Subjects
Municipal solid waste, BTEX, 010501 environmental sciences, Iran, Xylenes, Solid Waste, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Risk Assessment, Toxicology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Benzene Derivatives, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Benzene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Air Pollutants, Health risk assessment, chemistry, Human exposure, Environmental science, Occupational exposure, Risk assessment, Municipal solid waste management, Environmental Monitoring, Toluene
Abstract

In this study, human exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), along with their respective risk assessment is studied in four major units (n = 14-point sources) of the largest municipal solid waste management facilities (MSWF) in Iran. The results were compared with four urban sites in Tehran, capital of Iran. Workers at the pre-processing unit are exposed to the highest total BTEX (151 μg m−3). In specific, they were exposed to benzene concentrations of 11 μg m−3. Moreover, the total BTEX (t-BTEX) concentrations measured over the conveyor belt was 198 μg m−3 at most, followed by trommel (104), and active landfills (43). The mean concentration of ambient t-BTEX in Tehran is 100 μg m−3. On average, xylenes and toluene have the highest concentrations in both on-site and urban environments, with mean values of 24 and 21, and 41 and 37 μg m−3, respectively. Even though the non-carcinogenic risk of occupational exposure is negligible, BTEX is likely to increase the chance of carcinogenic risks (1.7E-05) for workers at the pre-processing unit. A definite carcinogenic risk of 1.3E-04, and non-carcinogenic effect, of HI = 1.6 were observed in one urban site. With the exception of the pre-processing unit, the citizens of Tehran had higher exposure to BTEX. Overall, BTEX concentrations in the largest MSWF of Iran remains an issue of public health concern.

Published
2020

24. Temporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences on their concentrations in Tehran during 2012–2017

Author

Mansour Shamsipour, Mina Aghaei, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Fatemeh Yousefian, Kamyar Yaghmaeian, Faramarz Azimi, and Sasan Faridi

Subjects
Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Weekend effect, Nitrogen Dioxide, lcsh:Medicine, 010501 environmental sciences, Iran, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, World health, Article, Earth and environmental sciences, Ozone, Air pollutants, Air Pollution, Atmospheric science, lcsh:Science, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Morning, General Environmental Science, Pollutant, Multidisciplinary, Extramural, lcsh:R, Temperature, Ambient air, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Particulate Matter, Seasons, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

We investigated temporal variations of ambient air pollutants and the influences of meteorological parameters on their concentrations using a robust method; convergent cross mapping; in Tehran (2012–2017). Tehran citizens were consistently exposed to annual PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 approximately 3.0–4.5, 3.5–4.5 and 1.5–2.5 times higher than the World Health Organization air quality guideline levels during the period. Except for O3, all air pollutants demonstrated the lowest and highest concentrations in summertime and wintertime, respectively. The highest O3 concentrations were found on weekend (weekend effect), whereas other ambient air pollutants had statistically significant (P 3 concentration reached its peak at 3.00 p.m., though other air pollutants displayed two peaks; morning and late night. Approximately 45% to 65% of AQI values were in the subcategory of unhealthy for sensitive groups and PM2.5 was the responsible air pollutant in Tehran. Amongst meteorological factors, temperature was the key influencing factor for PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, while nebulosity and solar radiation exerted major influences on ambient SO2 and O3 concentrations. Additionally, there is a moderate coupling between wind speed and NO2 and CO concentrations.

Published
2020

25. A mini-review on new disinfection alternative: bacteriophages and pathogen removal potential from water and wastewater

Author

Mohsen Sadani, Mostafa Hadei, Ghasem Kiani Feizabadi, Mohammad Mehdi Golbini Mofrad, and Fatemeh Yousefian

Subjects
biology, Phage therapy, viruses, medicine.medical_treatment, Disinfectant, 010501 environmental sciences, 010402 general chemistry, Pulp and paper industry, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Bacteriophage, Fecal coliform, Wastewater, medicine, Environmental science, Sewage treatment, Effluent, Bacteria, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Disinfection is a practice that inactivates and destroys pathogenic organisms. The conventional disinfectants for water and treated wastewater effluents have defects such as dangerous disinfection by-products, the resistance of bacteria and the related biofilms to disinfectant, high costs, no residual disinfecting action, and high risks involved in producing, transporting, and handling a large amount of chlorine and ozone. Accordingly, investigating new disinfection alternatives has been a necessity. Bacteriophages are used to treat a bacterial infection, which is known as phage therapy. In the recent decades, some studies revealed the role of phages in water and wastewater treatment, especially dis-infection. In addition, the abundance of phages specific to enteric bacterial pathogens in natural water bodies is disclosed in many studies. This review discusses the phages specified to fecal coliform and other waterborne bacteria, the main advantages for applying the phages to reduce pathogens, restrictions of disinfection using phages, and the prospective applications of phages in order to improve the design and operation of the treatment plants. Keywords:Disinfection; Bacteriophage; Pathogen; Water; Wastewater

Published
2017
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26. Exposure to endotoxins and respiratory health in composting facilities

Author

Kamyar Yaghmaeian, Mina Aghaei, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Ramin Nabizadeh, Masud Yunesian, Hosna Janjani, Mohammad Hossein Hedayati, and Fatemeh Yousefian

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Passive smoking, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Indoor bioaerosol, Air Microbiology, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Air Pollutants, Occupational, 02 engineering and technology, Iran, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, FEV1/FVC ratio, Occupational Exposure, Internal medicine, medicine, Sore throat, Humans, Personal protective equipment, Nose, Respiratory Sounds, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, business.industry, Composting, Respiratory disease, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Pollution, Respiratory Function Tests, Endotoxins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Limulus amebocyte lysate, Female, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

The impact of bioaerosols in municipal solid waste management is nowadays identified as a growing health concern worldwide. In this study, exposure to endotoxin in composting facilities and its association with lung function and clinical symptoms was investigated in Tehran municipal solid waste management complex (Aradkooh) as one of the largest solid waste management facilities in the Middle East. Airborne endotoxins were collected between June and July 2019 and the concentrations were determined by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) method. Healthy workers with no history of respiratory disease were recruited and data on clinical symptoms (cough, phlegm, wheezing, dyspnea, fatigue, headache, eye irritation, runny nose, runny eyes, and sore throat) was obtained by the modified American Thoracic Society questionnaire, and spirometric measurement was performed by an expert. The binary logistic regression test was used and adjusted for confounding variables. The results didn't show any difference in lung function parameters (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, FEF25-75%), and most of the respiratory symptoms despite a relatively high difference in the concentration of endotoxin observed in air samples of different locations. Only the increased risk of cough (OR 10.5, 95% CI: 2.4 to 44.8 in the moderately exposed group and 7.8, 95% CI: 1.6 to 39.1 in highly exposed ones), fatigue (OR 3.7, 95% CI: 1.2 to 11.7), and headache (OR 6.02, 95% CI: 1.4 to 24.5) were found in the exposed groups compared to controls after adjusting for age, active and passive smoking. However, findings of the study might be underestimated due to some issues including healthy worker effect, intra and intersubject variability, and self-reporting bias, thereby the results should be interpreted with caution. Although we did not find any relationship, due to the high concentrations of endotoxins observed in some sites, it is recommended to consider some possible prevention measures such as using personal protective equipment to reduce the exposure of workers at an acceptable level.

Published
2020
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27. Characteristics of cohort studies of long-term exposure to PM

Author

Ramin, Nabizadeh, Fatemeh, Yousefian, Vahid Kazemi, Moghadam, and Mostafa, Hadei

Subjects
Cohort Studies, Male, Air Pollutants, Lung Neoplasms, Models, Statistical, Cardiovascular Diseases, Air Pollution, Humans, Female, Particulate Matter, Environmental Exposure
Abstract

This study systematically reviewed all the cohort studies investigating the relationship between long-term exposure to PM

Published
2018

28. Association between ambient gaseous and particulate air pollutants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children; a systematic review

Author

Fatemeh Yousefian, Hosna Janjani, Akram Jamal, Masud Yunesian, and Mina Aghaei

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, Air pollution, Scopus, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Air Pollution, Epidemiology, medicine, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Exposure assessment, Air Pollutants, business.industry, Confounding, Environmental Exposure, medicine.disease, Critical appraisal, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Environmental Risk Factor, Particulate Matter, Gases, Dibenzofurans, business
Abstract

ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder highly attributed to genetics, but the combination of other social and environmental determinants, as well as potential gene-environment interactions, can also be responsible. This paper aims to review relevant literature published up to April 2018 for determining whether air pollution caused by ambient gaseous (NO2, SO2, PCDD/Fs, Benzene) and particulate matters (PM10, PM2.5, PM7, PAH, BC/EC) as an environmental risk factor is associated with increased risk of ADHD in children. Relevant literature was identified through electronic searches of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus database and gray literature. A total of 872 articles were initially identified 28 of which meeting the defined inclusion criteria were included. The methodological quality of the included articles was evaluated using the modified Critical Appraisal Skills Programs (CASP) and confounding variables, exposure and outcome measurement were assessed. The results of this systematic review revealed that there is more evidence on the detrimental effects of EC, BC, and PM on ADHD compared to PAH. Among gaseous air pollutants, association was found between SO2 and urinary level of t,t-MA (trans, trans-muconic acid) as a proxy-biomarker of NO2 exposure, not merely benzene. However few studies related to NO2 (0.46%) found detrimental effects. Overall, the number of studies reporting an association between air pollution and increased risk of ADHD is relatively higher compared to the number of studies reporting no association. However, the findings of the studies provided limited evidence to support the idea that exposure to air pollution may be linked to increased risk of ADHD. Well-designed and harmonized studies considering standard methods for individual exposure assessment, critical windows of susceptibility, and appropriate tools for outcome measurement, can improve the quality of epidemiological studies and strengthen the evidence. Since ADHD with its long-term consequences can impose large costs to communities and impact the children performance, determination of the risk factors in children and particularly the role of the environment as priorities for research should be considered.

Published
2018

29. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and autism spectrum disorder in children: A case-control study in Tehran, Iran

Author

Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Amir Hossein Mahvi, Homa Kashani, Heresh Amini, Fatemeh Yousefian, and Masud Yunesian

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Air pollution, BTEX, 010501 environmental sciences, Iran, medicine.disease_cause, Logistic regression, 01 natural sciences, Odds, Environmental health, Air Pollution, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Humans, Child, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Air Pollutants, business.industry, Confounding, Case-control study, Regression analysis, Odds ratio, Environmental Exposure, Pollution, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Particulate Matter, business, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

Some recent human and animal studies have suggested that air pollution may affect the central nervous system and contribute to neurodevelopmental outcomes, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We aimed to investigate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and increased odds of ASD among 2 to 10-year-old children. We conducted a case-control study in Tehran, Iran. Cases were 134 children born between 2004 and 2012 diagnosed with ASD whose mothers were resident in Tehran during their pregnancy, and controls were 388 children without ASD randomly selected from public schools and kindergartens. Land-use regression models were used to estimate their annual mean exposure to ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, o-xylene, m-xylene (BTEX), and total BTEX. Logistic regression was used for the analyses and adjusted for possible confounding variables. The odds ratios per 1 unit increase in pollutants in the adjusted models were 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.01) for PM10, 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.00) for SO2, 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) for benzene, 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) for toluene, 0.95 (0.79, 1.16) for ethylbenzene, 1.00 (0.78, 1.27) for p-xylene, 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) for o-xylene, 1.01 (0.92, 1.12) for m-xylene, and 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) for total BTEX. We did not find the evidence of association between estimated annual mean exposure to abovementioned ambient air pollutants and increased odds of ASD in children. However, our findings might be due to some important limitations. Further research with better control of confounding variables, improved spatiotemporal exposure estimates, and inclusion of other important markers of air pollution is recommended.

Published
2018

30. Spatial homogeneity and heterogeneity of ambient air pollutants in Tehran

Author

Hasan Pasalari, Akbar Gholampour, Sasan Faridi, Adel Mokammel, Kazem Naddafi, Sadegh Niazi, Fatemeh Yousefian, Fatemeh Momeniha, Faramarz Azimi, and Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand

Subjects
Pollutant, Percentile, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coefficient of variation, Homogeneity (statistics), 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Spatial heterogeneity, Environmental chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Waste Management and Disposal, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

To investigate spatial inequality of ambient air pollutants and comparison of their heterogeneity and homogeneity across Tehran, the following quantitative indicators were utilized: coefficient of divergence (COD), the 90th percentile of the absolute differences between ambient air pollutant concentrations and coefficient of variation (CV). Real-time hourly concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous air pollutants (GAPs) of twenty-two air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) were obtained from Tehran Air Quality Control Company (TAQCC) in 2017. Annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10–2.5, and PM10 (PMX) ranged from 21.7 to 40.5, 37.3 to 75.0 and 58.0 to 110.4 μg m−3, respectively. Annual mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were higher than the World Health Organization air quality guideline (WHO AQG) and national standard levels. NO2, O3, SO2 and CO annual mean concentrations ranged from 27.0 to 76.8, 15.5 to 25.1, 4.6 to 12.2 ppb, and 1.9 to 3.8 ppm over AQMSs, respectively. Our generated spatial maps exhibited that ambient PMX concentrations increased from the north into south and south-western areas as the hotspots of ambient PMX in Tehran. O3 hotspots were observed in the north and south-west, while NO2 hotspots were in the west and south. COD values of PMX demonstrated more results lower than the 0.2 cut off compared to GAPs; indicating high to moderate spatial homogeneity for PMX and moderate to high spatial heterogeneity for GAPs. Regarding CV approach, the spatial variabilities of air pollutants followed in the order of O3 (87.3%) > SO2 (65.2%) > CO (61.8%) > PM10–2.5 (52.5%) > PM2.5 (48.9%) > NO2 (48.1%) > PM10 (42.9%), which were mainly in agreement with COD results, except for NO2. COD values observed a statistically (P

Published
2019
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31. Simulating the movement of an unmanned machine using fuzzy control

Author

Fatemeh Yousefian and Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Dadgar

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, Electronic speed control, Computer science, Control (management), 02 engineering and technology, Steering wheel, Fuzzy control system, Fuzzy logic, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Control theory, Path (graph theory), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Robot, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Simulation
Abstract

Automated vehicles have drawn great attention in research and industry, due to their potential benefits in driving without passengers. Using computer simulation in motion and speed control of the vehicles can reduce errors and costs. Fuzzy logic provides a different way for issues that need to be controlled. This method is concentrated on what the system should do, not on how the works are done. Using fuzzy logic is simple and easily able to solve complex issues, which are not solvable with ordinary mathematical methods, in a less time. This logic acts as an expert's knowledge. In this article in order to control a machine without passengers it is proposed to use steering wheel control and pressing the accelerator pedal to get to the destination of a fuzzy controller so that the machine is able to make decisions and find the right path while getting close to the obstacles.

Published
2016
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