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Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background: Chronic kidney disease is associated with adverse outcomes among patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes. Commonly used medications to treat CVD are less effective among patients with reduced kidney function. Methods: REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial) was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that randomly assigned statin-treated patients with elevated triglycerides (135–499 mg/dL) who had CVD or diabetes and 1 additional risk factor to treatment with icosapent ethyl (4 g daily) or placebo. Patients from REDUCE-IT were categorized by prespecified estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) categories to analyze the effect of icosapent ethyl on the primary end point (composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina) and key secondary end point (a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke). Results: Among the 8179 REDUCE-IT patients, median baseline eGFR was 75 mL·min–1·1.73 m–2 (range, 17–123 mL·min–1·1.73 m–2). There were no meaningful changes in median eGFR for icosapent ethyl versus placebo across study visits. Treatment with icosapent ethyl led to consistent reduction in both the primary and key secondary composite end points across baseline eGFR categories. Patients with eGFR

Background High dietary sodium intake can induce endothelial stiffness even without changes in blood pressure. Objectives To evaluate the effects of exercise training and chronic intake of sodium chloride solution on aortic morphology of male offspring of rat dams who consumed flaxseed during lactation. Methods Female rats were fed with a control diet or a flaxseed diet during lactation. At weaning, two male offspring of each rat dam were allocated into eight groups for 180 days: four groups received a control diet e four received a flaxseed diet, with /without exercise and with/without NaCl solution supply. Aorta was collected for histomorphometric analysis. The one-way analysis of variance was used and P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The chronic use of 1% NaCl solution led to changes in aortic histoarchitecture in the control group: increase in aortic intima-media thickness (10,4%, p

Background: Some trials have found that patients from the United States derive less benefit than patients enrolled outside the United States. This prespecified REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl - Intervention Trial) subgroup analysis was conducted to determine the degree of benefit of icosapent ethyl in the United States. Methods: REDUCE-IT randomized 8179 statin-treated patients with qualifying triglycerides ≥135 and 40 and ≤100 mg/dL and a history of atherosclerosis or diabetes mellitus to icosapent ethyl 4 g/d or placebo. The primary composite end point was cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina. The key secondary composite end point was cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. A hierarchy was prespecified for examination of individual and composite end points. Results: A total of 3146 US patients (38.5% of the trial) were randomized and followed for a median of 4.9 years; 32.3% were women and 9.7% were Hispanic. The primary composite end point occurred in 24.7% of placebo-treated patients versus 18.2% of icosapent ethyl-treated patients (hazard ratio [HR], 0.69 [95% CI, 0.59–0.80]; P =0.000001); the key secondary composite end point occurred in 16.6% versus 12.1% (HR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.57–0.83]; P =0.00008). All prespecified hierarchical end points were meaningfully and significantly reduced, including cardiovascular death (6.7% to 4.7%; HR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.49–0.90]; P =0.007), myocardial infarction (8.8% to 6.7%; HR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.56–0.93]; P =0.01), stroke (4.1% to 2.6%; HR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.43–0.93]; P =0.02), and all-cause mortality (9.8% to 7.2%; HR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.55–0.90]; P =0.004); for all-cause mortality in the US versus non-US patients, P interaction =0.02. Safety and tolerability findings were consistent with the full study cohort. Conclusions: Whereas the non-US subgroup showed significant reductions in the primary and key secondary end points, the US subgroup demonstrated particularly robust risk reductions across a variety of individual and composite end points, including all-cause mortality. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01492361.

Resumen Objetivo Comparar las caracteristicas morfometricas y la concentracion de acido docosahexaenoico (DHA) y acido eicosapentanoico (EPA) de los diferentes suplementos nutricionales con omega 3 disponibles en el mercado para las dolencias de la retina. Material y metodos Estudio doble ciego, con observador unico, de una muestra de diferentes comprimidos de suplementacion de omega 3 comercializados en Espana. Se estudio tanto la longitud del comprimido como la concentracion de omega 3 en total y de DHA y EPA por separado, utilizando para ello la cantidad proporcionada por el fabricante y el volumen de la capsula calculado a partir del desarrollo de una formula especifica para ello. Resultados Se incluyeron un total de 10 suplementos nutricionales diferentes. La media de omega 3 total, DHA y EPA fue de 383,10 ± 160,90; 210,72 ± 93,3 y 112,34 ± 140,98 mg, respectivamente. El tamano medio de las capsulas fue de 14,77 ± 0,19 × 8,13 ± 0,09 mm. La capsula de menor tamano fue la de Oftan macula omega® (Esteve, Barcelona, Espana). Brudymacula® (Brudylab, Barcelona, Espana) y Brudyretina 1.5 g® (Brudylab, Barcelona, Espana) son las capsulas con mayor cantidad de DHA. Nutrof omega® (Laboratorios Thea, Barcelona, Espana) es la que presenta menor concentracion de omega 3, DHA y EPA por capsula. Conclusion Existen diferencias importantes en cuanto a tamano, volumen, cantidad y concentracion de omega 3 y sus derivados entre los diferentes preparados comerciales. Solo el conocimiento de las caracteristicas de los suplementos nutricionales nos permitira la personalizacion de su indicacion a nuestros pacientes.

Yock Young Dan served as an advisory board member and has received research grants from AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Gilead Sciences. : This project was supported by a grant from the Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation.

Background: Randomized trials of therapies that primarily lowered triglycerides have not consistently shown reductions in cardiovascular events. Methods: We performed a systematic review and trial-level meta-regression analysis of 3 classes of lipid-lowering therapies that reduce triglycerides to a greater extent than they do low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C): fibrates, niacin, and marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids. Key inclusion criteria were a randomized controlled trial that reported major vascular events. We also incorporated data from a previous meta-regression of 25 statin trials. The main outcome measure was the risk ratio (RR) for major vascular events associated with absolute reductions in lipid parameters. Results: A total of 197 270 participants from 24 trials of nonstatin therapy with 25 218 major vascular events and 177 088 participants from 25 trials of statin therapy with 20 962 major vascular events were included, for a total of 374 358 patients and 46 180 major cardiovascular events. Starting with non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a surrogate for very-low-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins, the RR per 1-mmol/L reduction in non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.76–0.82; P P P =0.0026) per 1-mmol/L (0.92 per 40 mg/dL) reduction in triglycerides. REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial) was a significant outlier and strongly influential trial in the meta-regression. When removed, the RRs became 0.79 (95% CI, 0.76–0.83; P P =0.06) per 1-mmol/L (0.96 per 40 mg/dL) reduction in triglycerides. In regard to omega-3 dose, each 1 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid administered was associated with a 7% relative risk reduction in major vascular events (RR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.91–0.95]; P Conclusions: In randomized controlled trials, triglyceride lowering is associated with a lower risk of major vascular events, even after adjustment for LDL-C lowering, although the effect is less than that for LDL-C and attenuated when REDUCE-IT is excluded. Furthermore, the benefits of marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids, particularly high-dose eicosapentaenoic acid, appear to exceed their lipid-lowering effects.

Hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides 200–499 mg/dL) is relatively common in the United States, whereas more severe triglyceride elevations (very high triglycerides, ≥500 mg/dL) are far less frequently observed. Both are becoming increasingly prevalent in the United States and elsewhere, likely driven in large part by growing rates of obesity and diabetes mellitus. In a 2002 American Heart Association scientific statement, the omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were recommended (at a dose of 2–4 g/d) for reducing triglycerides in patients with elevated triglycerides. Since 2002, prescription agents containing EPA+DHA or EPA alone have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treating very high triglycerides; these agents are also widely used for hypertriglyceridemia. The purpose of this advisory is to summarize the lipid and lipoprotein effects resulting from pharmacological doses of n-3 FAs (>3 g/d total EPA+DHA) on the basis of new scientific data and availability of n-3 FA agents. In treatment of very high triglycerides with 4 g/d, EPA+DHA agents reduce triglycerides by ≥30% with concurrent increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas EPA-only did not raise low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in very high triglycerides. When used to treat hypertriglyceridemia, n-3 FAs with EPA+DHA or with EPA-only appear roughly comparable for triglyceride lowering and do not increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol when used as monotherapy or in combination with a statin. In the largest trials of 4 g/d prescription n-3 FA, non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were modestly decreased, indicating reductions in total atherogenic lipoproteins. The use of n-3 FA (4 g/d) for improving atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in patients with hypertriglyceridemia is supported by a 25% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events in REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With EPA Intervention Trial), a randomized placebo-controlled trial of EPA-only in high-risk patients treated with a statin. The results of a trial of 4 g/d prescription EPA+DHA in hypertriglyceridemia are anticipated in 2020. We conclude that prescription n-3 FAs (EPA+DHA or EPA-only) at a dose of 4 g/d (>3 g/d total EPA+DHA) are an effective and safe option for reducing triglycerides as monotherapy or as an adjunct to other lipid-lowering agents.

To the Editor:We read with interest the work by Perez et al. (1), concluding that omega-3 fatty acids may have an effect on the development of neuropathic pain in a sciatic nerve ligation model. The methodology may be compromised because a thorough analysis of key constituents of fatty acid emulsion

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of the nutraceuticals omega-6/3 and omega-9/6 on endometriosis-associated infertility and pain. Methods: Controlled experimental study, with each group composed of eight female rats. Fertility groups: sham-operated control (0.9% saline solution); control with endometriosis (0.9% saline); omega-6/3 (1.2 g/kg/day); omega-9/6 (1.2 g/kg/day); and meloxicam (0.8 mg/kg/day). Pain groups: sham-operated control (0.9% saline); control with endometriosis (0.9% saline); omega-6/3 (1.2 g/kg/day); omega-9/6 (1.2 g/kg/day); medroxyprogesterone acetate (5 mg/kg/every 3 days); and meloxicam (0.8 mg/kg/day). Peritoneal endometriosis was surgically induced. Pain was evaluated with the writhing test. Fertility was evaluated by counting the number of embryos in the left hemi-uterus. Results: The mean number of writhings was as follows: sham-operated, 11.1 ± 2.9; control with endometriosis, 49.3 ± 4.4; omega-6/3, 31.5 ± 2.7; omega-9/6, 34.1 ± 4.5; medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.1 ± 0.8; meloxicam, 1 ± 0.3. There was a significant difference between both controls and all drugs used for treatment. Regarding fertility, the mean values were as follows: sham-operated, 6.8 ± 0.6; control with endometriosis, 4.2 ± 0.7; omega-6/3, 4.7 ± 1; omega-9/6, 3.8 ± 0.9; and meloxicam, 1.8 ± 0.9. Conclusions: The omega-6/3 and omega-9/6 nutraceuticals decreased pain compared to the controls. There was no improvement in fertility in any of the tested groups.

Omega-3 nutraceuticals are extensively used as health supplements worldwide. Various administration forms for delivery of omega-3 are available. However, the niche omega-3 tablets have so far remained unexplored. In this work tablets containing 25-40% (w/w) omega-3 oil as triglycerides or ethyl esters were prepared utilizing a direct compaction grade powder with β-cyclodextrin as encapsulating agent. It was found that powders with up to 35% (w/w) triglyceride oil and 30% (w/w) ethyl ester oil, respectively, can be directly compressed into tablets of excellent quality. Physical properties of omega-3 containing powders and tablets are described. The powder X-ray diffractograms of the powders and crushed tablets show evidence of the formation of new crystalline phases not present in β-cyclodextrin. In addition, (1)H NMR data suggest that the ethyl esters form inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin. Compaction of other, commercially available, omega-3 powders was performed as a comparison and deemed unsuccessful.

In contrast to earlier long-chain (LC) omega-3 (i.e. EPA and DHA) investigations, some recent studies have not demonstrated significant effects of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. The neutral findings may have been due to experimental design issues, such as: maintenance on aggressive cardiovascular drug treatment overshadowing the benefits of LC omega-3s, high background LC omega-3 intake, too few subjects in the study, treatment duration too short, insufficient LC omega-3 dosage, increase in omega-6 fatty acid intake during the study, failure to assess the LC omega-3 status of the subjects prior to and during treatment and lack of clarity concerning which mechanisms were expected to produce benefits. At the 11th ISSFAL Congress, a workshop was held on conducting LC omega-3 clinical trials with cardiovascular outcomes, with the goal of gaining a better understanding concerning aspects of experimental design that should be considered when planning clinical studies related to EPA and DHA and potential cardiovascular benefits.

BACKGROUND Body composition (percent body fat [%BF]), omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D (VitD) status are important components of an athlete's individual physiological profile, as each measure has potential to influence performance, inflammation, and injury recovery. The purpose of this study was to characterize %BF, omega-3, and VitD in a subset of professional football athletes. Secondary analyses investigated changes in %BF, omega-3, and VitD, throughout a competitive season, and evaluated the relationship between physiological variables, race, and injury prevalence. METHODS Forty-two professional football players (age: 24.0±2.4 years; height: 186.8±5.9 cm; weight: 108.8±19.4 kg) volunteered to participate. A-mode ultrasonography measured %BF and the percentage of highly unsaturated fatty acid content comprised of omega-3s was determined by an omega-3 bloodspot test. VitD levels and injury prevalence were obtained from the team athletic trainer. RESULTS Omega-3 was moderately correlated with VitD (R=0.397, P=0.030). Throughout the season there was a significant decrease in omega-3 percentage (∆=-2.47±5.48%, P=0.030), no change in body composition (∆=0.26±1.97%, P=0.482) and a significant increase in VitD (∆=9.03±19.46 ng/mL, P=0.015). VitD was significantly higher in white athletes (48.00±13.73 ng/mL) than black athletes (27.09±9.28 ng/mL; P

Pharmacological management of exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is the mainstay of preventative therapy. However, there are some non-pharmacological interventions that may assist the management of EIB. In this review we will discuss these non-pharmacological interventions and how they may be applied to patients and athletes with EIB.

Advances in our understanding of the treatment of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in a resource-limited environment are needed to improve outcome.Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) made from local products and with reduced milk content lower costs and may be effective in older children. None of the therapeutic foods used to treat severely malnourished children correct long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiencies.Routine short-term antibiotic (amoxicillin) treatment, in the context of adequate healthcare supervision, does not improve the recovery rate. Long-term antibiotic (cotrimoxazole) treatment also does not provide significant benefit to non-HIV-infected children.Increased pathogenic bacteria have been found in the intestinal microbiome of malnourished children and candidate organisms for use as probiotics have been identified. There is, however, no evidence to support the routine use of probiotics in these children. Although exocrine pancreatic function is reduced in malnourished children, routine pancreatic enzyme supplementation does not lead to accelerated recovery.Alternative RUTF may provide a cheaper and more acceptable alternative to standard RUTF in the near future. Further research is needed to understand the implications of fatty acid deficiencies and dysbiosis that occur in malnourished children. Routine antibiotic administration in the appropriate setting is unnecessary.

RESUMEN: Introducción: en el mundo, el cáncer de próstata es la principal causa de muerte en hombres. Algunas evidencias sugieren que los ácidos grasos omega-3 reducen la viabilidad de las células tumorales mientras que los ácidos omega-6 promueven su proliferación; al respecto, otros estudios han mostrado resultados controvertidos. Objetivo: evaluar los efectos citotóxicos, genotóxicos y anticlonogénicos de ácidos omega-3: α-linolénico (ALA), eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA), omega-6: linoleico (LA), araquidónico (AA) y omega-9: oleico (OA) en células de cáncer de próstata (PC-3). Metodología: se evaluó el efecto sobre la viabilidad celular relativa mediante las pruebas de MTT y Azul de Tripano, el efecto genotóxico mediante intercambios de cromátidas hermanas (ICHs) y ensayo cometa, y el efecto anticlonogénico in vitro, en diferentes concentraciones (25, 50, 100 y 150 μM) de seis ácidos grasos omega en células de cáncer de próstata (PC-3). Resultados: la viabilidad relativa por MTT mostró valores ≤ IC50 con las concentraciones mayores (100 y 150 μM) para los ácidos grasos omega-3 EPA y DHA y omega-6 AA (150 μM), mientras que la viabilidad relativa, evaluada con Azul de Tripano, con estos mismos ácidos, redujeron la viabilidad a 0 %. DHA y EPA mostraron efecto genotóxico y la disminución de la clonogenicidad celular (p < 0,01). Por otro lado, LA y AA disminuyeron la viabilidad relativa observada con Azul de Tripano, sugiriendo diferentes mecanismos de acción de los ácidos grasos en la membrana celular. Conclusión: los resultados mostraron que los ácidos grasos omega-3, EPA, DHA, y omega-6, AA, disminuyen la formación de colonias, reducen la viabilidad celular y aumentan el efecto genotóxico respecto al control no tratado, en el modelo in vitro de células tumorales de próstata PC-3. RESUMEN: Introduction: Prostate cancer is the main cause of cancer related deaths in men worldwide. Previous studies have suggested that omega-3 fatty acids reduce cell viability in tumour cells, whereas omega-6 fatty acids increase clonogenicity. Nevertheless, other reports have shown controversial results. Objective: Evaluate cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and clonogenicity in a prostate cancer derived human cell line (PC-3), treated with fatty acids omega-3: α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); omega-6: linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA); omega-9: oleic acid (OA). Methods: The tests included (a) cytotoxicity assays by MTT and Trypan Blue; (b) genotoxicity evaluation by the sister-chromatid exchanges technique (SCE) and the DNA-comet assay; and (c) in vitro clonogenic assay of six fatty acids in prostate cancer cell (PC-3) at different concentrations (25 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM and 150 μM). Results: The cell viability by MTT data showed ≤ IC50 values for the omega-3 EPA and DHA and omega-6 AA fatty acids at the two major concentrations (100 μM and 150 μM). Moreover, the same fatty acids viability values dropped to 0 % with Trypan Blue test. EPA and DHA showed genotoxic effect and a clonogenic cell decrease (p

The Australasian section of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AAOCS) held their 9th biennial meeting in Geelong, Australia from 9 to 11 September 2015.[...]

As an important hallmark in cancer progress, inflammation attracts more and more interests in recent years. Lots of evidences support the positive effect of n-3 PUFA in inflammation-associated diseases, the supplement of these fatty acids is thought to be promising in the prevention and treatment of cancers. In this review, we summarize some current knowledge of the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA are thought to attenuate cancer associated inflammation, and we also introduce the current situation of n-3 PUFA in clinic.

Nowadays, dietary guidelines acknowledge the therapeutic role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as the most important class of fatty acids, against different human diseases. During the last two decades, the average level of consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has increased from 0.1 to 0.2 g per day. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are a group of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which are identified in different foods such as fatty fish, shellfish, and vegetable oils. A growing body of epidemiological and experimental evidence supports the anticancer effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which led to the identification of their molecular targets in several cancer models. The present review focuses on the basic evidence supporting the potential applications of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cancer therapy.

RESUMEN Fundamento. El porcentaje de población de edad avanzada aumenta progresivamente y con ello las enfermedades asociadas a la edad como el deterioro cognitivo (DC) y la demencia. Distintos estudios sugieren que dietas ricas en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 (AGPI w-3) pueden reducir el riesgo de DC y demencia. El objetivo fue evaluar si existe evidencia sobre la relación entre la supplementación con AGPI w-3 en pacientes ≥ 65 años y la función cognitiva. Material y métodos. Se recuperaron 582 artículos relacionados con ácidos grasos o AGPI w-3 y DC o demencia y se incluyeron seis estudios en esta revisión. Resultados. Los estudios son heterogéneos respecto a población estudiada, medición de la exposición y desenlace, no pudiendo realizarse una síntesis cuantitativa. Dos encontraron que la supplementación con AGPI w-3 prevenía la enfermedad de Alzheimer y mejoraba el rendimiento cognitivo. Dos encontraron mejoría solo en la clasificación analógica visual y fluencia verbal y otros dos no encontraron evidencia de protección. Conclusiones. No se encontró evidencia para sustentar o negar que la supplementación con AGPI w-3 a partir de los 65 años mejora el rendimiento cognitivo o previene la demencia. ABSTRACT Background. The percentage of the older population is progressively increasing as are diseases associated with aging such as cognitive decline (CD) and dementia. Observational epidemiological studies suggest that diets rich in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (w3-PUFA) might reduce the risk of CD and dementia. Methods. We used the PubMed data base to search for articles related to w3-PUFA and CD or dementia. Initially we identified 582 articles, after applying the eligibility criterion we included six studies in this systematic review. Results. The studies included were heterogeneous regarding population, measurement of exposure and outcome. Therefore, it was not possible to conduct a quantitative analysis. Two studies found that w3-PUFA supplementation decreased the risk of Alzheimer and improved cognitive performance. Two studies found an improvement in only one of the domains of cognitive performance (visual analogical classification and verbal fluency) and another two did not find any evidence of protection. Conclusions. We found few studies to support or refute the evidence that w3-PUFA supplementation in patients aged 65 or older improves cognitive performance or prevents dementia.

Objective: To analyze alpha-linolenic fatty acid intake in two cohorts of pregnant women, and to identify factors associated with alpha-linolenic acid intake. Methods: This is a cohort study involving pregnant women with low obstetric risk (N=353) in public health system from a municipality of São Paulo state, Brazil. In each trimester, two 24-hour food recalls were collected. Descriptive analyses of dietary lipid profiles were performed, followed by a multiple comparison test. According to the trimester of pregnancy, differences were assessed using the mean difference test. To evaluate the adequacy of linoleic fatty acid and alpha-linolenic acid intake, the adequate intake test was used. The association between alpha-linolenic acid intake adequacy and maternal characteristics was investigated using a binary logistic regression model. Results: Total lipids intake and the percentage contribution to dietary energy met recommended levels. One-third of the diets demonstrated a lower than daily recommended intake of alpha-linolenic acid. Overweight pregnant women were twice as likely to have inadequate alpha-linolenic acid intake. Pregnant women from a more disadvantaged socioeconomic situation had greater risks of inadequate intake. Conclusion: Over-intake of lipids is not problematic, but quality is an issue, with one third of the pregnant women and their fetuses exposed to adverse effects due to low intake of omega-3 fatty acids, indicating important nutritional vulnerability in this population. RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a ingestão ácidos graxos alfa-linolênico e identificar fatores associados à ingestão inadequada em duas coortes de gestantes acompanhadas trimestralmente. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com gestantes de baixo risco obstétrico (N=353) representativas das usuárias da rede pública de saúde de um município paulista. Nos três trimestres gestacionais foram coletados dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas. Análises descritivas do perfil lipídico da dieta foram processadas seguidas do teste de comparações múltiplas. As diferenças, segundo trimestre gestacional, foram avaliadas pelo teste de diferença de médias. Para avaliação da adequação do consumo foi utilizada a ingestão recomendável. A associação entre a adequação da ingestão de ácido alfa-linolênico e características maternas foi investigada por meio de modelo de regressão logística binária. Resultados: A contribuição percentual de lipídeos totais mostrou-se adequada;1/3 das gestantes não alcançou a recomendação de ingestão diária de ácido alfa-linolênico. Gestantes com excesso de peso apresentam o dobro de chances de consumo inadequado de ácido alfa-linolênico. Comparadas às gestantes das classes D/E, as pertencentes a classe C têm menores chances de consumo inadequado. Conclusão: Não há um problema de excesso de consumo de lipídeos e sim da qualidade destes, cerca de 1/3 das gestantes acompanhadas e seus conceptos estão expostos aos efeitos adversos do baixo consumo de ácidos graxos de cadeia ômega-3 na gestação, indicando importante vulnerabilidade nutricional nessa população.

Introdução: A relevância epidemiológica e social da demência e do défice cognitivo ligeiro aumenta com a esperança de vida e prevalência das doenças metabólicas. O reconhecimento da importância dos nutrientes no funcionamento cognitivo perspectiva novas estratégias preventivas. Neste trabalho analisamos a associação entre os valores do índice ómega-3 e da razão ómega-6 / ómega-3 e desempenho cognitivo/ défice cognitivo ligeiro.Material e Métodos: Selecionamos uma amostra aleatória de utentes de um centro de saúde com idade ≥ 55 anos, que foram inquiridos sobre hábitos alimentares e sujeitos a avaliação neuropsicológica, incluindo o Montreal Cognitive Assessment, e determinando-se os índices indicados.Resultados: Os 90 participantes tinham em média 64 anos (dp = 5,6), 71,1% quatro anos de escolaridade e 40% mais de um factor de risco vascular. Os limites dos valores de ómega-3 e da razão ómega-6 / ómega-3 foram respectivamente 2,90 - 9,79 (média = 6,20; dp = 1,50) e 1,14 - 2,95 (média = 2,12; dp = 0,39). A pontuação no Montreal Cognitive Assessment variou entre 10 - 29 (média = 22,0; dp = 4,5), aumentando em média 1 - 2 pontos para valores de ómega-3 acima da média e uma razão ómega-6 / ómega-3 ≤ 2 (Grupo 1) e diminuindo 5 - 6 pontos para um valor de ómega-3 abaixo da média e a mesma razão ómega-6 / ómega-3 (Grupo 2). A prevalência de défice cognitivo ligeiro foi 25,6% (IC 95%:16,4 - 34,7%), variando entre 12,5% e 83,3% nos dois grupos mencionados.Discussão: Este estudo preliminar é um dos primeiros a analisar a repercussão do índice ómega-3 e da razão ómega-6 / ómega-3 na função cognitiva, considerando adicionalmente o perfil clínico e consumo alimentar dos participantes.Conclusão: A associação encontrada sugere que o índice ómega-3 e a razão ómega-6 / ómega-3 podem ser biomarcadores importantes na prevenção da deterioração cognitiva.

Background: Resistance exercise increases muscle mass and function in older adults, but responses are attenuated compared with younger people. Data suggest that long-chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may enhance adaptations to resistance exercise in older women. To our knowledge, this possibility has not been investigated in men. Objective: We sought to determine the effects of long-chain n–3 PUFA supplementation on resistance exercise training–induced increases in muscle mass and function and whether these effects differ between older men and women. Design: Fifty men and women [men:n= 27, mean ± SD age: 70.6 ± 4.5 y, mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 25.6 ± 4.2; women:n= 23, mean ± SD age: 70.7 ± 3.3 y, mean ± SD BMI: 25.3 ± 4.7] were randomly assigned to either long-chain n–3 PUFA (n= 23; 3 g fish oil/d) or placebo (n= 27; 3 g safflower oil/d) and participated in lower-limb resistance exercise training twice weekly for 18 wk. Muscle size, strength, and quality (strength per unit muscle area), functional abilities, and circulating metabolic and inflammatory markers were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Maximal isometric torque increased after exercise training to a greater (P 0.05) between groups in men. In both sexes, the effect of exercise training on maximal isokinetic torque at 30, 90, and 240° s−1, 4-m walk time, chair-rise time, muscle anatomic cross-sectional area, and muscle fat did not differ (P >0.05) between groups. There was a greater (P 0.05). Long-chain n–3 PUFAs resulted in a greater decrease (P 0.05) in glucose, insulin, or inflammatory markers. Conclusion: Long-chain n–3 PUFA supplementation augments increases in muscle function and quality in older women but not in older men after resistance exercise training. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02843009.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation has demonstrated evidence of efficacy in meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials in ADHD. The benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acid appear small compared to the effect sizes observed for traditional pharmacological treatments of ADHD. Some evidence suggests that polyunsaturated fatty acid formulations with higher eicosapentaenoic acid may be more effective in improving ADHD symptoms. Melatonin appears to be effective in treating chronic insomnia in children with ADHD but appears to have minimal effects in reducing core ADHD symptoms. Iron and zinc supplementation may have benefit in reducing ADHD symptoms in children with or at high risk of deficiency. Data demonstrating efficacy of iron, zinc or magnesium in non-nutrient deficient ADHD populations is lacking. Many other natural supplements are widely utilized in the United States despite minimal evidence of efficacy and possible side-effects.

Recently, a variety of articles in the popular media have suggested that dietary consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids—from fish or fish oil supplements—may increase the risk of prostate cancer. Many of these commentaries advise against the use of supplemental fish oil. In light of considerable evidence that sufficient tissue levels of long-chain omega-3s can support health in a variety of ways, these concerns need to receive careful critical scrutiny.

ABS TRACT Ob jec ti ve: It is known that high fat di ets can ca u se en dot he li al dysfunc ti on, me di a ted by oxi da ti ve stress. In the pre sent study, we ai med to eva lu a te the vas cu lar res pon se of pol yun sa tu ra ted fatty acids (PU FA) and alp ha li po ic acid (ALA) on rat tho ra cic ar te ri es. Ma te ri al and Met hods: The pre sent study was con duc ted on ma le Wis tar al bi no rats. The n-6 and n-3 gro ups we re cre a ted from the rats that we re fed with pol yun sa tu ra ted fatty acid-rich di et, and 60% of the to tal ca lo ri e con tent com pri sed of fat. Furt her mo re, n-6/ALA and n-3/ALA gro ups we re cre a ted by the ad di ti on of strong an ti o xi dant alp ha li po ic acid in to the di et of n-6 and n-3 gro ups. The ef fects of di e tary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and ALA on vas cu lar res pon se of the rat tho ra cic ar te ri es we re eva lu a ted in the iso la ted or gan bath. In ad di ti on, the ef fects of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and ALA on the vas cu lar morp ho logy we re eva l u a ted using his toc he mi cal met hods. On the ot her hand, the glu tat hi o ne le vels in the red blo od cells we re com pa red bet we en n-6, n-3, n-6/ALA, and n-3/ALA gro ups. Re sults: We fo und dec re a sed en dot he li um de pen dent re la xa ti on and in cre a sed oxi da ti ve stress in n-6 and n-3 gro ups. Tre at ment with ALA im pro ved en dot he li um-de pen dent re la xa ti on and oxi da ti ve stres, and pre ven ted the wor se ning of vas cu lar his to pat ho logy. Conc lu si on: The re sults in di ca te that a high PU FA di et ca u sed en dot he li al dysfunc ti on by in cre a sing oxi da ti ve stress. Be si des, di e tary to tal amo unt of PU FA se ems to be mo re im por tant than n-6/n-3 ra ti o for car di o vas cu lar pro tec ti on.

The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of wearing removable partial dentures (RPDs) replacing a small number of teeth on dietary intake. Participants had at least 20 teeth and were classified as Eichner B1 or B2. The participants underwent dental and oral examinations, and their dietary intake was assessed. Analysis of covariance showed that RPD wearers consumed more vegetables, n-3 fatty acids, calcium, vitamin A, and dietary fiber than nonwearers after adjusting for possible confounding factors. It is concluded that RPDs are effective for improving dietary intake even in participants who have lost a small number of teeth.

The Australasian section of the American Oil Chemists Society (AAOCS) held their biennial meeting in Newcastle, Australia from 6 to 8 November, 2013. Over 150 scientists, researchers and industry representatives gathered for three days of talks and discussions on a variety of lipid related topics. The AAOCS awarded its inaugural AAOCS Award for Scientific Excellence in Lipid Research to Dr Allan Green from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Dr Green is deputy chief of the CSIRO Division of Plant Industry and has been active in lipid research for several decades. His main research focus is on plant breeding and genetic engineering techniques to develop improved oilseeds with enhanced human nutritional value and novel industrial uses. Refer to "AAOCS Award for Scientific Excellence in Lipid Research" for more detail of his contributions [1].

Many clinical and animal studies have shown that certain dietary components exert anti-inflammatory properties that aid in the amelioration of chronic inflammatory diseases. Among the various proposed channels through which dietary components affect immune responses, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are emerging as key targets for the dietary prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, immunoregulation by Tregs is briefly described, followed by a summary of recent advances and possible applications of techniques for the study of Tregs. In addition, this review provides an overview of the current knowledge on Treg regulation by certain dietary components, including vitamins, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols. The caveats of previous studies are also discussed in order to highlight the distinctions between dietary studies and immunological approaches. Consequently, this review may help to clarify the means by which nutritional components influence Tregs.

This article provides an updated review on mechanistic and molecular studies relating to the effects of n-3 fatty acids (FA) on inhibiting atherogenesis.The effects of n-3 FA on modulating arterial lipoprotein lipase levels link to changes in lipid deposition in the arterial wall. Lipoprotein lipase expression in the arterial wall also relates to local macrophage-mediated inflammatory processes. Increasing evidence suggests that n-3 FA ameliorate inflammation, another key component in the development of atherosclerosis, including decreases in proinflammatory cytokine production. n-3 FA inhibit atherogenic signaling pathways and modulate the phenotypes of inflammatory leukocytes and their recruitment in the arterial wall.New mechanistic insights into the antiatherogenic action of n-3 FA have emerged. These studies may contribute to future therapeutic advances in preventing mortality and morbidity associated with atherosclerosis.

Inflammation is a unifying component of many of the diseases that afflict Western civilizations. Nutrition therapy and, in particular, essential fatty acid supplementation is one of the approaches that is currently in use for the treatment and management of many inflammatory conditions. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the recent literature in light of the discovery that essential fatty acids are converted by the body to a novel genus of lipid mediators, termed specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs).The SPM genus is composed of four mediator families - the lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These molecules potently and stereoselectively promote the termination of inflammation, tissue repair, and regeneration. Recent studies indicate that in disease, SPM production becomes dysregulated giving rise to a status of failed resolution. Of note, several studies found that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, at doses within the recommended daily allowance, led to increases in several SPM families that correlate with enhanced white blood cell responses in humans and reduced inflammation in mice.Given the potent biological actions of SPM in organ protection and promoting bacterial clearance, nutritional therapies enriched in omega-3 fatty acids hold promise as a potential co-therapy approach when coupled with functional lipid mediator profiling.

Microalgae are sunlight-driven green cell factories for the production of potential bioactive products and biofuels. Nannochloropsis represents a genus of marine microalgae with high photosynthetic efficiency and can convert carbon dioxide to storage lipids mainly in the form of triacylglycerols and to the ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Recently, Nannochloropsis has received ever-increasing interests of both research and public communities. This review aims to provide an overview of biology and biotechnological potential of Nannochloropsis, with the emphasis on lipid production. The path forward for the further exploration of Nannochloropsis for lipid production with respect to both challenges and opportunities is also discussed.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) in mice on the reduction of desaturase and antioxidant enzymatic activities in liver, concomitantly with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) profiles in liver and extrahepatic tissues induced by a high-fat diet (HFD).Male mice C57 BL/6 J were fed with a control diet (CD; 10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrates) or an HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrates) for 12 wk. Animals were supplemented with 100 mg/d EVOO with different antioxidant contents (EVOO I, II, and III).After the intervention, blood and several tissues were analyzed. Dietary supplementation with EVOO with the highest antioxidant content and antioxidant capacity (EVOO III) significantly reduced fat accumulation in liver and the plasmatic metabolic alterations caused by HFD and produced a normalization of oxidative stress-related parameters, desaturase activities, and LCPUFA content in tissues.Data suggest that dietary supplementation with EVOO III may prevent oxidative stress and reduction of biosynthesis and accretion of ω-3 LCPUFA in the liver of HFD-fed mice.

Comprehensive and accurate characterization of brain metabolome is fundamental to brain science, but has been hindered by technical limitations. We profiled the brain metabolome in male Wistar rats at different ages (day 1 to week 111) using high-sensitivity and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Totally 380 metabolites were identified and 232 of them were quantitated. Compared with anatomical regions, age had a greater effect on variations in the brain metabolome. Lipids, fatty acids and amino acids accounted for the largest proportions of the brain metabolome and their concentrations varied across the lifespan. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in infancy (week 1 to week 3) compared with later ages and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids increased in the aged brain (week 56 to week 111). Importantly, a panel of 20 bile acids were quantitatively measured, most of which have not previously been documented in the brain metabolome. This study extends the breadth of the mammalian brain metabolome as well as our knowledge of functional brain development, both of which are critically important to move the brain science forward.

Editorial., This work was supported by SAF2013-45800-R, CSIC 201420E107 and FIS-RIC RD12/0042/0019, funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III.

Background. The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that pregnant women and women of childbearing ages consume 8–12 oz. of seafood per week. Fish are the major dietary source of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have benefits for the mother and fetus.Methods. In this observational study, we investigated dietary habits of pregnant women in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, to determine if they achieve recommended seafood intake. A print survey, which included commonly consumed foods from protein sources (beef, chicken, pork, and fish), was completed by pregnant women at a single-day hospital convention for expecting families in October 2015. Women (n=221) chose from six predefined responses to answer how frequently they were consuming each food.Results. Chicken was consumed most frequently (75% of women), followed by beef (71%), pork (65%), and fish (22%), respectively. Consumption frequency for the most consumed fish (catfish, once per month) was similar to or lower than that of the least consumed beef, chicken, and pork foods. Consumption frequency for the most consumed chicken and beef foods was at least once per week.Conclusion. Our data indicate that pregnant women in Louisiana often consume protein sources other than fish and likely fail to meet dietary seafood recommendations.

The 2012 Schizophrenia International Research Society (SIRS) Conference, held in Florence, Italy, attracted more than 1,600 attendees from 53 countries to the stately Firenze Fiera Conference Center from April 14-18, 2012. Providing four major plenary sessions, thirty-five symposia sessions and six workshops, this 3rd Biennial SIRS Conference was jointly sponsored by Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and SIRS. In conjunction with the Schizophrenia Research Forum, a Web project of the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, and with our thanks to the SIRS organizers and staff, we bring you the following report on the meeting's discussions concerning drug therapy development for schizophrenia, psychological and social treatment for schizophrenia, and the challenges of predicting psychosis with brain imaging.

Apply and compare two methods that identify signals for the need to update systematic reviews, using three Evidence-based Practice Center reports on omega-3 fatty acids as test cases.We applied the RAND method, which uses domain (subject matter) expert guidance, and a modified Ottawa method, which uses quantitative and qualitative signals. For both methods, we conducted focused electronic literature searches of recent studies using the key terms from the original reports. We assessed the agreement between the methods and qualitatively assessed the merits of each system.Agreement between the two methods was "substantial" or better (kappa0.62) in three of the four systematic reviews. Overall agreement between the methods was "substantial" (kappa=0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45-0.83).The RAND and modified Ottawa methods appear to provide similar signals for the possible need to update systematic reviews in this pilot study. Future evaluation with a broader range of clinical topics and eventual comparisons between signals to update reports and the results of full evidence review updates will be needed. We propose a hybrid approach combining the best features of both methods, which should allow efficient review and assessment of the need to update.

To investigate the effect of omega-3 fatty-acid supplements (n-3FA) on bleeding during posterior spinal arthrodesis.We reviewed all one- or two-level posterolateral lumbar decompression/fusions with or without interbody fusion by five surgeons within 3 years. Patients taking n-3FA preoperatively were matched 1:2 with controls based on procedure, surgeon and operative time. Patients with abnormal coagulation parameters, known bleeding disorders or other medications that could affect surgical blood loss were excluded.Twenty-eight patients met inclusion criteria. The n-3FA and control groups were similar with respect to gender, age, body mass index, operative time, and preoperative use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The n-3FAs were stopped an average of 5.2 days before surgery (range 1-10). Mean estimated blood loss (EBL) was 697 ml in the n-3FA group and 771 ml in the control group (p = 0.36). Mean transfused volume of Cell Saver (CS) was 282 ml in the n-3FA group and 321 ml in the control group (p = 0.30). A post hoc power analysis showed that the study was powered to detect a minimum difference of 105 ml for EBL and 50 ml for CS. The multivariate generalized estimating equation did not show a significant difference between groups for EBL or CS (p = 0.35 and p = 0.29, respectively). Secondary outcomes including drop in postoperative hemoglobin, transfusion requirement, complications and surgical drain output were similar between the two groups.The n-3FA use did not contribute to higher perioperative blood loss during spinal arthrodesis.

Background: Cardioprotective and other clinical benefits of long-chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are inversely related to dietary intake and hence blood content. We therefore investigated, in the first study of its kind, the blood content and distribution of these fatty acids in a large representative population of US hemodialysis patients. Methods: Frozen sera were obtained from 400 individuals who were part of a large, contemporary, representative cohort of US incident hemodialysis patients. Long-chain n–3 PUFA were measured in total serum lipids and in the neutral and polar serum fractions using gas chromatography and solid phase extraction techniques. Mean long-chain n–3 PUFA levels were compared to levels in other dialysis and nondialysis populations from published reports. Results: The study population was qualitatively similar to the overall US hemodialysis population in terms of major clinical characteristics. Long-chain n–3 PUFA were present in the serum polar fraction, with essentially none being detected in the neutral fraction (p < 0.0001 for polar vs. neutral fractions for all three long-chain n–3 PUFA). Mean serum long-chain n–3 PUFA levels (weight percent (±SD): total 1.55 ± 0.95, polar 3.99 ± 1.45) were low compared to nondialysis and most other non-US hemodialysis cohorts. Conclusions: While US hemodialysis patients have a blood distribution of long-chain n–3 PUFA that is similar to that in the general population, blood content is among the lowest recorded in the medical literature. This has implications for renal dietary recommendations and makes US patients an ideal group for testing the clinical effects of long-chain n–3 PUFA supplementation.