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Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:17:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-04-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento Bacterial pathogens cause significant economic losses in fish farms worldwide. The frequent use of antibiotics is a growing concern due to the adverse effects on human health and the environment. We evaluate the antibacterial activity of the Artemisia annua and its bioactive components against the Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae and Flavobacterium columnare, the main bacteria that affect fish culture. Bioactive components of the A. annua were obtained using an alcoholic extraction process, yielding 10.6% of dry material. The alcoholic extract of A. annua (ae-Aa) bioactive compounds was fractionated, obtaining the fractions F1 + 2, F3, F4, F5 and F6. Artemisinin up to 10.0 mg.ml-1 was ineffective in controlling studied bacteria. Microorganisms tested were all sensitive to ae-Aa (MIC and MBC 0.40 to 2.50 mg.ml-1). The ae-Aa components F3, F4, F5 and F6 were also effective (MIC and MBC 0.015 to 2.00 mg.ml-1). F3 showed the most effective antibacterial activity (MIC 0.015 to 0.5 mg.ml-1 and MBC 0.015 to 2.0 mg.ml-1). The ae-Aa and its bioactive components presented efficacy to inhibit growth and eliminate bacterial pathogens and can be an alternative to synthetic antibiotics for farmed fish. Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University UNESP Centro Universitário de Jaguariúna – UniFAJ Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Environment (EMBRAPA) Chemical Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA) Campinas State University (UNICAMP) Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University UNESP

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-07-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Aiming at the sustainability of aquaculture production, producers should adopt tools and protocols for environmental monitoring and management of these enterprises. There are currently issues concerning the efficacy of data collection procedures and limnological sampling at low frequency, which is widely used by managers and aquaculture surveillance agencies. In this context, the present study evaluated the effectiveness of high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) limnological monitoring. For the HF, autonomous data collection platforms (ADCP) were installed in a tropical reservoir, four ADCP in areas with fish production (WFP), and one ADCP in an area free of fish production (FFP, control). For both sampling methods, the temperature (Temp), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity (Tbt), electrical conductivity (EC), and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were sampled at a depth of 1.5 m from the water surface. While the HF used a multiparameter probe, recording each parameter every 10 min, the LF method consisted of monthly data acquisitions of the same settings using water sampling techniques for further measurement in the laboratory. The comparison of the sampling frequency and methods revealed different profiles for all measured parameters during the monitored period. The average values of the daily amplitude of variation differed between the two monitoring strategies for water temperature, pH, DO, Tbt, and Chl-a. Comparison of the results showed that the HF limnological monitoring allowed us to create a more accurate variation profile of the water quality variables measured. The ADCP is a useful strategy that can be used to capture the influences of fish production and to bring essential water quality changes for fish management. The evaluations with LF did not demonstrate the natural variability of the measured parameters, being an ineffective tool for environmental monitoring of fish production. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Environment Ministry of Livestock and Food Supply Université du Québec à Rimouski Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Avian Pathology Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine University of Brasília Nacional Institute for Space Research São José dos Campos São Paulo State University São José dos Campos Federal University of Lavras Department of Agricultural Engineering São Paulo State University Aquaculture Center – CAUNESP São Paulo State University São José dos Campos São Paulo State University Aquaculture Center – CAUNESP

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:00:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-07-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Functional additives of natural origin included as dietary supplements have become an alternative to synthetic antibiotics to improve health and resistance to ecologically correct pathogenic diseases in fish farming. We tested whether incorporating a mixture of phytobiotics such as volatile oils of thyme, red thyme and pepper rosemary into the diet improves growth performance, oxidative stress, immune and hematological responses and resistance of juvenile Nile tilapia when subjected to a challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila compared to a synthetic antibiotic (enrofloxacin). The experimental design was completely randomized with three experimental groups: control diet, diets containing a mixture of thyme phytobiotic essential oils, red thyme and pepper rosemary (FTB) and the synthetic antibiotic enrofloxacin (ATB), with four replicates (14 fish per repetition/experimental unit). Plasma glucose levels, leukocyte respiratory activity, serum lysozyme levels, number of circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes, levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity at the end of 20 days of feeding (phase) were evaluated and 24 h after exposure to bacteria (phase II). The supplementation of FTB and ATB did not change the performance parameters, but it was sufficient to increase lysozyme, leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes after the bacterial challenge, reduction of CAT and LPO activity and the highest GST activity (P < 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that FTB as a dietary supplement has benefits and can replace synthetic ATB, including supplementation with FTB for 20 days to provide greater antioxidant protection in Nile tilapia, mitigate the impacts of stressors and modulate immunity, providing to fish greater resistance and protection against diseases. Chemical Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA) Campinas State University (UNICAMP) Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University UNESP Campus Araraquara Embrapa Environment Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Rod. SP 340, Km 127,5, Caixa Postal 69 Laboratory of Animal Welfare Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine University of Brasília Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University UNESP Campus Araraquara FAPESP: 001 FAPESP: 2013/11981-2

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:17:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-10-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Fisheries (Tunisia) Plants are a potential source of active molecules and are environmentally safer and cheaper than synthetic antibiotics. Bioactive compounds of Artemisia annua have shown pharmacological activities and are used globally as a supplement. The present study tested whether dietary supplementation with alcohol extract of the plant A. annua (ae-Aa; patent BR10201902707) improves the health status of juvenile Nile tilapia and increases resistance to diseases when fish are challenged with the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. The experimental design was completely randomized with four experimental groups (0.0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% ae-Aa in the diets) with five repetitions (12 fish per repetition/experimental unit). We assessed serum glucose and cortisol levels in plasma, leukocyte respiratory activity, total plasma protein, serum lysozyme levels, as well as the number of circulating red blood cells and fish leukocytes at the end of the 30 days of feeding (phase I) and 24h after exposure to bacteria (phase II). The levels of lipid peroxidation, catalase activity and glutathione S-transferase of fish were also analyzed. The supplementation of 0.5% of ae-Aa was sufficient to increase the respiratory burst of leukocyte and lysozyme activity, total plasma protein, blood thrombocytes, neutrophils and monocytes after bacterial challenge (P < 0.05), and minimized stress response with decreases in plasmatic glucose and cortisol, and reduction in lipid peroxidation levels (P < 0.05). Results of the present study suggest that ae-Aa as a dietary supplement has benefits, including supplementation with 0.5% A. annua extract for 30 days to minimize the stress response and modulate innate immunity in Nile tilapia, providing fish with greater resistance and disease protection. Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University UNESP Campus Araraquara, São Carlos Embrapa Environment Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Rod. SP 340, Km 127,5, Caixa Postal 69, CEP: 13.918-110, Jaguariúna Chemical Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA) Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Paulínia Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University UNESP Campus Araraquara, São Carlos

Fisheries and aquaculture are important sources of food for hundreds of millions of people around the world. World fish production is projected to increase by 15% in the next 10 years, reaching around 200 million tonnes per year. The main driver of this increase will be based on fish farming management in developing countries. In Brazil, fish farming is increasing due to the climate conditions and large supply of water resources, with the production system based on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming in reservoirs. Inland waters like reservoirs are a natural source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. However, knowledge of the impact from intensive fish production in net cages on CH4 fluxes is not well known. This paper presents in situ measurements of CH4 fluxes and dissolved CH4 (DM) in the Furnas Hydroelectric Reservoir in order to evaluate the impact of fish farming on methane emissions. Measurements were taken in a control area without fish production and three areas with fish farming. The overall mean of diffusive methane flux (DMF) (5.9 ± 4.5 mg CH4 m−2 day−1) was significantly lower when compared to the overall mean of bubble methane flux (BMF) (552.9 ± 1003.9 mg CH4 m−2 day−1). The DMF and DM were significantly higher in the two areas with fish farming, whereas the BMF was not significantly different. The DMF and DM were correlated to depth and chlorophyll-a. However, the low production of BMF did not allow the comparison with the limnological parameters measured. This case study shows that CH4 emissions are influenced more by reservoir characteristics than fish production. Further investigation is necessary to assess the impact of fish farming on the greenhouse gas emissions.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) net cage farming on methane (CH4) emission in a Brazilian tropical reservoir through the quantification of spatial and seasonal variations of diffusive and ebullitive CH4 emissions. To explain the variability of CH4 emission, a hierarchical identification of limnologic and atmospheric parameters was used. A significant increase in diffusive emissions from net cage sites (33.4 ± 54.9 mg C CH4 m−2 d−1) was observed when compared to the sites before (4.4 ± 9.4 mg C CH4 m−2 d−1) and after (6.2 ± 15.6 mg C CH4 m−2 d−1) the net cages. Also, significant increase of ebullitive emissions was also observed from the net cage sites (2,417.1 ± 2,040.7 mg C CH4 m−2 d−1) when compared to the average emissions from sites before (1.1 ± 2.1 mg C CH4 m−2 d−1) and after (88.7 ± 92.6 mg C CH4 m−2 d−1). Results showed a decrease in average CH4 emissions towards the sites after the net cages in all sampled areas which suggests that the influence of tilapia fish farming is local. The highest averages in the reservoir areas for diffusive and ebullitive CH4 emissions were observed in areas with higher production of tilapia. Finally, seasonal variation was observed on diffuse CH4 emission. High concentrations of carbon and phosphorus in water and sediment were the main drivers for increasing diffusive and ebullitive methane emissions. Our findings provide valuable information that tilapia net cage farming in reservoirs can be associated with local and dispersive increased methane emissions.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:45:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Brazil Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) National Institute for Space Research (INPE) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Stratification and mixing patterns of a water body are influenced by the variability of atmospheric systems, which can also modify their biogeochemical properties. The primary goal of this study was to analyze the effect of atmospheric cold fronts (CFs) on thermal stratification and water quality parameters in 4 embayments of the Furnas Hydroelectric Reservoir (FHR) (southeastern Brazil), a warm monomictic water body. A secondary goal was to evaluate the implications of this effect on the aquaculture of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in net cages. A 2 yr dataset of meteorological and water quality parameters was used to compute heat flux balance components and buoyancy frequency. These parameters were used to evaluate the influence of CFs on FHR water column stability and water quality. It was observed that the passing of CFs increased net heat loss and wind velocity, resulting in a partial mixture of surface waters with deeper layers. These changes in the physical structure of the water column altered the diel cycle of water temperature, led to a slight decrease in dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH values during the stratification period, and contributed to the increase in dilution power at the fish cultivation sites. However, following CF passages, no significant changes were observed in water quality parameters that influenced Nile tilapia cultivation in the FHR. Nevertheless, the understanding of meteorological systems and their influence on the physical and biogeochemical properties of an aquatic system is important for optimal management of aquaculture activities. Natl Inst Space Res, Remote Sensing Div, BR-12227010 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil Brazilian Agr Res Corp, Embrapa Environm, BR-13820000 Jaguariuna, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Environm Engn, BR-12247004 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil Reference Ctr Fdn Innovat Technol, Green Econ Ctr, BR-88040970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Indiana Univ Purdue Univ Indianapolis, Dept Earth Sci, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA Univ Quebec Rimouski, Dept Biol Chim & Geog, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Environm Engn, BR-12247004 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, Brazil CNPq: 313071/2015-2

Sulfamethazine (SMZ) is one of the most commonly used sulfonamide compounds in fish farming, and its physiological effects on fish are unknown. SMZ was administered to juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at a dose level of 422 mg kg(-1) body weight, for a period of 11 days, via medicated feed. Fish were divided into two groups, the control group (CG) and the group fed with SMZ in feed. The administration of SMZ did not alter the erythrograms and leukograms of the Nile tilapia. The SMZ-fed group showed the same hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) concentration as the CG. Nonetheless, the oral administration of SMZ raised the hepatic catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, the increase probably being sufficient to prevent hepatic LPO production. The oral administration of SMZ affects the hepatic GST and CAT activities of Nile tilapia.

Copper sulfate is widely used in aquaculture. Exposure to this compound can be harmful to fish, resulting in oxidative metabolism alterations and gill tissue damage. Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, (wt = 43.4 +/- 3.35 g) were distributed in experimental tanks (n = 10; 180 l) and exposed for 48 h to control (without copper addition), 0.4Cu (0.4 mg l(-1)), 0CupH (without copper addition, pH = 5.0) and 0.4CupH (0.4 mg l(-1), pH = 5.0). In liver and red muscle, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) was responsive to the increases in the aquatic copper. The plasmatic intermediary metabolites and hematological variables in the fish of group 0.4Cu were similar to those of the control group. Conversely, the exposure to 0.4CupH caused an increase in the plasmatic lactate, number of red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb). Plasmatic copper concentration [Cu(p)] increased in group 0.4Cu and 0.4CupH, which is higher in group 0.4CupH, suggests an effect of water pH on the absorbed copper. Exposure to 0.4Cu and 0.4CupH resulted in a reduction in the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and an increase in metallothionein (MT) in the gills. Exposure to 0CupH caused a decrease in glucose and pyruvate concentrations and an increase in RBC, Hb, and the branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. These responses suggest that the fish triggered mechanisms to revert the blood acidosis, save energy and increase the oxygen uptake. MT was an effective biomarker, responding to copper in different pHs and dissolved oxygen. Combined-factors caused more significant disturbance in the biomarkers than single-factors.

Water temperature alterations can determine harmful physiological modifications in fish, which should be prepared to cope with this, and nutrition strategies seem to be essential. This study evaluated the effects of different levels of vitamin C and lipids on physiological responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, submitted to tempera- ture stress. There were two phases: Phase I - preparing fish to store vitamin C and lipid at appropriate temperature, and Phase II - evaluating the contributions these reserves make to fish physiology under low-temperature stress. The experiment used a 3 3 2 factorial design with three vitamin C levels (300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg diet) and two lipid levels (8.0 and 12.0%), plus absence of nutrient test and a diet of 6.0% lipids and 125.0 mg/kg vitamin C. In Phase I, 192 fish were kept at 26.0 6 1.0 C for 112 d, and in Phase II, 48 fish were kept at 18.0 6 0.5 C for 32 d and at 15.0 6 0.5 C for 11 d. Fish fed C0L0 diet showed lower erythrocytes values in both phases; higher vitamin C supplement determined higher red blood cell (RBC) num- ber and higher hematocrit (Htc) (Phase II); Htc was significantly lower in Phase II; after temperature stress, fish fed C0L0 diet had higher mean corpuscular volume, lower hemoglobin corpuscular concentration, and significantly lower vitamin C concentration in the liver; and higher supplementation determined a higher concentration in the liver (Phases I and II). Higher plasmatic cortisol concen- tration was seen in fish fed C0L0 diet. In conclusion, our results show that the absence of vitamin C in diets impairs RBC formation and does not enable fish to cope with stress; excess vitamin C is efficient in mitigating stress and 600 mg/kg diet is economic and physiologically sufficient to prepare fish for coping with low-temperature stress. Lipid supplementation does not determine alterations in stress biochemical parameters.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo determinar os melhores níveis dietários de vitamina E e de selênio para pós-larvas do camarão amazônico, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Crustacea). Nesse sentido, pós-larvas com peso médio de 280mg e comprimento médio de 20,60mm foram mantidas em 28 aquários de 12L dotados de sistema de recirculação de água e de controle automático de temperatura, submetidas à esquema fatorial 3x2, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 1 tratamento adicional, totalizando 4 repetições por tratamento. As pós-larvas foram alimentadas com rações purificadas à base de albumina e de gelatina, contendo 3 níveis de vitamina E (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg e 400,00mg/kg), 2 níveis de selênio (0,50mg/kg e 1mg/kg) e 1 tratamento adicional (sem suplementação de selênio e de vitamina E). Após 30 dias, avaliou-se o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar aparente, a taxa de sobrevivência e a concentração de selênio no filé. Observou-se que: 200mg de vitamina E/kg e 0,50mg de selênio/kg proporcionam melhores respostas de ganho de peso e de conversão alimentar aparente; 100mg de vitamina E/kg e 0,50mg de selênio/kg proporcionam melhor taxa de sobrevivência e, 200mg de vitamina E/kg e 1mg de selênio/kg proporcionam maior concentração de selênio no filé. Com base nesses resultados, recomenda-se 200mg de vitamina E/kg e 0,50mg de selênio/kg de ração, na alimentação de pós-larvas de camarão amazônico, de modo a proporcionar melhores resultados quanto ao desempenho produtivo.The objective of this study was to determine the best dietary level of vitamin E and selenium on diets for Amazon prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Crustacea). Thus, post-larvae of 280mg average weight and 20.60mm average length were kept in 28 aquaria (12.00L) supplied with water. They were maintained in automatic control of temperature, in a completely randomized factorial experiment 3x2 design, plus an additional treatment, with four replications each treatment. The post-larvae were fed with purified diets supplemented with three vitamin E levels (100.00; 200.00 and 400.00mg/kg), two levels of selenium (0.50 and 1.00mg/kg) and an additional treatment (without vitamin E and selenium supplementation). After 30 days, the weight gain, apparent feed conversion, survival rate and muscle selenium concentration were evaluated. results indicated that diets supplemented with 200.00mg of vitamin E/kg and 0.50 selenium/kg provided the best weight gain and apparent feed conversion; 100.00mg of vitamin E/kg and 0.50mg of selenium/kg supplementation provided the best survival rate; and diets supplemented with 200.00mg of vitamin E/kg and 1.00mg of selenium/kg determined the highest muscle selenium concentration. The results indicated that diets supplemented with 200.00mg of vitamin E/kg and 0.50 selenium/kg can be recommended in diets to post larvae of Amazon prawn.

As dietas balanceadas para piscicultura são suplementadas com fonte inorgânica de zinco, sendo o óxido de zinco (ZnO) a fonte mais utilizada no Brasil. Complexos organometálicos, contudo, podem aumentar a absorção do mineral no trato digestório. Nesse sentido, comparou-se os efeitos de um complexo zinco-aminoácido (Zn-AA) sobre o desempenho produtivo e a composição da carcaça de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus L., em relação ao verificado com o uso do ZnO. Dietas experimentais, isoprotéicas e isocalóricas, à base de farelo de soja e fubá de milho, foram fornecidas aos peixes durante 75 dias, sendo suplementadas com 30, 90, 150 ou 210mg Zn/kg, a partir do ZnO ou do Zn-AA. Os peixes (1,79 ± 0,10g) foram distribuídos em 36 caixas de água de 250L, sendo alimentados ad libitum, quatro vezes ao dia. Ao final do período experimental, os peixes alimentados com as dietas suplementadas com ZnO, independentemente do nível de suplementação, apresentaram ganho em peso significativamente maior que os animais arraçoados com as dietas contendo Zn-AA (P0,05). Os resultados do presente trabalho permitem concluir que, em relação ao observado com o uso do ZnO, o Zn-AA acarretou pior desempenho produtivo nos peixes estudados.Commercial diets for fish culture are supplemented with an inorganic zinc sources. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is the most utilized Zn supplementation in Brazil. However, organic metal complexes may increase mineral absorption in the digestive tract. Based on this knowledge, the effects of a amino acid zinc complex (Zn-AA) upon growth performance and carcass composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., fingerlings, were compared to the ones observed for ZnO. Isoproteic and isoenergetic soybean meal/corn-based diets were offered to fish for 75 days, supplemented with 30, 90, 150 or 210mg Zn/kg, from ZnO or Zn-AA. Fish (1.79 ± 0.10g) were allocated in thirty six 250-L tanks, and fed ad libitum four times a day. Fish fed with ZnO-supplemented diets, regardless of the supplementation level, showed a significantly higher weight gain than the animals fed with Zn-AA-supplemented diets (P0.05) for different experimental treatments. The experiment showed that Zn-AA supplementation produced worse fish growth performance than ZnO.

Avaliou-se a digestibilidade aparente das farinhas de peixe importada e nacional e, das farinhas de sangue spray-dried e tostada. Confeccionaram-se cinco rações marcadas com 0,10% de óxido de crômio, sendo uma referência (semi-purificada) e as demais contendo os ingredientes teste. Os peixes (peso médio de 100±10g) foram mantidos em cinco tanques-rede de 250 L, em uma densidade de 15 peixes/aquário onde, receberam ração à vontade das 8:00 às 17:00 horas. Posteriormente, foram transferidos para cinco tanques de 300L para coleta de fezes, onde permaneciam até a manhã do dia seguinte. Obtiveram-se os seguintes CDA, respectivamente, para as farinhas de peixe importada e nacional e para as farinhas de sangue spray-dried e tostada: 50,19%; 52,10%; 82,47% e 53,36% para a matéria seca; 80,57%; 71,44%; 97,33% e 50,69% para a proteína bruta; 90,68%; 92,80%; 52,22% e 89,36% para o extrato etéreo e 58,09%; 40,20%; 74,97% e 57,97% para a energia bruta. Concluiu-se que a farinha de sangue spray-dried e ambas as farinhas de peixe podem ser recomendadas como fonte protéica de origem animal e que a farinha de sangue tostada não deve ser utilizada em rações para tilápia do Nilo.Apparent digestibility in Nile tilapia juveniles (100±10g) of imported fish meal, Brazilian-made fish meal, spray-dried blood meal and toasted blood meal was evaluated. While a semi-purified diet was prepared as control, four other diets containing about 35% of control diet and 65% of assay ingredients were prepared, using 0.10% of chromic oxide as indicator. Juveniles of Nile tilapia were randomly stocked in groups of fifty in circular cages. They were maintained for 8:00 to 17:00 p.m. in 250L-tanks and fed all day long. Later they were transferred to tanks 300L-tanks, appropriated for feces collection, in which they spent all night. Apparent digestibility coefficient of the ingredient was based on percentage of chromic oxide found in diets and feces and on nutrient percentage. Results indicate that spray-dried blood meal and the two fish meals may be used as a source of protein in Nile tilapia diets. Toasted blood meal cannot be recommended.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982007000500001.pdf: 56909 bytes, checksum: 9c33a366feb0a3a7c8859d5236b838af (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982007000500001.pdf: 56909 bytes, checksum: 9c33a366feb0a3a7c8859d5236b838af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:27:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982007000500001.pdf: 56909 bytes, checksum: 9c33a366feb0a3a7c8859d5236b838af (MD5) S1516-35982007000500001.pdf.txt: 24629 bytes, checksum: 263b45d06df4e5cfc7a82207227b71c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:40:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982007000500001.pdf: 56909 bytes, checksum: 9c33a366feb0a3a7c8859d5236b838af (MD5) S1516-35982007000500001.pdf.txt: 24629 bytes, checksum: 263b45d06df4e5cfc7a82207227b71c4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:40:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982007000500001.pdf: 56909 bytes, checksum: 9c33a366feb0a3a7c8859d5236b838af (MD5) S1516-35982007000500001.pdf.txt: 24629 bytes, checksum: 263b45d06df4e5cfc7a82207227b71c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-01 Foram avaliados os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de MS, PB, energia bruta (EB) e EE de alimentos protéicos (farelo de soja e farinha de peixe) e energéticos (fubá de milho e farelo de trigo) para beta (Betta splendens). Fêmeas adultas foram alojadas em gaiolas e mantidas em dois aquários de fibra de vidro (30 peixes/aquário) para alimentação e dois para coleta de fezes, ambos de formato cônico e com capacidade para 30 L. Os resultados dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de MS, PB, EB e EE foram, respectivamente, de 69,43; 72,52; 67,91 e 55,50% para farelo de soja; 60,67; 51,15; 75,55 e 58,26% para farinha de peixe; 63,88; 87,16; 77,61 e 50,40% para fubá de milho; e 61,06; 93,37; 58,17 e 65,51% para farelo de trigo. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo permitem otimizar a formulação de dietas práticas balanceadas, economicamente viáveis para a espécie. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy and ether extract from protein feeds: soybean meal and fish meal and from energy feeds: corn and wheat middlings were evaluated for Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Adult female fish were stocked in cages and held in two fiberglass aquaria (30 fish/aquarium) for feeding and two aquaria for collect fecal samples, both with conic shape with 30L. The results of apparent digestibility coefficients for DM, CP, GE and EE were respectively 69.43, 72.52, 67.91 and 55.50% for soybean meal; 60.67, 51.15, 75.55 and 58.26% for fish meal; 63.88, 87.16, 77.61 and 50.40% for corn and 61.06, 93.37, 58.17 and 65.51% for wheat middlings. The determined digestibility values are essential to economically viable practical diet formulation for Siamese fish fighting. UFV Departamento de Biologia Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) UNESP FMVZ Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas UNESP FMVZ Departamento de Nutrição Animal UNESP FMVZ UNESP FMVZ Departamento de Nutrição Animal

The effect of combined-factors (hypoxia+copper) on the biochemical parameters and antioxidant defenses were studied in the neotropical fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Fish were exposed for 48 h to 0.4 mg Cu(2+) L(-1) (0.4Cu), hypoxia=50 mm Hg (Hpx), and 0.4 mg Cu(2) L(-1)+hypoxia=50 mm Hg (0.4CuHpx). The exposure to 0.4Cu increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the liver, accompanied by increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreases in catalase (CAT) activity, showing the influence of copper in this protection. The exposure to Hpx decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and CAT. Exposure to a combined-factor caused an increase in the ROS production followed by an increase in SOD and a decrease in GSH-Px and CAT. At 0.4Cu, fish presented a reduction in CAT, while in Hpx decreases in SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were observed in red muscles. Single-factors were insufficient to cause ROS production. In combined-factors, increased ROS formation and decreased SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were observed. RBC increased in all groups, but only under combined-factors was there an increase in hemoglobin. Copper plasma concentration increased in groups exposed to copper. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity in gills decreased in 0.4Cu and 0.4CuHpx, and increased in Hpx. Metallothionein concentration in gills increased under combined-factors. Combined-factors caused significant disturbances in the antioxidant defenses and biochemical parameters than single-factors.

This study investigated the potentially detrimental effects of copper and elevated aquatic CO(2) (hypercarbia), alone or in combination, on pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Fish were exposed for 48 h to control (no copper addition in normocarbia), to 400 μg Cu(2+)L(-1), to hypercarbic (1% CO(2); PCO(2) = 6.9 mm Hg) water and to 400 μg Cu(2+)L(-1) + hypercarbia. In liver the single factors caused an increase in lipid hydroperoxide concentration that was not observed when the factors were combined. Copper exposure elicited increased hepatic superoxide dismutase activity, irrespective of aquatic CO(2) level. On the other hand, the effects of copper on hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity were dependent on water CO(2) levels. The two stressors combined did not affect hepatic catalase activity. Hypercarbic water caused a decline in plasma glucose concentration, but this was not observed when hypercarbia was combined with copper exposure. Copper caused a decrease in branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity that was independent of water CO(2) level. Copper caused an increase in branchial metallothionein concentration that was independent of water CO(2) level. Thus, branchial metallothionein and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase were effective biomarkers of copper exposure that were not affected by water CO(2) level.

Trichlorfon [TCF] is an organophosphate compound used to eliminate or control a variety of parasites in farmed fish. The physiological and biochemical responses of juvenile Nile tilapia were studied after 96 hours of exposure to TCF. The experiment was conducted randomly with two treatments: control and TCF (0.5 mg L-1). No mortality or changes in hematological profile were recorded for the fish. On the other hand, we found that TCF exposure caused behavioral, metabolic and hormonal changes that modified the response patterns of the immune and enzymatic defense system in muscle and liver tissues. Increased plasma cortisol and glucose combined with the reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity in muscle and liver tissue after 96-h of TCF exposure indicates chemical stress. In response to this harmful situation, we observed changes in the immune system that lead to an increased number of leukocytes, thrombocytes, monocytes, lysozyme and leukocyte respiratory burst activity. Furthermore, we associate the increased activity of glutathione-S-transferase in liver tissue as a strategy fish use to combat the effects of TCF. Thus, we conclude that TCF affects the physiologic parameters of Nile tilapia, which can generate irreversible situations of recovery of the clinical condition. Such fact highlights the need to search for new compounds that could replace TCF, that have no or few adverse effects on fish species. Made available in DSpace on 2021-02-02T01:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ishikawa-Physiological-biochemical-2020.pdf: 411152 bytes, checksum: 3055487f2054433a3537fc309c715a16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Em 2011, o Committee on Fisheries (Cofi) da Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) comitê de pesca da FAO, órgão da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) aprovou o documento que contém as Diretrizes Técnicas para Certificação da Aquicultura, visando ao desenvolvimento, à organização e à implementação de regimes confiáveis de certificação de aquicultura. Os países signatários deverão internalizá-lo e usá-lo como base para adaptar ou criar as normas relacionadas ao tema. O documento abrange questões de saúde e bem-estar animal, segurança alimentar, integridade ambiental e aspectos socioeconômicos.

A estratégia mais adequada e eficiente para manter o ritmo atual de crescimento da aquicultura no Brasil é a adoção de sistemas de produção mais competitivos e sustentáveis. Dessa forma, a aquisição de dados em alta frequência temporal e a descoberta de possíveis relações entre os parâmetros ambientais e os sistemas de produção de peixes em tanques-rede podem-se tornar ferramentas para a melhoria da gestão dos empreendimentos, diminuindo possíveis impactos ambientais. Apresentam-se ferramentas já consolidadas em outras cadeias de produção e sua adaptação ao monitoramento ambiental da aquicultura em reservatórios. Geotecnologias, como imagens de satélite e Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) estão sendo utilizadas para estudar a relação entre a qualidade da água no sistema aquícola e as condições do seu entorno. Nesse sentido, aspectos de uso e ocupação do solo, manejo dos sistemas agropecuários e condições meteorológicas e de relevo estão sendo avaliados com vistas a compreender sua influência no sistema de produção de peixes em tanques-rede. Assim, métodos quantitativos de análises dos dados, incluindo modelos matemáticos, serão aplicados na busca de melhor compreensão sistêmica dos processos biogeoquímicos diretamente envolvidos com a produção de peixes em tanques-rede. Apresenta-se ainda a adequação de um procedimento integrado para avaliar os impactos, verificar as Boas Práticas de Manejo (BPM) e a gestão ambiental da aquicultura. As ferramentas apresentadas são parte de um projeto em execução. Espera-se que os avanços e os resultados obtidos possam subsidiar, com bases científicas e tecnológicas, a elaboração de políticas públicas e estratégias de gestão, e fazer parte de processos de monitoramento, prevenção e redução de impactos ambientais.