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Abstract Opsins are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have evolved to detect light stimuli and initiate intracellular signaling cascades. Their role as signal transducers is critical to light perception across the animal kingdom. Opsins covalently bind to the chromophore 11-cis retinal, which isomerizes to the all-trans isomer upon photon absorption, causing conformational changes that result in receptor activation. Monostable opsins, responsible for vision in vertebrates, release the chromophore after activation and must bind another retinal molecule to remain functional. In contrast, bistable opsins, responsible for non-visual light perception in vertebrates and for vision in invertebrates, absorb a second photon in the active state to return the chromophore and protein to the inactive state. Structures of bistable opsins in the activated state have proven elusive, limiting our understanding of how they function as bidirectional photoswitches. Here we present active state structures of a bistable opsin, jumping spider rhodopsin isoform-1 (JSR1), in complex with its downstream signaling partners, the Gi and Gq heterotrimers. These structures elucidate key differences in the activation mechanisms between monostable and bistable opsins, offering essential insights for the rational engineering of bistable opsins into diverse optogenetic tools to control G protein signaling pathways.

The aim of this paper is to develop a model of the real equilibrium CZK/EUR exchange rate with all relevant explanatory variables. Emphasis will be placed on examining the longest possible time horizon, with a period of real convergence, but also economic stagnation. The model is based on the theoretical BEER approach using a cointegration or error correction model that distinguishes between short-term and long-term relationships. The results show that the Czech koruna strengthens when the productivity differential, terms of trade differential or gross fixed capital formation increase, while the koruna weakens when the VIX index representing global risk aversion increases. For the real interest rate differential, the hypothesis that the koruna strengthens in the short run during the improvement but weakens in the long run probably due to the country's risk premium, was confirmed. Moreover, it turned out that the start of the European Central Bank's quantitative easing led to strengthening of the Czech koruna, while the start of the CNB's foreign exchange interventions in 2013 led to weakening of the Czech koruna.

The CoCrFeNiMnX (X = 5, 20, and 35 at.%) alloys, reinforced with 5 at.% SiC powder, were prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. This preparation method resulted in microstructural refinement of the FCC solid solution grains, while the SiC addition reacted with residual oxygen to form homogeneously distributed ultrafine SiO2 particles. Additionally, the alloys contained Cr7C3 carbides, which were significantly larger than the SiO2 particles and enriched with the alloy's elements, including Mn. Among the tested materials, the reinforced CoCrFeNiMn20 alloy exhibited the highest hardness and compressive yield strength (CYS), achieving 392 ± 9 HV30 or 476 ± 3 HVIT1 and 1024 ± 18 MPa, respectively. This alloy also maintained superior CYS (956 ± 35 MPa) even after 100 h of annealing at 800 °C. The reduction in CYS after annealing was smallest for the CoCrFeNiMn5 alloy (35 MPa) and increased with higher Mn content, highlighting Mn's significant role in diffusion-related processes. At elevated temperatures (600 and 800 °C), the CoCrFeNiMn5 alloy had the highest CYS of 190 ± 33 MPa, while the CoCrFeNiMn35 alloy had the lowest at 80 ± 6 MPa. This trend was also observed in wear rate tests, where the CoCrFeNiMn5 alloy had the lowest specific wear rate coefficient of 3.54 ± 0.09 × 10-4 mm³ N⁻1 m⁻1. This was due to matrix softening and oxide lubrication without significant spalling. Thus, the CoCrFeNiMn5 alloy demonstrated superior mechanical properties and wear resistance under various conditions, making it a promising candidate for applications requiring high strength and durability.

This study aims to present an easily scalable, cost-efficient process of dECM extraction from porcine meniscus, dedicated to bioink preparation and 3D bioprinting. Due to its cartilage like structure and mechanical robustness, the meniscus is an exceptionally demanding tissue for extraction and decellularisation of its ECM. Its processing poses a great difficulty and renders the methods previously developed for soft tissues useless. A process, combining homogenisation, hydrolysis, supercritical CO2 (scCO2) extraction and lyophilisation, was developed to meet this challenge. This protocol allows for retaining its native compounds and biocompatibility while offering good printability and providing a stimulatory environment for cell proliferation and differentiation towards a meniscus-like phenotype. Also, this process is economically and ecologically friendly since it doesn't require the use of high amounts of solvents, detergents or expensive enzymes (DNase). The decellularisation process has been meticulously studied, demonstrating a substantial reduction in DNA content but still exceeding accepted thresholds. The study further explores the biocompatibility of the dECM, demonstrating no detrimental effects of remnant DNA on cell survival during extended in vitro culture, indicating excellent biocompatibility. These findings challenge the current definition of decellularisation effectiveness based solely on DNA content, proposing a broader assessment of biological effects.

ABSTRACTThe following manuscript describes 10 newly synthesised pentafluorostilbene derivatives that are diverse in the character of the substituent attached to the second phenyl ring, as well as in the substitution site. The compounds were investigated for their applicability as iodonium salt photosensitisers for initiating cationic, radical and hybrid photopolymerisation. For this purpose, various spectroscopic studies were performed, such as absorbance and fluorescence quenching experiments. For kinetic research, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (real-time FT-IR) was utilised, which enabled analysis of the performance of the investigated two-component photoinitiating systems in real time. According to a variety of kinetic studies, the most effective initiator system was selected and applied for application studies in the subsequent stage, namely the preparation of photocurable polymer nanocomposites using light-initiated 3D printing technology (DLP – Digital Light Processing). The most effective two-component initiating system was tested in seven different photo-curable resins by thermogravimetry (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to demonstrate its applicability in 3D printing of nanocomposites.

Middle ear neuroendocrine tumors (MeNETs) are an exceptionally rare occurrence. These benign tumors stem from the tympanic mucosa and can easily be misinterpreted by the clinician and the pathologist. Clinical characteristics, otoscopic findings and medical imaging in these cases are non-specific. We present a case of a 60-year-old male patient with bilateral hearing loss following recent coronavirus disease 2019 disease. Diagnostic work-up revealed a soft tissue neoplasm of the left middle ear. Surgical resection of the tumor mass with implantation of a partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP) was the main modality of treatment. Middle ear neuroendocrine tumors was confirmed through positive immunohistochemistry for neuroendocrine tumor markers. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging 12 months after the surgery reported no tumor recurrence or significant residual disease with a stable PORP. Our report highlights challenges in diagnosing and treating these rare tumors, while emphasizing surgical resection pitfalls and resulting improvement of quality of life of the patient. We recommend a through followup of patients with unclear soft tissue masses in the middle ear to obtain a definitive diagnosis.

Abstract Presented paper deals with a novel application of the (nonlinear) logistic equation to model an elimination of microscopic filaments types of fungi-molds from affected materials via different external inactivation techniques. It is shown that if the inactivation rate of the external source is greater than the maximum natural growth rate of mycelium, the mold colony becomes destroyed after a finite time. Otherwise, the mycelium may survive the external attack only at a sufficiently large initial concentration of the inoculum. Theoretically determined growth curves are compared with the experimental data for Aspergillus brasiliensis mold inactivated by using both cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) and UV-germicidal lamp. Model presented in the article may be applied also to other classes of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria).

Nearly equiatomic AlCoCrFeNi alloy samples were prepared by induction melting and mechanical alloying (MA) combined with spark plasma sintering (SPS). The cast sample showed a dendritic microstructure composed of spinodally decomposed nanometric constituents of the B2 and BCC phases. The spark plasma sintered sample exhibited an ultrafine-grained microstructure of B2 phase and FCC solid solution and Cr23C6 carbides. The MA + SPS sample was strengthened by compressive stress-strain test up to a yield strength of 2029 ± 5 MPa, resulting significantly higher compared to 1366 ± 32 MPa of the cast sample. In addition to the higher compressive yield strength, the sintered sample exhibited a hardness of more than 130 HV higher compared to the cast alloy. On the other hand, the cast alloy showed high plastic deformation (29%) and significantly high ultimate compressive strength of 3072 ± 122 MPa. Together with these mechanical characteristics, the MA + SPS sample showed good thermal stability while preserving the mechanical properties even after annealing at 800 °C. This was not the case with the cast sample, in which ductility and ultimate strength significantly decreased upon annealing at 800 °C. A substantial yield strength reduction of both MA + SPS and cast samples was recorded when tested at 800 °C. Nevertheless, stress-strain curve trends were observed to be quite different between the two samples, thus suggesting dissimilar deformation mechanisms under high-temperature compression.

Abstract Background This study explores the effectiveness of ultrasonography (USG)-guided saline enema reduction for ileocecal intussusception. It investigates factors, ascertainable through physical examination, ultrasound, and medical history, that impact the success of the procedure and the likelihood of recurrence. Results Conducted at a tertiary referral center, the study included 323 pediatric cases diagnosed with intussusception between 2017 and 2023. Patient data, symptoms, signs, and outcomes were collected. Hydrostatic saline enema, performed under USG guidance, served as the primary non-operative treatment. Logistic regression models assessed the impact of clinical factors on success and recurrence rates. Out of 323 patients examined for eligibility, 184 met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Successful reduction with saline enema was achieved in 86.7%. In-hospital recurrence occurred in 17.1%, notably higher for intussusceptions extending into the rectum (p 24 (p = 0.4) and 48–72 (p = 0.2) hours did not decrease chances for successful reduction. Conclusions Prolonged symptom duration of over 24 and 48–72 h should not be a definitive contraindication for non-operative treatment. Cumulation of symptoms typical for intussusception might reduce the chances of success. These findings contribute valuable insights into optimizing non-operative strategies for managing pediatric intussusception.

BackgroundThe increasing prevalence of obesity necessitates innovative approaches to better understand this health crisis, particularly given its strong connection to chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular conditions. Monitoring dietary behavior is crucial for designing effective interventions that help decrease obesity prevalence and promote healthy lifestyles. However, traditional dietary tracking methods are limited by participant burden and recall bias. Exploring microlevel eating activities, such as meal duration and chewing frequency, in addition to eating episodes, is crucial due to their substantial relation to obesity and disease risk. ObjectiveThe primary objective of the study was to develop an accurate and noninvasive system for automatically monitoring eating and chewing activities using sensor-equipped smart glasses. The system distinguishes chewing from other facial activities, such as speaking and teeth clenching. The secondary objective was to evaluate the system’s performance on unseen test users using a combination of laboratory-controlled and real-life user studies. Unlike state-of-the-art studies that focus on detecting full eating episodes, our approach provides a more granular analysis by specifically detecting chewing segments within each eating episode. MethodsThe study uses OCO optical sensors embedded in smart glasses to monitor facial muscle activations related to eating and chewing activities. The sensors measure relative movements on the skin’s surface in 2 dimensions (X and Y). Data from these sensors are analyzed using deep learning (DL) to distinguish chewing from other facial activities. To address the temporal dependence between chewing events in real life, we integrate a hidden Markov model as an additional component that analyzes the output from the DL model. ResultsStatistical tests of mean sensor activations revealed statistically significant differences across all 6 comparison pairs (P

Recital 33 GDPR has often been interpreted as referring to ‘broad consent’. This version of informed consent was intended to allow data subjects to provide their consent for certain areas of research, or parts of research projects, conditional to the research being in line with ‘recognised ethical standards’. In this article, we argue that broad consent is applicable in the emerging field of Computational Social Science (CSS), which lies at the intersection of data science and social science. However, the lack of recognised ethical standards specific to CSS poses a practical barrier to the use of broad consent in this field and other fields that lack recognised ethical standards. Upon examining existing research ethics standards in social science and data science, we argue that they are insufficient for CSS. We further contend that the fragmentation of European Union (EU) law and research ethics sources makes it challenging to establish universally recognised ethical standards for scientific research. As a result, CSS researchers and other researchers in emerging fields that lack recognised ethical standards are left without sufficient guidance on the use of broad consent as provided for in the GDPR. We conclude that responsible EU bodies should provide additional guidance to facilitate the use of broad consent in CSS research.

Abstract From precordial ECG leads, the conventional determination of the negative derivative of the QRS complex (ND-ECG) assesses epicardial activation. Recently we showed that ultra-high-frequency electrocardiography (UHF-ECG) determines the activation of a larger volume of the ventricular wall. We aimed to combine these two methods to investigate the potential of volumetric and epicardial ventricular activation assessment and thereby determine the transmural activation sequence. We retrospectively analyzed 390 ECG records divided into three groups-healthy subjects with normal ECG, left bundle branch block (LBBB), and right bundle branch block (RBBB) patients. Then we created UHF-ECG and ND-ECG-derived depolarization maps and computed interventricular electrical dyssynchrony. Characteristic spatio-temporal differences were found between the volumetric UHF-ECG activation patterns and epicardial ND-ECG in the Normal, LBBB, and RBBB groups, despite the overall high correlations between both methods. Interventricular electrical dyssynchrony values assessed by the ND-ECG were consistently larger than values computed by the UHF-ECG method. Noninvasively obtained UHF-ECG and ND-ECG analyses describe different ventricular dyssynchrony and the general course of ventricular depolarization. Combining both methods based on standard 12-lead ECG electrode positions allows for a more detailed analysis of volumetric and epicardial ventricular electrical activation, including the assessment of the depolarization wave direction propagation in ventricles.

This study focuses on the evaluation of the influence of NaAlO2 content in the phosphate electrolyte on the properties of the plasma electrolytic oxidation coating formed on magnesium alloy EV31. The additions of NaAlO2 used were 4, 8, 12 and 16 g. The PEO coating was applied using a pulse regime with a frequency of 100 Hz, a duty cycle of 10 % and a current density of 0.05 A cm−2 for 10 min. The time to reach the initial dielectric breakdown was shortened by the addition of NaAlO2. The incorporation of NaAlO2 resulted in diminished porosity, reaching a minimum at an addition of 8 g/l NaAlO2. At the same time, the presence and extent of microcracks in the coating were enhanced. Based on elemental mapping and phase composition analysis by XRD, it can be concluded that the coatings without the addition of NaAlO2 are composed mainly of MgO and Mg3(PO4)2. After the addition of NaAlO2, the spinel phase MgAl2O4 was present in the coating, the ratio of which increased with increasing aluminate content. The highest polarisation resistance after 168 h was achieved by the samples with the addition of 4 g/l NaAlO2 after 10 min of PEO process time.

Warpage of the injection moulded parts is one of the most common defects after demoulding, which is intensively present in thin-walled moulded parts or parts with non-uniform wall thickness. The level of the warpage can be reduced by optimizing the mould tempering system in the phase of mould design, by optimizing the injection moulding parameters and recently by optimizing the shape of the mould cavity elements geometry – so-called inverse contouring. Computer simulation of injection moulding process can show the level of moulded part warpage after ejection from the mould, but it will not allow detailed measuring of critical moulded part measures deviations. Detailed analysis and prediction of the critical moulded part dimensions can be performed by aligning of the deformed moulded part design obtained with computer simulation, with moulded part reference CAD geometry. This paper shows the main steps and an example of the geometry aligning process for a specific thermoplastic part.

Various methods have been proposed for the construction of balanced run-length limited codes. Amongst these methods is the enumerative coding approach by Kurmaev. The advantage of this approach is that the code has maximum cardinality and thus approaches capacity with increasing codeword length. However, enumerative coding has the disadvantage of becoming prohibitively complex for large codeword lengths. We propose an alternative enumerative coding method that reduces the encoding and decoding complexity. We call it quasi-enumerative coding as it does not follow a strict lexicographic order, but retains a one-to-one mapping between rank and the corresponding balanced run-length limited codeword.

The efficiency of photopolymerisation significantly impacts achieving a high degree of conversion and, consequently, determines the success and strength of resin-based composite (RBC) restorations. The study aimed to measure the light irradiance of selected LED curing lamps, taking into account various exposure modes and the increased distance of the light source from the radiometer surface. The study material consisted of 21 LED polymerisation lamps of a single type (Woodpecker Medical Instrument Co., Guilin, China) with three exposure modes: standard, soft start, and pulse. During the measurement, the distance was increased from 0 mm to 8 mm, every 2 mm. Light irradiance measurements were made with a Bluephase Meter II photometer (Ivoclar Vivadent, Opfikon, Switzerland). Increasing the distance affected the soft mode the most, causing a significant drop in light irradiance on the photometer. Standard mode coped best with distance. Even at a distance of 0 mm, the soft start mode does not reach the power of the standard and pulse modes. The standard mode seems to be the most clinically effective, especially if it is planned to polymerise a material in a deep cavity. The soft start mode, as the least resistant to increasing distance, is recommended for use in front teeth or the cervical area.

The aim of this study is to examine the prognostic role of initial chest computed tomography severity score index (CTSS) and its association with demographic, socio-epidemiological, and clinical parameters in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. A retrospective study included patients who were hospitalized in the COVID Hospital of the Clinical Hospital Center Kosovska Mitrovica from July 2020 to March 2022. We compared patient characteristics and outcome of their hospital stay with values of CT severity score (mild, moderate, and severe form of the disease). Patients with severe disease were statistically significantly older, they treated more days, and they presented statistically significant highest mortality rate compared to mild and moderate forms. Smokers and obese were significantly more frequent among patients with higher CT, while vaccinated patients were more common among those with a mild form. Biochemical parameters at admission also showed statistical significance between the examined groups. We can conclude that by employing the initial CT severity score as the strongest predictor of mortality, it is possible to predict the outcome in hospitalized patients. A comprehensive examination of the patient upon admission, including determining the extent of inflammatory changes in the lungs using computed tomography, the levels of oxygen saturation, and other laboratory parameters, can assist doctors in making an adequate clinical evaluation and apply appropriate therapeutic protocols in the treatment of COVID-19.

In the twenty-first century, the seismic design of buildings seems to have become a fully recognized topic. There are guidelines and standards which should be taken into account by designers in seismic areas. Designers using modern international guidelines have ascertained that the behavior of structures is not as expected. New challenges in the construction industry result in the construction of structures with new, unusual shapes. These are structures that do not meet the assumptions of safe construction in seismic areas. Contemporary buildings are also characterized by their irregular distribution of structural elements. Such solutions are not beneficial from the point of view of seismic engineering and can lead to reduced dynamic resistance and damage in such structures. In this paper, a five-storey, irregular-shaped reinforced concrete (RC) building model was subjected to different earthquakes with varying magnitudes, PGA (peak ground acceleration) and PGV (peak ground velocity) values, and durations of the intense shock phase. Once the model was verified using previous in situ measurements, the building model was subjected to five earthquakes. A numerical nonlinear analysis of the building was performed using a verified FEA (finite element analysis) model in the time domain through non-linear time history analysis with the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) method. The building’s dynamic properties were measured using various methods of excitation. The model was influenced, among others, by two far-field representative events caused by the last earthquake in Turkey, which resulted in strong ground motion. The analysis results identified the locations of structural damage and allowed for the assessment of the structure’s dynamic resistance. The results of the calculations prove that the duration of the intensive phase of extortion is one of the reasons for building damage in earthquake-prone areas. Building damage occurs with earthquakes that are characterized by an intensive phase of excitation with a long duration and high values of velocity in the earthquake components. The article highlights the inadequate dynamic resistance of the building, leading to excessive displacements and unfavorable structural solutions. Damage to buildings at this earthquake intensity caused damage to the load-bearing structure, which was not designed for such intensities. This paper is a research report with a specific case study of medium-rise irregular RC buildings.

The analysis of human perception of vibrations in buildings is a critical aspect of structural engineering, particularly as urbanization intensifies and the proximity of vibration sources to buildings increases. This paper addresses the frequent errors in the assessment and diagnosis of the impact of vibrations on building occupants. Despite stringent standards and detailed methodologies, misinterpretations and incorrect implementations of these guidelines are common, leading to flawed diagnostic studies. These errors often stem from the misuse of measurement equipment, inappropriate selection of measurement points, and a general lack of comprehensive education on vibration analysis. National guidelines, although largely based on ISO standards, vary significantly, contributing to inconsistent practices across Europe. The dominant sources of urban vibrations include vehicle traffic, particularly heavy trucks and rail vehicles, which significantly impact both building structures and human comfort. This paper reviews the methodologies for measuring and interpreting vibrations, emphasizing the importance of correct sensor placement and data analysis. It highlights the necessity of integrating vibrational comfort into building design, considering both external and internal vibration sources. The study also explores the effectiveness of different evaluation methods, such as the RMS and VDV methods, and the impact of various weighting functions on the analysis results. The findings underscore the need for improved education and standardization in the field to ensure accurate assessments and enhance the vibrational comfort of building occupants.

Plant metabolism response to insect herbivores is the central theme of this publication. Genetically uniform individuals of European aspen (Populus tremula) were exposed to recurrent feeding by spongy moths (Lepidoptera) at specific time intervals. Changes in physiology, contents of phenolics and saccharides were quantified over the first hour. The unconventional experiment design, integrating analytical methods, and timeline led to the revealing of unexpected dynamics in plant metabolism. The time interval between herbivory initiation and sample collection revealed a pivotal moment, with induced defense activating strongly after 5 min of chewing resulting in an increase in catechin and procyanidin B1. After 10 min, a shift to a tolerant strategy occurs and induced substance concentrations return to control levels. Delayed physiological response was recorded as the first significant difference in transpiration between affected and nonaffected plants and was found after 10 min. A different strategy in exploitation of saccharides after spongy moths infestation was applied because the pool of selected saccharides was rising in the leaves but decreasing in the roots. Placing our results in the context of existing knowledge highlights the uncertain conceptual basis behind the often rigid and definitive classifications in induced plant defense or tolerance strategy.

Polyphenolic compounds play an essential role in plant growth, reproduction, and defense mechanisms against pathogens and environmental stresses. Extracting these compounds is the initial step in assessing phytochemical changes, where the choice of extraction method significantly influences the extracted analytes. However, due to environmental factors, analyzing numerous samples is necessary for statistically significant results, often leading to the use of harmful organic solvents for extraction. Therefore, in this study, a novel DES-based shaking-assisted extraction procedure for the separation of polyphenolic compounds from plant samples followed by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis was developed. The DES was prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and fructose (Fru) as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at various molar ratios with the addition of 30% water to reduce viscosity. Several experimental variables affecting extraction efficiency were studied and optimized using one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) and confirmed by response surface design (RS). Nearly the same experimental conditions were obtained using both optimization methods and were set as follows: 30 mg of sample, 300 mg of ChCl:Fru 1:2 DES containing 30% w/w of water, 500 rpm shaking speed, 30 min extraction time, 10°C extraction temperature. The results were compared with those obtained using conventional solvents, such as ethanol, methanol and water, whereby the DES-based shaking-assisted extraction method showed a higher efficiency than the classical procedures. The greenness of the developed method was compared with the greenness of existing procedures for the extraction of polyphenolic substances from solid plant samples using the complementary green analytical procedure index (ComplexGAPI) approach, while the results for the developed method were better or comparable to the existing ones. In addition, the practicability of the developed procedure was evaluated by application of the blue applicability grade index (BAGI) metric. The developed procedure was applied to the determination of spruce root samples with satisfactory results and has the potential for use in the analysis of similar plant samples.

Abstract The most common complications related to the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are infections. The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence and mortality rates among pediatric patients with ALL who were treated in 17 Polish pediatric hematology centers in 2020–2021 during the pandemic. Additionally, we compared these results with those of our previous study, which we conducted in the years 2012–2017. The retrospective analysis included 460 patients aged 1–18 years with newly diagnosed ALL. In our study, 361/460 (78.5%) children were reported to have microbiologically documented bacterial infections during chemotherapy. Ten patients (2.8%) died due to sepsis. Fungal infections were reported in 99 children (21.5%), of whom five (5.1%) died due to the infection. We especially observed an increase in bacterial infections during the pandemic period compared to the previous study. The directions of our actions should be to consider antibiotic prophylaxis, shorten the duration of hospitalization, and educate parents and medical staff about complications (mainly infections) during anticancer therapy. It is necessary to continue clinical studies evaluating infection prophylaxis to improve outcomes in childhood ALL patients.

Abstract Targeting peptides or presequences are N-terminal extensions of proteins that encode information about their cellular localization. They include signal peptides (SP), which target proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum, and transit peptides (TP) directing proteins to the organelles of endosymbiotic origin: chloroplasts and mitochondria. TPs were hypothesized to have evolved from antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are responsible for the host defence against microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. In this study, we performed comprehensive bioinformatic analyses of amino acid motifs of targeting peptides and AMPs using a curated set of experimentally verified proteins. We identified motifs frequently occurring in each type of presequence showing specific patterns associated with their amino acid composition, and investigated their position within the presequence. We also compared motif patterns among different taxonomic groups and identified taxon-specific features, providing some evolutionary insights. Considering the functional relevance and many practical applications of targeting peptides and AMPs, we believe that our analyses will prove useful for their design, and better understanding of protein import mechanism and presequence evolution.

Abstract Endophytes, especially those isolated from herbal plants, may act as a reservoir of a variety of secondary metabolites exhibiting biological activity. Some endophytes express the ability to produce the same bioactive compounds as their plant hosts, making them a more sustainable industrial supply of these substances. Urtica dioica L. (common stinging nettle) is a synanthropic plant that is widely used in herbal medicine due to the diversity of bioactive chemicals it contains, e.g., polyphenols, which demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancerous capabilities. This study aimed at isolating endophytic bacteria from stinging nettles for their bioactive compounds. The endophytic isolates were identified by both biochemical and molecular methods (16S rRNA) and investigated for enzymes, biosurfactants, and polyphenols production. Each of the isolated bacterial strains was capable of producing biosurfactants and polyphenols. However, three of the isolated endophytes, identified as two strains of Bacillus cereus and one strain of Bacillus mycoides, possessed the greatest capacity to produce biosurfactants and polyphenols. The derivatized extracts from culture liquid showed the 1.633 mol l−1 (9.691 mg l−1) concentration of polyphenol compounds. Therefore, the present study signifies that endophytic B. cereus and B. mycoides isolated from Urtica dioica L. could be a potential source of biosurfactants and polyphenols. However, further study is required to understand the mechanism of the process and achieve efficient polyphenol production by endophytic bacteria.

Abstract NOT1, NOT10, and NOT11 form a conserved module in the CCR4-NOT complex, critical for post-transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes, but how this module contributes to the functions of the CCR4-NOT remains poorly understood. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of human and chicken NOT1:NOT10:NOT11 ternary complexes to sub-3 Å resolution, revealing an evolutionarily conserved, flexible structure. Through biochemical dissection studies, which include the Drosophila orthologs, we show that the module assembly is hierarchical, with NOT11 binding to NOT10, which then organizes it for binding to NOT1. A short proline-rich motif in NOT11 stabilizes the entire module assembly.

Abstract Objective To examine the presence of certain shapes of the first metatarsal-cuneiform joint (MTC) joint in feet with hallux valgus (HV) deformity. To determine whether the anatomical orientation of this joint affects the size of the hallux valgus angle (HVA) and the first intermetatarsal angle (IMA) and whether it contributes to the dynamics of the developmental course of HV deformity. Methods The shape of the first MTC joint was determined on a sample of 315 feet with HV deformity. The influence of the shape of this joint on the values of HVA and IMA was explored. The relation between the position of the tibial sesamoid and the size of HVA and IMA as well as the dynamics of the development of this deformity depending on the shape of the first MTC joint, was examined. Results The oblique shape of the first MTC joint was found in 165 (52.4%) feet, the transverse in 145 (46%), and the convex shape was registered in five feet (1.6%). In the oblique shape of this joint, a moderate and severe degree of HV deformity is predominant, while in the transverse shape a mild degree dominates. A statistically significant dependence of HVA on the shape of the first MTC joint was found (Sig. = 0.010), while the dependence of IMA did not show statistical significance (Sig. = 0.105). HVA values follow the position of the tibial sesamoid in both shapes of the MTC joint while the size of the IMA in the transverse shape does not follow the change of the position of this sesamoid. Conclusion The oblique shape of the first MTC joint is associated with the more severe form of HV deformity and its faster developmental course. In the analyzed sample, it was shown that HVA is higher in the oblique shape of the MTC joint and significantly depends on the anatomical orientation of this joint. Furthermore, IMA has a higher value in the oblique shape compared to transverse but this dependence is not statistically significant. The analysis showed that the oblique shape of the first MTC joint contributes to the development of HV deformity.

Introduction: Dermatological conditions are prevalent expressions of HIV and AIDS, often aiding in initial diagnoses due to their visibility on the skin and mucous membranes. Given HIV's primary transmission through sexual contact, dermatologists play a crucial role in identifying and managing these infections. Understanding the range of skin and mucosal lesions occurring throughout the course of the disease is vital, particularly as these symptoms can manifest in atypical ways or even precede other signs of immune deficiency. While most associated skin disorders can be treated in outpatient settings, some severe conditions significantly impact health outcomes. Aim of the study: The study aims to consolidate knowledge on the typical manifestations of HIV on the skin and mucous membranes, providing a comprehensive overview of these disease entities. The most common skin and mucosal symptoms associated with HIV infection are summarized and described. Materials and methods: The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: “HIV”, “AIDS”, “Skin lesions”, “Mucosal lesions”. Conclusions: Skin conditions are widespread in HIV-infected individuals, often displaying heightened severity compared to the general population. While many of these dermatological issues aren't unique to this group, their manifestations can be more pronounced. HIV-related skin problems vary widely, including specific eruptions linked to AIDS, opportunistic infections, and AIDS-related cancers. Although some HIV-associated skin diseases have decreased due to antiretroviral therapy, there's been a noticeable increase in drug reactions and other non-infectious skin conditions.

This article issues scientific background of Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and the importance of taking x-rays before and after implant placement in daily practice as a common care. The review will introduce cone-beam computed tomography guidelines, restrictions and intraoperartive issues for instance nerve damage and bleeding incidents. Modern CBCT technology enables specialists to avoid making a wrong diagnosis, which translates into a higher percentage of people with a positive treatment outcome. Diagnostic radiology is a crucial element of every dental treatment planning. CBCT market is expanding gradually since two decades, there are more than 85 distinct CBCT tools available. CBCT is a three-dimensional (3D) imaging used nowadays in dentistry with increased frequency and offers volumetric data on jaw bones and teeth with relatively low radiation doses and costs. Currently, the greatest advantage of CBCT examinations over radiographs is the fact that the image obtained is presented in a 3D projection and not, as is the case, in 2D. It has the ability to help a wider range of patients, but the use of CBCT also has negative consequences. Routine or excessive use has resulted in increased radiation doses accumulating in the patient's body, which translates into an increased risk of adverse effects. The risk varies according to the age of the patient under study and is directly proportional to it, that is, it is highest for young people and lower for older people. The potential risk is also slightly higher in the female population. For this reason, creating awareness of the mandatory patient safety management of CT scans is a key process by which X-ray exposures can be optimised.

Introduction: Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological problem, resulting from a complex interaction of many factors. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of this condition, examining key aspects such as inflammatory factors, sebum production, colonization by P. acnes, endocrine disruption and lifestyle influences. In addition, various treatments are discussed, including the effectiveness of isotretinoin-based therapy and the potential benefits of antibiotics and retinoids in specific patient groups. Aim of study: The aim of the study is to summarize the available knowledge about the Acne vulgaris. The epidemiology, etiology, and methods of treatment were summarized and described. Materials and methods: The literature available in PubMed database was reviewed using following keywords: “Acne vulgaris”, “Isotretinoin”, “Therapy of Acne”. Conclusion: Research into acne vulgaris has been extensive, yet variations in study methods and descriptions have prevented definitive conclusions. Tailored care for each patient is crucial due to these differences. The disease's development involves various factors including inflammatory mediators, excess sebum production, P. acnes colonization, hormonal imbalances, and lifestyle impacts. Isotretinoin remains the most effective treatment, albeit with potential side effects that need consideration. For specific patient groups, topical antibiotics and retinoids may offer beneficial effects.

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was originally described as a small volume of plasma that contains higher concentrations of platelets, compared to peripheral blood. Although currently the use of PRP in most indications is off-label, it is not prohibited. Initially, PRP was used for wound healing and tissue regeneration in fields such as orthopaedics, dermatology, maxillofacial surgery and dentistry. Aim of the study: The aim of this article was to present and summarise the modern production methods, the mechanism of action at the molecular and biochemical level and the most important uses and indications of PRP in present-day medicine. Material and methods: A cross-sectional search of relevant literature was performed in databases using accepted wording. Publications from 2003-2023 were included. The entire process has been supplemented with additional procedures to increase the reliability of this publication. Results: Orthopaedics has gained many minimally invasive therapeutic solutions thanks to PRP. Its effects on ligament and tendon tissues have been studied, where promising data have been proven. Also in aesthetic medicine and dermatology, many treatment strategies have been developed using PRP, mainly for the treatment of acne, androgenic alopecia and delaying tissue ageing as much as possible. Conclusion: Platelet-rich plasma has found application in the treatment of many conditions in orthopaedics, dermatology, aesthetic medicine and dentistry. It is characterised by good therapeutic efficacy, with relatively low risk. However, high-quality studies are still lacking to provide more reliable data.

Abstract Due to their complex history, plastids possess proteins encoded in the nuclear and plastid genome. Moreover, these proteins localize to various subplastid compartments. Since protein localization is associated with its function, prediction of subplastid localization is one of the most important steps in plastid protein annotation, providing insight into their potential function. Therefore, we create a novel manually curated data set of plastid proteins and build an ensemble model for prediction of protein subplastid localization. Moreover, we discuss problems associated with the task, e.g. data set sizes and homology reduction. PlastoGram classifies proteins as nuclear- or plastid-encoded and predicts their localization considering: envelope, stroma, thylakoid membrane or thylakoid lumen; for the latter, the import pathway is also predicted. We also provide an additional function to differentiate nuclear-encoded inner and outer membrane proteins. PlastoGram is available as a web server at https://biogenies.info/PlastoGram and as an R package at https://github.com/BioGenies/PlastoGram . The code used for described analyses is available at https://github.com/BioGenies/PlastoGram-analysis .

Abstract Manual visual review, annotation and categorization of electroencephalography (EEG) is a time-consuming task that is often associated with human bias and requires trained electrophysiology experts with specific domain knowledge. This challenge is now compounded by development of measurement technologies and devices allowing large-scale heterogeneous, multi-channel recordings spanning multiple brain regions over days, weeks. Currently, supervised deep-learning techniques were shown to be an effective tool for analyzing big data sets, including EEG. However, the most significant caveat in training the supervised deep-learning models in a clinical research setting is the lack of adequate gold-standard annotations created by electrophysiology experts. Here, we propose a semi-supervised machine learning technique that utilizes deep-learning methods with a minimal amount of gold-standard labels. The method utilizes a temporal autoencoder for dimensionality reduction and a small number of the expert-provided gold-standard labels used for kernel density estimating (KDE) maps. We used data from electrophysiological intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings acquired in two hospitals with different recording systems across 39 patients to validate the method. The method achieved iEEG classification (Pathologic vs. Normal vs. Artifacts) results with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) scores of 0.862 ± 0.037, 0.879 ± 0.042, and area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) scores of 0.740 ± 0.740, 0.714 ± 0.042. This demonstrates that semi-supervised methods can provide acceptable results while requiring only 100 gold-standard data samples in each classification category. Subsequently, we deployed the technique to 12 novel patients in a pseudo-prospective framework for detecting Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). We show that the proposed temporal autoencoder was able to generalize to novel patients while achieving AUROC of 0.877 ± 0.067 and AUPRC of 0.705 ± 0.154.

Gamification involves integrating game mechanics into non-game environments such as business intranets, online communities, websites, and learning management systems to boost participation. Its aim is to actively engage employees, customers, and other stakeholders, fostering collaboration, sharing, and interaction. Gamification is a relatively unfamiliar term in Slovenia. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of gamification on Slovenian consumers, specifically how it affects the online shopping process and user engagement during purchases. To test the hypotheses, we used appropriate statistical tools: chi-square, Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests. The findings indicate that gamification’s strongest influence is not on the post-purchase evaluation phase but rather on the alternative evaluation phase. It is interesting that highly rated reviewers significantly influence product purchases in online stores, while consumers are unwilling to increase their spending on online purchases in exchange for gamification-related benefits.

The main biochemical traits were estimated in poplar leaves under biotic attack (aphids and spongy moth infestation). Changes in the abundance of bioactive compounds in genetically uniform individuals of European aspen (Populus tremula), such as proline, polyphenolic compounds, chlorophylls a and b, and volatile compounds, were determined between leaves damaged by sucking insects (aphid—Chaitophorus nassonowi) and chewing insects (spongy moth—Lymantria dispar) compared to uninfected leaves. Among the nine analyzed phenolic compounds, only catechin and procyanidin showed significant differences between the control leaves and leaves affected by spongy moths or aphids. GC-TOF-MS volatile metabolome analysis showed the clear separation of the control versus aphids-infested and moth-infested leaves. In total, the compounds that proved to have the highest explanatory power for aphid-infested leaves were 3-hexenal and 5-methyl-2-furanone, and for moth-infested leaves, trans-α-farnesene and 4-cyanocyclohexane. The aphid-infested leaves contained around half the amount of chlorophylls and twice the amount of proline compared to uninfected leaves, and these results evidenced that aphids influence plant physiology more than chewing insects.

Environmental protection encompasses various aspects, ranging from well-known concerns like air and water pollution to landscape preservation. One often-overlooked facet of pollution is the mitigation of vibrations, a matter addressed not only by Polish legislation but also by EU directives. Human perception of vibrations constitutes a crucial subjective parameter in evaluating the level of vibration pollution, and is influenced by factors such as age, gender, and individual height. Buildings are predominantly exposed to vibration excitation from external sources, including industrial machinery (e.g., vibration road rollers, pile driving) and transport-related sources such as roads, railways, subways, or trams. Vibrations transmitted from the ground to a building can impact its structural integrity, but more commonly, they result in discomfort for occupants. Particularly, unexpected vibrations from transport-related sources can be bothersome. This study aimed to check whether there is a correlation between the type of train and the speed of travel near a representative residential building of brick construction. This study used actual in situ measurements of the horizontal components and the vertical component of vibrations in the building. Analyses of the measured vibration components were carried out to assess the impact of vibrations on people staying in the building and passively receiving these vibrations. Procedures described in the Polish standard concerning measurements and method of analysis were used. The analyses used the value of the vibration impact index on people (WODL). This study used linear and nonlinear regression analyses to obtain information on whether there is a relationship between the type of train, its speed, and the value of the WODL index. The results of the analyses indicate a relationship between the speed of the train and the value of the WODL index, but it should be emphasized that some events deviate from the developed regression model. Adopting a multiple regression model that takes into account the speed of the train and its type gives better results. Our findings should provide valuable information for designers and managers involved in the planning and operation of train transport systems.

The proper functioning of the patient in the environment is made possible by the interaction of individual systems or single organs. The visual system is undoubtedly one of the most important; it is the one that enables us to find our way and acquire a range of skills to survive in the environment. Unfortunately, if neglected at a young age, complications may remain for the rest of life. A number of tests have now been introduced to check the development and efficiency of a child's eyesight; their cyclical repetition and appropriate identification of changes or lack of them enable an appropriate diagnosis to be made and treatment to be applied, thanks to which we can eliminate or reduce the defect and, more importantly, prevent the development of a new one. Contrary to appearances, vision screening in children does not take place in a single medical visit, it is an ongoing process, and the activities included in the screening should be carried out at each follow-up visit. This allows the practitioner to detect risk factors and eye abnormalities early on, which increases the chance of a positive outcome for the patient. It also enables the specialist to identify children who require more frequent eye checks, or patients who should be referred to a specialist qualified in children's eye examination. During the screening examination, the doctor begins by talking to the child and parent about conditions that run in the family. The aim is to detect and identify risk factors that need to be carefully analysed. These factors include, but are not limited to, premature birth, Down's syndrome, cerebral palsy, a family history of strabismus, visual impairment, retinoblastoma, childhood glaucoma, childhood cataract or eye disease and genetic systemic diseases.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that can be divided into several subtypes based on the areas of the body occupied by the lesions and the severity of the disease. The overall prevalence of psoriasis ranges from 0 to 11,8%. The disease occurs with equal frequency in both sexes. PsO cannot be completely cured, so many patients experience stigma and have diminished self-esteem due to the characteristic appearance of the lesions. Aim of the study: The purpose of the study is to summarize the available knowledge about classification and options for psoriasis treatment. The options in diagnosis and treatment, including the latest methods, were described and summarized. Materials and methods: Literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: “Psoriasis”, “Nail Psoriasis”, “Psoriasis Vulgaris”, “Psoriasis Treatment”, “New Psoriasis Treatment”, “Psoriasis Classification”, “Biologic Therapy for Psoriasis”, “Systemic Therapy for psoriasis”. Conclusions: Psoriasis is a genetic skin condition mediated by the immune system. The underlying mechanisms entail intricate interactions between the innate and adaptive immune system. There are various indices for assessing the severity of psoriasis, the most commonly used of which is PASI(Psoriasis Area and Severity Index). Retinoids, cyclosporine and methotrexate are the non-biologic therapies most frequently employed for moderate to severe psoriasis treatment, while topical therapy, which includes mainly corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues, is a successful approach for effectively managing mild psoriasis.

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a chronic condition which is characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time leading to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Role of kidneys is very vital to maintain homeostasis of the system. CKD is classified into five stages based on the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). CKD is a long-term condition which cannot be completely cured. Treatment focuses on managing underlying conditions , slowing disease progression and addressing complications. Aim of the study: Purpose of this study is to encapsulate available knowledge about classification and therapeutic options for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease. Both old and new treatment methods have been summarized in the following publication. Material and methods: Literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: “Chronic kidney disease”, “ACE inhibitors” , “Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers", “Diabetic Kidney Disease” ,”End-Stage Kidney Disease”, “Dapagliflozin”, Conclusions: Chronic Kidney Disease is a condition which is progressive and affects more than 10% of the general population worldwide totaling over 800 million people. There are many causes of chronic kidney disease; therefore, it is important to focus on slowing the progression of the disease, minimizing complications and modifying risk factors.

Background: Nootropic drugs, at the beginning of their career, were used in the treatment of diseases such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease and narcolepsy. Nowadays, they are becoming more and more popular among students, where they are often called smart drugs or cognitive enhancers. Their properties that improve intellectual abilities and cognitive functions are used to, among other things, improve academic performance. Aim of the study: The purpose of this article was to summarize the current state of knowledge relating to the use of smart drugs among students. This study discusses the multidimensional issues of using this group of drugs. Material and methods: A cross-sectional search of relevant literature was performed in databases using accepted wording. Publications from 2003-2023 were included. The entire process has been supplemented with additional procedures to increase the reliability of this publication. Results: In most sources, the most common representative of smart drugs turned out to be methylphenidate. Nootropics were most often obtained by obtaining a prescription from a doctor, online trading or from friends. The factors motivating the use of substances from this group are primarily the desire to improve academic results, competitiveness and the number of obligations at the university. There are many risks associated with their use, but students are more aware of the positive effects. Conclusion: This paper presents various dimensions of the progressive spread of nootropic drugs. In addition to their undeniably positive effects, there are many risks, which are discussed in this article. Students' awareness should be formed through appropriate educational methods.

Introduction: UVA therapy is used in treatment of wide range of skin diseases, which proceed with hardening of the skin or inflammation. First use of ultraviolet radiation can be tracked down to 1896. Wavelength vary among diseases against which it is used. In literature as results of therapy are mentioned improvement of skin elasticity, reduction of inflammation, and protection from relapse. In terms of sclerotic skin diseases most promising effect is seen in reducing skin hardness in the mechanism of stimulating collagen breakdown. The therapy itself has a good safety profile, but is time-consuming due to the high frequency of irradiation. Effectiveness of treatment are determined by factors such as advancement of skin lesions, pigmentation and the intensity of the therapy itself. Aim of study: The aim of the study is to summarize the available knowledge about the UVA therapy in skin diseases. The way of work, effectiveness of treatment, side effects and potential new methods of use were summarized and described. Materials and methods: The literature available in PubMed database was reviewed using following keywords: “UVA therapy”, “UVA”, “Scleroderma”, “Buschke’s Scleredema”, “Systemic sclerosis”, “Morphea” Conclusion: UVA1 therapy is one of the most effective therapeutic options in subtypes of morphea which affect only superficial tissues. Phototherapy accelerate healing of ulcerations on fingertips in patients with Systemic sclerosis. Patient suffering from Buschke Sclerederma had good response to therapy. Observed side effects consist of hyperpigmentation, erythema, xerosis and pruritus in range from mild to severe. Carcinogenic effect has not yet been proven.

Introduction: Vitiligo is a relatively common systemic, idiopathic disease within the spectrum of pigmentary disorders. Clinically, it presents as depigmented patches on the skin, resulting from the loss or dysfunction of melanocytes. Despite not impacting life expectancy, vitiligo should not be perceived merely as a cosmetic defect, given its potential to burden daily life and the frequent experiences of stigmatization by patients. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to summarize the existing knowledge regarding the treatment of vitiligo. The current treatments in practice, alongside potential new methods, were summarized and described. Materials and methods: The literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: “Vitiligo”, “Vitiligo treatment”, “Vitiligo new treatment methods”, “Targeted therapies for vitiligo”. Conclusions: Vitiligo is a multifactorial and still inadequately understood disorder, leading to a lack of fully safe and effective treatment. As in the management of other diseases, there should be a push for highly personalized treatments for patients. This approach takes into account the differences among patients and ensures a better chance of a positive clinical response. To achieve this goal, it's necessary to explore new treatment methods and expand ongoing research efforts. Also, raising awareness of vitiligo is key to increasing acceptance, support and understanding for those affected by the disease.

As proven early on in the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted by aerosols. This urged us to develop a silicon impactor that collects the virus particles directly from breath. Performing PCR on these breath samples proved equally sensitive as nasopharyngeal swabs during the first week of an infection [Stakenborg et al., 2022], yet it remained a mostly manual process and PCR turn-around-time was still long. To overcome these drawbacks, we developed a fast and sensitive, fully integrated point-of-need breath test, comprising a novel breath sampler device and PCR instrument. The breath sampler combines virus collection and in-situ RNA amplification. The PCR instrument performs very fast amplification of the released viral RNA. Sample-to-result time was reduced to

In this article, the application of 10 new amino-m-terphenyls in 3D-VAT printing was described. New compounds have specially designed D-π-A structure, where the central phenyl ring with nitrile and amino groups is the acceptor and the modifiable amino group is donor. Such design eliminates problem with acid scavenging and guaranteed desire properties and photoactivity as well as it allows further development of such system for 3D-VAT printing. Efficient excitation with intramolecular charge transfer provides excellent absorption and electrochemical properties, which can be tuned by modification of the amino group. The design allows photoinitiation of free radical, hybrid and especially cationic polymerisation even at 455 nm with more than 70% of monomer conversion. Such properties allow to use the developed compounds as efficient visible light photoinitiators for 3D printing of nanocomposite materials. The terphenyls can efficiently cure resins containing CuO and Al2O3 nano additives leading to high-resolution 3D prints.

Die Digitalisierung bringt neben vielen Vorteilen für die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung und die Lehre auch neue Herausforderungen mit sich. Die Weiterentwicklung digitaler Datenerhebungs- und Analyseverfahren zur Analyse und Gestaltung gesellschaftlicher und politischer Transformationsprozesse muss im Fokus der Zukunftsausrichtung sozialwissenschaftlicher Hochschullehre und Forschung stehen. Neue Datenformate und Praktiken erfordern neue forschungsethische und datenschutzrechtliche Praktiken und Standards. Im Zentrum von Computational Social Science steht die juristisch und ethisch fundierte, reflektierte Nutzbarmachung von digitalen Forschungsdaten und Analyseverfahren und ihre Vermittlung.

IntroductionDrought negatively affects the growth and yield of plants. Several measures have been employed to improve the drought tolerance of plants, including the application of superabsorbent hydrogel (SAH) to soil. However, studies on the effect of SAH on trees in Central Europe, which has a temperate climate, are scarce.MethodsHere, the effects of SAH treatment on the cultivation of four key tree species in Central European forest ecosystems—European beech, sessile oak, Scots pine, and Norway spruce—were evaluated. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted; the greenhouse conditions served as the reference for the absence of water stress.Results and DiscussionSAH treatment reduced seedling mortality by 1%–9% in the field experiment. The morphological parameters of the control and SAH-treated seedlings did not significantly differ. Among the tree species, oak seedlings exhibited a positive response to SAH treatment. Spruce, pine, and beech did not respond to SAH treatment; the proline content of SAH-treated conifer leaves was three times higher than that of oak leaves but still very low, revealing no drought stress. The results highlight the significance of employing an individual approach in the application of SAH in forestry, rather than relying on generic measures.

The FLEXGRID project develops a digital platform designed to offer Digital Energy Services (DESs) that facilitate energy sector stakeholders (i.e. Distribution System Operators - DSOs, Transmission System Operators - TSOs, market operators, Renewable Energy Sources - RES producers, retailers, flexibility aggregators) towards: i) automating and optimizing the planning and operation/management of their systems/assets, and ii) interacting in a dynamic and efficient way with their environment (electricity system) and the rest of the stakeholders. In this way, FLEXGRID envisages secure, sustainable, competitive, and affordable smart grids. A key objective is the incentivization of large-scale bottom-up investments in Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) through innovative smart grid management. Towards this goal, FLEXGRID develops innovative data models and energy market architectures (with high liquidity and efficiency) that effectively manage smart grids through an advanced TSO-DSO interaction as well as interactions between Transmission Network and Distribution Network level energy markets. Consequently, and through intelligence that exploits the innovation of the proposed market architecture, FLEXGRID develops investment tools able to examine in depth the emerging energy ecosystem and allow in this way: i) the financial sustainability of DER investors, and ii) the market liquidity/efficiency through advanced exploitation of DERs and intelligent network upgrades.

Crimes against freedom of religion or belief, codified in Chapter XXIV of the Criminal Code, have not been amended for a quarter of a century. This situation may be changed by a citizen’s bill to amend the Criminal Code, affirmed by politicians associated with the Suwerenna (formerly: Solidarna) Polska party and the Ministry of Justice. Considering that the legislative project (Parliamentary Paper No. 2756 of the 9th term of the Sejm) proposes significant changes to criminal law protection of freedom of religion and belief, it demands extensive study. This article is the most detailed analysis of the project so far. It discusses the most important assumptions of the draft bill, such as introducing a new “justification”, removing the element of malice from Article 195 of the CC, relinquishing the necessity of confirming an insult to religious feelings for the existence of a crime under current Article 196 of the CC, and introducing a new criminal offence, unknown in the current Code, of lionising or ridiculing a religious association along with a regulated legal situation, its dogmas or rites. The motives guiding the project’s proponent and justifying, in his opinion, the necessity of proposed amendments are also analyzed. What distinguishes this article from previous analyses of the draft is also that it considers of changes that were made to it at the parliamentary stage. The analysis carried out unequivocally indicates that it is questionable whether the draft complies with constitutional principles of the state’s relations with churches and religious associations. The project’s provisions lead to the entanglement of state bodies in ideological disputes, also undermining the mutual independence of the state and religious associations. Moreover, the project’s entry into force may cause a freezing effect, endangering the implementation of the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech. Finally, the draft is legislatively controversial and some of its provisions do not comply with the principle of definiteness of criminal law.

In this work author deals with the modeling of the e-platform as a decision-support tool for improving the accessibility of urban areas in the Republic of Serbia. This research systematizes, analyzes and compares existing national and international practices, regulations and norms on the topic of accessibility. Through the research of existing knowledge and good practices and through field research, a theoretical setting of the platform model and an algorithm for calculating the current state of physical accessibility are created, on the example of an adequate statistical theoretical sample taken in the Republic of Serbia (territory of the city municipality of Stari grad of the city of Belgrade). The method for priority decision-making, intervention and application of Universal Design principles in the urban and physical environment in Serbia is presented through interdisciplinary and multi-institutional use of e-platforms. The e-platform model formed in this way will serve as a decision-making aid for all stakeholders, and will enable the current state of accessibility to be displayed in real time, and the approaches and methods in urban and architectural planning and design to be adjusted for more efficient application of Universal Design. This research aims to prove that if we create an e-platform that is accessible to all actors and the public, and data is collected in real time on the spatial components of accessibility, but also on the subjective components of the actors, then conditions are created for the optimization of the management of actions in order to improve accessibility in urban areas.