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ABSTRACT Objective Method Results Discussion This study aimed to identify biochemical, hematological, and endocrinological abnormalities in a sample of children and adolescents with underweight AN and atypical AN and to compare these results between the two groups.Based on the 5th BMI‐percentile admission, adolescents with underweight AN (n = 520) and atypical AN (n = 255) were included and medical records were reviewed.Low prealbumin (35%) and neutropenia (39%), and several abnormalities in endocrinological parameters (50%) were the most common alterations found in the whole sample. Compared to the atypical AN group, the underweight AN group had significantly higher frequencies of elevated cholesterol (OR = 2.50; p < 0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (OR = 0.22; p = 0.005) and of reduced insulin‐like growth (IGF) factor‐1 (OR = 0.29; p < 0.001), T3 (OR = 0.46; p < 0.001), luteinizing hormone (OR = 0.24; p < 0.001), follicle stimulating hormone (OR = 0.58; p = 0.004), and 17b‐estradiol (OR = 0.39; p < 0.001). However, other blood parameters showed similar alterations in both groups.Both groups showed abnormalities in the same blood parameters, but some abnormal parameters were more common in the underweight AN group. These results suggest that atypical AN and underweight AN could present similar risks of certain medical complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a retrospective study on the safety and effectiveness of clozapine and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for adolescents with schizophrenia. The study involves 28 adolescents subjects with ages ranging from 13 to 18 years-old with diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) and treated with ECT. The study based on Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores reveals that safetiness and effectiveness of both treatments.

This study aimed to analyze body size estimates of others by patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and to identify any differences with the perception of their own body size. Adolescent females (age, 13-17 years) were enrolled into AN ( n  = 30) and control( n  = 23) groups. The Subjective Body Dimensions Apparatus (SBDA) was used to evaluate body size estimates for oneself (self-estimation) and others (other-estimation). Participants also completed questionnaires assessing eating disorders and depressive symptoms. The AN and control groups scored significantly higher in self-estimation than in other-estimation. However, the AN group showed higher self-estimation scores than the control group for all the body parts and for the global silhouette ( p  < .001). Patients with more severe eating disorder symptomatology showed more distorted self-estimation ( p  < .05). No statistically significant differences were found in the other-estimation scores between the groups ( p  = .714), indicating that AN and control patients estimate the body sizes of others similarly. Eating disorder symptomatology correlates with self-estimation scores but not with other-estimation scores in adolescents with AN. No correlations existed between clinical symptomatology and other-estimation.

Objectives: As part of the 'Suicidality: Treatment Occurring in Paediatrics (STOP)' study, we developed and performed psychometric validation of an electronic-clinical-outcome-assessment (eCOA), which included a patient-reported-outcome (ePRO), an observer-rated-outcome (eObsRO) for parents/carers and a clinician-reported-outcome (eClinRO) that allows identification and monitoring of medication-related suicidality (MRS) in adolescents., Design: STOP: Prospective study: A two phase validation study to assess the impact of medication on suicidal ideations., Setting: Six participating countries: Netherlands, UK, Germany, France, Spain and Italy that were part of the Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 261411., Participants: Cohort 1 consisted of 41 adolescent-completions, 50 parent-completions and 56 clinician-completions. Cohort 2 consisted of 244 adolescent-completions, 198 parent-completions and 240 clinician-completions from across the six countries. The scale was administered only to participants who have screened positive for the STOP-Suicidality Assessment Scale (STOP-SAS)., Results: A total of 24 items for the development of the STOP-Medication Suicidality Side Effects Scale (STOP-MS 3 ) were identified and three versions (for patients, parents and clinicians) of the STOP-MS 3 were developed and validated in two separate study cohorts comprising of adolescents, their parents and clinicians. Cronbach's α coefficients were above 0.85 for all domains. The inter-rater reliability of the STOP-MS 3 was good and significant for the adolescent (ePRO), clinician (eClinRO) (r=0.613), parent (eObsRO) versions of the scale (r=0.394) and parent and clinician (r=0.347). Exploratory factor analysis identified a 3-factor model across 24 items for the adolescent and parent version of the scale: (1) Emotional Dysregulation, (2) Somatic Dysregulation and (3) Behavioural Dysregulation. For the clinician version, a 4-factor model defined the scale structure: (1) Somatic Dysregulation, (2) Emotional Dysregulation, (3) Behavioural Dysregulation and (4) Mood Dysregulation., Conclusion: These findings suggest that the STOP-MS 3 scale, a web-based eCOA, allows identification and monitoring of MRS in the adolescent population and shows good reliability and validity., Competing Interests: Competing interests: PS is a co-inventor of the HealthTracker platform, a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of HealthTracker Ltd and a shareholder of HealthTracker Ltd. and has received research funding for conducting clinical trials from Anavex Scientific Corp, GW Pharma, and Newron Pharmaceuticals. FF is a Chief Technology Officer (CTO) and shareholder of HealthTracker Ltd. KL was a Project Manager employed at HealthTracker Ltd. CA has been a consultant to or has received honoraria or grants from Acadia, Angelini, Gedeon Richter, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Medscape, Minerva, Otsuka, Roche, Sage, Servier, Shire, Schering Plough, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sunovion and Takeda. JKB has been in the past 3 years a consultant to / member of advisory board of / and/or speaker for Takeda/Shire, Roche, Medice, Angelini, Janssen and Servier. He is not an employee of any of these companies, and not a stock shareholder of any of these companies. He has no other financial or material support, including expert testimony, patents, royalties. RWD has received compensation for serving as consultant or speaker, or he or the institution he works for have received research support or royalties from the organisations or companies indicated: EU (FP7 Programme), US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), German Federal Ministry of Health/Regulatory Agency (BMG/BfArM), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), German Research Foundation (DFG), Volkswagen Foundation; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ferring, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier, Shire, Sunovion/Takeda and Theravance. He owns Eli Lilly stock. Since 2008, he has fully been affiliated with the Department of CAP, CIMH, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany. DP-O reports that in the past 3 years, she had non-financial support from HAC Pharma and Boehringer-Ingelheim, honoraria from Medice outside the submitted work and unpaid scientific coordination for a study sponsored by Mensia. AZ in the past 3 years had been a consultant to / member of advisory board of / and/or speaker or received research grants from: Angelini, Jannsen, Lundbeck and Otsuka, Servier, Shire/Takeda. He is not an employee of any of these companies, and not a stock shareholder of any of these companies, He received royalties from Oxford University Press and Giuntio OS. RS has been an advisor to or has received honoraria from Takeda. US received speaker’s fees from Takeda/Shire. DC has been in the past 3 years a consultant to / member of advisory board of / and/or speaker for Takeda/Shire, Novartis, Medice and Servier. He has received royalties from Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press. He is not an employee of any of these companies, and not a stock shareholder of any of these companies. Part of this data has been included in an FP7 STOP Report to the European Union., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. 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Delusional thinking is a key symptom of first-episode psychosis (FEP), but it has also been studied in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anorexia nervosa (AN). This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS) in a sample of adolescents diagnosed with a FEP, AN, or OCD, and to compare delusional thinking among the three samples. The sample comprised 60 patients in three groups of 20 diagnosed with OCD, AN, or FEP. Participants underwent assessment by diagnostic interview, the BABS scale, and a measure of depressive symptomatology. Specific instruments were also used to assess the main symptomatology of each disorder. The BABS had good internal consistency, and high validity and reliability. The OCD group scored significantly lower than the other two groups in all scale items except for items 4 (fixation of ideas), 6 (insight), and 7 (delusions of reference). A significant difference only existed between the AN and FEP groups for item 7 (delusions of reference). The BABS scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing delusionality in adolescents diagnosed with OCD, AN, or FEP, with evidence of marked differences between the disorders. Assessing these symptoms could influence management, helping to improve treatment adherence and prognosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Fishes experience different light environments over short time periods that may require quick modulation of photoreceptor properties to optimize visual function. Previous research has shown that the relative expression of different visual pigment protein (opsin) transcripts can change within several days following exposure to new light environments, but whether such changes are mirrored by analogous modulation in opsin protein expression is unknown. Here, Atlantic halibut larvae and juveniles raised under white light were exposed to blue light for 1 week and their retina compared to that of controls, which remained under white light. Blue light-treated larvae showed increased expression of all cone opsin transcripts, except rh2, over controls. They also had longer outer segments, and higher density of long wavelength sensitive (L) cones in the dorsal retina. In contrast, only the lws transcript was upregulated in juveniles exposed to blue light compared to controls but their L cone density was greater throughout the retina. These results demonstrate two mechanisms of rapid photoreceptor plasticity as a function of developmental stage associated with improved perception of achromatic or chromatic contrasts in line with the animal's ecological needs., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Anorexia nervosa (AN) typically emerges in adolescence. The cortico-striatal system (CSTS) and the default mode network (DMN) are brain circuits with a crucial development during this period. These circuits underlie cognitive functions that are impaired in AN, such as cognitive flexibility and inhibition, among others. Little is known about their involvement in adolescent AN and how weight and symptom improvement might modulate potential alterations in these circuits. Forty-seven adolescent females (30 AN, 17 healthy control) were clinically/neuropsychologically evaluated and scanned during a 3T-MRI resting-state session on two occasions, before and after a 6-month multidisciplinary treatment of the AN patients. Baseline and baseline-to-follow-up between-group differences in CSTS and DMN resting-state connectivity were evaluated, as well as their association with clinical/neuropsychological variables. Increased connectivity between the left dorsal putamen and the left precuneus was found in AN at baseline. At follow-up, body mass index and clinical symptoms had improved in the AN group. An interaction effect was found in the connectivity between the right dorsal caudate to right mid-anterior insular cortex, with lower baseline AN connectivity that improved at follow-up; this improvement was weakly associated with changes in neuropsychological (Stroop test) performance. These results support the presence of CSTS connectivity alterations in adolescents with AN, which improve with weight and symptom improvement. In addition, at the level of caudate-insula connectivity, they might be associated with inhibitory processing performance. Alterations in CSTS pathways might be involved in AN from the early stages of the disorder., (© 2021. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Nutrition is fundamental for brain development, but relatively little is known about water-soluble vitamin (WSV) levels and the effect of supplementation on psychiatry symptoms in children and adolescents (CAD) with psychiatric disorders. Our team systematically reviewed all studies concerning WSV abnormalities or supplementation in CAD with any psychiatric disorder. We searched for original studies published between 1990 and 15/05/2020 which were not based on retrospective chart review and which included WSV blood level measurements or investigated the effect of WSV supplementation on psychiatric symptoms in psychiatric patients aged 18 or under. Forty-two articles were included, 69% of which ( N  = 29) examined Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), with most of these assessing folate or vitamin B 12 supplementation ( N  = 22, 75.9% of ASD studies). Meta-analyses showed significantly lower vitamin B 12 levels in ASD and ADHD patients vs. healthy controls (HC), while folate levels were higher in ADHD patients vs. HC. Most of the studies (9/10, 90%) showed a decrease in symptoms as measured by clinical scales after supplementation. There was significant heterogeneity between the studies, however many found different types of vitamin abnormalities in CAD with psychiatric disorders.

The retinas of fishes often have single and double cone photoreceptors that are organized in lattice-like mosaics. In flatfishes experiencing eye migration (i.e., the metamorphic process whereby one eye migrates to the other side of the head), the hexagonal lattice of single cones present in the larva undergoes major restructuring resulting in a dominant square mosaic postmetamorphosis consisting of four double cones surrounding each single cone. The expression of different opsin types during eye migration has not been examined despite its importance in understanding photoreceptor plasticity and whether cell fate (in terms of spectral phenotype) could influence square mosaic formation. Here, we probed the retina of Atlantic halibut undergoing eye migration for opsin expression using two antibodies, AHblue and AB5407, that labeled short wavelength sensitive 2 (SWS2) opsin and longer wavelength (predominantly middle wavelength sensitive, RH2) opsins, respectively. Throughout the retina, double and triple cones labeled with AB5407 exclusively, whereas the vast majority of single cones labeled with AHblue. A minority (<5%) of single cones in the square mosaic of the centroventral retina labeled with AB5407. In regions of mosaic transition and near peripheral growth zones, some single cones co-expressed at least two opsins as they labeled with both antibodies. Short wavelength (SWS2 expressing, or S) cones formed a nonrandom mosaic gradient from central to dorsal retina in a region dominated by the larval single cone mosaic. Our results demonstrate the expression of at least two opsins throughout the postmetamorphic retina and suggest opsin switching as a mechanism to create new cone spectral phenotypes. In addition, the S cone gradient at the onset of eye migration may underlie a plastic, cell induction mechanism by which a cone's phenotype determines that of its neighbors and the formation of the square mosaic., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)