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The composition of bioactive polyphenols from grape canes, an important viticultural byproduct, was shown to be varietal-dependent; however, the influence of soil-related terroir factors remains unexplored. Using spatial metabolomics and correlation-based networks, we investigated how continuous changes in soil features and topography may impact the polyphenol composition in grape canes. Soil properties, topography, and grape cane extracts were analyzed at georeferenced points over 3 consecutive years, followed by UPLC-DAD-MS-based metabolomic analysis targeting 42 metabolites. Principal component analyses on intra-vintage metabolomic data presented a good reproducibility in relation to geographic coordinates. A correlation-driven approach was used to explore the combined influence of soil and topographic variables on metabolomic responses. As a result, a metabolic cluster including flavonoids was correlated with elevation and curvature. Spatial metabolomics driven by correlation-based networks represents a powerful approach to spatialize field-omics data and may serve as new field-phenotyping tool in precision agriculture.

Un corpus de données sédimentologiques, archéologiques et chronologiques collectées sur des sites au bord du lac d’Annecy (Haute‑Savoie, France) est utilisé pour reconstruire les variations du plan d’eau au cours de l’Holocène. Il combine l’étude de séquences sédimentaires reconnues sur la rive nord du lac et celle de carottes sédimentaires extraites sur ou à proximité de sites archéologiques localisés dans les marais littoraux ou sur la plateforme littorale de la rive ouest du lac. À une échelle plurimillénaire, les résultats font apparaître trois phases majeures caractérisées, la première par une tendance à la baisse au cours de l’Holocène ancien jusque vers 9000 cal BP, la seconde par une succession d’étiages prononcés du plan d’eau jusque vers 7000 cal BP, et la troisième par une tendance générale à la hausse jusqu’à l’actuel. Surimposées sur ces phases plurimillénaires, sont également mises en évidence des fluctuations d’ordre pluriséculaire du niveau du lac. L’ensemble s’inscrit dans le schéma régional des variations holocènes du niveau des lacs établi pour le centre‑ouest de l’Europe. En accord avec d’autres enregistrements paléoclimatiques régionaux et extra‑régionaux, il conforte encore l’hypothèse de différents forçages climatiques avec une influence dominante des variations orbitales de l’insolation ainsi que l’impact des épisodes successifs de vidange des grands lacs proglaciaires qui ont ponctué la déglaciation dans l’Atlantique Nord, et celui possible des variations de l’activité solaire. A set of sedimentological, archaeological and chronological data from littoral sites of Lake Annecy (Savoie, France) is used to reconstruct a Holocene lake‑level record. It combines studies (i) of sediment sequences observed on the northern shore and (ii) of sediment cores from littoral mires and plateform on (or close to) archaeological sites of the western shore. On a multimillennial scale, the results give evidence of three major phases characterized by a general trend to lowering until ca 9000 cal BP, a lowest lake‑level until ca 7000 cal BP and a general trend to rise until the present. It also gives evidence of multicentennial fluctuations superimposed on the plurimillennial phases. Taken together, the Lake Annecy record shows a pattern of lake‑level changes similar to the regional one reconstructed for west‑central Europe. In agreement with other Alpine and extra‑regional palaeoclimatic records, it supports the hypothesis of different climate forcing factors with (i) a dominating impact of orbitally driven summer insolation, (ii) an influence of deglacial outbursts in the North Atlantic Ocean, and (iii) a possible impact of variations in solar activity.

International audience; A new high-resolution bathymetric map combined with a regional Digital Elevation Model (DEM) analysis reveal the modalities of occurrence and emplacement of post-spreading magmatism along the NNE-SSW oriented, 1000 km long Tore-Madeira Rise (TMR) as well as its relationship with the activity of major fault systems including the Estremadura Fault System (ESF) and the Azores-Gibraltar Fracture Zone (AGFZ). Morphological and structural analysis of the bathymetric map were performed to map volcanic features such as eruptive cones, vents and fissures together with faults along the TMR. The new bathymetric map shows that the main NNW-SSE seamount alignment is formed by three structurally distinct volcanic massifs, the Tore, the Josephine and the Southern Volcanic Groups. The majority of the volcanoes of each group emplaced within or along specific portion of pre-existing faults (ESF and AGFZ) including splay fault, releasing bend, fault tips and interaction zones between different segments. Magmas were channelled into sub-vertical pre-existing lithospheric faults that acted as preferential pathways for the vertical magma ascent. Migration and final eruption of magma are controlled by the local stress variation induced by complex fault geometries, change in plate kinematics as well as strong shear zone anisotropy as suggested by the emplacement within localised areas of transtension. We conclude that post-spreading magma emplacement in the southern part of the Iberia margin was related to the development of a transtensional plate boundary between the Iberian and African Plate during the Late Cretaceous. More generally, our findings emphasize that the distribution of volcanism as the expression of the interaction between shallow plate tectonic and mantle processes should be included in plate kinematic reconstruction. This study also demonstrates that the accurate mapping of oceanic seafloor is pivotal to better understand tectono-magmatic evolution of volcanic seamount chains and geological processes in oceanic domains.

To best utilize the electrical resistivity data and slope intensity derived from a Digital Elevation Model, the kriging spatial components technique was applied to separate the nuggets and small- and large-scale structures for both resistivity and slope intensity data. The spatial structures in the resistivity and slope intensity data, which are poorly correlated with soil thickness (ST), are then filtered out prior to integrating the resistivity data and slope intensity into soil thickness estimation over a 12 ha area located in the south-western Parisian Basin (France). ST was measured at 650 locations over the study area by manual augering. Twenty percent of the observations (131 points) were randomly selected to constitute the validation dataset. The remaining 80% of the dataset (519 points) was used as the prediction dataset. The resistivity data represent a set of 7394 measurement points for each of the three investigated depths over the study area. The methodology involves successively (1) a principal component analysis (PCA) on the electrical measurements and (2) a geostatistical filtering of the small-scale component and noise in the first component (PC1) of the PCA. The results show that the correlation between ST and PC1 is greatly improved when the small-scale component and noise are filtered out, and similarly, the correlation between ST and slope intensity is greatly improved once the geostatistical filtering is carried out on the slope data. Thus, the large scales of both slope intensity and the electrical resistivity's PC1 were used as external drifts to predict ST over the entire study area. This prediction was compared with ordinary kriging and kriging either with a large scale of slope intensity or with a large scale of the electrical resistivity's PC1 taken as an external drift. The first prediction of ST by ordinary kriging, which was considered as our reference, was also compared to those achieved by kriging using the raw secondary variables: PC1 and slope intensity as external drifts; slope intensity as an external drift; and PC1 as an external drift. The results indicate a reasonably low bias of prediction for all of the methods, in particular in the case of kriging using the large scales of both slope intensity and PC1 as external drifts. The root mean square error shows that kriging accounting for the large scales of two secondary exhaustive variables is the most accurate prediction method. The relative improvement of the accuracy is at least equal to 29% between the approach accounting for both large scale components of secondary attributes in the spatial estimates of ST and the other approaches of estimates considered in this study.

International audience; Soil erosion rates in cultivated areas have intensified during the last decades leading to both on and off-site problems for farmers and rural communities. Furthermore, soil redistribution processes play an important role in sediment and carbon storage within, and exports from, cultivated catchments. This study focuses on the impact of land consolidation and changes in landscape structure on medium term soil erosion and landscapemorphology within a 3.7-ha field in France. The area was consolidated in 1967 and we used the 137Cs-technique to quantify soil erosion for the period (1954–2009). We measured the 137Cs inventories of 68 soil cores sampled along transects covering the entire area and especially specific linear landforms located along both present and past field borders (i.e., lynchets and undulations landforms, respectively). These results were then confronted with the outputs of a spatially-distributed 137Cs conversion model that simulates and discriminates soil redistribution induced by water and tillage erosion processes. Our results showed that tillage processes dominated the soil redistribution in our study area for the last 55 years and generated about 95% (i.e., 4.50 Mg·ha−1·yr−1) of the total gross erosion in the field. Furthermore, we demonstrated that soil redistribution was largely affected by the presence of current and also former field borders, where hotspots areas of erosion and deposition (>20 Mg·ha−1·yr−1) were concentrated. Land consolidation contributed to the acceleration of soil erosion through the conversion of depositional areas into sediment generating areas. Although the conversion model was able to reproduce the general tendencies observed in the patterns of 137Cs inventories, the model performance was relatively poor with a r2 of 0.20. Discrepancies were identified and associated with sampling points located along the current field borders. Our data suggests that tillage erosion processes near field boundaries cannot be described as a typical diffusive process. These processes near field boundaries should be characterised and taken into account in a future version of the model to accurately simulate rates and patterns of past soil redistribution in fragmented cultivated hillslopes. We also showed that the use of an accurate DEM resulting from LIDAR data, based on present-day topography, leads to the underestimation of soil redistribution rates by the model, especially in this landscape submittedto recent and important morphological changes. Our results have important implications for the simulation of tillage erosion processes and our understanding of soil redistribution processes in complex cultivated areas. This is of particular interest to improve our knowledge and prediction of patterns of soil physical parameters, such as carbon storage or water content, particularly sensitive to surface erosion and landscape structuration.

International audience; The Lake Afourgagh sediment record and facies successions provide an outstanding example of environmentally controlled carbonate sedimentation. Afourgagh is a small, shallow permanent lake located in the Middle-Atlas Mountains in Morocco in a karstic context. It is fed by ground waters that are relatively enriched in Mg resulting from the leaching of the Jurassic dolomitic bedrock of the catchment. This eutrophic lake is episodically restricted and characterized by alkaline waters with a fluctuating high Mg/Ca ratio. The maximum extension of the Holocene shoreline coincides with evidence of a lake stabilization level corresponding to the outflow of the lake through a wadi. Lakeshore terrace sediments deposited on an alluvial fan siltstone during the past ca 2500 cal yr BP comprise four main facies: a littoral crust, palaeosols, palustrine silts and charophyte tufas, which reflect different environments from the shoreline toward the deeper water. In the more distal parts, the charophyte tufas display a wellexpressed lamination punctuated by the development of microstromatolites on algae thalli. The mineralogical composition of the carbonates is linked to the facies. While the charophyte tufas are characterized by a relatively high content in aragonite, in addition to low-Mg calcite, the littoral crust is mainly composed of magnesite. This pattern is related to the evolving chemistry of water due to the influence of charophyte proliferation during dry summers. Calcium-carbonate precipitation on algae thalli (both bioinduced and microbially mediated) progressively induces an increase in the Mg/Ca ratio of the lake water, while the capillary evaporation of shallow ground waters causes precipitation of a magnesite precursor on the shoreline, producing magnesite during early diagenesis. This effect is characteristic of two episodes: part of the Roman Warm Period and the beginning of the Dark Age Cold Period. The carbonate mineralogy of the different depositional sequences at Afourgagh indicates lake-level and water-chemistry fluctuations under a climatic influence. Therefore, among other regional records, the Lake Afourgagh sedimentary record provides useful evidence for reconstructing these environmental changes.

International audience; The morpho-sedimentary evolution of the Choisille floodplain (lowland river, catchment: 288 km2), a tributary of the River Loire in the south-western Parisian Basin, was studied through 61 core drillings along eight transects and a geophysical survey located in four stretches of the river: stretches A and B correspond to two sub-catchments, and stretches C and D are in the main valley. Sixty 14C and four OSL datings were obtained, and sediments were analysed on seven reference cores. Eight phases of evolution differing markedly from the evolution of more northern areas in the Parisian Basin and north-western Europe were identified from spatio-temporal distribution of nine lithological facies. The deepest incision phase (1) occurred during the first part of the Weichselian, followed by the deposition of a gravelly-sandy unit (phase 2) during the Middle Pleniglacial, which was deeply incised (phase 3), probably during the Bölling. From the Allerød up to the last third of the Boreal (phase 4), sedimentation was continuously dominated by peaty deposits, with no evidence of either increased hydraulic energy during the Younger Dryas, or of incision during the LateGlacial–Holocene transition. This trend seems to reflect the specificity of the south-western Parisian Basin climate from the Late Weichselian up to the end of the Boreal, due to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, compared to more northern areas where the climate was more continental. The downstream incision trend during the last third of the Boreal up to the Subatlantic (phases 5 and 6) indicates a sharp increase in precipitation and vegetation cover; the lack of peaty sediments, widespread in north-western Europe, and also of precipitated carbonates frequent in the Parisian Basin, seems to be due to local physiographic characteristics. The main part of the sediment filling, which is principally silty and retrograde, began during the Subatlantic (phase 7 and 8) as a result of deforestation of the plateaux for crop farming. High human-induced sediment yield and storage concealed the possible impacts of climate change on fluvial dynamics: lithological facies change from phase 7 to 8 can only indicate the autogenic morphological evolution of the floodplain in accretion. The non-univocal upstream–downstream variation in the start of phase 7 shows that sediment yield varied in space and time in the catchment, particularly in relation to the agricultural potential of the different areas; this observation could be used to testify human-induced sedimentation in other catchments.

Quantification in grams per metres squared per year of the sediment accumulation in a flood plain (‘marsh’) located in the southwestern Parisian basin showed that there is no close relationship between the accumulation of organic matter (OM) and mineral matter (MM) during the late Holocene, and provided an accurate view of the distinct yield and storage conditions of both sediment components. Endogenic OM accumulation in peaty sediments is not related to the climate but to felling of the alder forest and its substitution by Cyperaceae and paludal taxa in the marsh (Iron Age and Middle Ages). MM accumulation expresses mainly the sediment yield on the slopes, determined by landuse. During an initial phase (from the late Neolithic to the early Middle Ages), land-use change from crop cultivation to pastureland, possibly related to climate deterioration, led to a decrease in the sediment yield. During a second phase, since the early Middle Ages, the considerable development of crop cultivation over pasturing, even during periods of climate deterioration (such as the ‘Little Ice Age’), led to a sharp increase in sediment yield. However, although sediment yield was high, the hydrodynamics in the fen did not favour particle retention. Thus, since the Neolithic, yield and storage of OM and MM sediment have been marked by human activities, initially with high climatic stress, but since the Middle Ages without significant climatic stress.

Resume L'accumulation de matiere organique dans les tourbieres des vallees fluviatiles est generalement mise en relation avec un deficit d'apports terrigenes, et donc avec des conditions paleoenvironnementales defavorables a l'erosion mecanique. Ces conclusions reposent sur l'interpretation des teneurs en matieres organique (MO) et minerale (MM) des sediments, exprimees en pour-cent, donc parfaitement anticorrelees. Le calcul des taux d'accumulation massique de MO ( T a MO ) et de MM ( T a MM ) en g m −2 an −1 montre que T a MO et T a MM evoluent de facon essentiellement independante et que de fortes valeurs de T a MO et T a MM peuvent coexister. Cette expression de la sedimentation de MO et de MM permet de preciser les facteurs naturels et anthropiques qui la controlent. Pour citer cet article : J.-J. Macaire et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).

Southeastern Indonesia is located at a convergent triple junction of 3 plates : the Pacific (including the Caro-line and Philippines plates), the Australian and the Southeast Asian plates (fig. 1). The age of the different basins : the North Banda Sea (Sula Basin), the South Banda Sea (Wetar and Damar Basins) and the Weber Trough has been debated for a long time. Their great depth was a reason to interpret them as remnants of oceanic domains either of Indian or Pacific ocean affinities. It has now been demonstrated from geochronological studies that these basins have formed during the Neogene [Réhault et al., 1994 ; Honthaas et al., 1998]. The crust has been sampled only in the Sula Basin, where basalts or trachyandesites with back-arc geochemical signatures have been dredged. Their ages range from 11.4 ± 1.15 to 7.33 ± 0.18 Ma [Réhault et al., 1994 ; Honthaas et al., 1998]. The study of the magnetic anomaly pattern of these basins confirms this interpretation and defines an age between 12.5 and 7.15 Ma for the North Banda Basin and between 6.5 to 3.5 Ma for the South Banda Basin [Hinschberger et al., 2000 ; Hinschberger et al., 2001]. Furthermore, the existence of volcanic arcs linked to subducted slabs suggests that these basins resulted from back-arc spreading and subduction slab roll-back. Lastly, the Weber Trough which exceeds 7 300 m in depth and is one of the deepest non subduction basins in the world, remains enigmatic. A compilation of existing bathymetric data allows us to present a new bathymetric map of the region (fig. 2 and 3). A comparison with the previous published maps [Mammerickx et al., 1976 ; Bowin et al., 1982] shows numerous differences at a local scale. This is especially true for the Banda Ridges or in the Sula Basin where new tectonic directions are expressed. In the North Banda Basin, the Tampomas Ridge, which was striking NE-SW in the previous maps, is actually NW-SE parallel to the West Buru Fracture Zone and to the Hamilton Fault scarp (fig. 6). This NW-SE direction represents the initial direction of rifting and oceanic spreading. In this basin, only the southeastern rifted margin morphology is preserved along the Sinta Ridges. The basin is presently involved in an overall compressional motion and its buckled and fractured crust is subducted westwards beneath East Sulawesi (fig. 4a, 5 and 6). The northern border of the North Banda Basin is reactivated into sinistral transcurrent motion in the South Sula Fracture Zone continued into the Matano fault in Sulawesi. The South Banda Sea Basin is divided in two parts, the Wetar and Damar Basins with an eastward increase in depth. The Wetar and Damar Basins are separated by the NNW-SSE Gunung Api Ridge, characterized by volcanoes, a deep pull apart basin and active tectonics on its eastern flank (fig. 4b and 7). This ridge is interpreted as a large sinistral strike-slip fracture zone which continues across the Banda Ridges and bends towards NW south of Sinta Ridge. The Banda Ridges region, separating the North Banda Basin from the southern Banda Sea (fig. 5 and 7), is another place where many new morphological features are now documented. The Sinta Ridge to the north is separated from Buru island by the South Buru Basin which may constitute together with the West Buru Fracture Zone a large transcurrent lineament striking NW-SE. The central Rama Ridge is made of 2 narrow ridges striking NE-SW with an « en-echelon » pattern indicating sinistral strike slip comparable to the ENE-WSW strike-slip faulting evidenced by focal mechanisms in the northern border of the Damar Basin [Hinschberger, 2000]. Dredging of Triassic platform rocks and metamorphic basement on the Sinta and Rama Ridges suggests that they are fragments of a continental block [Silver et al., 1985 ; Villeneuve et al., 1994 ; Cornée et al., 1998]. The Banda Ridges are fringed to the south by a volcanic arc well expressed in the morphology : the Nieuwerkerk-Emperor of China and the Lucipara volcanic chains whose andesites and arc basalts have been dated between 8 and 3.45 Ma [Honthaas et al., 1998]. Eastern Indonesia deep oceanic basins are linked to the existence of 2 different subduction zones expressed by 2 different downgoing slabs and 2 volcanic arcs : the Banda arc and the Seram arc [Cardwell et Isacks, 1978 ; Milsom, 2001]. They correspond respectively to the termination of the Australian subduction and to the Bird’s head (Irian Jaya) subduction under Seram (fig. 5). Our bathymetric study helps to define the Seram volcanic arc which follows a trend parallel to the Seram Trench from Ambelau island southeast of Buru to the Banda Island (fig. 2 and 5). A new volcanic seamount discovered in the southeast of Buru (location of dredge 401 in figure 7) and a large volcano in the Pisang Ridge (location of dredge 403 in figure 7 and figure 8) have been surveyed with swath bathymetry. Both show a sub-aerial volcanic morphology and a further subsidence evidenced by the dredging of reefal limestones sampled at about 3000 m depth on their flank. We compare the mean basement depths corrected for sediment loading for the different basins (fig. 9). These depths are about 5 000 m in the Sula Basin, 4 800 m in the Wetar basin and 5 100 m in the Damar basin. These values plot about 1 000 m below the age-depth curve for the back-arc basins [Park et al., 1990] and about 2000 m below the Parsons and Sclater’s curve for the oceanic crust [Parsons et Sclater, 1977]. More generally, eastern Indonesia is characterized by large vertical motions. Strong subsidence is observed in the deep basins and in the Banda Ridges. On the contrary, large uplifts characterize the islands with rates ranging between 20 to 250 cm/kyr [De Smet et al., 1989a]. Excess subsidence in the back-arc basins has been attributed to large lateral heat loss due to their small size [Boerner et Sclater, 1989] or to the presence of cold subducting slabs. In eastern Indonesia, these mechanisms can explain only a part of the observed subsidence. It is likely that we have to take into account the tectonic forces linked to plate convergence. This is supported by the fact that uplift motions are clearly located in the area of active collision. In conclusion, the bathymetry and morphology of eastern Indonesian basins reveal a tectonically very active region where basins opened successively in back-arc, intra-arc and fore-arc situation in a continuous convergent geodynamic setting.

International audience; In 1998 we dredged early Oligocene/late Oligocene boundary, shallow-water reefal deposits and pelagic, early Pliocene muds in the submerged Pisang Ridge. The shallow-water deposits were identified as moderate- to low-energy coral-reef depositional environments, which confirms that the PisangRidg e belonged to the continental to continental-arc Lucipara Block which also includes the TukangBesi, Lucipara and Rama ridges. On the basis of these findings, it was possible to reconstruct parts of the general geological evolution of the Lucipara Block, which drifted away from northern Irian Jaya duringmid- Miocene times and collided with the Kolonodale Block during the late Miocene. A late-early Oligocene calc alkaline volcanic arc developed in the Weber Trough area, then uplifted to a shallow-water position at the early–late Oligocene boundary in the Pisang Ridge. Late Oligocene–early Miocene metamorphism subsequently developed, prior to the deposition of early Miocene coral reefs in the Rama Ridge. Locally, late Miocene metamorphism was identified in the Lucipara Ridge, prior to the latest Miocene–Pliocene general drowning and the splitting of the Lucipara Block into several small blocks throughout the Banda Sea region.

International audience; This paper investigates how the spatial correlations between topographic attributes and a soil thickness can be improved by focusing on the relationships between them at specific spatial scales. In addition, this paper examines the effects of the topographic attribute data sources that are used as explanatory variables for modeling the response variable, and considers the possibility of model extrapolation for mapping beyond the area where the model was established. Here, factorial kriging analysis (FKA) and partial least square regression (PLSR) analysis are used to separate nuggets and small- and large-scale structures in data including four topographic attributes and soil thickness (ST). These analyses were conducted at different scales to analyze the relationships between ST and the selected topographic attributes in the southwest region of the Parisian Basin. The structural correlation coefficients from the FKA show strong correlations between the variables. These correlations, which change as a function of spatial scale, are not revealed by the linear correlation coefficients. The Eigen vectors from the principal component analysis that was performed on the small-scale and large-scale structures of the linear co-regionalization model are used to obtain ST and the topographic attributes at both spatial scales over the study area. The ST models are built as a function of topographic attributes using PLSR. Results have shown that the models built using variables that were assessed at a specific scale are better at predicting the target variable than models that were built using raw data. Regarding the models that were built using raw data, the structural correlations that occur at different spatial scales are merged together and the variance–covariance matrix of the nugget that represents data noise is not filtered out. Measures of model performance that are based on a validation data set have shown that the model based on small-scale structure (Model-S) is better for predicting soil thickness than the model based on large-scale structure (Model-L). The effects of topographic attribute data sources as explanatory variables for modeling ST are less significant than the effects of the two models for mapping. Moreover, extrapolation of themodel-S beyond the areawhere it was generated is appropriate. The decomposition process is associated with a modeling approach, such as the PLSR, which accounts for the collinearity between predictor variables and leads to an efficient prediction model. These results are important for modeling soil properties based on topographic attributes and for spatially generalizing models that have been established over small to large areas. Thus, in the presence of nested variogram models, the correlations between variables of interest and auxiliary information should be improved by filtering out some of the spatial structures by factorial kriging. The information filtered is associated with an appropriate approach for modeling when collinearity occurs between the predictor variables and provides a suitable model for predicting and spatially generalizing a locally established model.

The North Banda Sea Basin is located in Eastern Indonesia, close to the triple junction between the Eurasian, Pacific and Indo-Australian plates, and opened during Late Miocene time in a back arc setting. We use the magnetic and bathymetric data to depict this opening and the geodynamical evolution of the basin. We also take into account radiochronological datations available from some dredges of its basement. Sea floor spreading occurred from 12.5 to 7.15 Ma directed by three large NW–SE transform faults, namely the West Buru, Tampomas and Hamilton fracture zones. Finally, a schematic model of the North and South Banda basins evolution is presented.

Soils and landscapes evolve simultaneously. Soil evolution is controlled by redistribution and transformation processes influenced by topographic and climatic parameters, with also a major contribution of management strategies. The perennial landscape features have a strong influence on soil spatial distribution (geometry) and soil genesis. Building landscapes which enhance soil resilience to degradation processes and increase soil services appears as a promising way to adapt to forthcoming climatic and land use evolutions. The presentation aims to synthetize major results from a research program nicknamed Landsoil which focused on the evolution of agricultural soils over medium time scales (decades to centuries) in relation to changing conditions of land use and climate. Precise study of the soil 3D organization in three contrasted landscapes (Brittany, Touraine, Languedoc-Roussillon) enabled to link soil redistribution in space to landscape components (field geometry, hedges or ditches network) and their past evolution. A dynamic and high resolution spatial modeling approach was developed coupling erosion processes and soil organic matter evolution and was calibrated over past evolution using dating techniques (Cs137, C14, OSL). The resulting Landsoil model was afterwards applied in a prospective manner under different scenarios of land use and climate change over the 21th century. Indicators of soil vulnerability and soil resilience were defined and tested by the comparison of several prospective scenarios applied on a same landscape and by comparison of the contrasted landscapes

Introduction Alluvial floodplains constitute rapidly evolving sedimentary environments, registering both climate changes and human impact. In the Paris Basin, the floodplain filling is generally composed of two major units (Pastre et al., 2003; Macaire et al., 2006): coarse deposits (sands and gravels) from the Pleniglacial or Late Glacial in the lower part and fine deposits (clayey-silty to carbonated or peaty sediments) from the Late Glacial and Holocene in the upper part. Because of its hi...

International audience; This study focuses on linear anthropogenic landforms of decametric width on cultivated hillslopes and their relations to soil thickness variability. The 16 ha study area shows a rolling topography supported by Cretaceous chalk of the SW Parisian Basin, France. Two types of landforms were identified: lynchets, similar to those described as soil terraces occurring on downslope field parts in other contexts, and undulations, linear, convex landforms that cut across fields. Accurate DEM construction and a detailed soil thickness survey were performed all over the study area. Soil samples were classified considering their location on specific types of anthropogenic landforms. The classification tree (CT) method was applied to assess whether lynchets and undulations can be discriminated through morphometric attributes (slope, curvature, profile curvature and planform curvature) and soil thickness (CTsoil) or through morphometric attributes only (CTtopo). The CT application establishes predictive classification models to map the spatial distribution of lynchets and undulations over the whole study area. The validation results of the CTsoil and CTtopo applications show model efficiencies of 83% and 67%, respectively. Both models performed well for lynchets. Errors arise mainly from difficulties in unequivocally discriminating gently convex undulations and undifferentiated surfaces, especially when soil thickness is not accounted for. Mean values of soil thickness are 1.08, 0.62 and 0.45 m in lynchets, undulations and undifferentiated areas, respectively. The general shape of the thickened soil is characteristic to each type of anthropogenic landform. Multi-temporal mapping of field border networks shows that undulations are linked to borders that were removed during the latest land consolidation. Lynchets are associated with current field borders. Lynchets and undulations, which cover 39% of the study area, define topographic indicators of human-induced soil accumulations. The method involves perspectives for efficiently mapping and quantifying the anthropogenically modified spatial variability of soil thickness on agricultural hillsides.

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International audience; This paper presents the results of a geophysical survey which was performed in the Sarliève marsh, located in the north of the Massif Central (France). The studied area corresponds to an ancient lake filled with 6 m of Lategla-cial to historic sediments. The numerous cores and excavations previously performed in basin areas show the presence of thick fine grained and carbonated lake deposits. The mineralogical study of these deposits allows us to distinguish two main types of formations, which differ in their composition and origin. In the lower part of the sedimentary filling, the SDLF formation is generally characterized by abundant chalky and dolomitic layers, probably formed by chemical precipitation in an endoreic environment. It was found only in the distal (or depocenter) parts of the ancient lake. The upper part of the filling corresponds to calcitic clayey silty sediments (CF), mainly of detrital origin. They can be found both in the distal and proximal parts of the ancient lake. In order to precise the geometry of the marsh sedimentary filling and to discriminate between these two fine grained sediment types (SDLF and CF), an electromagnetic survey was carried out using an EM31 conductivity meter. It was completed by 16 electrical soundings performed within the marsh. The electromagnetic survey enables us to draw a large-scale conductivity map, which highlights the presence of a highly conductive zone (HCZ) in the central part of the marsh, more pronounced in the south. The HCZ is bordered by more resistive and heterogeneous fields, where conductive structures are visible. We show that there is no clear correlation between the measured conductivity and the total lacustrine sediment thickness. However, the HCZ is related to the distal parts of the ancient lake, locally identified from borehole data. In the corresponding sedimentary filling, the SDLF formation appears as a very low resistive layer (about 1.2 ⍀.m) on the electrical soundings. It explains the high conductivity of the distal lacustrine sediments. We finally combine the cores and the geophysical data to estimate the spatial extent and the volume of the SDLF formation of the whole marsh. This study shows that geophysics can contribute to distinguish, in a globally homogeneous fine grained sedimentary filling (carbonated clayey silts), lacustrine sediments formed in very different contexts, one as chemical precipitation, the other of detrital origin; Dans cette note, nous présentons les résultats d'une prospection géophysique réalisée dans le marais de Sar-liève, situé au sud de Clermont-Ferrand, dans le Massif central. La zone étudiée correspond à un ancien lac d'une super-ficie d'environ 5 km 2 , qui a été drainé et asséché au cours du XVII e siècle. Les nombreux forages carottés réalisés dans le marais ont montré la présence d'un remplissage sédimentaire épais (maximum 6 m) allant du Tardiglaciaire à l'époque historique. Des zones de deltas et de bassins lacustres ont été identifiées. Dans les zones de bassins lacustres, les sédiments sont argilo-silteux et carbonatés, et d'apparence assez homogène. Deux grands types de formations sédi-mentaires y ont été distingués d'après leur composition minéralogique et leur origine. Dans la partie inférieure du rem-plissage, la formation SDLF est caractérisée par des sédiments dolomitiques surmontés d'une épaisse couche constituée de séquences de lamines carbonatées. Ces dépôts se seraient formés par précipitation chimique en milieu lacustre peu profond et confiné (milieu endoréique). Cette formation n'a été repérée que dans la partie centrale du marais, correspon-dant aux zones de bassins les plus profondes de l'ancien lac (faciès distaux). Les dépôts plus superficiels (formation CF) sont principalement de nature détritique argilo-silteuse et sont riches en calcite. Ils traduisent un milieu exoréique. Ils se retrouvent dans presque toute l'ancienne zone lacustre, aussi bien en position distale que proximale (deltas et bassins). Afin de connaître la géométrie des dépôts dans le marais et de distinguer SDLF de CF dans les zones de bassin, une prospection géophysique électromagnétique a été effectuée au moyen d'un conductivimètre EM31 (méthode slingram). Seize sondages électriques ont aussi été réalisés sur différents secteurs du marais. Les mesures électromagnétiques permettent d'établir une carte de conductivité apparente du site dans ses parties nord et sud. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence la présence d'une zone fortement conductrice dans l'axe central N-S du ma-rais, plus prononcée au sud. Cette zone est entourée de terrains plus résistants et hétérogènes, où des poches conductri-ces sont repérées. Aucun paléochenal surcreusé dans le substrat n'est mis en évidence. Nous montrons qu'il n'existe pas de corrélation nette entre la conductivité apparente et l'épaisseur totale de sédiments lacustres. Par contre, l'axe central o 6 1. UPRES EA 2100, Lab. GéEAC, Univ. François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France. Florent.hinschberger@univ-tours.fr 2. UMR 7619 Sisyphe, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), case 105, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France. Guerin@ccr.jussieu.fr Manuscrit déposé le 19 décembre 2005 ; accepté après révision le 29 mai 2006. très conducteur du marais correspond aux zones distales de l'ancien lac, reconnues ponctuellement grâce aux carottages. Dans le remplissage des zones distales, la formation SDLF se signale sur les sondages électriques par une très faible ré-sistivité (environ 1,2 ⍀.m), expliquant la forte conductivité apparente des faciès distaux. Nous utilisons enfin les don-nées géophysiques, en complément des informations fournies par les carottages, pour évaluer l'étendue et le volume de la formation SDLF sur l'ensemble du marais. Cette étude montre finalement qu'il est possible d'utiliser la géophysique pour différencier entre eux, au sein d'un remplissage sédimentaire à faciès peu différenciés (silts argileux carbonatés), des dépôts lacustres formés dans des conditions très différentes, par précipitation chimique dominante d'une part, et par sédimentation détritique dominante d'autre part.

International audience; This paper presents an internally and globally consistent model of plate evolution in eastern Indonesia from Middle Miocene to Present time. It is centered on the Banda Sea region located in the triple junction area between the Pacific–Philippine, Australia and South–East Asia plates. The geological and geophysical data available from Indonesia were until recently insufficient to define a unique plate tectonic model. In this paper, the new data taken into account clearly restrict the possible interpretations. Owing to a great number of geological, geophysical and geochemical studies, the major plate boundaries (the Sunda–Banda subduction zone to the south, the Tarera–Aiduna Fault zone and the Seram Thrust to the east, and the Sorong Fault zone and Molucca Sea collision zone to the north) are now clearly identified. The age of the major tectonic structures isalso better known. Geodetic measurements well constrain the Present time plate kinematics. We also consider the deformation history within eastern Indonesia, where numerous short-lived microplates and their related microcontinents successively accreted to the Asiatic margin. Moreover, magnetic anomalies identification of the North and South Banda Sea basins allows a precise kinematic reconstruction of the back-arc opening. We used the Plates software to test the coherency of our model, presented as a series of 4 plate reconstruction maps from 13 Ma to the present. Finally, the origin of oceanic domains restored by our reconstruction is discussed.

International audience; The South Banda Basin is located within eastern Indonesia near the triple junction between the Eurasian, Pacific and Indo-Australian plates. It is underlain by oceanic crust, but its origin and age were not well established. It has been interpreted as a Mesozoic trapped piece of Indian ocean or as a Cretaceous-Eocene basin related to the Celebes and Sulu basins, but a Neogene back-arc origin was also considered. Recent geochemical and geochronological studies strongly support the latter hypothesis. In this paper we present a new analysis of the magnetic data from the eastern part of the South Banda Basin, the Damar Basin. We used magnetic field measurements collected during nine oceanographic cruises from various institutions. Looking for magnetic correlation in the time span given from recent geochronological data, the comparison between measured profiles and theoretical profiles deduced from the reversals of Earth's magnetic field during Neogene time allows us to infer an opening of South Banda Basin during Late Miocene-Early Pliocene time, from 6.5 to 3.5 Ma. Magnetic lineations 2An, 2Ar, 3n, 3r, 3An and possibly 3Ar are recognized, with an extinct spreading centre trending ENE-WSW. At least five segments are identified, each segment being separated by inactive transform faults perpendicular to the extinct spreading centre. A half spreading rate of about 3 cm/yr is calculated, based on spacing of magnetic lineations.The opening history of the basin is discussed. The cause of cessation of spreading is likely the arc-continent collision dated at about 3 Ma. However the onset of opening is less determined. We suggest that Damar Basin began to open at about 6.5 Ma during magnetic period 3An as an intra-arc basin, separating the Banda volcanic arc to the south from the incipient Lucipara volcanic arc to the north. The latter was probably created at the beginning of rifting of Damar Basin, as shown by both magnetic and geochronological data.The young age of the South Banda Sea Basin is contradictory with its great depth. We discuss this problem in view of thermal and tectonic considerations. We finally conclude that our magnetic model allows us to more precisely describe the opening of the basin.

International audience; The French Indonesian research programs, both conducted on land and offshore in the Banda Sea basins area, have led us to formulate a new interpretation of the East Indonesian geological components. In this area we distinguish, within the three main tectonic plates (Eurasian, Indo-Australian and Philippine-Pacific), seven blocks. Six blocks are deciphered as issued from the north-eastern Gondwanan margin and only one (the Halmahera block) issued from the Pacific plate. Among the Gondwanan blocks, two of them, namely Timor (probably originates from "Greater India") and Kolonodale (or the Argo block) came from the north-west Australian margin. The Lucipara, Seram and Banggai-Sula blocks originated from the western extension of the Papua-New Guinea Island while the Irian Jaya block is still linked to the North Australian margin. The last one, the Halmahera block, originated from the Pacific plate, moved westward along the North Papua-New-Guinea margin up to its present position in the northern part of the Banda Sea area. Our interpretation is mainly based on the lithostratigraphic succession, the geological evolution and the Early Mesozoic paleoposition of these blocks with respect to the climatic environment deduced from micropaleontological studies. According to previous studies, the Timor and Kolonodale blocks were detached from Gondwana during the Jurassic whereas the Lucipara, Seram and Banggai-Sula blocks were detached from Papua-New Guinea Island during the Neogene period. All these Gondwanan blocks collided with the Eurasian active margin, in the vicinity of Sulawesi Island: Timor and Kolonodale had joined the Eurasian margin by the end of the Paleogene, while Lucipara, Seram and Banggai-Sula collided with Sulawesi Island between the Middle Miocene to Middle Pliocene. After the collisions the last three blocks together with the Kolonodale block did not move again but suffered the opening of North and South Banda back-arc basins, by the Late Miocene. On the contrary, part of the Timor block moved south together with the southern margin of the south Banda basin and, later on during the middle Pliocene, collided with the northern Australian margin. The detachment of these blocks from the Gondwana margin, and their amalgamation with the Eurasian margin, are discussed and illustrated through palaeogeographic maps.